Đảng cộng sản chủ thể quản lý xã hội trong điều kiện cơ chế thị trường ở nước ta hiện nay

DAI HOC QUOC GIA H.A NOI
TRl/ONG OAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN
* * *

DANG CONG SAN - CHU THE QUAN LY XA HOI
TRONG DIEU KIEN CCf CHE THI TRU'dNG
a NUdc TA HIEN NAY.

Mdsi)

:Q.\-96.10

Chii tri de tdi : TRAN NGpC LIEU
Cdn ho phdi hap :
• TS. N"uven Ham (iia : Kiioa Triet hoc
- NCS. Dinh Huru Phi

1

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: Van phong Chmh phii

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ijh';MT!i:!i;,;:^'^ ' H U V K ^

THA.\(;

NAM 2()()()


MUC LUC
Trang
LCJIM6DAU

1

1. Tinh cap thifit cua d^ tai

1

2. Tinh hinh nghifin curu

2

3. Muc dich va nhiem vu cua di tai

2

4. Ca sa ly luan va phuang phap nghien cuu

2

5. Y nghla ly luan va thuc tien

3

6. Ke't cau cua di tai

3

PHAN N O I DUNG
Chuang 1 : KHAI LUAN VE QUAN LY

4

1.1. Khai niem quan ly

4

1.2. Quan ly xa h6i- khai niem va cac cSp b6

13

Chtfome 2 : VAI TRO CUA DANG CONG SAN V6l TLT CACH LA
CHU THg QUAN LY XA HOI TRONG QUA TRINH CHUYDN
SANG CO CH^THj TRl/ONG 6 HUdC TA HI$N NAY

20

2.1. Dac trung cua qua trinh chuye^n sang ca che'ihi trucmg
a nuacta

20

2.2. Chu the^ quan ly xa h6i duoi su lanh dao cua Dang a nuac ta
hien nay

34

2.3. Tinh ta't ye'u dac trung n6i dung va phuong thuc lanh dao cua
Dang c6ng san a nuac ta hien nay

46

Chuang 3 : NANG CAO VAI TRO VA HIEU QUA LANH DAO CUA
DANG TRONG DIEU KIEN HI$N NAY 0 HUdC TA

68

3.1. Cac ye'u to' anh hudng de'n vai tro va hieu qua lanh dao
cua Dang

68

3.2. Nhung noi dung ca ban nham nang cao vai tro va hieu qua
lanh dao cua Dang d nuac ta hien nay.
KET LUAN:

SO

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO :

S2


L6I

Md DAU

1. Tinh cap thiet ciia de tai :
Xa hoi la moi cong d6ng nguoi duac quan ly va lu quan ly a nuoc la.
nhieu chu ihe iham gia ihuc hien lac dong quan ly len xa hoi hinh ihanh he
ihong quan ly xa hc)i. Trong dieu kien chuyen sang ca che ihi iruong, vai iro
va sir tham gia ihuc hien quan ly xa hoi ciia cac chii the quan ly co sir khac
nhau ve mat so lugng va chat luang. linh chai, quy mo va phucmg ihuc ciia
quan ly - sir phat trien ciia xa hoi Viel Nam la nhirng qua irinh dugc tao ra
bang ket qua long hgp ciia cac tac dpng quan ly ciia nhieu chii the Irong do
Dang cong san la mgi irong nhirng chii the dong vai iro quyet dinh.
Dang c(")ng san Viel Nam, vai iU each la moi lire lugng, chinh Iri, lanh
dao cac qua irinh phai irien xa hgi. do do, la chii the chii yeu ciia quan ly xa
hpi. Trong \ai iro chii the quan ly xa hpi. Dang cong san vach ra ducmg loi
chien luge phai irien xa hpi, dal ra muc lieu cho moi giai doan phat Irien va de
ra phucmg phap ihuc hien cac muc lieu ay. Su lanh dao ciia Dang cong san cc')
nc)i dung ccv ban la lao ra va bao dam sir phoi hgp cac cc) gang chung ihong
nhal, thanh mc)i sue manh tong hc;tp huong vao viec xay dung xa hpi, xa hoi
chii nghla d nudc la.
Vd] y nghla do de lai " Ddng cong sdn - chu the qudn ly xd hoi trong
dieu kien co che thi tru&ng a nuac ta hien nay " la mpi de tai co y nghTa cap

thiel \e Iv luan xa ihuc lien dac biel khi cac ihe luc ihij dich dan^ n^av canu
dung mpi am muu \'a ihii doan de phii nhan vai iro lanh dao ciia Dang cc)ng
san \'iei Nam..
2. Tinh hinh nghien cuu :
CcS nhieu cong trinh nghien cuu lien quan toi de lai:
- Chii nghla xa hpi va quan ly cua N4ac co - Mai cop.
- Ly luan chung ve quan ly cua K. P6 - Pop.
- Nhung ca sa khoa hpc va ly luan ve quan ly Nha nudc xa hpi
chii nghla...
Nhirng cc)ng trinh dc') da giai quxci nhung \'an de ly luan chung ve quan
Iv xa lipi. Nhimg dac irimg ciia cac chii ihe quan Iv Ucmg chii nghla xa hoi.


6 trong nuc'rc nhieu ccmg trinh de cap ic^i cac van de ve hoai dpng va vai
irc) ciia Dang cc)ng san cV nuc^c la hien nay:
- Su lanh dao va hoai dc')ng ciia Dang irong dieu kien ccr che thi irucmg
cua NguySn Phu Trcmg.
- Sir lanh dao ciia Dang irong moi sc") ilnh vuc irong yeu ciia dc^i sc'ing xa
hc)i ciia Le Van Ly (chii bien).
- Vai Irc) lanh dao ciia Dang cone san tronj^ ccmg cong cuoc ddi mai dal
nuctc ciia Nguy6n Trpng Phiic.v.v..
Nhung cong trinh nay da de cap iai nhieu khfa canh khac nhau wi tfnh
lat yeu, muc lieu, noi dung, phuang thuc lanh dao ciia Dang Irong mdi quan
he vc'^i he thc'ing chinh tri ciia nudc la hien nay.
Tuy nhien. cac cc)ng irlnh dc5 chua di sau vao viec luan giai Dang cong
san vc'^i lu each la mc)l chii the quan ly xa hoi dud] gdc do khoa hoc quan ly.
-V 3. Muc dich va nhiem vy cua de tai :
Tren ca scV khoa hpc quan ly. de lai nham lam ro dac irung, vi irf, vai
iro. chuc nang ciia Dang cong san \'d\ tu each la chii the quan ly Irong dieu
kien hien nay d nudc l a . v

De dal dugc muc dich iren, de lai thuc hien cac nhiem vu sau:
/ ^ Lam re*) khai niem quan ly xa hpi va chi ra he thcmg chii the quan ly
xa hpi hien nay d nudc la dudi su lanh dao cua Dang cc^ng san.
- Vach ra tfnh lai yeu, dac irung, n()i dung va phucmg ihuc lanh dao ciia
Daniz cc')ng san.
- Dua ra cac giai phap nham nang cao xai iro va hieu qua lanh dao ciia
Dang trong giai doan hien nay d nucSc la. y '
4. Co sd ly luan va phuong phap nghien cuu :
De tai dugc thuc hien tren ca sd ly luan chii nghTa duy vai lich sir ciia
chii nghla Mac - Lenin, tu ludng Ho Chf Minh ve id chuc va xay dung Dang
va cac van kien cua Dang cong san Viel Nam qua cac ky dai hpi va cac hoi
nghi trung Ucmg ve cucmg Ilnh. dudng lc)i phai Irien kinh le -xa hpi ciia
dal nUc'^c.


