Môi trường tự nhiên, văn hóa và con người Nam Bộ trong tác phẩm Sơn Nam qua thành ngữ, tục ngữ

48

NGON NGiJr& 001 SONG

SO 1+2(183+184)-2011

NGON NGQ VA VAN HOA

M 6 I TRl/CmG TU NHIEN, V A N H O A V A CON
-^'

NGUai NAM BO TRONG TAC PHAM SON NAM
QUA T H A N H NGLf, TUC NGLf
TS NGUYiN VAN N6 DUONG TH! THU HANG
(Dai hoc Can Thd)

1. Md dau
Thanh ngtr, tyc ngtr (ThN, TN) la kho
tang kinh nghiem, triet li, dao due cua mot
dan tgc. Ben canh dd ThN, TN ciing phan
anh dugc nhung net dac trung rieng cua timg
vung, mien ve cac mat van boa, lich sir,
ngdn ngir. Khi van dyng ThN, TN vao trong
sang tae, ehung ed tae dung tdi hien sinh
ddng va chan thuc ve vung ddt ma nha van
dang mieu ta. Cung vdi viec mieu ta dae
trung van hoa, lich su, qua ThN, TN nha vdn
edn ed the phan anh hien thye xa bgi, phan
anh ca tinh eua ngudi dan d mot vung, mien.
Son Nam la nhd van da lam dugc dieu dd.
Bai viet nay khao sat cac ngi dung tren

qua ThN, TN ma Son Nam van dung trong
mot sd tac pham van xudi va cdng trinh bien
khao nhu. Huang rirng Cd Mau, Bd Chiia
Hon, Hinh bdng cii, Xdm Bau Lang, Dong
bdng song Ciiu Long - Net sinh hoat xira
va Vdn minh Miet Vuon. ^
Trong cac tac pham tren cua Son Nam, chiing
toi tam thdi thong ke dugc kit qua tin s6 sii'
dung ThN, TN nhu sau:
+ Tong sd thanh ngir, tuc ngu' dugc sii' dung:
683
+ Tan so xuat hien: 1175 \kn.

2. Noi dung
2.1. Tdi hien thiin nhien, ddt trdi Nam Bd
mot thai md coi
Vdi but phap ta thye va ngdn ngtr mdc
mac, dung di. Son Nam da tai hien mot each
sinh dgng thien nhien, dat trdi Nam Bg cua
nhiing ngay cdn hoang so. Qua thdng ke,
chung tdi da thu dugc ket qua kha thu vi la
cd khoang 30 ThN, TN mieu ta dae diem
thien nhien eua noi nay tren tdng sd 689
ThN, TN dugc sir dyng vdi sd lugt xuat hien
la 90/1168. Cd thi kl ra mot sd ThN, TN
nhu: cdy nhd la vudn, chim keu vugn hdt,
ddng khdng mong qugnh, nude man ddng
chua, chim trdi cd nude, cd bay thdng cdnh,
khi ho cd gdy, hdi gidc thiin nhai...Chinh
nhd nhirng ThN ndy ma ve nguyen so cua

mot sd vung dat d Nam Bg nhu huyen hoac,
hap dan hon:
{\) "Sau khi roi khdi ghe trudng qudn, tuy
thi rdt bdng so hgc nhung hdn vdn binh tinh.
d chdn khi ho co gdy, ke thi rdt so hgc
nghiem nhiin la nhd thdng thdi"
(Mdi tinh ddm lai, tr. 613)
{2) "O hdn Cd Tron giiia vdi vinh Xiem
La, dng Tit Thdng co hd quen cd loai ngudi
vd lodi ngudi hdu nhu ciing quen rdng minh


