Đánh giá thực trạng và đề xuất giải pháp nhằm tăng cường sự ổn định các vùng tái định cư ở mai sơn thuộc nhà máy thủy điện sơn la

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
TRITCJNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC TlT NHIEN
Hc^^^:!^^^^^:

DANH GIA THUC TRANG VA DE XUAT GIAI PHAP NHAM
TANG CUdNG SU ON DINH CAC VUNG TAI DINH CU d
MAI SON THUOC NHA MAY THUY DIEN SON LA
^^
MA SO:
QG-05-47

CHU TRI DE TAI: PGS.TS. NGUYEN XUAN CU

UA, MOC Q U O C GiA - M N O '
FRurgG TAM THONG

T I N TMU V I E N

f r (^

f C

HA NOI - 2007


DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
TRirClNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC TlT NHIEN

DANH GIA THUC TRANG vA DE XUAT GIAI PHAP N H A M
TANG CUdNG SUON DINH CAC VUNG TAI DINH CUd
MAI SON THUOC NHA MAY THUY DIEN SON LA

MA SO: QG-05-47

CHU TRI D£ TAI:

PCS. TS. Nguyen Xuan Cu

CAC CAN BO THAM GIA:

PGS.TS. Le Diic

ThS. Tran Thi Tuyet Thu

ThS. Nguyin Quoc Viet

CN. Vu Quang Giang

CN. Nguyen Xuan Huan

CN. Cam Chfnh Nghia

CN. Ngo Van Gidi

ThS. Nguyin Trong Dac

HA NOI - 2007


A. BAO CAO TOM TAT
l.Tendetai:

Ddnh gid thuc trang vd de xudt gidi phdp nhdm tdng cu&ng su on dinh cdc
viing tdi dinh cua Mai San thuoc nhd mdy thuy dien San La
Ma so: QG-05-47
2. Chu tri de tai:

PGS.TS. Nguyin Xuan Cir

3. Cac can bo tham gia:

PGS.TS. Le Dii-c

ThS. Tran Thi Tuyet Thu

ThS. Nguyen Quoc Viet

CN. Vu Quang Giang

CN. Nguyen Xuan Huan

CN. Cam Chfnh NghTa

CN. Ngo Van Gidi

ThS. Nguydn Trong DSc

4. Miic tieu va noi dung nghien ciiu:
- Muc tieu nghien ciJu:
Phan tfch thirc trang va tim cac nguyen nhan gay mat 6n dinh cac khu tai dinh
eu d Mai San, San La.
Xay dung ca sd khoa hoc va de xuat giai phap gdp phan on dinh san xuat va

tang cudng sir ben vung cac viing tai dinh c\x nghien cuu.
- Noi dung nghien ciiu:
Phan tfch cac dieu kien tu nhien, kinh te xa hoi. va van 6t su dung ngudn tai
nguyen thien nhien tren dia ban huyen Mai Son, tap trung vao cac xa diem
nghien cuu.
Phan tfch cac he thdng su dung dat va hieu qua cac md hinh canh tac hien cd.


Xac dinh tfnh ben virng va nhirng nguyen nhan gay mat dn dinh d cac khu tai
dinh cu.
De xua't cac giai phap nham tang cudng su dn dinh cac viing tai dinh cu tren ca
sd sir dung hap ly tai nguyen thien nhien d dia phuang.

5. Cac ket qua dat duac :
d nude ta tai dinh cu la mot trong nhirng cdng tac ldn dugc Dang va Nha nuac
rat quan tam, tuy nhien viec thue hien cong tac nay vao nhirng thai ki khac nhau van
con nhieu ba't cap. Trong giai doan dau, vai each quan ly cua nen kinh te trong thai kl
bao cap viec giai phong mat bang eon mang tfnh menh lenh hoac chu yeu dua vao
tuyen truyen, van dong. Den thai ki doi mdi, mot mat do van de so hiru dat dai, mat
khac de phii hgp vai yeu cau ciia nen kinh te ma, cong tac di dan tai dinh cu da co
nhirng thay d6i lan, tham chi duge dua len hang cac dieu kien tien quyel cho nhirng
quyet dinh cap von. Tuy vay, nhung diem tai dinh cu dat yeu cau con rat ft. Nguyen
nhan chfnh ciia tinh trang nay la con thieu sir quan tam den cong tac quy hoach, danh
gia diing thuc trang tai nguyen khu vuc TDC va chua xay dung dugc mo hinh di dan
tai dinh cu thfch hgp.
Mai San la mgt huyen mien mii phia Tay Bac co tai nguyen dat phong phii va
da dang vai tdng dien tich dat tu nhien la 142.821 ha, trong do dien tich dat nong
nghiep 35.972,21 ha (25,19%), dien tfch dat lam nghiep 55.202,11 ha (38,65%) va dat
chua sir dung co kha nang lam nghiep co dien tfch 43.076,55 ha (30,16%). Ben canh
do Mai San co nguon nhan lire doi dao, khf hau thai tiet phii hgp cho viec phat trien

n6ng lam nghiep da dang, dac biet la cay an qua co gia tri cao nhu nhan, xoai. man.
ma va cac cay cong nghiep nhu ca phe, che, mia... Tuy nhien cac loai hinh sir dung sir
dung dat doc a Mai San hien nay van mang tfnh quang canh. dgc canh la chfnh; tinh
trang xoi mon dat van liep dien; thu hoach trong do co ky thuat bao quan. du tiu che
bien thieu, thi truang khong on dinh nen chua thiic day qua trinh san xuat han" hoa.


Qua trinh chuyen doi cac loai hinh sir dung dat doc trong nhimg nam qua da
dien ra manh me a Mai Son. Da hinh thanh he thong canh tac nong - lam ket hgp gan
li^n viec phat trien rirng, cay nong nghiep vai trong cay cong nghiep va chan nuoi dai
gia siic. Cac nuang rSy du canh truyen thong da chuyen sang du canh theo chu ky
ngan va nuang rSy dinh canh. Tren khu vuc canh tac nuang rSy da thuc hien tang vu.
dua da't nuong ray dinh canh dgc eanh 1 vu liia nuang, ngo nuong len 2 vu/nam, he so
sir dung da't nuong ray da tang len tir 0,7 lan len 1,3 lan. Su chuyen ddi mgt bg phan
da't ddc sang phat trien vucm doi, trang trai, hinh thanh cac viing chuyen canh ca phe,
mia, che va cay an qua da dem lai hieu qua kinh te, hieu qua xa hgi va moi truang ro
net. Gia tri san xua't tren 1 ha da't ddc da tang tir 10 trieu dong/nam len 20 - 30 trieu
ddng/nam, giai quyel mgt bg phan ngudi lao dgng co viec lam, tang thu nhap, xoa
dugc doi, giam dugc ngheo, dat trdng ddi mii trgc tung budc thu hep, tlnh trang xoi
mon, thoai hoa dat giam di dang ke.
Hien nay, Mai Son dugc chgn la viing trgng diem ciia cong tac tai dinh cu tir du
an xay dung Nha may thuy dien Son La, vdi hon mgt nghin hg dan. Thuc trang cac
khu tai dinh cu d Mai Son ndi rieng va Son La ndi chung la rat khac nhau nhung nhin
chung cdn gap rat nhieu khd khan va chua nhieu nguy co gay anh hudng xau den ddi
sdng cua ngudi dan. Vdi mdi khu tai dinh cu nghien curu cd nhirng dac thii rieng ve
hinh thurc va thdi gian tai dinh khac nhau. Vdi cgng ddng ngudi dan di cu lam kinh te
mdi (Ban Na Cang), hay tir cong trinh thuy dien Hda Binh (Ban Tien Son) mac dii
chfnh sach hd trg cua Nha nudc khong nhieu nhung tai thdi diem nghien cuu ddi sdng
Clia cac cgng ddng nay da kha dn dinh va dang timg budc xay dung cgng ddng theo
hudng ben virng. Cac dieu kien ve co sd ha tang ciia cac cgng ddng nay da tuong ddi

