Kinh nghiệm ứng phó với biến đổi khí hậu ở vùng tự trị Ca-ta-lo-ni-a, Tây Ban Nha

N H I N RA NUOC NGOAI

KINH NGHIEM 0NG PHO V6l BIEN DOI KHI HAU
Oi VUNG TIJ TR! CA-TA-LO-NI-A, TAY BAN NHA
TS. TRU'ONG THI MY NHAN*

1. Tic ddng cua bifin ddi khi hiu dfin
kmh tfi - m hiOi vtog Ca-ta-lo-nl-a
Ca-ta-lo-ni-a hay Ca-ta-lan li vung tg
tri cua Tay Ban Nha. Dan so khoang 7,5
tri$u dan (chifim 18% din sn Tiy Ban Nha)
vi 32.000 km^ (6% dien tich). Ca-ta-lo-ni-a
li mpt trcng nhirng vimg phit trifin nhit
cua Tiy Ban Nba. Bic-xe-lo-na la thu phii
cHa khu tu tri Ca-ta-lo-ni-a giiu co nhSt
Tay Ban Nha.
Voi dia hinh go ghfi, khong bing phing
cila Tiy Ban Nha, bifin dfii khi hiu (BDKH)
da CO sir tic dgng ding ke dfin vilng dit
nay. Phin ticb xu huong nhifit do chn thay,
cfi su gia ting nhiet do trung binh hing
nam kfi til giiia nhiing nim 70 thfi k^ XX vol
su nong len trong mua dfing. Nhiet dp nunc
bifin Ca-ta-lan da tang khoing 1,FC 6 cic
vdng bifin cao nhat (tu 0 - 50 m) va khoang
0,7''C 6 viing bifin cfi dp siu 80 m trong
vfing 35 nam qua (1974-2008). Ngunhi?t
dp Cli tang nhu liien nay tlii dfin nam 2080,
nhifit dp oTay Ban Nha se tang khpang 4°C.
Theo kich ban pbit thai cap iihiet dp 6 Tiy
Ban Nha duoc du bio se tang dfiu dan

khoing 0,4°C/thap k^ trpng mua dfing va
khoang tit 0,6°C - 0,7°C vio miia he. Nhiet
dp tren bn' bifin se tang khpang 2"C, thip
ban 6 npi dia. Sir gia tang nhifit dp dtt kifin
vio cuni the ky XXI chenh lech khpang 3°C
chp cic kich ban pbat thai cao vi kich bin

n

pbat thai thip.
Xam thlic man cic dong song 6 Ca-talan: tang dp man ciia sfing la mpt van di
tpan ciu xay ra d hiu hfit cac quoc gia tren
tpin thfi gim, song mirc dp khnng gifing
nhau. BDKH vi gia tang tifiu thu nuoc tra
thinh van dfi nan giii 6 Ca-ta-lan. Mpt so
nghien cliu vfi dp nbiim man ciia cac con
song vi dinh gii 24 tac dpng ro ret vi 19 tac
d0ng tifim tang cua BDKH dfin cic nganh,
viing kinh tfi o Ca-ta-lan da chn thay: vol
nhiing thay ddi tnin ciu (nhu dan sfi tang,
sin xuat tang, tieu ditng tang...) tic dpng
ciia BDKH sfi phiic tap vfi ci quy mo va
miic dp. Cu thfi:
- Nunc bifin dang, xam nhap man, nhiet
dp tang cao da anh hu6ng dfin kinh tfi - xa
hpi a vimg Ca-ta-lan, dac bifit la cac nganh
kinh tfi, lam thay ddi co ciu cay trfing, vat
nufii. BDKH d i anh huong dfin ngudn
nuoc, tit dd anh huong dfin nong nghiep vi
da dang sinh bpc trpng vting. Xam nhip

mjn a cac dong snng gay ra tinh trang thifiu
nufic sinh hpat vi tii6i tieu chp dpng rupng.
- Nhiet dp tang lim cbn tinb trang chay
rimg lifin tifip xiy ra tren toan lanh thd Tiy
Ban Nha, trong do co vilng Ca-ta-lan.
- Vfi nang Iirpng, nhift dp tang Ifin cQng
gay ra ip luc lorn hon vfi nSng lupng chp cic
* Hoc vipi Chinh tri qii& gia Hi Chi Minh