De lai sir dung phuang phap luan duy vai bien chung va duy vai lich
su, ket hgp cac phuang phap logfc- lich su. phucmg phap idng hc;p. phan
tfch.v.v... de liep can van de lien quan.
5. Y nghia ly luan va thirc tien :
- De Idl gc)p phan lam ro ve mat ly luan van de quan ly xa hc)i va quan
ly xa hoi d \'\c\ Nam.
- Vach ra dau irung noi dung, phucmg ihuc lanh dao ciia Dang til do g('^)p
phan lam co sd cho vice xac dinh chuc nang lanh dao ciia Dang irong dieu
kien cc^ che ihi irucmg a nudc la hien nay.
- Lam lai lieu giang day chuyen de cho sinh vien chuyen nganh quan ly
xa h()i va lai lieu iham khao cho nhirng nguoi quan lam den van de lien quan.
6. Ket cau cua de tai.
Ngoai phan md dau, kei luan va danh muc tai lieu tham khao de lai bao
gdm ba chuang. bay liel.
Chuong 1:

Khai niem ve quan ly

1.1: Khai mem quan l\
1.2: Quan ly xa hgi: khai niem ve cac cap d().
ChuanH 2: Nai tro cua Dang cong san \Q\ tu each la chu the quan ly xa
hoi trong qua trinh chuyen sang co che ihi trudng d nudc ta
hien nay.
2.1: Dac trung ciia qua irinh chuyen sang ca che thi imcmg d nuc'ifc la.
2.2: Qiii the quan ly xa hc)i duci^i su lanh dao ciia Dang cV nudc la
hien nay
2.3: Ti'nh laT yeu dac liimg, n()i dung va phUcmg ihuc lanh dao ciia Dang
cong san d nudc la hien na\'.
Chuong 3: Nang cao vai tro va hieu qua lanh dao ciia Dang trong dieu
kien hien nay d nudc ta.
3.1: Cac yeu id anh hucVng den vai iro \'a hieu qua lanh dao ciia Dang.
3.2: Nhung nc^i dung ca ban nham nang cao vai Ird va hieu qua lanh dao
ciia Dane d nudc la hien na}'.


CHUONG 1

KHAI LUAN VE QUAN LY
1.1. KHAI NIEM QUAN LY.

1.1.L Sa lirgc cac quan niem khac nhau ve quan ly.
Quan ly la mgi khai niem bao chua n()i dung rc)ng km. do vay cd nhieu
each tiep can va each hieu khac nhau.
Thai cd dai, d Trung Qudc, nhimg tu tudng quan ly chua tach khdi he
thdng quan di^m Triet hgc, chinh tri hgc va dao due hgc - Quan ly trong thdi

ky nay dugc xem xel duc3d gdc do vT mo : dd la cong viec tri nuac cua cac ong
Vua. Quan ly ddng nha't vdi cai tri - quan ly la tac dgng mot chieu, ngi dung,
muc lieu va phuang thuc luy thugc vao y chf cua chu lhe\
Mac Tu (480 - 420) cho rSng : Cong viec ciia Dai nhan (nguai cai tri)
chi la d cho lap hcjfp dugc nhieu ngudi hien. Quan ly hay cai tri, nhu vay, duc;c
hieu la ccmg viec ciia mot sd fl ngudi, ngi dung ciia nd chi la cV viec diing
ngudi. Mac Tii* de cao nhimg gia iri lu do, binh dang lu nhien ciia con ngucVi.
Nguyen nhan cua ilnh ti'ang loan lac, ngheo ddi la do chien Iranh, do ke giau
de nen, xuc pham ngudi ngheo, do sd fl ndm quyen lire cudp bdc sd dc)ng vc)
quyen, do ke yeu hen bi bgn gian le ap buc lira dao va do ke cai iri khong xel
xu cong minh va tham lam dpc ac. De khac phuc linh Irang do, Mac Tu dua ra
thuyet "kiem ai": nghTa la ''mpi ngudi nen yen thucmg nhau" de ciing hudng
lc;i. Dd la quan diem ciia mpi ngudi dung tren lap irucmg ciia tang IcTp lieu ihii
ccmg mang mau sac khong tucmg.
Lao Tu (cung thdi khdng tu) vdi chii truang ihiel lap mot xa hpi binh
yen vc^i mc)l qudc gia nhd be, dan fl, hien lanh, chat phat, khdng can hpc van,
khcmg can binh khf, khong can phuang lien di lai. Mudn vay theo Lao Tu phai
thuc hien chfnh sach "Vo vi" nghTa la ngudi nSm quyen phai Ichiem nhudng,
khcmg nen diing bao lire ma dung "dao" de cam hda dan chiing. Vdi Lao Tir
"Vd vi nhi bat vd vi" tuc la phai thuc thi diing dao.

4


Khdng Tu (551-479 TCN) chu truang xay dung mot xa hdi phong kien
cd tcm ti Iral tu, lay "Tam cucmg", "ngu Ihudng" lam nen lang. De cci duc;c xa
hpi nhu vay, ngudi cai tri phai dimg "due tri": mpi phuang phap cai tri dijng
lai due ciia chfnh nha cai tri lam guang de giao hda dan, khien hp noi theo.
Khcmg Tu cho rang "lam chfnh tri ma diing due (de cam hda dan) thf nhu sao
Bac d^u d m ()l noi ma cac ngdi sao khac hucmg ve ca"^". Vi vay ngudi cai Iri

phai cd day dii nhan. trf. dung va phai lu- le- iri - binh.
Han Phi Tu (280-233 TCN) cd quan niem dc)i lap vdi Khdng Tu. Theo
dng ban tfnh cua con ngudi la ac va vi lgi la tranh gianh nhau gay ra loan lac,
hdn dgn. Vi vay khdng the cai tri hg bang dao due, bang nhan nghTa ma phai
bang sue manh ve quyen lire, sir dung the - thuSl - phap de khuat phuc mgi
ngudi cd nhu vay xa hdi mdi dugc duy trl va phat trien.
Nhu vay bdn dai bieu bang cac each liep can khac nhau ve quan ly:
"kiem ai", "vd vi", "due tri", "phap tri" da gdp phan lao nen su da dang vao
kho lang tri thuc ve quan ly ciia nhan loai. Nhung tu tudng dd mang gia tri lau
ben va cd lac ddm: anh hucmi: ldi niiax' na\'.
Vuc;n qua dem irudng irung cci, sang thdi can, hien dai khi phucmg thuc
san xual tu ban dugc xac lap, cm dinh va phai trien, d Phucmg Tay hang loal
hgc thuyet quan ly ra ddi, quan ly dugc xem xel ca dudi do vT md va vT md, ca
trong ITnh vuc kinh le va Iron*: cac loai hinh id chuc xa hdi khac.
F.W.Taylor (1856-1915) dugc coi la cha de eua thuyet "quan ly theo
khoa hgc". Ong la ngudi dal nen mcmg ho sir ra ddi cua khoa hgc quan
ly.Taylor dinh nghTa: "quan ly la biel dugc chfnh xac dieu ban mudn ngudi
khac lam va sau dd khien dugc hp hoan thanh cdng viec mdi each lot nhal va
re nhal".
V.I.Lenin danh gia cao ihuyel quan ly ciia Taylor va cho rSng nucvc
Nga cd the van dung nd irong edng cuc)c xay dung chii nghTa xa hpi. "Nhiem
vu ma nudc cdng hoa xa hdi chii nghia xd vie! se phai giai quyel, cd the neu