hoan thien. Nong nghiep phat trien manh dac biet la chan nuoi d Na Cang va cac ban
deu trdng mia nguyen lieu cho nha may, day la ngudn thu nhap chfnh cho cac cgng
ddng nay.
Ngugc lai, vdi cac khu mdi tai djnh cu tir du an thuy dien Son La nhu Pu
Nhudng thi ddi sdng ciia cgng ddng van chua dn dinh va da xuat hien nhieu van de birc
xuc. Cac nhu cau tdi thieu cho ngudi dan cdn thieu tram irgng nhu nudc sinh hoat. dat


canh tac, co sd ha tSng... Tien den bu tai dinh cu dugc trg cap tir du an khong dugc sir
dung diing muc dfch. Dia diem tai dinh cu mdi chua dap ung nhimg nhu cau co ban de
dam bao mgt ddi sdng dn dinh, da cd nhieu hg da tu y bd ve ndi d cu.
Miic ben vung hien thdi ciia 3 ban tai dinh cu nghien cuu dugc xep theo thii' tu
giam dSn tir Na Cang den Tien Son va Na Nhung. Na Cang dang d muc ben virng tiem
nang, hai ban Tien Son va Na Nhung cd miic ben virng trung binh.
Nhirng nguyen nhan cd nguy co gay mat dn dinh cho cac khu TDC d Son La la
thieu CO sd tai nguyen nhu da't ndng nghiep, nudc sinh hoat va san xuat, dien tfch rirng
bi suy giam. Mat khac do phai thay ddi tap quan sinh hoat va san xuat trong khi ngudi
dan khd chuyen ddi nghe san xuat do thdi quen lau ngay. Da sd cgng ddng tai dinh cu
cd trinh do van hda tha'p, sd ngudi biet tieng kinh khdng nhieu. Day la mgt trd ngai ldn
khi tiep thu nhirng chu chuang, chfnh sach va cac qua trinh chuyen giao cdng nghe ciia
Dang va Nha nudc. Dai bg phan ngudi dan cdn thieu kinh nghiem trong canh tac
nuong ray cung nhu chuyen ddi san xuat theo cac dac diem ciia noi d mdi.
De nang cao tmh ben virng cho cac cgng ddng nghien curu can thuc hien ddng
thdi cac giai phap ve luat phap, ehfnh sach va the che; cac giai phap ve kinh te; cac
giai phap giao due truyen thdng va cac giai phap khoa hgc ky thuat. Cu the can dac
biet quan tam tdi cdng tac chuan bi, bd trf cac noi d mdi cd kha nang dap irng dieu
kien sdng va san xuat cho cgng ddng; viec xay dung cgng ddng doan ket, phai huy van
hda dan tgc; cdng tac td churc dao tao lap huan hudng dan chuyen ddi san xuat: hd trg
nang cao y thirc ciia cgng ddng ve bao ve mdi trudng va DDSH.

6. Tinh hinh kinh phi ciia de tai:
Tdng kinh phf ciia de tai: 60.000.000 d (Sau muoi trieu ddng chan)
Kinh phi da su dung: 60.000.000 d


KHOA QUAN LY

CHU TRI DE TAI

(Ky va ghi r5 ho ten)

(Ky va ghi ro ho ten

Mumi
TS. Nguyen Thi Ha

PGS.TS. Nguyen Xuan Cir

TRUONG DAI HOC KHOA HOC TU NHIEN
OHO HIEU TRIONG-

GS.lS.^^^yi^ ^/^A*'


ABSTRACT
1. Project Title:
Investigation the situation and proposal solutions for improving stability of
resettlement of Son La Hydro-Power plant in Mai Son

Project Code: QG-05-47

2. Project Coordinator:

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Xuan Cu

3. Key implementors:

Assoc.Prof.Dr. Le Due

MSc. Tran Thi Tuyet Thu

MSc. Nguyen Quoc Viet

BSc. Vu Quang Giang

BSc. Nguyen Xuan Huan

BSc. Cam Chinh Nghia

BSc. Ngo Van Gioi

MSc. Nguyen Trong Dac

4. Aims and Objectives:
- The aims:
Analyze present situation and identify the main reasons of instability of
resettlement areas in Mai Son, Son La.
Proposal scientific basses and solutions for improving sustainability of the
resettlement areas.
- The research contents:
Analyze natural and socio-economic conditions, and natural resource use in

Mai Son; focus on the researched villages.
Economic analysise of main land use systems in the region.


Determine the sustainabihty and the reasons that cause unstable of the research
villages.
Propose solution to improve the sustability based on proper natural use in the
local.

5. The results:

In Vietnam, resettlement is considered as one of the main issues of the Nation.
However, it is still problem up to present. In the pass, the resettlement processes are
presses from government or local authorities. But now, it is also considered with the
willing of the peoples. There are lots of problems of the resettlement, e.g. policies,
resources and construction of resettlement models.
Son La is a province with large projects of resettlement for Hydropower plans
construction. In fact, the resettlement projects usually have problems because of
limited resources. So that il is sometime not successful. The project pays attention to
evaluate the present status and sustainability of some resettlement areas, and identify
the main reasons of instability of resettlement areas in Mai Son, Son La. Scientific
basses and solutions for improving sustainability of the resettlement areas are also
proposed.
Mai Son is a mountain district in the North-West. The natural area of Mai Son
is 142.821 ha. Among these, there are 35.972,21 ha (25.19%) of agriculture land;
55,202.11 ha (38.65%) of forestry land, 43,076.55 ha (30.16%) of open land with
potential for forestry. Mai Son also has the suitable climate conditions for agriculture
development with diversity of crops, fruit and forest trees. In general, the agriculture
production in Mai Son, now, is characterized by extensive and monoculture techniques
and lacking food processing after harvest. The main problems of land use is soil

erosion and soil degradation that cause low crop yields and low standard of people
lives.