T«P rHi O U A N L* N H A Nl/(SC - S6 238 (11/Joi ei


NHiN RA UMCIC NGOAI

he thSng lam mat. BDKH cOng anh hirong
dfin du lich bifin ciia Ca-ta-lo-ni-a, trung
tam du lich bifin lon nhit Tiy Ban Nha do
giam lugng khach du hch dfin khu virc ven
bifin Ca-ta-lan. Tuy nhifin, viec tang lugng
khich du lich hon 6 trieu lupt moi nam
cimg tic dgng tro Iai doi vpi moi ttu&ng.

vfi BDKH (CO quan khi hiu Ca-ta-lan la mpt
td chtic thugc Uy ban nay).
Cac no lire trng pho v&i BDKH cua vilng
Ca-ta-Io-nl-a bao gom ca thich itng va giam
thifiu BDKH trfin cic nginh, Unh vuc khic
nhau. Chifin lugc dfi bao gdm: ldng ghfip
thich img vol BDKH vio cac chinh sich
2. ifegphfi v6i BDKHftCa-ta-lan h i ^ nay cnng, quy dinh, kfi hoach vi chuong trinh;

Nhan thiic ro nhung tac dfing to ion ciia chuyfin dich co cau kinh tfi thich iing va
BDKH dfii vol cac muc tifiu tang tnrong va giim thifiu BDKH; thtic day dau tu, dac biet
phat trien kinh te bfi'n vQng, chinh phu Tay la dau tutunhan,xacdinh nhting lira chpn
Ban Nba va chinh quyfin Ca-ta-lan da co va CO hgi thich ling vol BDKH tai cic vilng
nhieu no luc nhim giam nhe va thich ling anh hufag; xiy dimg kfi hoach bao ve tii
nhien, thdc diy hnat dgng phat tiiin kinh
voi BDKH, cii thfi:
Thdnhit, thinh lap cic coquan chuyen tfi bfin viing; day manh nghifin ctm va sing
ttich vi ban hanh cic chlnh sich dng phd tao thich ling, giim nhe BDKH; khuyfin
khich chuyfin giao, nhan rfing kifin thiic,
vdi BDKH.
mo hinh iing pho vfii BDKH; nang cao
Nam 2006, dp nhiing tac dfing manh me
nhan thiic ve BDKH va ling pho voi BDKH.
cua sir gia tang dan sn vi pbit thai khI nhi
Gin diy, Chinh phu Tay Ban Nha da
kinh, Tiy Ban Nba va chitih quyfin vimg da
thanh lap cac co quan chuyen trach ve phe duyfit Chifin lugc thich tmg BDKH CaBDKH, cu the la Oy ban BDKH (Climate ta-lan 2013 - 2020. Chifin Iupc xac dinh cac
Change Commission) va Van phong BDKH khu vuc dia ly va cac boat dgng co nguy co
Ca-ta-lan (Catalan climate change oiBce) cao dp BDKH va xem xet lira chpn thich
dfi difiu phfii cac no lire ling pho vol BDKH. ling iam giam su tdn thuong cua cac iinh
ijy ban BDKH se chiu trach nhiem ban vuc kinh tfi - xa hpi va he thflng tu nhien.
hinh cac chinh sach, duong ifli iing pho voi Chifin lugc nay kfit hgp vi thuc hien cic
BDKH. Trong khi do. Van phong BDKH Ca- bien phap trong quy hoach, quan Iy rui ro,
ta-lan chiu trach nhiem thuc hien cac hanh hanh dpng tot nhat dfi cii thien su thich
img BDKH va kha nang phuc hoi.
dpng ling phn cu thfi.
Thdhai, cic bien phap gim phit thai
Nfiu nhu o cap lien bang cp Bp Nong
nghi?p, Moi truong vi Thuc pham chiu khi nhi kfnh.