'" Niiuven Hien Lc: Luan n^iii. Nxb Van IKV. Ha N o\ n.un 1995 ii


ra mdt each van lac nhu sau: Chiing la phai ap dung phucmg phap Taylor va
nang cao nang suat lao dpng theo kieu khoa hoc ciia ngudi My irong ca nudc
Nga, ket hgp phucmg phap ay vai viec giam h&i thdi gian lao dgng, vai viec sii*
dung nhiing phuang phap san xuat va td chuc lao dpng mdfi ma khdng gay ra

mc)l thiel hai nao ddi vc^i sue lao ddng ciia nhan dan lao dc)ng" "
Mar>' Parker PoUetl (1863 - 1933) cd each nliin khac vdi Taylor va
Payol khi cho r^ng: quan ly khdng chi la van de ky thual ma la van de ve mdi
quan he con ngudi, la "nghe thual khien cho cdng viec ciia ban duc;c thuc hien
thc)ng qua ngudi khac". Nghe thuat quan ly dugc van dung trcmg viec giai
quyel mau thuSn giua chii the va khach the quan ly, trcmg viec ra menh lenh
va quyel dinh quan ly va dac biel de hoan thanh muc lieu ciia id chuc ngudi
quan ly phai y thuc dugc mdi quan he giira quyln han va trach nhiem giiia
quyen luc va tham quyen, phat huy va khai day trach nhiem luy tfch, lay "qui
luat hoan canh" lam ca sd cho nghe thuat quan ly.Nhung ddng gdp ciia Pollei
mang mdt y nghTa vugt trudc thdi dai. Song nhirng quan niem ciia ba mang
tfnh duy tam, khdng tudng bieu hien cua mdt con nguai cd lam long ddn hau.
C.I, Barnard (1886 - 1961) bang hgc thuc uyen bac, vc^i kinh nghiem
ciia mot ccm ngucti lao luyen va mcM the gicn quan nhan van. da liep can quan
ly dUcVi gdc do ly thuyet he thcmg. Ong cho rang: "quan ly khdng phai la ccmg
viec ciia id chuc ma ma la cdng viec chuyen mdn nham duy iri id chuc. Dieu
can ban cho sir tdn lai ciia td chuc la sir san sang hgp lac, kha nang thdng lin
va su thiia nhan muc dfch chung"*^\ Ly ihuyel ve td chuc ciia Barnard da dua
den mot each tiep can khoa hgc ve quan ly. Dd la each liep can loan dien, xem
xel cac van de trcmg mdi lien he, tac ddng qua lai lan nhau va nhd dd mang lai
"tfnh trgi" ciia he thcmg. Nhung quan niem cua Barnard ve cac yeu id ca ban
cua id chuc, ve qua U-inh ra quyel dinh, ve cac nguyen lac id chuc ve cac klifa
canh ciia id chuc chfnh ihuc ve he thdng chuc vi va ve dao due ciia nguc^i lanh
dao... la nhiing dcing gc)p lo Ic'm cho kho lang Iri thuc ve quan ly ciia nhan loai.

"' \M, Lenin:Toan tap. Nxb uen b6 Matxcma. 1978, ihi irucrng 174
'•'Cac hoc iluiyct quan ly - Nxb clu'nli m quoc »;ia Ha NOi 1996 - Tr: 1()S


Peter Drucke - la nha tu tudng quan ly tieu bieu ciia "lan sdng ihu ba"

cho rang: "quan ly la mot chuc nang xa hgi vdi nhung he gia in. nc)i dung,
phucmg phap bien ddi khdng ngirng"'^' Ong chia quan ly gdm : quan ly mdi
doanh nghiep, quan ly cac nha quan ly va quan ly cdng nhan, ccmg viec Nhirng loai quan ly nay cd dac irung khac nhau va mang lai nhiing he gia in
nha'l dinh - quan niem ciia P. Drucke gdp phan mang lai each nhin nhan quan
ly d nhirng tang bac khac nhau. Tir dd cd the thay dugc khiem khuyet ciia cac
irudng phai quan ly cd dien.
Qua nghien cuu mot each sa luge nhirng quan niem khac nhau ve quan
ly, chiing ta thay rang: Nhung tu tudng ve quan ly la su phan anh, thirc lien
trcmg nhung giai doan lich sir nhal dinh - dong thdi nhirng tu tudng ve quan ly
chiu sir chi phdi cua quan niem xual phat ve ban chat ciia con ngudi ciia cac
nha quan ly. Trong sir phat trien eiia nhirng tu tucmg quan ly chiing cd tfnh ke
thiia. Tu tucmg quan ly hel sue da dang, phong phii, chiing cd nhung uu diem,
nhuge diem nhat dinh - song theo lien Uinh lich sir nhan thirc cua nhan loai iri
thuc ve quan ly dan tiep can tcifi ban chat ciia van de.
1.1.2. Noi dung khai niem quan ly.
Tir nhiing each hieu khac nhau ve quan ly, chiing la cd the nil ra nhiing
ncM dun^ ca ban ciia khai niem quan Iv ma nhiini: ndi dung nav la mane ifnh
phd quat nd the hien ban chat ciia quan ly.
Quan ly la hoat dgng mang tinh khach quan ve phd bien. Dieu dd
the hien d chd: quan Iv la mdi dan^: hoai ddne Ircmg vd lucmt: hoat dcm^: ciia
con ngudi. Nd lat yeu nay sinh khi cd su tham gia hoat dgng va lao dgng ciia
nhieu ngudi. Chung la biel rang: con ngudi ngay tir budi binh minh ciia lich sir
da biet ket hgp vdi nhau thanh nhirng nhdm, nhiing cdng ddng de lao nen sue
manh nham chdng thien nhien va thii du de duy tri sir tdn lai ciia minh, Ciang
vc'yi sir xuat hien nhirng cdng ddng ngudi va xa hdi loai ngudi ihi mgi nhu cau
lat yeu cQng dugc hinh thanh dd la quan ly. Cac Mac cho rang: "lat ca mpi lao

' " r s iVi MniliC'uan^ - Nliun^ van (ic vC* qi:aii 1\ khat hoc con^! n*:hc. N\h C'hmii in (^uoc ^i.; 199N n. ^

r

dong xa hgi hay lao dgng chung nao tien hanh tren quy md tuang ddi ldn thi ft
nhieu cQng can den mot sir chi dao de dieu hda nhirng hoat ddng ca nhan va
thuc hien nhirng chiic nang phat sinh tir su van ddng ciia loan bc) ca the khac
vai sir van dgng cua khf quan dgc lap cua nd. Mot ngudi ddc tau vT cam tu
minh dieu khien lay minh, cdn mdt dan nhac thi can phai cd nhac trucmg"^"'
Nhu vay, con ngudi khdng the ldn lai mgi each biel lap, tach khdi cdng
ddng. Con ngudi chi tdn tai thdng qua hoat dgng. Qua hoat ddng, con ngudi cd
nhirng quan he vc7i tu nhien va vdi ngudi khac, khi con ngudi cimg tham gia
hoat dgng thi ta't yeu phai cd mot "y chf dieu khien" tiic tat yeu phai cd quan
ly. Mat khac do nhu cau chi phdi ma hoat dgng cua con ngudi hel sue da dang
va phong phii, do vay nd tham gia vao vo lugng cac quan he va thiel lap nen
nhieu the che. Cho nen quan ly khong chi tdn tai d mot loai hinh td chiic nhal
dinh ma xua't hien d mgi loai hinh td chiic.
Quan ly la hoat dpng bleu hien thong qua mdi quan he tac dong
giura con ngudi vdi con ngudi. Dd la mdi quan he giira chu the quan ly va
khach the quan ly.
Chu the quan ly la mdt ngudi, mot nhdm ngudi hay mdt td chiic ngudi
(luy vao tfnh chat muc tieu va quy md cua khach the quan ly) cd quyen luc
nhal dinh va bang y thiic va quyen lire dua ra nhimg tac ddng quan ly (id
chiic, dieu chinh, kiem tra vdi nhirng cdng cu quan ly) hudng tc^i khach the
quan ly de phdi hgp cac hoat dgng rieng le nham thuc hien muc lieu cua chii
the va muc tieu td chiic.
Khach the quan ly la mdt nhdm ngudi, mdt cong ddng ngudi hay loan
bd xa hdi. Ngudi cd kha nang tu van ddng, he dieu chinh va la ben liep nhan
nhimg tac ddng quan ly tu phfa chu the, chuyen chiing thanh nhirng hanh vi.
hoat dgng an khc?p nhip nhang nham thuc hien muc lieu chung ciia id chuc.
Chii the va khach the quan ly cd nhimg nhu cau, lgi fch, ccmg cu va
phuang lien de dal muc tieu ma chiing cd the ddi lap, khac biel hay ihcine nhal

