Đánh giá sự ô nhiễm kim loại nặng trong thuốc đông dược và nghiên cứu đánh giá gốc và phân bố kim loại nặng trong một số cây thuốc

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA N Q I
TRUONG DAI HOC KHOA HOC TUNHIEN

BAG GAG TGNG KET DE TAI

DANH CIA SU 6 NHIEM KIM LGAI NANG TRGNG THUGC OGNG
DUQC VA INGHIEN CUU OAINH GIA NGUGN GOC VA SU PHAN BO KIM
LGAI NANG TRGNG MGT SG CAY THUGC

Mas6:

Chii tri dk tai:
Cac can bo tham gia:

QG-09-13

PGS.TS. Ta Thi Thao
Ths. Nguyen Ngoc Son
ThS. Nguyen Thi Van Anh
CN. Nguyin Van ThuSn

HANOI-2011


MyCLUC
Trang
Bao c^o tom tat ket qua thuc hien de tai
Project's Summary
Mo dau

J

Chucmg 1: Tong quan tai lieu

.

1.1. Tinh hinh bao che, sir dung dugc lieu va nhilm doc kim loai nang trong
dugc lieu a Viet Nam hien nay
1.2. Cac phuong phap phan huy mau xac dinh lugng vet kim loai nang trong
mau dat va mau thuc vat
l,2.1.C^c phuang phap phan huy mau xac dinh lugng vet kim loai nang
trong mau dat, tram tich
1.2.2. Cac phuang phap phan huy mau xac dinh lugng vet kim loai nang
trong mau thuc vat
1.3. Phuong phap khoi pho plasma cao tan cam ung (ICP-MS) xac dinh lugng
vet kim loai nSng
1.4. Phan tich thong ke da bien xac dinh nguon goc va su phan bo kim loai
nSng
1.4.1. Khai niem phuang phap PCA va CA

.

f

^

r

\

f

r

n
^
Q
IQ
^2
j^

fir

1.4.2. Mot so thong ke da bien xac dinh nguon goc chat 6 nhiem

14

Chuang 2: Thuc nghiem

jy

2.1. Dung cu va hoa chat

jy

2.2. Lay mau va bao quan mau

19

2.2.1. Mau dugc lieu va thang thuoc dong y

1^

2.2.2. Lay mau dat trong cay thuoc

24

2.2.3. Mau cay thuoc.

26

2.3.Quy trinh xu ly mau dat va mau cay thuoc xac dinh kim loai nang

28

2.3.1. Quy trinh xu ly mau dat xac dinh kim loai nang

29

2.3.2. Quy trinh xu ly mSu cay thuoc va thang thuoc dong y

29

2.4.Phuang phap phan tich va xu ly so lieu phan tich.

29

Chuang 3: Ket qua nghien cuu va thao luan

33

3.1. Nghien cuu t6i uu hoa cac di§u kien phan tich cua phuang phap ICP-MS

33

3.1.1. Chgn dong vi phan tich

33

3.1.2. Do sau mau

34

3.1.3. Cong suat cao tan

34

3.1.4. Luu lugng khi mang

34


3.1.5. Tom tat cac thong so toi uu
3.2. Danh gia phuang phap phan tich ICP-MS
3.2.1. Khoang tuyen tinh
3.2.2. Duong chuan xac dinh ham lugng 11 kim loai
3.2.3. Giai han phat hien va giai han dinh lugng
3.2.4. Danh gia do chinh xac (do dung va do chum) cua phep do ICP-MS
3.3.Nghien cuu xay dung va danh gia quy trinh xu ly mau
3.3.1. Xay dung quy trinh xu ly mau thuoc dong y
3.3.1.1. Cac quy trinh xii ly mau khao sat

3.3.1.2.Danh gia hieu suat thu hoi cac qui trinh xu ly mau cay
3.3.1.3. Do chinh xac ciia phuong phap khi phan tich mau thuc te
3.3.1.4. Danh gia hieu suat thu hoi 11 kim loai nang vai quy trinh xu ly mau
cay lua chgn
3.3.2. Lua chgn qui trinh xu ly mau dat

35
36
36
36
37
40
42
42
42
44
..
.«
.q

3.3.2.1.Danh gia hieu suat thu hoi

.r.

3.3.22. Danh gia do chum (qua do lap lai )

^I

3.3.3. Danh gia phuang phap phan tich thong qua mau chuan dugc chung nhan
CRM

3.4. Ket qua phan tich mau thuc te
3.4.1. Ket qua phan tich ham lugng kim loai nang trong dugc lieu va thuoc
dong y
3.4.2. Ket qua phan tich ham lugng kim loai nang trong mau cay thuoc va
mau dat trong cay thuoc
3.5. Danh gia ham lugng kim loai nang trong dat va trong cay.

53

c-^
^^
^Q

3.5.1. Danh gia ham lugng kim loai nang a trong dat

^-Q

3.5.2. Su phan bo ham lugng kim loai nang trong mot so cay thuoc

^^

3.6. Buac dau khao sat su phat tan kim loai nang tu dugc lieu vao thuoc sac
3.7. Danh gia su tich luy kim loai nang trong dat va trong cay
3.7.1: 7 ich luy kim loai nang theo thai gian thu hoach cay thuoc:

^^
68

3.7.2. Phan bo ham lugng kim loai trong dat trong theo do sau.

68
^g

3.7.3. rich luy kim loai trong cac bg phan cua cay thuoc

^Q

3.7.4. MANOVA danh gia anh huong ciia dia diem, thai gian thu hoach cay
thuoc den ham luaim KL tronii cav thuoc
3.7.5. He s6 tich luy sinh hoc cac kim loai nang tCr dat len ca\ thuoc

JQ

3.8. Phan tich thdng ke da bi^n danh gia nguon goc va sir phan bo 6 nhiem kim
loai nang trong mau dat trong ca\ thuoc va mot so cay thuoc dong dugc.

-j^


3.8.1. Phan tich cau tur chinh (PCA).
^
^
3.8.2. Phan tich nh6m(CA)

73
76


DANH MyC CAC CHU VIET TAT
AAS

Phuang phap pho hap thu nguyen tir

ANOVA

Phan tich phucmg sai

CA

Phuang phap phan tich nhom

CRM

Mau vat lieu chuan dugc chung nhan

CV-AAS

Pho hap thu nguyen tii' diing ky thuat hoa hai lanh

F-AAS

Pho hap thu nguyen tu' nggn lua

HSTLSH

He so tich luy sinh hoc

HVG-AAS

Pho hap thu nguyen tii' dung ky thuat hidrua hoa

ICP-AES

Phuong phap pho phat xa nguyen tu- cao tan plasma cam ung

ICP-MS

Phuang phap khoi pho cao tan plamsa cam ung

KLN

Kim loai nang

LOD

Giai han phat hien

LOO

Giai han dinh lugng

MANOVA

Phan tich dong phuong sai

PC

Thanh phan chinh

PCA

Phuang phap phan tich thanh phan chinh

TB

Trun" hinh


BA O CAO TOM TAT KET QUA THlTC HIEN
De t^i nghien ciru dac biet cSp Dai hoc Qu6c Gia