S6jl+2J183+184)-2011

NGON NGU & OOl SONG

vdn (bd ng^a) dugdi. du chiiu, du chen bdt.
Thirc an de kiim. cdy nhd Id vw&n ".
(Van minh miet vudn, tr. 409)
"... ran ri voi thugc vdo logi chim trai cd
nir&c, ai bdt dugc ndy hudng, khdi ddng
thue
cho
so
kiim
lam"
(Con ran ri voi, tr. 298)
"Chii xdch cdi den pin chgy ra ngodi rgi
xudng dja. Nude due ngdu pha Iron vdi biin
den. Hdng ltd sa so cd Idc, cd tre cd viing

vdy toan ldi trd nguge "
(Dang xdm minh, tr. 379)
Rimg U Minh cdn la noi quy ty hang
chuc san chim Idn nhd. Ndo la san Cai
Nude, san Thdy Quan, san Thu Nhirt... dy la
chua ke cdn sau d trong rimg, chua ai dat
chan den, tung vung rgng hang tram thude
vuong, hang van con chim bay vl day "...
chung nd sanh sdi ndy nd tgo lap mdt thi
gidi rieng biet ndo nhiet, d khdp nhdnh cdy
vd mat ddt". Cung vdi ca, chim cdn phai ndi
den rat nhieu ngudn lgi khae nhu: ong, luon,
ran, rua, ehudt... chung gdp phdn tao nen net
dep hoang so ciing nhu sy tru phu cua mot
vung dat mdi. ThN chim trdi cd nude vdn
chi nhirng ngudi ray day mai dd, thich cuge
sdng ty do ty tai ciing dugc nha van su dyng
d nghTa den de mieu ta sy ddi dao, da dang
cua cac ngudn Igi. Dd la sy van dyng mot
each hgp tinh hgp li va cung that ty nhien,
• sinh dgng.
Cdy nhd Id vudn gdn nhu la mdt eau ndi
eua mieng cua ngudi Nam bd. Nd thi hien
dugc niem ty hao cung nhu Idng bilu khach.
Cir cd khach den nha thi tat ca nhiing thir
can thiet cho mdt bira tiec dan sa nhu ga, ca,
trai cay, rau cai...deu cd the ty tue duge
trong nha. Dieu nay cd the khdng diing vdi
tat cd nhung nd lai diing vdi da sd. Ngay
xua, mdi nha thudng cd rieng cho minh mdt

khoang vudn, mdt cai ao nho nhd. Vudn cd
thi khdng du Idn de trdng nhieu loai cay an
trai, nhung ciing du vun ludng rau, trdng mot
vai loai cay ma minh yeu thieh va nuoi mot

49

vai eon gd tha rong. Dieu nay ta cd thi hinh
dung qua ldi nhan vat ba huong trudng Neo
trong truyen ngan Birc tranh con heo.
"An sdng rdi cdn ban vi minh an chiiu.
Mdy chuc ndm qua minh sdng bdng nghi
nuoi gd. vit bira nay an mdt biia thod thue.
Tdn kem gi? Cay nhd Id vu&n md "
(Biic tranh con heo, tr. 116).
Mot ngii canh khae:
"Hi! Uong rugu thien hg phiin. Ne. nem
sdng thiiu gi! Cdy nhd Id vu&n. Rau ram.
rau hiing cdy, rau hung liii... ne dua leo, ne
dt"
(Biic tranh con heo, tr. 119)
Va nhilu ThN, TN khae da mieu ta mdt
each sinh dgng ddi sdng cung nhu qua trinh
ton tai va phat trien cua nhilu loai dgng vat.
Chang ban ThN sanh sdi ndy nd trong ngii
canh: "Trudc do, vimg ndy ddt thdp, vdi
cdnh ddng rdng mdi gde hon 60 ki - Id met, chiu dnh hudng ngap lut hdng ndm, ddn
cu thua thot, ehudt sanh sdi ndy na, tha hd
sdng vdi cd non" (DBSCL - Net sinh boat
xua, tr. 211). Hay la cau TN cd Idn nudt cd