trich nhiem ban hanh cic cbinb sach ve
Phat thai khi nha kinh va cSc bien phap
ling phn vol BDKH dp Bp tru6ng Bp Mpi giam thieu pbit thai khi nhi kinh la mgt
truong phu trach va duoi do la cac Uy ban vin dfi dupc chinh quyfin Ca-ta-lp-ni-a nfii
Ufin bfi vfi BDKH se dam trach cac nhifim vu rieng vi Cliinb phu Tay Ban Nba rat quan
Iifin quan dfin ling pho vol BDKH, thi 6 cap tam. Nam 2005 la nam phat thai khi nhi
bang Ca-ta-lo-ni-a cung tuong tvr nhu vay. kinh cao nhit. Nguyen nhin boi su gia tang
Bp tnrong vimg se chiu trach nhiem clii dao din sn, gia tang khach du Uch dfin Bac-xficic vin dfi kinb tfi - xa hpi, moi truong In-na va tang dau tu van linh vuc xay dung
trpng pham vi tham quyfin dtrpc giao, trong CO ban. Tuy nhien, dfin nam 2008, dp anh
do CO vin dfi BDKH va co ijy ban Uen vimg huong cua khiing hoang kinh tfi thfi gioi.
TAP CHiOUAN LY N H A Nl/(SC-S6238 111/2ni;i


m^

Nl/OCNGOAl

diu tu xay dvmg co ban giim, tir do phat
thai khi nha kmh cung giim tuong tmg.
Ben canh do, nhting he luy do phit thai
khi nha kinh tang anb hirong dfin cac
nginh sin xuat, moi truong vi sue khoe
cua nguoi din ciing tao sue ep bupc ciiinh
quyfin Ca-ta-lp-ni-a ban hinb nhifiu ciiinh
sich nhim giam phat thii khi nhi kinh
(nhtr chinh sich mua bin quyfin phit thai
khi nha kinh thcng qua cic hpi chg, khuyfin
khich cac doanh nghifip tbam gia vao
chiing nhin quyfin pbit thai khi nha kmh,
tuyen truyfin sit dung nang iugng sach

trongnnngnghiep...). Chuong trinh khimg
vfi BDKH trong giai doan 2008 - 2012 phit
bgp voi Nghi dinh thu Kyoto dfi ra nhifiu
muc tifiu, trong do cp muc tifiu cit giim
phit thai khi nhi kinh xuong 5 trieu tan klii
nhi kinh (GHG) phit thii mfii nam. Muc
dich ciia chuong trinb kbung nay ngoii
viec tuan thti diing cam kfit cua Tay Ban
Nba vol EU, cpn la muc tifiu chn cic thna
thuan dim pbin trpng giai dpan 2013 2020.
Nhor nhtrng no Ivic trfin, nam 2011,
lugng khi thii nha kinh tren diu nguori o
Ca-ta-lo-ni-a giim xuflng miic binh quin
6,1 tin/nguoi/nam, tuong duong vpri
nhiing nam 90 thfi ky XX, thap hon miic
dmh phat thai nam 2005 khoing 26%, thip
hon ci miic binh quin phit thai nhi kinh
cua toin Tiy Ban Nha (7,6 tin/ngtiol va
thap hon nliifiu so vol mtic 9,1 tan COz ciia
EU. Nam 2011, 45,9 trifiu tan, binh quin
dau nguori khoang 5,6 tin).
Ngoii ra, Ufit kiem va gia tang hifiu qui
Sli dung nang lupng, dac biet la nang lupng
sach, nang lugng co kha nang tai tap dugc
chinh quyfin Ca-ta-lp-nl-a hfit siic chu
trgng. Ngiy 30/8/2011, chinb quyen vimg
niy da phe duyfit Chupng trmh tifit kifim va
bifiu qui nang lugng trong cac toa nha