1. Ten de tai: D^nh gia su' 6 nhiem kim loai nang trong thuoc dong du'oc va nghien
ciru d^nh gi^ nguon goc va su* phan bo kim ioai nang trong mot so cay thudc
Ma s6: QG-09-13
Chu tri da tai: PGS.TS. Ta Thi Thao
Don vi cong tac: Khoa Hoa hgc- Truong Dai hgc Khoa hgc tu nhien
Dia chi: 334- Nguyen Trai- Thanh Xuan- Ha Ngi.
S6 dien thoai: 84-4- 858.4287
So can bg tham gia: 03
Ths. Nguyin Ngoc So*n- Khoa H6a hoc - Truong DHKHTN- DHQGHN
ThS. Nguyen Thj Van Anh- Hgc vien nghien cuu y Dugc co truyen Viet Nam
m,

r

CN. Nguyen Van Thuan- Hgc vien cao hgc K18
2. IMuc tieu va noi dung nghien cuu
- De tai nghien cuu nay nham xay dung qui trinh phan tich, danh gia muc do 6
nhiem cac kim loai nang trong mot so loai thuoc dong dugc dang luu hanh tren thi
truong Viet Nam hien nay, dong gop vao viec kiem soat chat lugng thuoc dong dugc

hien dang dugc su dung rgng rai duai dang thuoc bo hoac thuoc dieu tri. Ben canh do
viec danh gia sir phat tan kim loai nang vao thuoc uong sau khi sac se la co so ban dau
da xay dung tieu chuan ham lugng kim loai nang trong thuoc dong dugc. Cac ket qua
danh gia ngu6n g6c ciia 6 nhiem kim loai nang se dugc tien hanh tren doi tugng dat
trdng 6 nhieu vung khac nhau va Ian truyen 6 nhiem tu dat vao cac bo phan ciia cay
dung lam thudc nhu re, than, la, qua, hat...va danh gia Ian truyen du lugng kim loai
nSng theo thai gian da xay dung khuyan cao va lugng kim loai nang co mat trong
thudc dong dugc dung lam nguyan lieu dua tran diau kien tho nhuong, trong, cham soc
v^ thu h^i, bao quan.
- De tai g6m nhijng ngi dung nghian cuu chii yau sau:


f

t

,

+T6i uu hoa cac diau kien phan tich dong thoi lugng vat va siau vat cac kim loai
nSngnhuCu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr, Mn.... bSngthiatbi phan tich ngudn cao tAn cam
ung plasma- khoi pho (ICP-MS) trong do co danh gia ham lugng hai nguyan t6 hay
gay sai so khi phan tich bang phuang phap nay la As va Hg da rut ra co c4n thiat phai
phan tich chung tren thiat bi pho hap thu nguyan tu, ap dung ky thuat hidrua hoa (
HVG- AAS) hoac hoa hoi lanh (CV-AAS) hay khong.
-fNghian cuu xay dung cac qui trinh xu ly mau thuoc dong dugc va xu ly mau
dat.
+ Danh gia su Ian truyan 6 nhiam kim loai nang vao cay thudc do dilu kien th6
nhuong, trong va cham soc, thu hai bao quan...
-I- Dung phan tich thong ka da bian danh gia nguon goc phat tan kim loai nang
trong thuoc dong dugc khi trong trgt.

3. Cac ket qua dat duoc:
3.1. Ket qua l* Da nghian cuu va lua chgn dugc cac diau kien phan tich thich hgp da xac dinh
lugng vet cac kim loai nang theo phuong phap khoi pho dung nguon cao tan cam
ung plasma (ICP-MS). Tren co so do da tien hanh xac nhan gia tri su dung ciia
phuang phap phan tich nhu lap duong chuan phan tich I 1 nguyen to kim loai nang
(Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, As va Hg), danh gia giai han phat hien, giai
han dinh lugng va do chinh xac (do diing va do chum), hieu suat thu hoi cua
phuang phap phan tich vai cac nan mau thuoc dong dugc, mau dat.
* Da nghien ciiu ap dung 6 quy trinh xii* ly mau thuoc dong y, gom 2 quy trinh xu
ly mau bang 16 nung, 3 quy trinh xu 1> mau bang binh Kendal va 1 qu\ trinh su
dung 16 vi song va lira chgn dugc quy trinh xu ly mau phu hgp voi trang bi hien co
la phuang phap kho u6l ket hgp hoac xu ly trong 16 \ i song dat hieu suat thu hoi
tu 90-95% va do lap t6t CV<5%.
* Da tian hanh phan tich 35 mau thuoc dong > dugc thu thap tren dia ban quan
Hoan Kiem va Ha Dong (Ha Ngi). Ket qua phan tich cho tha\ chua phat hien thay
sir nhiem doc kim loai nang trong cac mau nghien cuu nay. Nghien ciiu cung da
buac dau danh gia su phat tan kim loai nang tu dugc lieu vao thuoc sac. Su phat
tiin tuy thuoc vao tirng kim loai, mot so kim loai phat tan tuong doi nhieu (tran
30%) nhu Ni, Cu, Zn. Ket qua phan tich ham lugng 1 1 kim loai nang trong dat
trong cay thu6c va mot s6 ca\ thuoc tai hai dia diem la \ ucm thuoc cung cho thay


c6 sir cao bk th\ibng mot s6 kim loai. Viec sir dung chain th6ng ke Student dl
danh gia cung cho thay co sir khac nhau co nghTa v^ ham lugng trung binh m6i kim
loai tai hai dia diem khac nhau, theo thai gian sinh song ciia cay va kha nang tich
luy sinh hgc ciia cay theo do tuoi.
* Dua tran kat qua dat dugc, bang phan tich thong ka da bian da danh gia dugc
nguon goc phat tan kim loai nang trong cay thuoc dong dugc tran dAt trong nghian
CUU, tu do riit ra dugc nhan xat va diau kien tho nhuong va cham soc, ban chat tu

nhian ciia chat dat gay ra sir khac nhau c6 nghTa va ham lugng cua mot so kim loai
nang khac nhau. Ngoai ra, muc do tich luy kim loai nang khac nhau voi timg loai
cay va theo thai gian khac nhau cung gay ra bian doi khac nhau ve ham lugng trung
binh. Vi vay, can co nhung nghian cuu cu tha hon voi tung loai cay thuoc da danh
gia muc do anh huong cua kim loai nang tu do co tha dua ra kat luan chinh xac.
3.2. Ket qu^ ling dung:
- Qui trinh phan tich dong thoi tong ham lugng 11 kim loai nang Cr, Mn, Fe, Co,
Ni, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Pb, As va Hg bang phuang phap ICP-MS voi do nhay va
do chinh xac cao da dugc ung dung da phan tich ham lugng cac kim loai nang
trong dat, cay thuoc va thang thuoc dong dugc cung nhu thuoc sac tran thiat bi
ICP-MS tai khoa Hoa hgc- Truong Dai hgc Khoa hgc Tu nhian- Dai hgc Quoc Gia
Ha Ngi.
- Da nghian cuu v^ ling dung phuong phap thong ka da bien da phan tich tap so
lieu va ham lugng 11 kim loai nang trong cay thuoc va dat trong cay thuoc tai hai
dia diam khac nhau da kat luan \e phan bo ham lugng kim loai nang va nguon goc
phat tan kim loai nang vao cay thuoc gop phan on dinh va kiam soat chat lugng
dugc lieu tu goc. So lieu thu dugc cung minh hga tot dang bai giang va phuong
ph^p thong ka da bian trong chuyan da bat bugc day cho sinh vian cao hgc chuyan
nganh Hoa phan tich cua khoa Hoa.
33. Ket qu^ cong bo
- Ba bai bao khoa hgc da dang tran tap chi khoa hgc chuyan nganh :
. Ta Thi Thao, Nguyen Thi Van Anh, Nguyen Nggc Son. Nghian cuu danh gia ham
lugng kim loai nang trong dong dugc bang phuang phap khoi pho plasma cam
ung (ICP-MS). Tap chi khoa hoc va cong nghe. Tap 48, s6 2A, (2010), trang 469477.