-' Ma\-F..Anghen lain lap. lap 23, Nxb CTC^"^. Ha NOi 199.3. ir: 480

8


vc^i nhau tuy thudc vao dieu kien kinh le. xa hcTi nhal dinh - Tfnh chai ciia
quan he nay quyet dinh den hieu qua hoai dc)ng ciia cac td chiic .
Chii the va khach the quan ly cd tac ddng qua lai bien chiing, do vay sir
phan biet giira chiing chi cd y nghTa tuang ddi. Ban than mdi quan he nay cd
rat nhieu tang, bac khac nhau tao nen linh da dang, phong phii ciia hoat ddng
quan ly.
Thuc chat ciia quan ly la nham hudng tdi thirc hien muc tieu chung.
Vi vay quan ly la dang hoat dgng nham phc)i hgp nhirng hoat ddng rieng le
thanh nhimg hoat dgng chung, phd'i hgp nhirng luc nhd, rieng biet thanh mdi
luc de tao nen siic manh mdi cho timg ca nhan va ca cdng ddng ma nhd dd
hieu qua ciia hoat ddng dugc nang cao vcVi mdt chat lucmg mcifi - cho nen quan
ly la mot dang hoat ddng gian tiep, hoat dgng idng hgp, la mot dang lao dc)ng
dac biet: "lao dgng ve lao dgng" hay "sieu lao ddng".
Dang lao dong dac biet nay dugc thirc hien nhu mot quy trinh
thdng nha't dd la: Lap ke hoach, id chiic, dieu khien, phdi hgp va kiem tra. Dd
la nhiing chiic nang ca ban, phd bien va cd linh bat budc chung dc)'i vdi mgi
chii the quan ly d mgi Igai hinh id chiic. DT nhien tiiy thudc vao timg lang, bac
quan ly ciia chii the\ ifnh chat , muc lieu va quy md ciia td chiic ma nhimg
chiic nang dd duc;c thuc thi, mdi each cu the phii hgp vcri nhiing dieu kien.
hoan canh nhal djnh.
Lap ke hoach dugc coi la chiic nang lien quyet va khdng the thieu cua
quy trinh quan ly. Nd the hien ban chat cua con ngudi la chu the hoat ddng cd
y thiic. Ngi dung ca ban ciia lap ke hc^ach la du dinh inidc phai lam gi (muc
tieu) lam nhu the nao (phuang thiic hoat ddng) ai lam (td chiic, phan cdng,

phan nhiem) va khi nao lam (gic^ han thdi gian) Hat nhan cua lap ke hoach la
xay dung cac quyet dinh quan ly. Day la cdng cu dac biel de lac dc>ng tc^fi
khach the quan ly.
Td chuc la cdng viec nham irien khai thuc hien ke hoach - iren ca sd
thiel ke bc) may. phan chia cac bc) phan lao nen mc)l ca cau chii dinh ve \'ai lid.


nhiem vu va quyen han nhat dinh, td chiic la chuan bi tat ca cac ngudn vat lire
va nhan lire lam ca sd cho viec thuc hien muc tieu da de ra.
Dieu khien la chiic nang de khai day cac hoai ddng cac hoat ddng ciia
td chiic hudng nd di diing muc tieu da de ra. Thdng qua dieu khien de tao ra
mdt mdi trudng lam thiic day sir tien bd, lam cho sir thdng nhal, tfnh sang lao
va tinh than trach nhiem, y thiic ky lual ciia timg thanh vien tung bc) phan
chiem uu the.
Phdi hgp la chiic nang gdn ket cac hoat dgng cua mot ca cau id chiic
thanh mot chinh th^, thanh mot hgp luc thdng nhat. Dd la su ket hgp hgp ly
va tdi uu giira nguon nhan lire vc3ri vSt luc, giira nhan lire vai nhan luc; giira
ngudi quan ly va ngudi bi quan ly, giira ngudi quan ly va ngudi bi quan ly va
giira ngudi bi quan Iy \d\ nhau nham tao ra siic manh ldn nhat gdp phan hoan
thanh muc lieu vdi hieu qua cao nha't.
Kiem tra la qua trinh do ludng ket qua hoat dgng cua toan bg td chiic
tren ca sd nhirng tieu chuan da dugc xac lap tir dd phat hien ra nhiing sai lam
va sai lech nhim dua ra tac dgng chinh gdp phan quan trgng dua td chiic hoat
dgng diing muc tieu da lira chgn.
Quy trinh quan ly dd the hien cdng viec quan ly la mot nghe nghiep cd
tfnh chuyen nghiep ma mudn thuc hien tdt ddi hdi phai cd kei hgp giira yeu id
khoa hgc va yeu td nghe thuaL
Tinh khoa hoc va nghe thuat cua hoat dong quan ly bieu hien d chd:
quan ly khdng chi bang kinh nghien hay y mucm chii quan ciia ngudi quan ly.
Dd la mot qua trinh chu the quan ly nhan thiic quy luat khach quan cua su

phat trien xa hc)i, nhimg yeu td lgi ich chi phdi hoat ddng ccm ngudi, nhirng lac
dc)ng ciia cac yeu td mdi trudng (chinh trj, phap luaL, dao diic, van hda...) ddi
vdi hoat ddng quan ly. Tat ca nhirng dieu dd ndi len ring quan ly phai dua vao
ca sd khc")a hcK - cdn viec thuc thi nhirng hoat ddng quan ly tixmg thuc lien
phai cd tfnh nghe thuat, cd nghTa la ddi hdi chu the phai nhay ben, nang ddng,
sans: tao ti'oni^ nhims hoat ddni> ciia minh.

10


y

Quan ly la mot qua trmh co xu hudng vuan tdi tir quan. Do la qua
trinh chii the quan ly dan khac phuc linh trang chii quan hda trong vice dua ra
cac tac dc)ng quan ly ciia minh, khach the quan ly cung khac phuc tinh trang
chii quan hda sir tiep nhan cac tac dc)ng ciia chii the. Tir dd hucmg ic'n khach
quan hda tir ca hai phia chii - khach the trong nhimg hoai ddng ciia minh de
cimg dal ic'yi muc lieu chung. Khi ma giira chu the va khach the' thiet lap duac
sir thcmg nhal ve lgi fch thi liic dd se khdng cdn ai de ma quan ly, hoai dc)ng
quan ly dugc thay the bdi tu quan. DT nhien dd la qua trinh lau dai ma con
ngudi phai hudng tdi. Song trong hien thuc nhirng dau hieu tu quan da xual
hien, quan ly va tu quan la hai mat cua mot mau thuan bien chiing vira thdng
nha't vira dc)i lap nhau. Vi vay ma viec giai quyel mau thuan

la mdt trong

nhimg nhan id cua sir phat trien lich su xa hc)i loai nguai.
Tir nhimg ndi dung da trinh bay d iren, chiing la cd the nil ra quan niem
chung ve quan ly: quan ly la hoat dong thiet yeu nay sinh khi con ngudi
tham gia hoat dpng tap the^ la su tac dpng qua lai giura chu the quan ly va

khach the quan ly theo mot quy trmh nh^m thuc hjen muc tieu chung
trong nhung dieu kien kinh te' - xa hpi nhat djnh.
Dd la quan niem phan anh nhirng dac diem ca ban cua boat ddng quan
ly d mgi loai hinh id chiic, mgi ca'p do. lang, nac quan ly va d mgi giai doan
Ijch su.
1.1.3. Phan loai quan ly:
Quan ly khdng phai la mdt khai njem chung chung iriru lUcmg - mac du
nd bao chiiamdl ngi dung rgng 1cm va phong phii - quan ly dugc bieu hien d
nhimg ITnh vuc, pham vi va ndi dung xac dinh. Vi vay tuy thudc vao gdc dp
liep can va lieu chf khac nhau ma ngudi ta cd the phan ra nhieu dang quan ly
khac nhau.
Dua vao quy md, tfnh chat va muc tieu id chiic, cd the phan quan ly
thanh cac dang: quan ly vT md \'a quan ly vi md.