be dugc nha van su dyng d nghTa den da
mieu ta mot each sinh dgng ddi sdng eua
gidi thuy sinh nay: "Phia hg luu phdn Ion
dien tich bun lay, dm thdp, khi hdu khdc
nghip. Ddt ndng Idn hdi tgo them phen.
Mudi rndng nhiiu, lang quang vd Id cdy muc
ddy ddy, tdm cd sinh sdi, cd lan nudt cd be,
chim chdc vd ran an cd". (DBSCL - Net
sinh boat xua, tr. 11)
Qua that cung vdi nhung doan Xa canh
nhe nhang dung dj, ThN, TN trong sdng tac
cua Son Nam da gdp phan khdng nhd trong
viec tai hien hinh anh eua thien nhien, ddt
trdi Nam Bg mot thdi md cdi vdi tdt ca
nhting chi tiet, dudng net sinh dgng cua nd.
Dd la mot mien Nam hay cdn ngu yen trong
hoang sa, vdng ve, noi edn tilm dn biit bao
nguy hiem va thaeh thirc ddi vdi con ngudi.
Nhung dat ay, thien nhien ky cung that tho
mgng va day hua hen, hoan toan cd thi sudi
am tam hdn xa xu cua nhiing luu dan bang
mot cuge sdng km no va diy du.


50

NGON NGUr&06l SONG

3.2. Phdn dnh thuc trgng xd hdi
Cung vdi viec mieu id thien nhien, dat

trdi Nam Bg, ThN, TN trong sang tac eua
Son Nam edn gdp phan lam tai hien mot
each sinh dgng hien thye xa bgi mien Nam
qua timg giai doan lieh su nhat dinh. Dieu
nay dugc the hien qua mot sd ThN, TN nhu:
be quan tod cdng, me lin di ddan, len voi
xudng chd, Idc ddi cam diii. ddt cii ddi ngudi
mdi, nhdt ben do nhi Id ren...
Trudc het vdi hai ThN rciy day mai do va
nay a mai ddi, nha vdn da tai hien lai eugc
sdng du canh du cu ngodi y mudn eua ngudi
ndng dan Nam Bd. Xuat than la ndng ddn
nen hon ai bet hg dm ap mdt khat vgng den
chay Idng: cd ddt cam diii. Cd dat thi mdi ed
the an cu va lae nghiep, mdi cd the cd dugc
eugc sdng thai binh an lae. Sy ddi khdng
nhu hg ma ude. "Coi bd bd con minh ngheo
hon ngodi hdn Cd Tron ciia Idi. Ao qudn
khdng cd. Afinh mdy bi ghe khuyet an Id ldi
thdm nien. Nhd cua xieu queo, nay d mai
ddi..." (Hdn Cd Tron, tr 530). Tae gia li giai
van de nay tir nhieu nguyen nhan: "... khdng
nen nhdn dinh rdng ngudi khdn hoang hie dy
qud lirdi biing, thich nip sdng du muc ray
ddy mai do Ddt hoang edn nhieu nhung
mudn Idm ruong thi It nhdt phdi cd vdn,
nhdn cdng. ndng cu" (Van minh miet vudn,
tr 380), hoac la "... Idm sao chimg ta quen
dugc hinh dnh thdm thiet cua ngudi td dien
a Hdu Giang ihdi Phdp thugc... mudn dinh

cu nhirng phdi ray day mai do vi cd the bi
dudi ra khdi dien hoac lu y Iron ng, khdng
biet liic ndo" (Van minh miet vudn, tr. 393).
Trong nhieu tae pham bien khao vilt vl
ddng bang sdng Cuu Long ta bat gap mdt tu
ngfr kha quen thugc "nha da", nha eua nhirng
ta dien mien Nam thdi bdy gid. Nbmig rat
mia mai vi dd khdng phai la nhiing ngdi nha
kien ed dugc lam bang da ma day ehi la
nhung cdn ehdi lap la rach ndt, xieu veo, tam
bg. Neu yen on thi hg a edn klidng thi dap,
thi da nd di va tiep mot cuge rdy day mai dd
mdi.