2. Ta Thi Thao, Nguyin Van Thu4n, Nguyen Thi Huang Tham. Nghien cuu danh
gia nguon goc va phan bo kim loai nang trong mot s6 cay thudc va dit trdng cay
thuoc bang phuang phap phan tich ICP-MS va th6ng ke da biln. Tgp chi Hoa hoc. T.
48, 4C, (2010), trang 396-401.

3. Ta Thi Thao, Nguyan Van Thuan. Ung dung phuang phap khoi pho cao tan
plasma cam ung (ICP-MS) da phan tich danh gia ham lugng kim loai nang trong mot
SO cay thuoc va dat trong cay thuoc. Tap chi Phan tich Hoa, Ly va Sinh hgc Viet
Nam. Tap 15, S6 4 (2010), trang 223-229.
3.4. Ket qua dao tao
3.4.1. Cii' nhan: 02
- Nguyen Thj Thanh Dao. Nghian cuu danh gia ham lugng asen va thuy ngan
trong mot loai cay thuoc va phat tan vao thuoc sac. Khoa luan tot nghiep- Khoa
Hoa hgc- Truong DH KHTN, 2009.
- Nguyen Thj Hong. Phan tich ham lugng mot so kim loai nang trong thuoc dong
dugc bang phuang phap pho hap thu nguyen tu. Khoa luan tot nghiep- Khoa Hoa
hgc- Trudng DH KHTN, 2011.
3.4.2 Thac sT: 01
1. Nguyen Van Thuan . Nghian ciiu danh gia nguon goc va su phan bo kim loai
nang trong mot so cay thuoc.Truong Dai hoc Khoa hgc Tu nhien. DHQG Ha
Ngi, 2010.
3.4.3. Ty dao tao: Nang cao tay ngha phan tich va xay dung cac qui trinh phan tich
tran kim loai nang trong doi tugng dat, tram tich va thuc vat tran thiat bi phan tich
hiendai ICP- MS.
4. Tinh hinh kinh phi ciia de tai: 100 trieu dong (mot tram trieu dong)
4.1. Thua khoan chuyen mon: 42.000.000 d
-Chi phi nghiep vu chuyan mon: 54.000.000 d
4.2. Chi mua sam trang thiet bi:
4.3. Chi thanh toan dich vu cong cong: 4.000.000 d
5. Danh gia tinh thinh thuc hien nhiem vu nghien cuu: da hoan thanh nhiem vu
dugc giao


Ha Noi, ngay 24 thang 3 nam 2011
Chii nhiem de tai

Khoa quan ly

V
?(^^^s, ^ t ^ . - ^ ' ^^^

PCS. TS. Ta Thi Thao

TRUONG DAI HOC KHOA HOC TU NHIEN
•MOHI^UTtUONO


PROJECT SUMMARY

1. Project Title:
''Heavy metal contamination in traditional medicin and study on the sources and
distribution of heavy metal contents in some herbal plants''.
-

Code Number:

QG-09-13

-

Project Leader:

Ta Thi Thao, Assoc. Prof. Dr.

-

Directing Institution: Department of Chemistry, University of Science,
Vietnam National University, Hanoi.
r^articipatc members: 03
+Master of Science Nguyen Ngoc Son-

Department of Chemistry, HUS,

VNU
^Master of Science

Nguyen Thi Van Anh- Vietnam Institute of Traditional

Medicine and Pharmacy
^Bachelor [Nguyen Van Thuan- Master Student

K 18

2. Project's Coals and studied methods:
- Build up an analytical procedure and evaluation of the pollution of heavy
metals in some oriental medicines that have been widel}' used as supplement or
treatment drugs being circulated on the Vietnamese market. The experimental results
will contribute to the quality control medication.
- Assessing the release of heavy metals into cooked medicines will be the
background for the establishment of standard amount o\^ heav\ metals in oriental
medicines.
- The heavy metals pollution sources will be evaluated from the anal\lical
results of soil in many different areas. The spread of heavy metals from soil to parts of
medicine plants such as root, body, leaves, fruits, grains... will be also studied.
+ Methods for study:

The ICP-MS has been optimized to analyze traces of heav\ metals such as Cu,
Pb, Cd, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr, Mn, As, Hg....in several traditional medicine samples. By
applyzing the validation of an analytical method, the ICP- MS has been confirmed to
be the applicable method for the determination of As and Hg instead of HVG-AAS.


The obtained data has also processed by multivariable statistic methods to evaluate the
release of heavy metals into cooked medicines and the spread of heavy metals from
soil to parts of medicine plants such as root, body, leaves, fruits, grains... The
preparation of medicine and soil samples are also needed to study to fmd out the best
suitable methods with labaratory conditions in Vietnam.
3. Obtained results
3.1. Scientific Contributions:
+ Optimization and suitable analytical conditions had been studied to determine
ultratrace amount of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb using ICP-MS technique. The
procedure for validation of an analytical method also had been applied for evaluating
LOD, LOQ, accuracy (precision and truness), recovery of the method with complex
matrix and CRM. The procedure for the analysis of total heavy metals in traditional
medicines and soil had been figured out.
H- Six methods of medicine sample preparation (including 2 methods in furnace, 3
sample degition procedure using Kendal method and a method using microwave oven)
had been studied and a best applicable procedure for the preparation of medicin, soil
and herbal plant samples had obtained. The recovery of the best one was 90-95% with
CV < 5%.
-I-Thirty five herbal medicine samples collected in Hoankiem and Ha Dong districts
(Hanoi) were analysed and the polution of heavy metals in studied samples were not
recognized. In this project, the releasing of heavy metals from traditional medicine to
boiled water was given. The degree of the heavy metals released into cooked
medicines depended on each heavy metal (especially over 30% with Ni, Cu, Zn).
+The trace amount of 11 heavy metals in soil samples and herbal plants in 2 places