Quan ly vT md la quan ly nhirng td chiic Icm. cd pham vi r()ng. chu the
quan ly va khach the quan ly tdn tai d nhieu tang, bac khac nhau dc ihuc hicn
nhieu muc tieu, nhieu nhiem vu dam bao cho sir tdn lai va phat trien cua chinh
the he thdng
Quan ly vi md la quan ly nhirng id chiic cu the. cd quy md va pham vi
xac, chii the quan ly va khach the quan ly c(') fl la^ng bac va ihuc hien nhirng
muc lieu cu the.
Dua vao dc)i tucmg ciia quan ly cd the phan ra cac dang quan ly: quan ly
gic'Tfi vd ca, quan ly gic':fi hiru ca, quan ly vat tu - ky thual, quan ly ccm nguc^i,
xa hdi.
Quan ly con ngudi- xa hgi cd the phan theo hai gdc dc):
Can ciif vao cac dang hoat ddng cua con ngudi hay cac ITnh vuc ciia de'n
sdng xa hdi cd the phan ra cac dang: quan ly kinh le, quan ly van hda. dan lc)c.
tdn giao, khoa hgc.v.v...
Can cii vao chii the irong viec tham gia vao quan ly cd the phan ra cac

dang: quan ly Nha nuc'tc, quan ly hanh chfnh. quan ly xa hdi.
Quan ly Nha nudc la sir quan ly ma chii the la be") may Nha nudc. Dd la
sir lac dc)ng cd y thiic va bang quyen lire ciia bd may Nha nudc ddi vdi cac
hanh vi, hoat ddng cua ccm ngudi va cac qua trinh xa hc)i nham duy iri va phai
trien xa hdi theo muc lieu da xac djnh.
Quan ly hanh chfnh la sir quan ly ma chu the ciia nd la co quan hanh
phap hay Chi'nh phii. Dd la sir tac dc)ng cd y thiic \'a diing ihalm quyen ciia ca
quan hanh phap nham id chuc va dieu chinh nhirng hanh vi va hoai ddng hanh
chfnh ciia cac ca nhan cac td chiic cac ca quan nham thiet lap iral lu dn dinh
ciia xa hdi trong qua liTnh thuc hien muc lieu da dugc xac lap.
Quan ly xa hdi la sir quan ly ma chu the la mdi he thcmg g(')m nhieu chii
the iham gia \'ao \'iec quan ly. Dd la sir lac ddng do con ngudi thuc hien nham
id chiic va dieu chinh hanh vi va hoat ddng cua con ngudi hucmg id] muc lieu
chun^i Ircmii nhihiiz iziai doan lich sir nhat dinh.

12


Nhu vay cd nhieu dang quan ly kliac nhau, su phan chia dt) chi cd \
nghia tucmg deii nhung lai hel sire can thiel. Thdng qua su phan loai de ihay
rang mc')'i quan he giirachii the vdi chii the quan ly giiia chii the vdt khach the
quan ly la nhirng mc)'i quan he hel siic da dang va phong phii, cd nhieu lang
bac de lir dd xac lap ca cau quan ly hgp ly trong thuc lien,
1.2. QUAN LY XA HOI: KHAI NIEM VA CAC CAP DO.

2.2.1. Khai niem .
Quan ly ton lai d nhieu dang khac nhau vdi nhirng cap dc) va tang bac
khac nhau, nhung xet den ciing quan ly la bieu hien mdi quan he lac dc)ng
giira con ngudi vc'^i con ngudi. Quan ly la quan ly hanh vi va hoai dc)ng ciia
con ngudi: quan ly xa hdi ngudi.

Nhu chung la da biel, quan ly la chiic nang ciia bat ky he ihcmg cd id
chiic nao, nham bao ve tfnh quy dinh ve chat ciia he thdng, duy tri sir can bang
dgng cua he thdng vcii mdi trudng va phat trien he thcmg.
Quan ly xa hc)i khac can ban vc^i quan ly irong cac co' the sdng va ihiel
bj vat tu ky thual. Xa hdi la mdt ca'u triic phiic hgp gdm nhirng qua trinh vat
chat va linh than quan Iy xa hdi la mc)l dang dac biel ciia hoat con ngudi.
Quan ly xa hc*)i la nhiing tac dc")ng do con ngudi ihuc hicn nham id chiic
va dieu chinh hanh vi va hoai dc)ng ciia nhirng con ngudi khac nhau, phdi h(rp
nhihm cd cant: rieniz le ciia time ncudi, timu cdm: ddm: n^udi thanh mdi cd
i^am: chum: huc'mg vao viec thuc hien muc lieu ciia xa hdi trone nhirne dieu
kien lich su nhal djnh.
Tat ca cac tac ddng qua lai trong xa hdi xel den ciing cd the coi nhu la
lac ddng qua lai giira chii the va khach the quan ly - chii the va khach the ciia
quan ly xa hdi cd ca'u iriic bao gdm nhieu lang nac khac nhau:
Qiii the quan ly xa hdi cd the la nhimg thiel che va id chiic xa hc)i hoac
la nhung lap the, hoac la nhiing ca nhan. Nhmig xel den cimg ihi qu\'eT dinh
quan ly trong ihuc le la do cac ca nhan dc ra \'i \'a\' d()i hdi chii ihc quan Iv

13


phai cd tri thirc sau sac va toan dien ve nhiing thuc)c ifnh. trang thai va phucmg
huc'mg hcjat dc)ng ciia khach the quan ly.
Khach the quan ly xa hpi duc7i bat ky hinh thirc nao va cap nao cung
deu la nhirng ccm ngucti: La lap the hay ca nhan rieng re cd pham chai ngudi
tucmg ling: cd y thiic. lai nang, cd kha nang dua ra nhirng quyel djnh va thuc
thi quyet djnh. Dieu dd phan anh tfnh quy lual can ban cua tai ca cac qua irinh
xa hdi. De thuc hien bat ky qua trinh xa hc)i nao cung phai dugc "ngudi hoa"
uic la phai the hien thdng qua hanh dgng cua nhirng con ngudi cu the.
Chu the va khach the quan ly xa hgi la nhirng khai niem tucmg dc)'i vi sir

Uic ddng giira chiing ludn tuan theo nhiing nguyen tac lien he phan hdi. Do
vay cai trong mdi quan he Uic dgng nay dugc coi la chii the', lai la khach the
trong mCn quan he khac. Ngay trong ca cau chu the tuy vao tung tang bac nhal
dinh ma nd cung lao thanh nhimg phan he cao thap khac nhau: chii the cV tang
tha'p la khach the ciia chu the tang cao. Tham chf trong sir lac dc)ng qua lai,
trong khudn khd cua ciing mdt mc)i quan he chii the cung bj quan ly tir khach
the, khach the trong irudng hcrp nay dc'mg vai trd la chii the quan ly.
Quan ly xa hgi la sir bieu hien kha nang ma xa hgi cd the sir dung de id
chiic va dieu chinh cuc)c sdng ciia minh- Quan ly khdng phai la mot cai gi dd
nam tren xa hdi, ben ngoai con ngudi . Nd la sir bieu hien mdi cha't lucmg nhal
dinh ciia xa hdi ma con nqudi tao ra duac Ircmi^ nhims:: trjai doan lich sir xac
djnh- Khac vdi ITnh \arc tu nhien xa hdi chi cd the phat trien nhd y thiic ciia
ccm ngucn. Con ngucn nhan thiic tu nhien, giai thfch ve nd va hinh ihanh cac ke
hoach de tac dc)ng vao tu nhien. Nhung con nguoi khdng the chinh phuc dugc
the gic^i mdt each dan ddc. Nhd cd y thiic, con ngudi biel lien ket vdi nhau,
hinh thanh len nhime quan he xa hdi de thuc hien nhimc loi fch ciia minh J

1

.

.

.

o

.

Bdi vay quan ly xa hdi chfnh la sir bie'u hien nang luc ciia con ngudi trong viec

td chirc va dieu chinh cac quan he xa hgi mdt each cd y thiic dudi nhieu hinh
thiic Id chiic khac nhau: id chuc Nha nuck, id chiic Danc> va cac id chdc xa
hdi khac.