nhim giim muc tieu thu ning lugng, tang

hipu qua nang Iupng va giam chi plii nang
lugng. Cac chuong trinh tren c6 tac dgng
lon dfin tit ci cic co quan cong quyfin
nhim dat muc tieu giim 11% tifiu thu nang
lugmg vao nam 2015 vi giam hfla don tien
dien 4,4%.
Dfli vol nang lugng tai tag: kfi hoach
ning lugng va BDKH 2012 - 2020 dat trpng
tim vao cic ngufin nang lugng sach, dac
biet li smh khfli, nang Iugng gig (bao gfim
ci gio bien) va nang lugng mat troi (nhifit
dien, quang dien vi iihi$t difin). Ben ctinh
dn, chinh quyfin bang thu but cic sing kifin
xiy dimg he thong giao thong xanh vol muc
tieu bin dugc 76.000 xe dap dien. Ddng
thflri, cflng trnng kfi hpach niy, Ca-ta-Ip-nia cam kfit giam phat thii khi nhi kinh bing
25,3% nam 2015 6 tat ci cic cap nhim tao
ra 20,1% cic ngudn nang lupng tai tao
trpng tflng tieu thvt ning lugng. Tuy nhien,
tren thuc tfi, chinh quyfin chi cfl thfi bit
buOc cac doanh nghiep nhi nuoc tham gia
vio cam kfit giam phat thii khi nhi kinb
(song sfl lupng cac dpanh nghifip nhi nuflc
ft Ca-ta-ip-ni-a khpng nhifiu). Nam 2014,
chi cfl 120 doanh ngbiep tham gia (tren miy
nghin doanh nghiep), trong dfl 80% la
doanh ngliiep tu nhan. Day li con so qua
nho, song nfiu so sanh tren binh di?n chung
ciia nhifiu nuftc trong cpng dflng chung
cbauAutUdiyiaconsfl ding ghi tihjn.

Thdba, dcgaipbap thich dngvdiBDKH
cac chinh sich thich img vfiri BDKH cua
cic nganh kmh tfiftCa-ta-lo-ni-a dtrpc ban
hinh dua tren nghifin ctiu cu thfi vi nhfing
linh vuc chiu inh huftng manh ciia BDKH
nhu nflng nghiep, dich vu du ljch vi miic
dfl tfln thuong cua ttmg nginh dn BDKH
giy ra, thpng qua cic giii phap sau diy:
- Tuyen truyfin nang can nh|n thiic cua
ngufti dan vi thlch iing vfti BDKH la mflt

TAP CHf Q U A N Lf NH A NUOC - S6 238 (11 /20151


NHiN RA Nl/tfC NGOAl

trong nhimg giii phip dugc chmh quyen
Ca-ta-lo-ni-a quan tim. Tuy nhifin, hg da
gap nliifiu khfl khan dfi ngufti dan hifiu vfi
tic dflng ciia BDICH. Boi kbi chinh quyen
nfli vfiri ngufti dan ve BDKH thi nguori dan
Iufln nghi ring dfl la chuyen ciia tirong Iai.
Vi thfi, phucmg phip, ky nang myen truyfin
ciia chinh quyfin li cn ging dua ra cic bing
chirng dfi ngiroi din hifiu va tin ring do li
chuydn da vi dang xiy ra, tac dpng triic tifip
dfin cuflc sflng, thu nb^p ciia bp dfi thay dfli
nhan thiic vi hanh vi san xuit, tieu dimg.
- Xiy dung va ban hinh cic kich ban
BDKH dfin cap vimg va nhft ban dfi iam can