in Northen Vietnam was analysed. Using t-test, the significant difference of mean
between different places, lifetime of plants and biology accumulate of plant was
recognised.
+ Multivariate analysis was also used to evaluate the sources of heavy metals in
herbal plants to figure out the effect of geology, conditions of agricultures and the
nature of soils to the accumulation of heavy metals in herbal plants. The biological
accumulation was also difTerent from each other and their lifetime. The acumulation of
heavy metals from soil to some parts of medicinal plants such as root, body, leaves,
fruits, grains was much different to types of herbs. Therefore, the detailed studied on


each medicinal plant should be carried out to obtain the exact assessment of heavy
metaPs effect to the medicinal plants and herbal medicines as well.
3.2. Applied results:
- The analytical procedure on ICP-MS equipment can be used as a standard
method for the traditional medicine's quality control. But the verification of the
analytical method should be carried out before applying as a standard procedure in a
lab.
- The multivarite analysis methods were applied to find out the distributions,
sources of heavy metals contents based on the experimental data of 11 metal amounts
in herb, medicine plants and soils collected at 2 places. The obtained results figured
out the assessment of heavy metals content in herbal medicines. These data have been
being used as the good examples of multivariate analysis for the lectures in master
education at Department of analytical chemistry.
3.3. Results
- Publications: 03
1. Ta Thi Thao, Nguyen I'hi Van Anh, Nguyen Ngoc Son. Assessment of heavy
metal contents in herbs using ICP-MS. Journal of Science and Technology. Vol. 48,
No. 2A, (2010), pp. 469-477.
2. Ta Thi Thao, Nguyen Van Thuan, Nguyen Thi Huong Thorn. Evaluation of

distribution and sources of heav>' metals in some medicinal herbs and soils using ICPMS technique and multivariate analysis. Journal ofChemisuy. T. 48. 4C. (2010), pp.
396-401.
3, Ta Thi Thao, Nguyen Van Thuan. Evaluation of heavy metal contents in
medicinal herbs and soils using ICP- MS technique. Journal of Analytical Sciences.
Vol. 15, No. 4 (2010). pp. 223-229.
3.4. Contribute to t r a i n i n g
3.4.1. Bachelor: 02

- Nguyen Thi Thanh Dao. Assessment of arsenic and mercury contents in some
kinds of medicinal herbs and releasing in to water of cooked medicinal herbs.
Bachelor thesis, Hanoi University of Science, I'NU, 2009.
- Nguyen Thi Hong. AnaKsis of some heav> metal contents in herbal medicines
using AAS. Bachelor thesis, Hanoi University of Science, I NU, 2011.


3.4.2. Master thesis: 01
Nguyen Van Thuan. Evaluation of distribution and sources of heavy metals in
some medicinal herbs.. Master thesis Hanoi University of Science, VNU, 2009.
4. Funding of the project: 100,000,000 VND


MO DAU

Hien nay, cung voi su phat trian cua khoa hgc cong nghe, nhiau thanh tuu khoa
hgc hien dai dugc van dung trong y hgc, gop phan nang cao chat lugng phong benh,
chu'd benh, phuc hoi chuc nang, nhiau loai tan dugc dugc dua vao diau tri voi ch^t
lugng cao nhung xu huong cua tha gioi van ua thich su dung cac phuang phap y hgc
truyan thong, dac biet la y hgc co truyan phuong Dong. Trong diau tri benh. ben canh
thuoc tay y dugc dung da diau tri cac can benh cap tinh thi thuoc dong y ngoai viec
diau tri cac can benh man tinh con duoc de cao vai tr6 trong viae chiJa banh tu soc. Do

tinh dac thu cua thuoc dong y la chuyan bian benh cham nan nguai benh phai uong
thuoc trong thai gian dai. Vi vay, nau chat lugng thuoc khong dugc kiam soat tot co
tha dan tai nhung anh huong nghiam trgng doi voi co tha.
Mot trong cac yau to gay anh huong co hai den co tha nguai khi su dung thuoc
dong dugc trong thai gian dai la ham lugng kim loai nang tran muc cho phep. Khi vao
CO the, lugng Ion kim loai nang tich tu trong cac mo, o cac co quan: gan, than, nao...
Co the cung co co che tu dao thai, nhung toe do tich tu krn hon gap nhieu Ian. Vi vay,
kim loai nang co tha gay ngg doc cap tinh, tii' vong nhanh nhu nhiem doc cap tinh
asen, chi...nhung chu yau do su tich luy dan kim loai nang trong co tha gay doc man
tinh, nhieu can benh nguy hiam xuat hien, dac biet la benh ung thu.
Voi nguai benh, khi benh c6n nhe thuang tu tim thuoc va diau tri o cac thay
lang, sau do mai den cac nha thuoc dong y; phan nhieu trong so nay la dong y gia
truyen va qua nhiau loai thuoc khac nhau nen rat kho danh gia su nhiem doc do thuoc,
neu CO. Gan day, cac xet nghiem tran hai benh nhan. mot la phu niT trung nien bi ung
thu te bao day va mot nam trung nian bi ung thu biu cho thay ham lugng asen trong
toe va nuoc tieu rat cao co lian quan dan viec su dung nhiau thang thuoc bac co chua
asen trong th6*i gian dai. 6 Viet Nam, asen v6 co thuc)iig dugc bo them vao trong cac
thang thuoc bac hay thuoc nam nham dieu tri suyen va thuoc bo. Benh nhan khi su
dung cac loai thuoc co chua asen na\ thuang an ngon, ngu dugc. len can \a benh
suyan giam.
Ben canh vice them asen vao thuoc dong y da diau tri benh va gay nguy hiem
cho benh nhan thi ban than thuoc dong dugc o Viet Nam hien na\ deu khong ro nguon
g6c va chat lucmg. Thuoc dugc thu mua cua dan tu trong hoac thu hai tren rung. Toan
bg qua trinh san xuat dong dugc nhu trong, cham soc, thu hai, che bien chu \eu tht^rc
hien bang phuang phap thu cong, kern theo kinh nghiem thuc te tru\en mieng chu
1


Chircmg 1: TONG QUAN TAI LIEU

1.1. Tinh hinh bao che, sir dung du'9'c lieu v^ nhiem doc kim loai nang trong du-oc
lieu 6' Viet Nam hien nay
Theo Tir di^n Ti^ng Viet (nam 1996), dugc lieu la nhung nguyen lieu dk ch^ b\in
thuoc ph6ng va chira benh. Theo djnh nghTa nay, nuoc ta hien nay da thong ka dugc
3.830 loai thuoc 296 dugc lieu. Moi nam Viet nam co khoang gin 50.000 t§n dugc lieu
dugc khai thac, thu hoach tu khoang 300 loai cay thudc khac nhau. Nhu vay con
khoang 3.500 loai khac chua dugc san xuat, cac lang ngha trong thuoc dang mai mot
dan vi toe do do thi hoa qua nhanh, mot so cay thuoc quy dang bi dua vao danh sach
sap tuyet chung. Diau do cho thay, ty le thuoc do cac lang ngha trong dugc va thu hai
cha bian rat nho so voi ty le thuoc khong ro nguon goc, co tha la do thu hai tran rung
hoSc nhap lau tu Trung Quoc. [6].
\