In the pass decades, the purpose of land use change quickly in Mai Son. The
development of agro-forestry systems are researched and improved. Forest plantation,
intensive agriculture and husbandry are applied. The techniques of shifting agriculture
are replaced by fixed milpas. Sloping land are used for house-gardens, hill-gardens
and farming systems. Some crops are grown popular with large areas, i.e. sugar cane,
tea plant, coffee and fruit trees. The economic value increased 10 mills. VND/ha.year
to 20 - 30 mills. VND/ha.year. In additional, it creates jobs, poverty elimination and
decrease open land with bare hill.
At present, Mai Son district is selected as an important resettlement area for
Son La Hydro power plant with more than one thousand households. The situation of
each resettlement in Mai Son in particular, and in Son La in general, now are quite
different and generally not meet the people demand. Na Cang village (resettlement
caused by new economic program) and Tien Son (resettlement caused by construction
of Hoa Binh hydro power plant) are more or less considered as sustainability. These
villages are establishing for long time. So that the infrastructure is available and
contribute to economic growth. The agriculture, including crop production and
husbandry are improvement. It might be supply enough food and stuff for local people
and economic growth in the region.
In the cases of resettlements of Son La hydropower plant, e.g. Pu Nhuong
village, the hfehood of famers are very difficant. The main supply for people is not
meet the demand, e.g. shortage of water supply, limitation of rarable land, poor in
infrastructure ... The financial support from government are misuse fos many
requirement. The resettled areas are un suitable. So that there are many ouseholds has
returned to their homeland.
The sustaibility of three researched villages are decreased from Na Cang to
Tien Son and Na Nhung. Na Cang is at the potential stability, while both two rest

villages, i.e. Tien Son and Na Nhung are at the medium level of sustability. The
sustainability of Tien Son is little higher than that in Na Nhung because of more


abundant natural resources, i.e. land, water and forests. However, Na Nhung will be
less sustainable in near future when financial subsidy of the Government will be
ended.
The main reason of low sustainability of these villages may be caused by
limited natual resources, i.e. land, water and forests. On the social side, it may belong
to backward of production methods, gender inequality and low income of farmers. The
local knowledge is at low level so they Vietnam language. They speak local language
that cause a big problems for them to learn and understand scientific works, even new
techniques of production.
To improve sustainability of these resettlement villages, it should have
suitable policies to subsidy production systems, natural resources management to
increase farmer's income. In financial support, it should more concerning with
production and extension systems, infrastructure for community, but less pay in cash
to farmers. Scientists should organize training for farmers as well as local government
people. Improving people knowledge on natural resources management and agriculture
production in combination with environmental protection.


B. PHAN CHINH BAO CAO

MUC LUC

1

l.Mddau
3

2. Ddi tugng va phuong phap nghien cihi
6
2.1. Ddi tugng nghien cun
6
2.2. Phirong phap nghien ciJu
8
2.2.1. Phuong phap dieu tra thuc dia
8
2.2.2. Phuong phap danh gia mii'c ben virng ciia cgng ddng
8
2.2.3. Phuang phap thdng ke toan hgc va danh gia kinh te sir dung dat
10
2.2.4. Phuong phap phan tich da't trong phdng thf nghiem
10
3. Dieu kien tu nhien, kinh te xa hgi cua Son La
11
3.1. Dieu kien tu nhien ciia Son La
11
3.1.1. Vitridjaly, djahinh
11
3.1.2. Khf hau
12
3.1.3. Thuy van
17
3.1.4. Thien tai va sued mdi trudng
19
3.2. Dac diem kinh te, xa hgi dSon La
21
3.2.1. Dansd
21

3.2.2. Dien bien dd thi hda
22
3.2.3. Hien trang phat trien ndng nghiep va ndng thdn
23
3.2.4. Phat trien kinh te
23
3.2.5. Ket qua thuc hien cac muc tieu phat trien van hoa - xa hgi
24
3.3. Thuc trang tai nguyen ciia Son La
25
3.3.1. Tai nguyen nudc mat
25
3.3.2. Tai nguyen dat
26
3.3.3. Tai nguyen sinh vat va rirng
28
4. Tdng quan ve cong tac tai dinh cudnude ta
31
4.1. Tinh hinh chung ve cdng tacdi dan tai dinh cu d Viet Nam
31
4.1.1. Dac diem chung ve di dan tai dinh cu d Viet Nam
31
4.1.2. Cac hinh thirc di dan tai dinh cu
32
4.1.3. Cac van ban phap luat va chfnh sach lien quan den di dan tai dinh cu
ciia Viet Nam
33
4.2. Nhu'ng ldn tai chii yeu trong cdng tac di dan tai dinh c u d nudc ta
34
4.2.1. Cdng trinh thuy dien Hoa Binh

34
4.2.2. Cdng trinh thuy dien Yali
36
4.2.3. Cdng trinh thuy dien Na Hang
37
4.2.4. Cdng tac di dan TDC trong cac diriin khdng phai thuy dien
37
4.3. Cdng tac di dan tai dinh cu ciia thuy dien Son La
37
1


4.3.1. Quan didm chi dao cua nha nudc
37
4.3.2. Muc tieu cua cong tac di dan tai dinh cud Son La
38
5. Dieu kien tu nhien, kinh te xahgi va sir dung dat oMai Son
39
5.1. Dieu kien tu nhien vakinh te xa hgi cua Mai Son
39
5.1.1. Dieu kien tu nhien
39
5.1.2. Dac diem kinh t e - x a hgi
41
5.2. Hien trang su dung dat oMai Son
43
5.2.1. Khai quat ve sir dung tai nguyen da't d huyen Mai Son
43
5.2.2. Du canh va va'n de sir dung dat
45

5.2.3. Cac loai hinh sir dung da't ddc oMai Son
51
5.2.4. Nhirng nhan td anh hudng den qua trinh chuyen ddi sir dung dat d Mai
Son
60
5.2.5. Cac xu hudng chuydn ddi sir dung da't ddc oMai Son
65
6. Thuc trang cac khu tai dinh cunghidn cu'u
71
6.1. Dac diem mgt sd'khu tai dinh cu nghien ciin
71
6.1.1. Khu tai dinh cuPii Nhudng
71
6.1.2. Khu tai dinh cu Na Nhung
72
6.1.3. Khu tai dinh cu Tien Son
74
6.1.4. Khu tai dinh cuNa Cang
v.
77
6.2. Danh gia miic dn dinh cua khu tai dinh cu nghien ciiru
80
6.2.1. Danh gia mu'c dn dinh cua cgng ddng theo cac chi thi don
80
6.2.2. Danh gia tdng hgp muc ben virng cac khu tai dinh cu
85
6.3. Nguyen nhan gay mat dn dinh va nhirng giai phap nang cao tfnh ben virng
cho cac khu tai dinh cu nghien ciru
87
6.3.1. Nguyen nhan gay mat dn dinh dcac khu tai dinh cu nghien ciru

87
6.3.2. Nhirng giai phap nham nang cao tfnh ben vu'ng cho cac khu tai dinh cu
nghien ciiu
88
7. Ket luan va kie'n nghi
94
7.1. Ket luan
94
7.2. Kien nghi
96
Tai lieu tham khao
97


DANH MUC CAC BANG TRONG BAO CAO

So bang
Bang 1
Bang 2
Bang 3
Bang 4
Bang 6
Bang 7
Bangs
Bang 9
Bang 10
Bang
Bang
Bang
Bang