14


Quan 1\ xa hc)i duoc bieu hien o nhirng lau ddng c(') y ihii. \'a bang
quyen luc len cac qua Irinh xa hdi. len nhan ihuc cua con ngUc^i, n(') hud^ moi
nguc:ri phai suy nghT va hanh ddng theo muc lieu nhal dinh da duoc vach ra. \'i
va\' quan Iv xa hdi chi tdn lai khi y chf ciia chii the! duoc bi6u hien ironi: cac
hanh ddng cu the Iam xual hien mdi hinh thuc Id chiic mc'ti irong quan he xa
hdi va dan den nhirng kei qua cai lao nao do irong xa hdi.
Nhirng lac ddng cd id chiic. dieu chinh ddi v()! nhOrng hanh vi va hoai
d()ng cua con nguc)'i irong quan ly xa hdi khac ve chai so \'d\ cac dang lac
dc;)ng khac. De hucmg con ngudi theo nhirng muc dich da lua chon. chu the
quan ly phai sir dung hanh loal phucmg lien va cdng cu dac biel. Dd la he
ihdng chinh sach xa h()i, lual phap, cac nguyen lac . quyel dinh quan ly .\'.v...
Tu\' vao cac che dc') xa hc)i nhal djnh ma bc) cdng cu nay cd nhirng dac tfnh va
tfnh chat tucmg img. Quan ly xa hc)i bao gid cung la chiic nang quyen luc xa
hc)i, nen trong xa hc)i cd giai cap, nd la chiic nang ciia quyen luc chfnh tri
.quyen lUc Nha nudc va do dd quan he quan ly trong xa hdi cc') giai cap hao
'ilia cune mam: ifnh eiai can.
Nhung lac ddng Id chiic. dieu chinh ddi \d\ hanh vi \'a hoai ddng xa hdi
ciia con ngUcti irong quan ly xa hc)i xel den cung la nham dieu chinh nhirng
quan he loi fch ciia hp. Con ngudi hoai ddng de ihuc hien loi fch cua minh.
nhung Icti fch la dang quan he bien chiing irong dd chua dung ca mc')i quan he
ddi lap va thcmg nhal. Muc lieu ciia quan ly xa h()i la dieu chinh hanh \'i va
hoai dc)ng ciia con ngudi de hucmg Ic^i thuc hien len fch chung.V] va}' quan ly
xa hdi d nhimi: iziai doan lich sir khac nhau.vdi ban chat ciia che dd xa hdi

o o

.

.

khac nhau va vc3'i cac cap dd khac nhau la khdm: hoan loan ^idnu nhau vc
muc dfch, ndi dung va phucmg ihiic ciia nd.
L2-2. Cac cap dp ciia quan ly xa hpi.
Xa ht")i la mdt cc")ng ddng cac ca the ngudi duoc Id chiic ihco nhung each
ihuc nhal dinh \'i \'a\' luy ihudc \'ao cac each ihuc id chi'rc dc') ma cc') nhirng cap
d(]) Liuan ly lUcmg iing.

15


Tuy lhu()c vao each tiep can cac khai niem xa hdi iheo nghTa rong. ha\
nghTa hep, luy ihudc vao gdc dd xem xel theo lich su fLich dai) hay ihco cau
triic (Ddng dai) ma cd the phan ra nhirng cap dd quan !y khac nhau.
Ducjfi gdc dc) xem xel xa hdi la mdt chinh the. mdt bd phanciia gidi tu
nhien - la xa hdi loai ngudi. thi quan ly xa hc)i la bao gdm mc)l pham vi rdng
Ic'm. Dd la nhirng tac ddng td chiic va dieu chinh hanh vi va hoai ddng cua con
ngucyi xel c'rpham vi toan the gidi. Ciing \d\ lien trinh phat trien ciia xa hdi loai
ngucyi thi nhu cau quan ly xa hc)i cV cap dc) rdng Ic'm nay cung ngay cang tang.
Dac biel dc)i vdi th^n dai ngay nay su xual hien cua nhieu id chuc qudc le
chumg id vai trd ciia quan ly loan cau la khdng the thieu duc^fc cho su ton lai va
phai trien ciia tat ca cac quc)'c gia trong chinh the the gic'^i,
Quan ly loan cau ductc hieu hien d nhieu cap dd ciia nd: chii the ciia nd
la nhirng td chiic va lien minh qudc te (Lien hiep quc)c. UNESCO, UNISEF...)
vdi su tham gia dai dien ciia cac quc'ic gia nham giai quyel nhirng van de

chung ma khdng mdt quc)C gia nao lach rieng ra cd the dam nhiem ductc. Dd
la nhirng van de ve mdi trucmg, dan sd, chien iranh hai nhan va can benh the
ky. Xu hucmg hoa binh, hoa hcrp, hgp tac dang la xu hucmg phai trien lal yeu
ciia thcti dai niza\' nav. Vi vaN' quan Iv xa hdi xel dudi udc dd la quan Iv xa hdi
loai ni:udi la mdi lal veu.
o

•>

Dudi udc dd xem xel xa hdi la xa hdi ircmu nhCme eiai doan nhal irien
ljch sir nha'l djnh, lire la cac hinh thai kinh le-xa hc")i ihi quan ly xa hdi la quan
ly nhirng hinh thai xa hgi nhal djnh: quan ly xa hc)i ihi ldc. be) lac, quan ly xa
hc)i nd le, phcmg kien, tu ban, xa hdi xa hdi chii nghTa. Mdi mdt loai hinh quan
ly dd ngoai linh quy lual cua quan ly xa hdi ndi chung, chiing cd nhirng bieu
hien dac thii. Bdi vi xet den cimg quan ly chiu su chi phcii ciia phucmg thuc san
xual. Dieu dd ducic Lenin khang djnh: klidng phai quan ly quyel djnh dac
diem, linh chat ciia phucmg thirc ma ngugc lai chinh phucmg ihiic san xual
quyei dinh nhirng dac diem va linh chai ciia quan ly.
Duc'ri gdc dc) xem xel xa hc)i la mdi xa hdi cu ihc ihi quan ly xa hdi la
uuan Iv mdi nUc'vc, mdi qudc uia, mdi dan ldc. Xa hdi ihco nehia na\' la mdi co
16


the hoan chinh, xa hdi phat irien nhu mdt he thcmg ma nhirng yeu id cua n(')
(cac ITnh vuc xa hdi) ludn cV trang thai lac ddng qua lai vdi nhau. Vi vay su
quan Iy xa hdi cung mang linh he thdng. phiic hap. Quan ly la mdi lal yeu ben
trcmg dc)i vc'n loan bc) he thcmg xa hdi cung nhu dc)i vc'ti mdi ITnh vuc ciia nd.
Quan ly xa hdi vc'ti tu each la mdi chinh the la su lac ddng mdi each c(')
mue dich hay tu phai vao cac yeu td ciia xa hc)i nhu la mc)l he ihcing hoan
chinh, de cho he thdng van hanh mot each cd td chiic va tdi uu.

Cac nguyen tac quan ly xa hdi thay ddi tuy theo linh chat ciia che do xa
hgi, hinh thiic cua quyen lire Nha nudc. Tuy nhien trong ljch su, it khi thay
nhirng nguyen tac quan ly ciing hay mem d dang "thuan tuy". Su quan ly trcmg
cac he thdng xa hgi thudng ket hgp ca hai loai nguyen tac ay theo each nay
hay each khac.
Mat khac xa hdi ton lai thdng qua cac yeu id ciia nd. NgUcti la cd the
phan chia cac ITnh vuc ciia ddi sc'mg xa hdi thanh: LTnh vuc kinh le, chfnh tri,
van hoa, khoa hgc, tdn giao, an ninh, qucic phdng vv... Mdi mdi ITnh vuc bao
gc)m nhirng nhdm hoat dc)ng dugc hap thanh nhirng quan he va lao len cac the
che xac djnh. Quan ly xa hgi la quan ly nhirng hoat ddng dd, nhirng quan he
dd va nhirng the che dd. Hay dd la quan ly d nhumg ITnh vuc cu the ciia ngucti
dieu chinh xa hc)i.
0 Viet Nam, quan ly xa hdi la qua trinh lac ddng mang tfnh id chiic,
dieu chinh va bang phap quyen ciia Nha nudc va ciia cac chii the quan ly khac
len nhimg hanh vi va hoai dc)ng ciia con nguc'ti va cac qua Irinh xa hc)i. nham
duy tri va phat trien xa hc)i theo muc lieu ciia chii nghTa xa hdi.
Co cau quan ly xa hdi d Viel Nam hien nay dugc hcrp thanh bdi 3 yeu id
CO' ban.