f

\

Nhung kim loai nang thuong dugc thay lang cho vao thuoc nam la chu sa, than
sa, nhan mon co chiia chi, thuy ngan, asen nan khi vao co tha gay ra tinh trang ngg doc
rat nSng na nhu dau bung, ta, tan mau, viam gan nhiam doc va trieu chung khac. [ 18]
TS Pham Due, Giam doc Trung tam chong doc Benh vien Bach Mai (Ha Noi),
cho biat hang nSm trung tam tiap nhan rat nhiau truong hgp ngg doc dong dugc, trong
do khong it benh nhan da tu vong do doc chat tu vi thuoc gay nan. Co vi thuoc chira
dong kinh hoSc vian thuoc "ta" cua thay lang khi dem xet nghiem, kat qua cho thay
trong do co chua dan 3 kim loai nang asen, thuy ngan, chi [20]. Vi vay, chat lugng
thuoc dong dugc bi tha noi se gay nguy hiam khon lu6ng toi nguai benh.
Nhung nam gan day 6 mian Bac nuoc ta hinh thanh mot so lang ngha trong va
cha bian thuoc Dong y, nhung quy trinh cha bian van theo kinh nghiem, chua co mot
quy trinh chuan nao ciia Bg Y Ta va cha bian thuoc Dong dugc. Cac lang ngha trong
nhiau loai cay nhung chua toi dugc nguai tiau dung tai dia phuang do, ma chu yau

thu6ng xuat di nhiJng noi khac da dugc gia cao c6n 6 khu vuc quanh do lai dung thuoc
cua Trung Quoc nguon goc khong ro rang da chiJa benh cho nguai dan.
va mat chit lugng, cac kiam nghiem van c6n rat it va so sai... Trong cac nguyan
lieu lam thu6c Dong y doi khi co mot so chat co chua As, Hg rat cao (co khi toi 300500 Ian tieu chuin cho phep). Qua trinh so cha, theo kinh nghiem truyan mieng nhung
m5i ngir6ri l^m mot kieu, kinh nghiem thi chi cho biat dung chat gi da bao quan va so
cha nhung nguoi tian hanh lai dung lugng co tha qua nhiau gay ra ham lugng Ion cac


dugc lieu va tung phuang phap bao cha, san xuk va tr6ng trgt mang tinh cong nghiep,
hudrng toi mot nan y hgc co truyan phat trian, phat huy dugc hat nhung tiam nang v6n
CO phong phu cua nguon dugc lieu nuoc nha, nhung kinh nghiem quy bau cua cha ong
ta da lai da dugc kiem chung hieu qua qua nhiau thori ky.
Xu huong dieu tri bang y hgc co truyan tran tha gioi ngay cang tang nhung nhiau
nguori benh lo lang vi chat lugng ciia cac vi thu6c nay. Nguyan nhan chinh dan dan
sir kem chat lugng ciia thuoc la bao quan khong diing quy each.
Theo tiau chuan dugc dian quy djnh cac loai dugc lieu chi cin co do km nhu vay sau khi rua sach, say nhe a 60*^C trong khoang 12-24 gio, hiit chan khong,
dong goi kin vao bao bi thi se bao quan dugc lau.

nh 1: Bach thuge, bach truat, duong quy sau khi dugc ngam, lam mam, thai phian,
xong sinh
Tuy nhien, hien nay da so co so buon ban, san xuat dong dugc van c6n su dung cac
each bao quan bang mot so chat co tha gay doc nhu sau:
* Xong luu huynh: nhieu nha thuoc chong moi mgt, am moc cho dong dugc bang each
xong luu huynh. Miii luu huynh lam cho ta co cam giac nhuc dau, chong mat. nau ngg
doc lau ngiiy co the dan den ung thu. lac dung cua luu hu>nh la diet sau bg. nam moc
va cung lam cho dong dugc co the chat dco. mem mai khong kho cung va lam dugc
lieu trang sang, dep hon.
* Danh bong bang chi : tam that la dugc lieu thuang dugc danh bong bang chi cho dep
va ban vori ^ia cao h^m loai thu6n^. Nhunu khi sac thuoc uong chi se khuech tan vao

MO DAU

Hien nay, cung vai su phat triln cua khoa hgc cong nghe, nhi§u thanh tuu khoa
hgc hien dai dugc van dung trong y hgc, gop phin nang cao chit lugng phong benh.
chCra benh, phuc hoi chuc nang, nhieu loai tan dugc dugc dua vao di^u tri voi chit
lugng cao nhung xu huong ciia the gioi van ua thich su dung cac phuong phap y hgc
truyen thdng, dac biet la y hgc co truyen phuong Dong. Trong di^u tri benh, ben canh
thuoc tay y dugc dung de dieu tri cac can benh cap tinh thi thudc dong y ngoai viec
dieu tri cac can benh man tinh con dugc de cao vai tro trong viec chiJa benh tir g6c. Do
f

i

r

,

tinh dac thii cua thuoc dong y la chuyan bian benh cham nan nguoi benh phai uong
thuoc trong thai gian dai. Vi vay, nau chat lugng thuoc khong dugc kiam soat t6t co
tha dan toi nhung anh huong nghiem trgng doi voi co tha.
Mot trong cac yau to gay anh huong co hai dan co tha nguoi khi su dung thudc
dong dugc trong thoi gian dai la ham lugng kim loai nang tran miic cho phep. Khi vao
CO the, lugng lo'n kim loai nang tich tu trong cac mo, o cac co quan: gan, than, nao...
Co the cung co co cha tu dao thai, nhung toe do tich tu \(m hon gap nhieu Ian. Vi vay,
kim loai nang co the gay ngg doc cap tinh, tu vong nhanh nhu nhiam doc cap tinh
asen, chi...nhung chu yau do su tich luy dan kim loai nang trong co tha gay doc man
tinh, nhieu can benh nguy hiem xuat hien, dac biet la benh ung thu.
Voi nguoi benh, khi benh c6n nhe thuang tu tim thuoc va diau tri o cac thay

lang, sau do moi dan cac nha thuoc dong y; phan nhiau trong so nay la dong y gia
truyen va qua nhiau loai thuoc khac nhau nan rat kh6 danh gia su nhiam doc do thuoc,
neu CO. Gan day, cac xet nghiem tren hai benh nhan. mot la phu nCr trung nien bi ung
thu ta bao day va mot nam trung nien bi ung thu biu cho tha\ ham lugng asen trong
toe va nuoc tieu rat cao co lian quan den viec su dung nhiau thang thuoc bac co chua
asen trong thai gian dai. O Viet Nam, asen v6 co thu6ng dugc bo tham vao trong cac
thang thuoc bac hay thuoc nam nham diau tri suyen va thuoc bo. Benh nhan khi su
dung cac loai thuoc co chiia asen nay thuang an ngon, ngu duoc. len can \a benh
suyen giam.
Ban canh vice them asen vao thuoc dong y da dieu tri benh \'a gay ngu\ hiem
cho bcMih nhan thi ban than thudc dong dugc o Viet Nam hien nay dau khong ro nguon
g6c va chat lugng. Huioc dirge thu mua ciia dan tu trong hoac thu hai tren rung, loan
bg qua trinh san xuat dong dugc nhu trong, cham soc, thu hai, che bien chu \eu thuc
hien bang phuang phap thu cong, kcMii theo kinh nghiem thuc te tru>en mieng chu