11
12
13
14

Ten bang

Trang

Cac mlu dat nghien cuu
Cac mang van de su dung theo danh gia cua phuang phap BS
Cac budc kien tao chi thi don cua BS cho cac cong dong TDC
nghien cuu

7

Du bao tang dan so' va lao dong tu nhien
Tang truang kinh te toan tinh giai doan 1995-2005
Hien trang sir dung dat tinh San La
Dien tfch cac loai dat cua tinh San La
Di6n bien rimg tren dia ban tinh San La
Da dang thuc vat a tinh San La
Da dang dong vat a San La
Dac diem dan so va cac dan toc a San La
Tmh hinh sii dung dat a Mai San nam 2006

9
9
21

24
27
27
28
29
29
41

Mot so tfnh chat 1 hoa hoc ciia dat a Mai San

45
46

Bieu di6n he thdng cay trong tren dat nuang ray
Tfnh chat dat nuang ray d Mai San

51
52

Dien tfch, nang suat va san lugng mot sd cay trdng chfnh tren
dat nuang ray huyen Mai Son

52

Bang 19

Dien tfch va san lugng mdt sd cay trdng chfnh

54

Bang 20

Hieu qua kinh te mdt sd cay trdng chfnh tren dat vudn ddi d
Mai San

57

Bang 21

Hieu qua kinh te ciia loai hinh su dung da't canh tac hd gia
dinh

59

Bang 22

Cau tnic dan sd ciia ban Na Nhung 73

Bang 23

Can dd'i muc thu nhap binh quan nam 2005 ciia ban Na Nhung
Thanh phan dan tdc ban Tie'n San

74

Bang 25
Bang 26

Ty le gidi va thanh phan ludi d ban Tien San
Can ddi mu'c thu nhap binh quan ciia ban Tien San nam 2005

75
77

Bang 27

Can ddi mirc thu nhap binh quan cua ban Na Cang nam 2005

78

Bang 28

Chi'nh sach ciia Nha nudc vdi cac ban TDC nghien cuu

79

Bang 15
Bang 16
Bang 17

Bang 24

75


Bang 29

Dieu kien ca sd vat chat, dd diing sinh hoat ciia 4 ban nghien

73

CuU

Bang 30
Bang 31
Bang 32
Bang 33
Bang 34

Cac chl thi dan trong danh gia miic ben viing cho cdng ddng

80

Ty le da't dugc ca'p theo thoa thuan
Ty le thang du nudc trong nam cho cac ban TDC nghien ciiu

81
81
82

Ty le tre em dudi 5 tudi khdng bi viem phdi cap nam 2005
Ty le thang khdng sir dung nhien lieu tir san pham phu ndng

82

Bang 37

nghiep
Ty le da't dugc su dung hgp ly
Ty le tre sa sinh khdng bi tir vong trong nam 2005

Ty le thu nhap ngoai phan chi cho luang thuc thuc phaim ciia

83
83
84

Bang 39

gia dinh
Ty le cac hd gia dinh chap hanh td't chfnh sach

84

Bang 40
Bang 41

Ty le nir gidi so vdi nam gidi trong cac budi hgp ban
Ket qua tdng hgp die'm ssos theo danh gia ciia phuang phap

85
85

Bang 35
Bang 36

BS

DANG MUC CAC HINH VE TRONG BAO CAO
Hinh ve

Ten hinh ve

Trang
7

Hinh 1
Hinh 2

Vi trf cac khu tai dinh cu nghien ciiu
Ca cau dien tfch dat d huyen Mai Son

44

Hinh 3

Chu ky luan canh nuang ray d Mai San trude nam 1985

66

Hinh 4

Chu ky luan canh nuang ray d Mai San sau nam 1985

66

Hinh 5

Su thay doi dien tfch cay trdng tren dat nuang ray d Mai San

67

Hinh 6

Su thay ddi dien tfch canh tac tren dat vudn ddi d Mai San

70

Hinh 7

Miic ben vQng ciia cac cdng ddng nghien ciiu theo BS

86


1. MO DAU
6 nudc ta su phat trien nhanh chdng cua kinh te xa hgi, sir gia tang dan sd
nhanh lam tang nhu c^u ve nang lugng, luong thuc va chd d dan den phai di dan de
phuc vu cac nhu c^u ve kinh te xa hgi va chinh tri, dac biet la di dan cho cac cdng
trinh ldn nhu thuy dien Son La hien nay. Sd dan phai di chuyen la 12.479 ho vdi
62.394 dan, nhu vay se cd rat nhieu khu tai dinh cu (TDC) mdi dugc laHairBooj
Ndng nghiep va Phat tridn Nong thon, 2002).
Thuc te cho tha'y nhieu khu TDC da khdng dap irng dugc cac nhu cau cua
cdng ddng (Pham Hoang Hai, 2003). Day la mgt trong nhirng nguyen nhan lam
cho tai nguyen bi khai thae, sir dung qua kha nang cua tu nhien, ddi sdng ciia cdng
ddng TDC khdng dn dinh. Nhung hanh dgng nay tat yeu se dan tdi ddi ngheo tai
cac khu TDC d nudc ta. Hon nira nd da va dang gay tac dgng rat xau tdi mdi
trudng, lam cho cgng ddng khu TDC thudng khdng dn dinh va rat khd khan trong
viec bao dam sir phat trien ben virng.
Bao ve mdi trudng la mdt van de mang tinh chat toan cau, nd cd y nghla
quyet dinh den sir sdng cdn cua nhan loai, la ITnh vuc thugc trach nhiem ciia mgi

Qudc gia, dan tgc tren The gidi. Ddi vdi cac viing ddi mii nudc la, day cdn la mgt
nhiem vu mang tinh xa hgi sau sac, gan lien vdi cugc dau tranh xoa ddi, giam
ngheo, tirng budc cai thien nang cao chat lugng cugc sdng ciia nhan dan, tien tdi
mgt xa hgi giau manh hanh phiic va van minh. Dac biet la viec khai thae sir dung
tai nguyen thien nhien, ma trude het la tai nguyen dat ddc cac tinh trung du mien
niii phia Bac, phu xanh dat trdng ddi niii trgc, phuc hdi tai nguyen thien nhien,
thuc hien xoa ddi, giam ngheo d nhung viing ddng bao dan tgc mien niii dang la
nhirng chuong trinh trgng diem ciia Nha nudc.
Trong nhirng nam gan day, hg ndng dan dugc xac dinh la don vi kinh te tu
chil nen viec ^'tien qudn len doi mu"v3. sir dung dat ddc da dat dugc nhirng ket qua
nha't dinh trong chuyen ddi co cau cay trdng, he thdng canh tac. Tren thuc te
phong trao 'ldm gidu " trong ndng thdn mien niii da bat dau chuyen dgng va phat
trien. Nhieu hg gia dinh da san xuat tham canh, tang vu, dua gidng mdi va cay
trdng cd gia tri kinh te vao san xuat, dau tu phat trien theo md hinh VAC, RVAC,
md hinh kinh te trang trai vudn rirng, vudn ddi mang lai hieu qua kinh te cao va
thiet thuc. Nen kinh te thi trudng cd sir quan ly va dieu hanh ciia Nha nudc da
dugc ndng dan tiep thu va van dung kha tdt trong nhirng dieu kien cu the.
Tuy nhien qua trinh chuyen ddi co cau kinh te ndi chung va chuyen ddi loai
hinh sir dung dat canh tac ndi rieng d cac viing ddi mii nudc ta van cdn nhieu tdn
tai, hieu qua kinh te thap. San xuat ndng nghiep ve co ban van la san xuat thuan
ndng, tu cung, tu cap, manh miin, phan tan thieu ddng bg. Ben canh dd siic ep ve
dan sd ngay cang tang, viec dam bao nhu cau luong thuc cho ngudi dan van cdn
nhieu khd khan, ndng nghiep du canh, chat pha rirng lam nuong ray van dien ra
phd bien. Mat rirng da keo theo nhieu hau qua nghiem trgng nhu xdi mdn. thoai
hoa dat, can kiet ngudn nudc va suy thoai da dang sinh hgc.