Thii nha't: Muc dfch cua quan ly la hucmg ldi xay dung mdt xa hc)i "dan
giau, nudc manh, xa hc)i cdng bang va van minh" . Dd la ket qua ciia mdt qua
trinh nhan thiic quy Iuat van ddng ciia xa hdi, ciia chii the quan ly, lao len
ductc sir thcmg nhal giira chii quan ciia chii the quan ly (Dang, Nha nudc. cac


td chuc xa hdi khac ) vai sir tdn tai khach quan ciia khach the quan ly. Bdi
vay. nd vira la muc dfch cua chu the quan ly. vira la muc dfch ciia khach the
quan ly. Mot quyet dinh quan ly dugc coi la diing dan. la mdt quyel dinh
trong dd, dat dugc sir thdng nhat ve muc dfch giira chii the quan ly va khach
the quan ly. Ngugc lai neu khdng cd sir thcing nhal ve muc dfch giua hai ben

chii the va khach the. thi cac lac dc)ng quan ly se khdng dua lai hieu qua.
Thu" hai: quyel djnh quan ly
Quyel dinh quan ly la sir bieu thj y chf ciia chii the quan ly (Dang. Nha
nuctc, cac id chiirc xa hgi) nham thuc hien muc dfch quan ly. U nudc la, giiia
chil the va khach the quan ly, cd mdi lien he chat che vc^i nhau, cho nen. cac
quyel djnh quan ly khdng nhirng bieu hien y chf ciia Nha nudc ma cdn bieu
hien y chf chung cua toan xa hgi. Phap luat do ca quan Nha nude ban hanh,
tlie la y chf ciia chu the quan ly. Nhung phap lual cdn la sir bieu hien y chf
chung cua loan xa hdi.
Thu ba: hinh thirc va nc)i dung ciia quan Iy xa hc")i:
0 nuc'tc cung nhu irong chu nghTa xa hc)i, chii the quan ly xa hdi ngoai
Nha nucte ra, cdn cd Dang cdng san va cac id churc xa hdi khac. Dang cc)ng
san va cac id chiirc xa hc)i ciing lien hanh cac hoai ddng lac ddng len qua trinh
xa hpi. Nhung do vj tri va chiic nang khac nhau, nen hinh thiic tac ddng quan
ly ciia cac chii the cungkhac nhau. Phap lual khdng chi the hien ciia y chf Nha
nuc'tc ma phap Iuat cdn phan anh nhu cau lgi fch ciia Dang va cac td chiic xa
hdi. Tuy nhien, phap lual trudc het, la mdt hinh thiic dac thii bieu hien y chi
ciia Nha nuctc. Bdi vay cac quyel djnh quan ly ciia Nha nudc la nhirng tac
ddng quan ly bieu hien dudi hinh thiic Nha nudc phap quyen va la can cii phan
biel su khac nhau giira chii the quan ly Nha nuc'tc vdi cac chii the quan ly kliac.
Ndi dung ciia quan Iy la chung, la gicmg nhau cho cac chii the quan ly khac
nhau. Ndi each khac de thuc hien dugc muc dfch quan ly ciia minh, cac chii
the quan ly cd the de ra cho minh nhieu cdng vice, nhieu nhiem vu de dal muc
lieu. Nliung trcmg khi thuc hien cac quyel djnh quan ly ay. mdi mdi chii the

18


quan iy. do bi gic'ti han vi trf va chufc nang cua minh. nen cd cac hinh ihiic lac
ddng quan ly khac nhau.

Nhu vay. Dang cdng san Viel Nam la mc)l trcmg nhirng chii the quan ly
xa hc)i ciia nudc ta. Dang thuc hien vai trd ciia chii the quan ly thdng qua sir
lanhdao d6\ vc'ti cac chii the quan ly khac \'a vc'ti khach the quan ly la loan
xa hc)i,
Chiing ta thay rang dudi gdc do khoa hgc quan ly, lanh dao va quan ly
la nhirng khai niem vira ddng nha'l lai vira cd sir khac biel, Lanh dao la hinh
thiic quan ly cao nhal, chung nhal. la hai nhan, la ngcm den pha ciia quan ly.
Nd dugc the hien trong ducmg ldi, chi'nh sach ciia Dang cc)ng san. Lanh dao
quyel djnh phucmg hucVng chung ciia su phai irien, vach ra muc tieu chien luctc
ciia loan xa hdi. Lanh dao la sir the hien vai trd ciia giai cap thcmg tri ma cV
nuc'tc la la giai cap vd san ma dc)i lien phong ciia nd la Dang cdng san
Viet Nam.
Sir khac biel giira lanh dao va quan ly la d chd: neu lanh dao iruc'tc hei la
sir hoat ddng cd tfnh chat chii quan, trong dd yeu ic) sang lao giOr vai ird quan
tnmg thi viec quan ly lai cd the ca gidi hoa, tu dc)ng hoa d miic dc) nhal dinh
(ducmg nhien khdng loai trir tfnh sang lao).
Trong pham vi de lai na}', khai niem lanh dao dugc hieu iheo nghTa iren,
lu'c la lanh dao la hinh liic quan ly cao nhal. chung nhal - Nd la mc)i hinh ihiic
dac thu ciia quan ly.

19


/

CHUONG 2:

VAI TRO CUA DANG CONG SAN Vdl TlT CACH
LA CHU THE QUAN LYXA HOI TRONG QUA TRINH
CHUYEN SANG CO CHE THI T R U O N G

6 NUdc TA HIEN NAY
*

2,1. DAC TRUNG CUA QUA TRJNH CHUYEN SANG CO CHE THj TRl/ONG 6
NUOC TA.

2.1.1. Qua trinh chuyen sang kinh te thi trudng d nudc ta.
Cdng cuc)c ddi mdi dal nucTfc, chuyen xa hdi lir mdt nen kinh te tap
trung, quan lieu bao cap sang nen kinh le hang hda nhieu thanh phan. van
hanh theo ca che thj trucmg, cd sir quan ly ciia Nha nucic theo djnh huc'mg xa
hdi chii nghTa d nudc la la mdt qua trinh day khd khan phiic tap, trai qua nhieu
giai doan khac nhau, ma chiing ta thudng la'y mdc bang cac hgi nghj, cac van
kien, cac nghj quyel ciia Dang.
Hgi nghj Trung ucmg lan thii 6 khda r\^ thang 8. 1979 la moc danh dau
su khdi dau cdng cudc ddi mdi ca che quan ly d nude la. Hdi nghi phe phan
nghiem khac linh trang tap trung quan lieu bao cap, bao thii trong xay dung ke
hoach, chfnh sach; met rdng quyen tu chii trong san xual kinh doanh; chi rd
lieu chuan cao nhal de danh gia chi'nh sach la lang nang suat lao ddng. nang
cao ddi sdng nhan dan, phai irien san xual, ket hgp diing dan cac loi fch.
Trong dd chii trgng mat Iran ndng nghiep, lieu ihii cdng nghiep, cdng nghiep
hang lieu diing va hang xuat khau; sir dung kinh le tu nhan ca the trcmg nhirng
ITnh vuc can thiet, khuyen khfch manh me kinh le gia dinh, chu trgng md
rc)ng san xual va luu thdng hang hc5a. Nhu vay, lan dau lien Dang la dua ra
quan diem chap nhan kinh le hang hc5a, kinh te nhieu thanh phan duc^i hinh
ihiic nhirng chu liircmg nhu "bd ngan sdng cam cho', "cho san xual bung ra".
Tir quan diem mc^i ciia Dang. Nha nuc'tc da ban hanh nhieu the che chi'nh sach
de kliuycn kliich phat tnen san xual.
20