khong theo mot tieu chu^n nao. Mat khac, dugc lieu do tu thuang nhap lau tir Trung
Quoc tran Ian khong tha kiam soat dugc. Ban canh cau hoi \l chit lugng cong tac
quan ly hanh ngha y dugc hgc c6 truyan tu nhan, du luan con dat cau hoi. phai chang
chat lugng Dong dugc hien nay dang bi tha n6i ?
Tai Hoi nghi phat trian Dong dugc va cac chinh sach lian quan, GS.TS Pham
Thanh Ky, Pho Chii tich Hoi Dugc lieu Viet Nam, chi ra ba lo h6ng co ban trong chinh
sach quan ly. Do la viec tiau chuin chit lugng dong dugc dan nay van thiau quy djnh
va gioi han kim loai nang, quy dinh \t t6n du thuoc bao ve thuc vat va hoa chat kich
thich tang truong. Tuy nhian, muc dp anh huong ciia kim loai nang doc hai ton luu
trong Dong dugc dan nguoi benh nhu the nao. chua co nghian cuu cu tha, trong khi
vice kiam tra, vice phat hien thuong xuyan cac loai chat doc dac biet la kim loai nang
trong thuoc dong dugc c6n rat kho khan.
De gop phan giai qu\ct hue xiic va an toan kim loai nang trong Dong dugc hien
dang dugc su dung rgng rSi duai dang thuoc bo hoac thuoc diau tri. trong de tai nay

chiing toi tien hanh cac nghian cuu na\ nham xay dung qui trinh phan tich, danh gia
muc d() 6 nhiem cac kim loai nang trong mot so loai thuoc dong dugc dang luu hanh
tren thi truong Viet Nam hien na>. hang c^c phuang phap phan tich nhanh, hien dai
dong gop vao vice kiem soat chat lucmg thuoc dong dugc, hien dang dugc sir dung
rgng rai diroi dang thuoc ho hoac thuoc dieu tri. Ben canh do viec danh gia su phat tan
kini loai nang vao thuoc uong sau khi sac se la co so da xa\ dung tieu chuan ham
lugng kim loai nang trong thuoc dong dugc. Cac ket qua danh gia nguon goc ciia 6
nhiem kim Uxii nang se dugc tien hanh tren doi tuong dat trong o nhiau vung khac
nhau va Ian truyen 6 nhiem tu dat vao cac bg phan cua cay dung lam thuoc nhu re.
than, la, qua, hat...va danh gia Ian truxin du lugng kim loai nang theo thoi gian da xa\
dung khuyen cao vc lugng kim loai nang co mat trong thuoc dong dugc diing lam
nguyen lieu dua tren dieu kien tho nhuong, trong, cham soc va thu hai, bao quan tu do
CO bien phap kiam soat chat lugng thuoc mot each hieu qua.


Chircyng 1: TONG QUAN TAI LIEU

I.l. Tinh hinh b^o che, sir dung duoc lieu v^ nhiem doc kim loai nang trong du-oc
lieu 6 Vift Nam hien nay
Theo Tir dien Tieng Viet (nam 1996), dugc lieu la nhiing nguyen lieu d^ ch6 bi^n
thuoc phong va chira benh. Theo dinh nghTa nay, nuoc ta hien nay da th6ng ke dugc
3.830 loai thuoc 296 dugc lieu. Moi nam Viet nam co khoang gin 50.000 tin dugc lieu
dugc khai thac, thu hoach tir khoang 300 loai cay thu6c khac nhau. Nhu vay con
khoang 3.500 loai khac chua dugc san xuat, cac lang ngha trong thuoc dang mai mot
dan vi toe do do thi hoa qua nhanh, mot so cay thuoc quy dang bi dua vao danh sach
sap tuyet chiing. Diau do cho thay, ty le thuoc do cac lang ngha trong dugc va thu hai
cha bian rat nho so voi ty le thuoc khong ro nguon goc, co tha la do thu hai tran rung
hoac nhap lau tu Trung Quoc. [6].
Nhung kim loai nang thuong dugc thay lang cho vao thuoc nam la chu sa, than
sa, nhan mon co chiia chi, thuy ngan, asen nen khi vao co tha gay ra tinh trang ngg doc

rat nang nc nhu dau bung, ta, tan mau, viam gan nhiem doc va trieu chiing khac. [ 18]
TS Pham Due, Giam doc Trung tam chong doc Benh vien Bach Mai (Ha Ngi),
cho biat hang nam trung tam tiap nhan rat nhiau truong hgp ngg doc dong dugc, trong
d6 khong it benh nhan da tu vong do doc chat tu vi thuoc gay nan. Co vi thuoc chiia
dong kinh hoac vian thuoc "ta" cua thay lang khi dem xet nghiem, kat qua cho thay
trong do co chiia dan 3 kim loai nang asen, thiiy ngan, chi [20]. Vi vay, chat lugng
thuoc dong dugc bi tha noi se gay nguy hiam khon lu67ig toi nguoi benh.
Nhung nam gan day 6 mien Bac nude ta hinh thanh mot so lang nghe trdng va
che bian thudc Ddng y, nhung quy trinh cha bien van theo kinh nghiem, chua cd mot
quy trinh chuan nao cua Bg Y Ta va cha bien thudc Ddng dugc. Cac lang ngha trdng
nhieu loai cay nhung chua toi dugc nguoi tiau diing tai dia phuong do. ma chu yau
thucyng xuat di nhung noi khac de dugc gia cao cdn o khu vuc quanh do lai diing thudc
ciia Trung Qude ngudn gdc khdng ro rang da chua benh cho ngudi dan.
va mat chat lugng, cac kiem nghiem van cdn rat it va so sai... Trong cac ngu\en
lieu lam thudc Ddng y ddi khi cd mot sd chat co chua As, Hg rat cao (cd khi tdi 300500 Ian tiau chuan cho phep). Qua trinh so che, theo kinh nghiem truyan mieng nhung
mdi W2x\b\ lam mot kieu, kinh nghiem thi chi cho biet dung chat gi da bao quan va so
che nhirnu nguoi tian hanh lai diing lugng cd tha qua nhieu ga\ ra ham lugng Ion cac


chat bao quan trong cac vi thudc thanh phim, gay ngg doc trong nhiau trudng hop dan
tdi tu vong. Mot dugc lieu tir khi trdng dan khi thu hai tit ca mgi khau so cha dau vi
pham an toan thuc phim. [18].
Sii nhiam ban vao thudc Ddng y chii yeu la d khau cha bian va trdng trot nhung
chiing ta lai khdng quan ly dugc ca 2 khau quan trgng dd trong viec hinh thanh mot vi
thudc. Vi vay dan dan nhung vi du va ngg doc thudc Ddng y, gay nan tam ly coi
thuong tac dung chiia benh ciia cac vi thudc Ddng y.
Trong cha bian ddng dugc, khau thu hai va cha bian cay dugc lieu hien nay van
rat da nhiam ban, nhat la nhiem bin cac kim loai nang. Cay thudc thu hai va dugc cat

rua bang nude giang khoan chua rat nhiau kim loai nang trong dd cd nhiau sat va asen.j