Ngay tir nam 1937, tdng thdng My Frank D. Roosevelt da ndi rang ''Mgt
dan tgc pha huy da't dai cua minh nghia la tu huy hoai chinh minh - A nation that
destroys its soil destroys itself. Sir phat trien ciia mdi qudc gia chi cd the ben

vung khi biet sir dung cd hieu qua tai nguyen dat, nudc va khf hau de duy tri mdt
n^n san xua't luong thuc, thuc pham an toan ben vung. Bao ve cac thanh phan co
ban cua moi trudng dugc chinh la bao ve sir an toan cho sir tdn tai, phat trien ciia
mdi qudc gia.
Dat ddi mii d Mai Son cd mgt tiem nang da dang va phong phii, nhung khai
thae va sir dung cdn nhieu han che. Qua trinh canh tac lac hau dien ra nhieu nam d
day da bien nhirng vimg dat mau mo thanh dat ngheo kiet ve dinh dudng, mat kha
nang san xuat, nang suat cay trdng giam siit. Mac khac viec khai thae lgi the ciia
vung de bd tri san xuat hgp ly, sir dung cd hieu qua ngudn lire bang each lira chgn
diing hudng san xuat va cdng nghe cdn la bai toan khd giai. VI vay, viec tlm ra cac
loai hinh sir dung dat ddc hgp ly khdng nhirng nham sir dung cd hieu qua viing dat
mSu md ma cdn tai sir dung nhirng viing dat thoai hoa de san xuat ndng lam
nghiep ben virng la mgt viec lam cd tfnh chien luge ddng thdi la mgt thir thach ldn.
De giai quyet nhirng van de tren, khdng cd con dudng nao khac la phai xuat
phat tir tinh hinh cua dia phuong, thuc hien chuyen ddi he thdng canh tac tren dat
nuong ray den phat trien nghe lam vudn, chan nudi, nudi trdng thuy san, phii xanh
dat trdng ddi niii trgc, kien thiet ha tang, nang cao dan trf. Trong dd chuyen ddi he
thdng sir diing dat dugc xem la khau trung tam, cd y nghia quyet dinh den toan bd
qua trinh chuyen dich co cau kinh te ndng thdn d mien niii.
Mai Son la mgt huyen mien mii thugc tinh Son La, nen san xuat chfnh la
ndng nghiep, tren 85% dan sd sdng bang nghe ndng, ddi sdng nhan dan gap nhieu
khd khan, vat va. Tuy nhien tai nguyen dat kha phong phii va mau md nhung chua
dugc sir dung hgp ly, ty le dat trdng ddi niii trgc cdn cao. San xuat ndng nghiep
chiem uu the va van d trong tinh trang cua mdt nen san xua't ndng nghiep lac hau,
hien tugng du canh, phat nuong lam ray van xay ra. Phuong thiic canh tac lac hau
la nguyen nhan lam suy giam tai nguyen rirng, xdi mdn dat d nhidu noi.
Den nay d Mai Son dang tdn tai nhieu loai hinh sir dung dat dac biet la dat
ddc. Da khdng ft nhirng md hinh sir dung dat cd hieu qua cao, song cung cd khdng
ft md hinh sir dung dat kem hieu qua. Qua trinh chuyen ddi he thdng sir dung dat
ddc d Mai Son khdng chi don thuan la thiet lap dugc md hinh va giai phap diing

cho viec sir dung cd hieu qua tiem nang dat dai, dac biet dat ddi niii ma cdn hudng
tdi thay the cac kieu canh tac truyen thdng lac hau hien nay va chuyen tir nen kinh
te tu cung, tu cap sang nen kinh te hang hoa ma van dam bao dugc sir phat trien
ben vu'ng va dugc ddng bao cac dan tdc chap nhan va phat trien.
Mac dil vay, hien nay d Mai Son ndi rieng, va d tinh Son La ndi chung dang
phai ddi mat vdi nhirng van de suy giam tai nguyen rirng, xdi mdn dat dien ra vdi
tdc do cao. Qua trinh di dan tai djnh cu tir cac du an xay dung va cdng trinh thuy
dien dang gay sue ep rat ldn ve mat sir dung tai nguyen va mdi trudng. Chi tfnh
rieng ddi vdi cdng trinh thuy dien Son La hien dang dugc xay dung, tinh Son La se


cd khoang 400.000 ha dat bi ngap liit va khoang 100,000 ngudi phai di chuyen
sang nhirng noi d mdi. Vi vay ap luc sir dung dat va nhu cau ve luong thuc se la
nhirng van de ldn can dugc quan tam giai quyet d trong viing. Neu khdng day se la
mdt nguydn nhan cd tac ddng manh den ddi sdng ngudi dan va pha huy mdi
trudng, dan den lam giam tfnh dn dinh cua nhieu viing tai dinh cu d Son La.
Viec dap iing luong thuc va bao dam ddi sdng cho ngirdi dan dugc xem la
nguyen nhan quan trgng nhat bao dam cho tfnh dn dinh ciia cac viing tai dinh cu
do di dan tir nhirng cdng trinh xay dung thuy dien d midn niii nudc ta. Do vay viec
danh gia thuc trang mirc do ben virng tai mgt sd khu TDC tim ra nhirng bai hgc
kinh nghiem va cac giai phap nham dn dinh cho cac khu TDC la rat can thiet, tien
tdi xay dung cac khu tai djnh cu cd tfnh ben vung cao d nudc ta ndi chung va d
tinh Son La ndi ridng.
Xuat phat tir nhirng van de neu tren, de tai " Ddnh gid thuc trang vd de
xudt gidi phdp nhdm tdng cu&ng su on dinh cdc viing tdi dinh cu a Mai
San thupc nhd mdy thuy dien San La'' se cd nghla ly luan va thuc tidn gdp
phan thuc hien thanh cdng cac du an di dan tai dinh cu d nudc ta ndi chung.
Muc dfch ciia de tai la nham phan tfch thuc trang va tim cac nguyen nhan
gay mat dn dinh cac khu tai dinh cu (TDC) d Mai Son, Son La. Trdn co sd dd de
xua't giai phap nham tang tfnh ben virng cho cac khu TDC nghien ciru. Xay dung

CO sd Khoa hgc va thuc tiln gdp phan dn dinh san xuat va tang cudng su ben virng
cac viing tai dinh cu nghidn cun.
De tai dugc thuc vdi cac ndi dung chii yeu sau:
- Phan tfch cac dieu kien tu nhien, kinh te xa hdi, va van de sir dung ngudn tai
nguyen thien nhien tren dia ban huyen Mai Son, tap trung vao cac xa diem nghien
Clin.