Dai hdi Dang loan qudc lan thii V nam 1982 da khac phuc mdi huc'tc crt
che hanh chfnh quan lieu bao cap, ddi hdi ke hoach phai quan triet nguyen lac
hach toan kirJi te, kinh doanh xa hgi chii nghTa.
Nam 1986. Dai hgi loan qudc lan thii' VI cua Dang da khang djnh quyel
tam chien luge ddi mcii eua Dang, chuyen nen kinh le "cdn nhieu tfnh chai tu
cung tu cap" sang nen kinh le hang hcTa nhieu thanh phan.
Sau Dai hc)i VI ciia Dang, Nha nuc'tc ban hanh va thuc hien hang loal
chfnh sach va bien phap mc^i, the che hda bang cac van ban phap lual nhu :
- Nghj djnh 217/HDBT, thang 10.1987, md rdng quyen tu chii san xual
va tu chil tai chfnh cho cac doanh nghiep Nha nudc:
- Thuc hien chfnh sach nhieu thanh phan kinh te. khuyen khfch khu vuc
kinh le tu nhan, bao dam quyen tu do kinh doanh cho cac doanh nghiep lu
nhan va cdng dan Viet Nam, khdng han che ve vein dau tu, sd lucmg lao ddng,
ITnh vuc san xual; thuc hien khoan 10, xay dung lual doanh nghiep tu nhan,
lual cdng ly...
- Thuc hien ect che gia thi irudnq deii vdi hau hel hang hda dich vu. irir
mdi sd mat hang thiel yeu.
- Tien hanh phan dinh chiic nang he thdng ngan hang Nha nuc'tc va ngan
hang kinh doanh; ap dung ti gia linh hoat cd sir dieu liet ciia Nha nuc'tc. ket
hcrp vcii dieu liel cung - cau, md rdng thj trudng ngoai le gdp phan day lui va
kiem che lam phat; .
- Ddi mcii mdt budc ral ca ban he thcmg thue (thue xual nhap khau, ihue
doanh thu, thue lgi liic, thue lieu thu dac biel, thue ihu nhap...), budc dau lu do
hda lien cdng, lien lucmg trong ndng nghiep, khu \irc lu nhan va phan nao
ircmg doanh nghiep Nha nucic (thu nliap theo hieu .qua san xual kinh doanhj..,
xual phat tir nhan djnh ciia Dai hdi VI ciia Dang "ca che tap trung quan lieu
bao cap ve cO ban chua bj xda bd, ca che mcti chua dugc xac lap ddng bc), can
liep tuc giai phdng luc lucmg san xual", cac hdi nghi Trung ucmg Ian ihu' ba.
ihu lU ciia Ban chap hanh Trung ucmg dang klida \'I kliang dinh can din khoal
21

chuyen ddi ca che quan ly kinh te bang phucmg phap menh lenh la chii yeu
sang phuang phap kinh te, thuc hien dung dan nguyen tac tap trung dan chii,
chdng tap trung quan lieu bao cap, chdng tu do tii}' lien vd td chiic; phan dinh
chiic nang quan ly Nha nudc ve kinh te vdi quan ly san xuat kinh doanh ciia
cac dan vj san xua't; giai quyet diing dan mdi quan he giira cac lgi fch, trong
dd lgi fch ca nhan ngudi lao ddng la dgng lire true liep; sap xep lai san xual cai
tao nen kinh te, hinh thanh ca ca'u kinh te hgp ly; md rdng quan he kinh te vdi
nuc'tc ngoai.
Nam 1991, Dai hgi Dang toan qud'c lan thir VII, da danh gia nhimg
thanh tuu thieu sdt tdn lai trong qua trinh thuc hien dudng ldi ddi mdi. Dai hc)i
da K) sung, hoan chinh va cu the hda dudng ldi chfnh sach kinh te' - xa hdi,
dap ling yeu cau trong nudc va qudc te.
Ve danh gia dai hdi khang djnh, cdng cudc ddi mdi d nuc'tc la da dal
dugc nhirng thanh tuu bu dc dau quan trgng, nen kinh te da cd nhihig chuyen
bie'n tfch cue, buctc dau hinh thanh nen kinh te hang hda nhieu thanh phan van
hanh theo ca che thj irudng cd sir quan ly ciia Nha nucic; ngudn luc da ductc
phai huy let hem, ldc do lam phat da dugc kiem che, ddi scmg vat chat va tinh
than ciia nhan dan da ducic cai thien mc)r phan: nhung dat nuc'ic van chua thoat
khdi khiing hoang kinh le xa hgi, lam phai van d miirc cao, nhieu ca sd san
xual hi dinh ddn, lao dc)ng thieu viec iam, che dp lucmg bat hgp ly, tdc do tang
dan sc) cao, van hda xa hdi cd nhieu mat xucing cap, quan lieu tham nhung,
budn lau khdng giam ma cd xu hucmg tang len, ldi sdng thuc dung, me tin dj
doan phat trien...
Cd them thuc te, Dai hgi khang dinh manh me va diit khoat han van de
kinh le ihj trudng. Dai hdi cho rang, phat U*ien "kinh le hang hda nhieu thanh
phan, van ddng theo ca che ihj Irudng cd su quan ly Nha nucic la hoan loan
can thiet de giai phdng va phat huy ductc cac liem nang san xuat irong xa
hc)i"". "Chien lucic dn djnh va phat trien kinh te - xa hdi den nam 2000" va

Bao ^-.10 ciuiili in cua Rm Clup hanh Tnuip iroii^ i)aiig lai Dai lioi VIl ciia i)aii^.NXl-i Sir ihai Ha Noi
^)91.ir. -^.^1341
10


7

"Bao cao chfnh trj" tai Dai hdi da neu rd : Thj trudng d nu cic la bao gdm ca thi
trudng hang tieu diing, djch vu va ihj trudng cac yeu id san xual (nhu vim. lien
te ngoai hciT, ...); ca thj trudng tu lieu san xual va thj trudng siic lao ddng; thi
tructng trong nucic va thj trudng the gidi. Thi trudng ddng vai trd "tmc liep
hudng dan cac doanh nghiep lira chpn ITnh vuc hoai ddng, mat hang, quy md.
cdng nghe va hinh thiic td chiic kinh doanh nham dal hieu qua cao nhal trong
moi trudng hgp tac va canh tranh"^^^ phai phan dau de sdm "hinh thanh thi
trudng hoan chinh... thdng sudt; gan he thdng gia ndi dia vdi gia qudc le. xda
bd ddc quyen va dac quyen d hau het cac nganh va ITnh vuc kinh te''^ ^'.
Nam 1996, Dai hgi Dang loan qud'c lan thii VUI da danh gia nhiing
thanh tuu thieu sc'n sau 5 nam thuc hien Nghj quyel Dai hc)i \Vi. cua Dang va
10 nam ddi mc'ii: Dcmg thdi tir thuc te tinh hinh trcmg nucic va qucSc te, can cii
vao Cucmg ITnh ciia Dang, Dai hdi da xac djnh "Can tiep tuc nam vung hai
nhiem vu chien luge xay dung chii nghTa xa hdi va bao ve td quc'ic, day manh
cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda. Muc lieu ciia cdng nghiep hda va hien dai hda
la xay dung nudc la thanh mot nudc cdng nghiep cd co sd vat chat - ky thual
hien dai, ca ca'u kinh te hop ly, quan he san xual lien bd, phii hgp vdi trinh dc)
phat trien ciia lire lugng san xual, ddi scmg vat chai va linh than cao, qudc
phdng, an ninh viing chac, dan giau, nudc manh, xa hdi cdng bang, van minh.
Tir nay den nam 2020, ra sure phan dau dua nu etc la ect ban ird ihanh
mdt nucic cdng nghiep"^**^
Phat trien va chuyen djch ca cau kinh le - xa hc)i theo huemg cdng

nghiep hda, hien dai hda phai quan triet quan diem:
- Giir \arng ddc lap tu chii, di ddi vcii md rdng help tac qud'c le, da
phuemg hda, da dang hda quan he ddi ngoai. Dua vao ngudn luc trong nudc la
chfnh, di ddi vcii tranh thu tdi da ngudn lire ben ngoai.
- Cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda la sir nghiep cua loan dan.
- Lay viec phat huy nguon luc con ngudi lam yeu id ect ban cho su
C'hicii \\M\v^ Oil dinh va phat liicii kiiiii lO - xa h6i den nam 2{HKi NXH Sir tliai. Ma Noi V)\.\x

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