Sau khi rua, cay thudc dugc phoi khd tu nhian sau dd dem say voi diam sinh da bao
quan lam vi thudc thanh pham. Cd mot sd vi khac, thuong la cac cay lay cii thi sau khi
rua dugc ngam bang nude giang va ngam trong cac chau thiing sat vai ngay cho mem

ra va sau dd mdi thai rdi phoi khd. Sau dd cac thay lang mua chiing \e nha, trude khi

cat thanh thang thudc cho ngudi benh ho thuong sao vang chiing lan trong nhiJng chao

Ion, tiiy vao tac dung va dirac tinh ciia tung vi thudc ma chon chat sao ciing. Qua trinh
che bian theo kinh nghiem nhu vay khian cac vi thudc thanh pham lan rat nhiau chat

ban trong dd cd ham lugng kim loai nang khdng nho [21 J. Mot sd kim loai can thiat

voi CO the con ngudi, sd khac thi khdng nhung khi ham lugng ciia chiing qua Ion rat de
gay ngg ddc cho co the khi chung dugc tich tu qua lau do thudc Ddng y thuong cd tac
dung rat cham va phai udng deu dan trong thoi gian dai mdi khdi benh. Dieu dd khien
lugng kim loai tich tu trong co tha la rat Ion nau thudc chua nhiau kim loai nSng. Qua
trinh dao thai kim loai nang ciia co tha con ngudi cham hon rat nhiau so voi qua trinh
tich tu chiing trong co tha. Vi vay nau khdng kiam soat dugc chat lugng thudc thi rat
de gay nen nhung trudng hgp ngg ddc kim loai cap tinh hoac man tinh gay nhiJng hau
qua daniz tiec. Vi vav, can cd nhmm nuhien cuu danh uia ham luona kim loai nang cho
phep trong cac vi thudc khac nhau giiip ngudi benh yan tam hon khi su dung thuoc
Ddng y.
Ben canh nhung thieu sdt va han cha ciia trong viec quan ly thi cung cd nhung
thanh tuu to Ion, xirng tam voi mot viing dat cd ngudn dugc lieu phong phii va khi hau.
thd nhuong phii htrp voi nhieu loai dugc lieu. Nhiau thuong hieu thudc Viet Nam da
noi tiang trong khu vuc cung nhu trcMi the gioi nhu: artichaux Da Lat, qua Tra My, sam

Nggc 1 inh, hdi lang Son... Cung voi viec dd phai cd nhung chinh sach da quan ly va
sir dunu ngudn dugc lieu phong phu cua qude gia cho phii hgp va huu ich. Cung nen

CO nhuni: nghien cuu xac dinh nhung tiau chuan chat lugng phu hgp vdi tung loai


dugc lieu va tung phuang phap bao cha, san xuit va trdng trgt mang tinh cong nghiep,
huong tdi mot nan y hgc cd truyan phat trian, phat huy dugc hat nhijng tiam nang vdn
cd phong phii ciia ngudn dugc lieu nude nha, nhung kinh nghiem quy bau ciia cha dng
ta da lai da dugc kiam chung hieu qua qua nhiau thoi ky.
Xu huong diau tri bang y hgc cd truyan tran tha gioi ngay cang tang nhung nhiau
ngudi benh lo lang vi chat lugng ciia cac vi thudc nay. Nguyan nhan chinh dan dan
sir kem chat lugng ciia thudc la bao quan khdng diing quy each.
Theo tiau chuan dugc dian quy dinh cac loai dugc lieu chi can cd do im <15%,
nhu vay sau khi rua sach, say nhe d 60'^^C trong khoang 12-24 gid, hiit chan khdng,
ddng gdi kin vao bao bi thi se bao quan dugc lau.

I linh 1: Bach thuge, bach truat, duong quy sau khi dugc ngam, lam mem. thai phian,
xdng sinh
Tuy nhien, hien nay da sd co sd budn ban, san xuat ddng dugc van cdn su dung cac
each bao quan bang mot sd chat cd tha gay ddc nhu sau:
* Xdng luu huynh: nhieu nha thudc chdng mdi mgt, am mdc cho ddng dugc bang each
xdng luu huynh. Miii luu huynh lam cho ta cd cam giac nhuc dau, chdng mat. nau ngg
ddc lau ngay cd tha dan dan ung thu. Tac dung cua luu hu\nh la diet sau bg. nam mdc
va cung lam cho ddng dugc cd the chat deo, mam mai khdng khd cirng va lam dugc
lieu trang sang, dep hon.
* Danh bdng bang chi : tam thit la dugc lieu thuong dugc danh bdng bang chi cho dep
va ban vdi gia cao hon loai thuong. Nhung khi sac thudc udng chi se khuech tan vao


trong nuoc thuoc va co th^ gay nhilm doc. Tre em khi nhiem doc chi co th^ cham Ion.

tri tue kem phat trien. Doi vai nguai Ion, chi gay tang huy8t ap, suy tim. Khi ton du

chi trong co the dat 0,5-0.6ppm thi chirc nang cua than bit diu bj rdi loan va tai
0,8ppm se gay ra thieu mau do thi^u hut hemoglobin.

* Ouet sulfua kem len be mat dugc lieu: vi du nhuc thung dung, vi thudc nay co the

chat mem deo, do am cao nen de bj m6c, nhung khi dugc quet bing sulfua kem thi de

lau nam cung khong bi moc. Ngg doc kem c§p tinh co the gay chet nguofi vai trieu
chirng nhu non, tieu chay, mo hoi lanh, mach dap khe, ch^t sau 10-48 gid.

* Nhiam ddc thiiy ngan: thuong xuat hien khi cha bian khdng diing quy each cac dupe

lieu nhu chu sa. Cac hgp chat cua thuy ngan chua gdc metyl rat ban. K hi vao co the

nd dugc hda tan trong mo, tham qua mang ta bao, nao tuy, anh huong tdi he than kinl
trung uong. Do vay, khi nhiam ngudi benh de bi kich thich. cau gat, xiic ddng va ro

loan tieu hda, rdi loan than kinh. chan tay run. Thiiy ngan lam gay nhiem sac tha v;
ngan can su phan chia ta bao.

* Diing luc hda khd hoac nhdm phdt pho: theo tian sT Nguyen Viet Than, DH Dugc H

Ngi, vien thudc mau \am luc ma ngudi dan dung bao quan ddng dugc cd cdng tlun

hda hgc la A\\\ gyi la nhdm photphua, gSp hoi nude se tao thanh pholphin (PH3), mo
chat cue ddc vdi ngudi.

* l)()c Id do nam mdc: thdng ke cho tha\ li le dugc lieu bi mdc mgt 15-20*^o, ti le kho
lugng dirge lieu bi mdc 12-28**o. Nam mdc tiet ra cac ddc td dac biet la cac aflatoxin

Ddc td nay dan den ton thuong gan. ung thu gan. NhOng loai ddc td trong nam nhi

Iren khdng hi d\c\ a nhiet dd cao (160-170 C). do dd trong trudng hgp nau chin thi d6(
td allatoxin \an idn tai ma khdng bi phan huy. Theo thdng ka ciia Vien Dugc lieu
30% dugc pham dang dugc luu hanh chua nam mdc, nhat la aflatoxin.