- Phan tfch cac he thdng sir dung da't va hieu qua cac md hinh canh tac hien cd.
- Xac dinh tfnh ben vu'ng va nhirng nguyen nhan gay mat dn dinh d cac khu tai
dinh cu.
- De xuat cac giai phap nham tang cudng sir dn dinh cac viing lai dinh cu tren co
sd sir dung hgp ly tai nguyen thien nhien d dia phuang.


2. DOI TirONG VA PHlTONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU

2.1. Doi tirong nghien curu
Du an di dan tai dinh cu d Son La cd qui md ldn va pham vi thuc hien rdng,
dugc tridn khai hau nhu d ta't ca cac huyen trong tinh. Trong pham vi ciia de tai chi
tap trung vao danh gia tinh hinh mdt sd khu tai dinh cu d Mai Son va Mudng La.
Do dac diem ve dia ly va cac dieu kien tu nhien cung nhu kinh te xa hdi, huyen
Mai Son da dugc qui hoach la viing trgng diem ciia cdng tac di dan va tai dinh cu
do xay dung cdng trinh thuy dien Son La. Theo ke hoach, Mai Son se la noi tiep
nhan hon 1 nghin hg dan de'n tai dinh cu. Chfnh vi vay ma Mai Son dugc coi la
mot trong nhirng vung trgng didm ciia cdng tac tai dinh cu ciia cdng trinh thuy
dien Son La. Do vay nghien ciin nay se cd y nghia ldn ddng thdi cd kha nang md
rdng ra toan tinh Son La, tham chf cho cac tinh thugc viing mii Tay Bac ciing nhu
mdt sd tinh mien niii khac cd didu kien tuong tu.
Trong pham vi gidi han cua de tai, nghien ciiu chi tap trung thuc hien tai 4
khu tai dinh cu (Hinh 1), cu the la:

- Ban Tie'n Son xa Hat Ldt, huyen Mai Son tinh Son La, la cdng ddng TDC Cdng
trinh thuy dien Hoa Binh, chuyen den tir nam 2001.
- Ban Na Cang xa Hat Ldt, huyen Mai Son tinh Son La, la cdng ddng TDC trong
Chuong trinh di dan lam kinh te mdi dinh cu tir nam 1976.
- Ban Pu Nhudng xa Mudng Bii, huyen Mudng La tinh Son La, la cdng ddng TDC
Cdng trinh thuy dien Son La, da chuyen den tir cudi nam 2005.
- Ban Na Nhung xa Mudng Chiim huyen, Mudng La tinh Son La, la cgng ddng
TDC Cdng trinh thuy dien Son La, chuyen den tir nam 2004.
Trong dd 3 ban Na Nhung, Tien Son va Na Cang dugc chgn lam ddi tugng
de danh gia mirc do ben virng. Day la 3 ban dien hinh cho cac diem di dan TDC
dugc thuc hien theo cac hinh thiic khac nhau d tinh Son La. Danh gia mirc do ben
vung ciia 3 ban nay de thay dugc nhung diem manh va yeu trong viec xay dung
mdt cdng ddng ben vung, tir dd rut kinh nghiem de xay dung cac cgng ddng TDC
khac trong khu vuc cung nhu nhirng noi cd dieu kien tuong tu.
De tai tap trung nghien ciiu ve dieu kien tu nhien kinh te xa hgi. tinh hinh
sir dung tai nguyen thien nhien d cac khu tai dinh cu, trong dd rat chii trong den
van de su dung tai nguydn dat ddc d Mai Son.
Cac mau da't dugc lay d tang canh tac (0-20 cm) trdn cac nuong ray ciia
ngudi dan de danh gia chat lugng do phi nhieu ciia dat. Ky hieu cac mau dat duac
dugc trinh bay d Bang 1.


B

LaLChflu

N

Lao Cai

<2)

NaNhung

(4J N^Car^
Hoa Btnh

p^^ ^ t o

ThaahHoe

Hmh L V i tn cac khu tai dinh cu nghi6n cihi
Bang 1. Cac miu dayt nghien ciiu
Ky hieu*

Vi tri lay mau

Dia diem lay miu

Chan doc
YSl
Ban Yen Son - Hat Lot - Mai Son, dai trdng mia,
ngo
YS2
Giua doc
YS3
Dinh doc
TSl
Chan ddc
Ban Tl^n Son - Hat Ldt - Mai Son, dat trong ngd

TS2
Giua doc
TS3
Dinh doc
YS4
Chan doc
Ban Yen Son - Hat Lot - Mai Son, dai trong sdn,
ngd
Giira ddc
YS5
YS6
Dinh doc
NLl
Chan doc
Ban Na Luong - Co Noi - Mai Son, dai trong mia
NL2
Giira ddc
NL3
Dinh doc
NL4
Chan doc
Ban Na Ludng - Co Noi - Mai Son, dat trdng mia
Giira doc
NL5
NL6
Dinh doc
* YS Yen Scm. TS Tien San, NL La Nuong
7

2.2. Phirofng phap nghien curu
2.2.1. Phuang phap dieu tra thuc dia
- Thu thap, phan tich tai lieu thu cap: Thu thap cac thdng tin can thiet tir cac tai
lieu va cdng trinh nghien ciiu cd Iidn quan. Cac thdng tin thu thap dugc xac minh,
xir ly, phan tfch de xac dinh nhirng van dd can danh gia.
- Phong van ban chinh thurc (Semistructural Interview - SSI): Gdm cac hinh thu'c
nhu phdng van ca nhan, dac biet la nhirng ngudi cd trach nhiem va hieu biet ve van
de di dan taf djnh cu, phdng van nhdm.
- Dieu tra thuc dia duac thuc hien cu the nhu sau:
Sir dung phuong phap danh gia nhanh mdi trudng cd sir tham gia ciia cdng
ddng (Participatory Environmental Rapid Appraisal - PERA) trong viec thu thap
thdng tin va nghidn ciiu thuc dia. Day la he phuang phap thu thap kinh nghiem sau
cd he thdng nham khai thae thdng tin ve sir phat trien ciia cdng ddng, dua vao
ngudn tri thii:c cua cdng ddng ket hgp vdi kiem tra thuc dia.
+ Lira chgn cap dieu tra thu thap thdng tin: Bao gdm cac cap lanh dao tinh, huyen,
xa, thdn ban va cgng ddng dan cu. Vdi cdng ddng TDC dugc chgn theo nguyen tac
lira chgn ngau nhidn dai dien cho cac do tudi, gidi tfnh va dan tdc.
+ Sd lugng ngudi dugc hdi: Dua tren ty le tuong ddi dan sd d cac diem dan cu
nghien ciiu, vdi ban Pii Nhudng la 10 ngudi, ban Na Nhung la 25 ngudi, ban Tien
Son la 20 ngudi, ban Na Cang la 35 ngudi.
Cac phie'u thu thap thdng tin sau khi khao sat dugc phan tfch, danh gia va
chgn Igc mgt each ky ludng. Nhirng thdng tin cd chat lugng dugc tdng ket lai,
nhirng thdng tin khdng dat ydu cau dugc loai bd.
2.2.2. Phuang phap danh gia mure ben vurng cua cgng ddng
Khi ap dung cac each tiep can ve PTBV trong danh gia tfnh ben vu'ng ciia
cdng ddng ddi hdi cac chi tieu lira chgn danh gia phai dugc cu the, rd rang va cd
the thuc hien dugc trong thuc te. Trong thdi gian qua tren the gidi cung nhu d nudc
ta da cd nhieu phuong phap dugc dua ra de danh gia miic ben virng ciia cac cgng
ddng dan cu khac nhau. Trong dd 3 phuong phap dugc xem la cd nhieu uu diem va
de ap dung la phuong phap thude do tfnh ben virng BS (Barometer Sustainability),