cir du bao cac tic dpng vi tim kifim cac giii
phip thich ling, giam nhe cic tfln thutmg
do BDKH gay ra dfli vflri kinh tfi - xa hfli,
treng dfl chu trpng dfin yfiu tfl nufirc bifin
dang, inh huftng dfin sinh kfi nguoi din.
- Chuyfin dich co cfiu kinh tfi vfti vific
ling phfl vfti BDKH: mflt sfl nghien ciiu ft
chau Au cfl nghien ciiu tic d0ng ciia BDKH
dfin chuyfin dich co ciu kinh tfi, trong dfl
tinh inh huftng cua BDKH dfin GDP, viec
lam. Ngiiifin cttu niy chia chiu Au ra Iam
nhifiu viing khic nhau, song chua danh gii
dugc cv thfi tac dflng ciia chuyfin dich co
ciu kinh tfi dfin vi?c giim thifiu vi thich
img vflri BDKH. Chuyfin dicb co can kinh tfi
ft Tiy Ban Nha vin difin ra thuong xuyfin
vfti sir thay ddi cia cic nginh, ngi nginh
cung nhu ttmg vimg. Trong ttmg khu virc
rieng rfi cfl sij chuyfin dich co ciu kinh tfi
ling phfl vfli BDKH (nhu khu trupt tuyfit,
dich vu du lich bifin), nhung tren toin
nginh thi khflng cfl sir chuyfin dicb co ciu
kmh tfi nhim ung phfl vflri BDKH.
- Su dvmg dit bfin vimg: 65% ianh tho
cua Ca-ta-lo-ni-a (khoing 20.000 ha) li
riBig Dia Trung Hii. Uutifinciia Chinh phti
la thvc hi^n quin ly bfin virng rimg nay chii
khong phii li cic ho?t dpng tii trflng ritng.

Tuy nhien, nam 2014, cfl 230 ha riing

(175.000 cay) da dugc trflng lai do bi hong
trong mua bao, han hin. Ca-ta-lo-ni-a la
mgt trong nhm^ vimg tham gia du an rtmg
tuong lai, mgt du in cua chiu Au nhim
tang cuong khi ning hip thu cic bon va
giam thifiu rui rp giy ra bftri BDICH, nhu 111
lut, ban ban, chiy rtmg va xni mfln dit. Dac
bifit, du in tip trung van danh gia nang Iuc
thich ling ciia riing tnrftc tic dpng cua
BDKH dfi duy tri kha nang phuc hoi, tai tao
riing va bifin phip dfi rtmg cfl thfi gifip xa
hfli thich ling vfti cic tic dgng ciia BDKH.
Thd tu, huy dong cac ngudn luc tai
chfnh cho ling phd vdi BDICH.
a Tay Ban Nha khong cfl ngudn tii
cbinb rifing dinh cho ling phfl vfti BDKH.
Ngufln kinh phi dugc liy tit ngan sich ciia
cic khu tu tri thflng qua thu phi vi til EU
(cic vimg bien gioi dugc cap ldnh phi nhifiu
ban).
Vimg Ca-ta-lo-ni-a ciia Tiy Ban Nha li
vimg duyen hai huong ra Dia Trung Hii, li
khu vuc cfl nhifiu difim tuong dong vfti cac
dnh ven bifin Nam Trung Bp ciia Vi$t Nam.
Vi thfi, bai vifit ngiiifin cliu nhiing tac dflng
ciia BDKH, cac giai phap tfl chfic bfl mayvi
chuyen dich co can kinh tfi ling phfl vfti
BDKH ctia Ca-ta-lp-ni-a nhim nit ra mflt
sfl kinh nghifim cfl thfi ap dttngftViet Nam
nfti chung va vimg ven bifin Nam Trung Bp

nflirifingtrtroc dien bien ngay cing nghiem
trpng, khfl lirnng ctia BDKHn
TiiU$utiiamkbio:
1. Bio do chuyin khio sat tai Tiy Ban Nha
cua doan nghiin cdu khio sit Hoc vien Clilnh
tri quoc ga Hd ChlMinh, thang 7/2014.
2. Nhiim min cia sdng - EI Medi Ambient TheWaterChanneL
3. "Organic/^culture: Live it" Capmaing
in Catalonia.
4. Tiy Ban Nha - Wikipedia.

TAP rHf O I I A N i f N H A NllOC - S6 238 111 /201 SI