* Chat lugng dugc lieu kem: qua qua trinh cha bien, cac loai hoat chat cua dugc lieu
do cdn ha\ mat la bao nhieu chung ta chua xac dinh dugc.

* Ngudi benh tu > su dung: khdng qua huong dan ciia y, bac sT, ddng y khdng phai v6

hai, vi the can dugc chan doan chinh xac benh rdi mdi diing thudc. Ngudi gia, tre em.

phu nu CO thai can than trgng. Nhiau trudng hgp tir vong hoac dugc dua dan cip ciru
trong tinh trang ngu\ kich nhu bu\ tim, suy gan, su\ than, nhiem triing huylt... nguyen
nhan la do ngg ddc thudc ddng y.

Kim loai la mot nhom ddc td dac biet thuong ton tai d trang thai ben \ung trong

mdi trudng, song dang thuc hoa hgc cua chung cd the bi thay ddi bdi cac yau Id ly.


hoa, sinh hgc hoac bdi cac hoat ddng ciia con ngudi, do dd ddc tinh ciia chiing cung bj
thay doi theo. 6 day chiing tdi chi da cap tdi nhung kim loai chinh ma sir cd mat bit
thuong hay ham lugng qua Ion ciia chiing trong thudc ddng y cd tha gay ra ndi lo ling
cho ngudi su dung.
Trong thuc ta, kim loai ddc cd tha xam nhap vao co tha theo hai con duong: dudng
ho hap va tiau hda, trong dd nhiam ddc dudng tiau hda mang tinh chit chung hon vi da
sd cac chat ddc ma chiing ta cd tha bi nhiam la rat phd bian va thuong tdn tai vdi ham

lugng khac nhau trong cac loai thudc ddng y, cung nhu trong nude dung da tudi.
Nghian cii'u ddc td la phai xac lap cho dugc mdi quan he giira liau lugng va tac
dung. Diau nay cho phep chiing ta du doan dugc tac dung gay ddc trong khoang thai
gian hap thu chat ddc dai ngin khac nhau. Van da lai cang quan trgng hon nau da sd
kim loai tdn tai trong thudc ddng y d ham lugng thap va udng thudc trong thoi gian

dai.
Bang 1: Nguong gidi han mgt sd kim loai nang vdi co tha
Kim loai

Cu

Pb

Zn

Cd

Fe

Mn

Nguang giai han

0,05-0,5

0,05

0,3-1,0

0.0067-0,0083

0.2-0,6

0,1

(mg/kg) cho CO the/ngay
Tdm lai, chucmg trinh hanh ddng ''Dugc lieu sach va mdi trudng" can trian khai
nhanh cung nhu tang cudng cac bien phap kiem tra, thanh tra cua cac co quan huu
quan ddi vdi cac co sd budn ban, cha bien ddng dugc da tranh nhung trudng hgp ngg
ddc dang tiac cho ngudi su dung.
1.2. C^c phuong ph^p phan huy mau xac djnh luong vet kim loai nang trong mau
dat v^ mau thuc vat.
*

•

1.2.1. Ciic phuong pinip phan huy mau xac dinh hnrng vet kim loai nang trong
mau dat, tram tich.
Pham Luan va cac cong su [6] da xir ly mau dat bang phuang phap \xa\ de xac dinh
cac kim loai Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn. Ni, Pb, Zn

Mau phai dugc nghien thanh bgt.

trgn d(^u, can l^y 5,000 gam mau vao binh Kcndan. tam uat bang nuoc cat. them 60ml
cuong thuy va 5-8ml H2S0498°b. kic d§u. cam vao binh bang pheu Igc nho. dun nhe
cho mau phan huy d^n khi nao dugc dung dich trong khdng mau (khoang 8-9 gio).


I

Chuyan het mau sang cdc lam bay hoi het axit dan cdn mudi am, da ngudi va dinh miic
thanh 50ml bang dung dich HCl 1%, lie dau va Igc bd can silicat.

J

Mgt sd tac gia khac da sir dung dung dich nude cudng thiiy (HF: HCl: HNO3 theo
ty le tha tich 1:3: 1) da xu ly mau dat va tram tich da xac dinh ham lugng tdng cac ion
kim loai fCd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni. Pb va Zn) trong cac mau dd bang ky thuat ICP-MS.
[43]

1

Cac tac gia Mustafa Soylaka va cong su da su dung phuong phap ddng kat tiia vol,
erbium hydroxit 0,05 M trong NaOH da xac dinh lugng vat Cu, Mn, Co, Cr, Fe, Pb
trong nude tu nhian, kat qua cho tha> hieu suat pha mau dat 95 %. [50]

|

J. Sastreva mgt sd tac gia khac da xac dinh Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn trong mau mdi trudng.
cac tac gia da su dung cac axit dac nhu HNO3, HF, H2SO4 da xir ly mau dat va tram
tich, ket qua cho thay qua trinh xu 1> mau dat kat qua tdt. [39]
Jian-Min /HOlJa va cac cong sir cung da Ia\ mau dat d Dabaoshan, Guangdong
Iniii*: (,)udc va tien hanh iii:hicn cuu cac phucrng phap xac dinh ham lugng tdng ca(
knii loai nang (Cu, Pb. /n, C^d) trong dat de danh gia muc do d nhiem kim loai nang (
khu \uc na\ I4()|

!
I

ressierelal da nghien cuu va phat trien qu\ irinh chiet rut cac dang lian ket ciia kirn

loai trong mau dat va tram tich. ddng thoi dng cung dua ra phuong phap xac dinh ham
lugng tdng de xac dinh tat ca cac dang ciia kim loai. Tac gia da sir dung cac axit manh
nhu III. ll:0:, HNO3, HCIO4 de xu 1\ mau va thu dugc kat qua tdt.[35]

j

1.2.2. (dc phutrnii phap phan huy mau xac dinh luong vet kim loai nang tron^
mau thuc vai
M.C.C.Mamani va cac cong sir [49] xu li mau dugc lieu de phan tich Pb va Cd
theo hai plunrng phap khd \a irdt cho ket qua tdt. Vdi phuong phap xu li khd, khoang
Ig man duoc lieu dugc cho vao chen sir, nung o 500 C trong vdng 2,5h. Sau dd dera
hoa tro bang 5ml IK 1 6M. dem dun bay hoi hat axit, hoa can bing 5ml HCl 2M. Lo^
man \a dinh muc bang nude. Vdi phuong phap udt, vdi Ig mau tham vao lOmL
UNO; dac va 1ml H>CX> rdi dun trong 2h d 120^C. Gidi han phat hien cua phuong phi
la 0,12 va 0,010 mg kg vdi Pb \a Cd. Ket qua dugc ap dung da phan tich chi va cadi
trong 4 loai Ihpcricum pcrt'oratum. Mikania guaco, Mikania glomerata va Peami
boldus.