phuang phap danh gia sir phat trien ben virng cdng ddng bang chi sd ben virng dia
phuong LSI (Local Sustainability Index), phuong phap danh gia miic do ben virng
cdng ddng CSA (Community Sustainability Assessment).
Trong nghien cuu nay, phuong phap BS da dugc sir dung de danh gia rnirc
do ben virng cua cac khu tai dinh cu. Day la phuang phap do ludng va truyen
thdng phiic lgi tdng the ciia xa hdi va sir tien bd theo hudng ben virng do lUCN de
xuat nam 1994. BS bao gdm cac chi thi ve phiic lgi sinh thai va phiic lgi nhan van.
cac chi thi nay dugc gan ket thanh cac chi thi tdng hgp ve tfnh ben virng ma khdng
8


gay siic ep len nhau. Sir dung BS se giiip cho cdng ddng dd dang dua ra cac ket
luan ve dieu kien sinh thai, nhan van va biet dugc cdng ddng cua hg dang d dau va
se di ve dau trong tuong lai. BS cd the sir dung d cap do dia phuong (mdt cdng
ddng) hay d cap dd mgt qudc gia. BS sir dung 10 mang van de trong dd cd 5 mang
thude phiic lgi sinh thai, 5 mang thugc phiic lgi xa hdi nhan van (Bang 2).
Bang 2. Cac mang van de sir dung theo danh gia cua phuong phap BS
Phuc loi sinh thai

Ty trong

Phuc lgi xa hdi nhan van

Ty trgng

Da't

20

Siic khoe cdng ddng

20

Nudc

20

Viec lam, thu nhap

20

Khdng khf

20

Hgc van

20

Da dang sinh hgc

20

Trat tu an toan xa hgi

20

Sir dung hgp ly tai nguydn

20

Binh dang xa hdi

20

Tong ty trpng

100

Tong ty trpng

100

Trong trudng hgp hieu qua tdt nha't, miic dat dugc cua mdi yeu td la 20. Khi
tac ddng mdi trudng xa'u se lam giam ty trgng cac tham sd mdi trudng cho den 0.
Tdng ty trgng thuc te cua 2 ITnh vuc linh vuc sinh thai va nhan van diing de danh
gia miic do ben virng ciia cdng ddng nghidn ciiu. Phuong phap BS cd uu diem la
true quan hoa he thdng, bien he thdng da chieu thanh he thdng don gian, de nhan
thay. Tuy nhien nhugc diem cua phuong phap nay la khdng danh gia dugc sir phat
trien trong tuong lai va danh gia qua cao mang mdi trudng (Nguyen Dinh Hoe, Vu
Van Hieu, 2005).
Dua tren hai phan he va 10 mang va'n de ma BS dua ra, cac van de cdt ldi va
chi thi don dugc de tai lira chgn dugc trinh bay d Bang 3. Mirc ben virng BS ciia
cdng ddng dugc danh gia dua vao tdng diem ciia cac chi thi don theo 5 mirc nhu
sau: 81- 100 Ben virng, 61 - 80 Ben virng tiem nang, 41 - 60 Ben virng trung binh,
21-40 Kem ben virng, 0-20 Khdng ben virng.
Bang 3. Cac budc kien tao chi thi don ciia BS cho cac cdng ddng TDC nghien ciiu
Phan he
Phiic lgi
sinh thai

Mang \an
de
Dat

Nudc

Van de cdt loi

Chi thi dan

Kha nang dap
ling nhu cau ve
dat
Kha nang dap
irng dugc nhu
cau ve nudc
sinh hoat

Ty le dien tfch dat san xuat
dugc cap so vdi dien tfch thoa
thuan
Ty le sd thanh cd dii nudc sinh
hoat trong nam (thang cd dii
nudc la thang cd trdn 15 ngay
cd nudc)

Ty
trong
20

20


Khdng khi
Da dang sinh
hgc

Phiic lgi
xa hdi
nhan van

Chat lugng
khdng khf
Mirc do xam
hai tai nguydn
rirng

Ty le tre em dudi 5 tudi khdng
bi benh phdi

20

Ty le sd thang sir dung nhien
lieu la san pham ndng nghiep

20

Sir dung hgp
ly tai nguydn

Sir dung hgp ly
tai nguyen dat

Ty le dien tfch dat dugc sir
dung hgp 1 (Trir dat hoang
hoa, trdng trgc)

20

Dan sd - Siifc
khoe

Dieu kien
cham
sde y te

Ty le tre so sinh khdng bi tir
vong

20

Dieu kien
sdng

Kinh te

Tri thiic

Giao due

Hanh vi va td
chirc

Miic do chap
hanh phap luat

Binh dang

Binh dang gidi

Ty le thu nhap ngoai phan chi
cho an udng
Ty le ngudi trdn 15 tudi bie't
chir
Ty le hg gia dinh chap hanh
chfnh sach ciia Nha nudc va
huong ude dia phuong tir trung
binh trd ldn.
Ty le nir so vdi nam tham gia
trong cac budi hgp thdn ban

20
20

20

20

2.2.3. Phuang phap thdng ke toan hgc va danh gia kinh te sir dung dat

Tdng hgp sd lieu, dir lieu, xay dung cac tieu chf de danh gia hieu qua kinh
te dua tren co sd hg gia dinh trong danh gia loai hinh sir dung dat ddc, tir dd cd
anh hudng den qua trinh chuyen ddi he thdng sir dung dat ddc. Cac sd lieu dugc
tfnh toan va xir ly tren phan mem Excel.
2.2.4. Phuang phap phan tich dat trong phong thi nghiem
Mau da't sau khi lay ve phoi khd, nhat sach rd cay, gia nhd va qua ray 1 mm
de phan tfch cac chi tieu tai phdng thf nghiem bg mdn Thd Nhudng - Mdi trudng
Dat, Trudng Dai hgc Khoa hgc Tu nhien - Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ngi.
Cac phuong phap sau dugc sir dung de phan tfch cac tfnh chat ly, hoa hgc
cua dat bao gdm:
- Chat hihi co tdng sd: Phuong phap Walkley - Black.
- pHKCh Lac dat vdi dung dich KCI IN vdi ty le 1: 2,5 trong thdi gian 30 phut, dd
30 phiit rdi do bang may pH - meter.
- CEC: Phuong phap Schachtschabel.
- Nxs: Pha mau bang H2SO4 va HCIO4, dinh lugng bang phuong phap Kjeldahl.
- Nyp: Phuong phap Chiurin - Cononova.
- PTS: Pha mdu bang H2SO4 va HCIO4, xac dinh bang phuong phap so mau xanh
molipden.
10


- PDT^ Phuong phap Oniani.
- Kjs: Pha mau bang hdn hgp dung dich H2SO4 va HCIO4, sau dd xac dinh bang
phuong phap quang ke' nggn lira.
- AP"*^: Phuong phap Xocolop.
- Fe^'': Phuong phap so mau vdi thude thir axit sunfosalicilic.
- Thanh phSn co gidi (cat, set vat ly) theo phuong phap pipet ciia Katrinski.
- Ca^^, Mg^"": Phuong phap chuan do bang trilon B, chiet nit bang KCI IN.

/y^

3. DIEU KIEN TV NHIEN, KINH TE XA HOI CUA SON LA

3.1. Dieu kien tir nhien cua San La
3.LL Vi tri dja ly, dia hinh
Son La la tinh mien mii Tay Bac Viet Nam, nam trong toa do 20"39 22**00' vT do Bac va 103"ir-105''02' kinh do Ddng. Phfa Bac giap tinh Yen Bai va
Lao Cai, phfa Ddng giap tinh Phii Thg va Hoa Binh, phfa Tay giap tinh Lai Chau,
phfa Nam giap tinh Thanh Hoa va nudc Lao vdi chidu dai bien gidi 250 km. Tinh
Son La each Ha Ndi 320 km theo true qudc Id 6.
Dien tich tu nhien cua Son La la 14.055 km", diing thir 5 trong 53 tinh,
thanh phd d nudc ta, bao gdm 11 don vi hanh chfnh (1 thi xa, 10 huyen) vdi
975.460 ngudi vdi mat do 69 ngudi/kml
Dia hinh toan tinh bi chia cat manh liet bdi cac day mii cao trung binh trdn
2000m, xen ke vdi cac thung lung sau va cac manh sdt ciia cao nguydn, hau het
chay theo hudng Tay Bac - Ddng Nam. Dinh cao nhat ciia Son La thugc cac day
niii giap Lao Cai, Ydn Bai (tren 2000m). Dia hinh cd do ddc ldn, chi cd 11,3%
dien tfch cd do ddc dudi 25'\
Tinh Son La nam tren mien udn nep phfa tay nudc ta, cau triic dia hinh tao
thanh cac ddi hep ngang, keo dai theo hudng Tay Bac - Ddng Nam, tao nen nhirng
day mii, cao nguydn:
- Phan phfa Ddng la phan keo dai cua day Hoang Lien Son vdi nhirng dinh niii cao
tren 2000 m.
- Hudng Tay Bac - Ddng Nam la day Su Sung Chao Chai cd do cao dudi 2000 m.
Day Su Sung Chao Chai la phan luu giiia luu vuc sdng Da d phfa Ddng va luu vuc
sdng Ma d phfa Tay.
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- Tan cung phfa Tay Nam la day mii Pu Sam Sao (1897 m) trung binh thap d bien
gidi Viet - Lao.

Son La cd 2 cao nguyen kha rdng: Cao nguyen Son La keo dai tir Yen
Chau den tan Thuan Chau, dai khoang 100 km, rdng khoang 25 km, cao khoang
600 m. Cao nguyen Mdc Chau nam d phfa nam cao nguyen Son La, keo dai tir
Yen Chau den Ban Bung tiep giap tinh Hoa Binh, cao khoang 600-800 m va cd
mot sd dinh niii da vdi cao tren 1000 m. Hai cao nguyen nay nam tren dudng phan
thuy cua he thdng sdng Da va sdng Ma, dia hinh bang phang, cd nhieu tiem nang
phat trien kinh te va san xuat ndng nghiep.
Ngoai ra, trong tinh Son La cdn cd kieu dia hinh bdn dia dang ldng chao
nhu bdn dia Sdp Cdp d thugng ngudn sdng Ma, bdn dia long chao d viing Ydn
Chau tren cao nguyen Son La. Ty le dien tfch dat cac kieu dia hinh trong tinh Son
La nhu sau:
- Dia hinh niii cao (tir 2000-3000 m), ddc va chia cat manh chiem khoang 28%
dien tfch toan tinh;
- Dia hinh niii trung binh, cao 1600-2000 m, ddc 30-40", chia cat sau, chiem
khoang 26%;
- Son nguyen va cao nguyen chiem khoang 22%;
- Nui thap vdi do cao 600-800 m, ft ddc hon, chia cat ndng, chiem khoang 28%;
- Bdn dia, mang trung hep, long chao hep chiem dudi 16%.
Trdn cac cao nguyen la nhirng ddi da phien lugn sdng va mii da vdi. Trdn
cao nguyen Mdc Chau cd nhung liing da vdi, tao thanh nhirng canh ddng cacxto
rdng rai. Dat trdn cac lung va canh ddng la dat dd da vdi, tuy phi nhidu nhung do
set chiem phan chii yeu nen bf nudc va thudng bi han. Da vdi trdn cao nguyen Son
La chie'm dien tfch ft hon, phan bd thanh tirng dai hep, ngoai ra cdn cd nhirng canh
ddng tuong ddi tru phii nhu Chieng Ddng, Na San, Mai Son. Day chfnh la nhirng
viing thung lung thap d tinh Son La.
Do hien tugng cacxto nen sdng sudi tren cao nguyen da vdi cd khi chay
ngam trong nhirng hang ddng da vdi. Sdng sudi dang chay tren be mat dot nggt
bien mat va rdi xuat hien d chd khac, thudng d dudi chan cao nguyen.
3.L2. Khihau
Cung nhu cac noi khac d Bdc Bd, khf hau viing mii Tay Bac ndi chung va

tinh Son La ndi ridng la khf hau nhiet ddi gid miia cd miia ddng lanh. Tuy nhien,
so vdi cac noi khac, sir anh hudng ciia dia hinh va vi trf dia ly da dan den mdt dac
diem quan trgng nhat ciia khf hau viing Tay Bac la cd mot miia ddng tuong ddi am
va sudt miia duy tri mot tinh trang khd hanh dien hinh cho khf hau gid miia [6].
Dd la do viing Tay Bac ndi chung va tinh Son La ndi rieng nam d phfa lay day
Hoang Lien Son nhu binh phong ngan chan khdng khf cue ddi true liep tran vao
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