SO 1+2 (183+184)-2011

Khdng it Idn trong cac sang tac van hgc.
Son Nam da ggi lai hinh anh cua nhting
ngudi ndng dan sdng ddi sdng du canh du cu
nay. Dd la chu Tu Due (Sdng Ganh Hao),
Tu Binh Thuy, Hai Cd Dd (Nhut pha son
lam), Tu Hung, Tu Cdn, Bay VTnh (Chuyen
rimg tram)... Khdng cd rugng de lam, khdng
ed dat de cat nha huge hg phai sdng lang
thang, phieu dat tir con sdng nay sang con
sdng khae, tir canh rimg nay den canh rimg
kia bang cac nghe ddn cui lau thue, lay td
ong, bay chim, bat ran... Chang thi ma
trong Ddng bang song Cuu Long - Net
sinh hoat xua tac gia nhac den cau TN ddt

cU ddi ngudi mdi nhu mot cau tha budn, mot
tieng thd dai chua chat ngan ngam. Ndng
dan la ngudi true tiep khai thae nhting manh
dat hoang vu lam mudi mdng, ran ret; phai
chiu dyng hiim tha sdu bdt de den khi dat
rugng thanh hinh thi lai bi nhting ke den sau
lam tien nhieu cua lap muu cudp lay. Thanh
thu ra ngudi cd cdng lai trd thanh ngudi ta
dien lam cdng tren chinh manh dat ma minh
da vat va lam nen. Cd khi the tham ban la bi
dudi ra khdi lang. Khdng dat de lam va do
vay hinh anh ngdi nha vdi ngudi ta dien
Nam Bg chi Id mdt mT tu cd trong ma ude:
".. .ngudi ngheo uoe mo eugc sdng sung liic
vdi ngdi nhd cot sdt keo dong, vdi ghe
trudng ki, dii luc sogn" (Van minh miet
vudn, tr. 364).
De cap den cuoc sdng ngudi ndng dan,
nha van cung khdng quen phoi bay nhting
thdi hu tat xdu vdn la he qua tryc tiep cua xa
hdi thye dan. Trudc het la nan lir dd ludng
bao gdm ed bae, rugu che, hut chich va gai.
Vdi ThN nay, nha vdn vira mieu ta nhiing te
nan trong xa bgi duong thdi vua phan anh
chinh sach cai trj tham dge cua ebl do thye
dan. " Vd ngn tir do tuang cimg tu do de ra
nhiiu dich vu nudi sdng nhieu ngudi, nhung
gidu nhut vdn Id chu thdu, vd gidi chire lien
quan an hdi Id" (DBSCL - Net sinh boat
xua, tr. 110). Mot te nan khae cung dugc nha

SO 1 +2 (183+184)-2011

NGON NGU" & 0 6 l SONG

cd mdt ddng logi d ngodi mom da choi voi
kia. Dieu dy chung ta khdng nen trdch ai cd,
chdng qua la hdi gidc thien nhai"
(Hdn Cd Tron, tr. 524)
r (3) "Co gdi a Rach Gid them ddi sdng d
miet vudn "Me mong gd thiep ve vudn; An
bdng bi luge dua hudng nau canh ", cd gdi
miet vudn lgi e nggi khi Ha que, theo chdng
Idn chdn
chim
keu
vuffn
ltd"
(Van minh miet vudn, tr. 387)
O ba ngtr canh tren rd rang khdng phai la
doan tac gia mieu ta dac diem cua mot vung
dat ma day ebl Id ldi cua nhan vat ty ndi ve
minh (1), ldi ngudi ke truyen tran thuat ve
nhan vat (2), ldi eua ngudi lam bien khao
ndi ve nep sdng eua eu dan d mot vung dat
(3) nhung cae ThN nay da tai bien tinh chat
hoang vu cua vung dat phuang Nam trong
nhirng ngay dau md cdi.
Khdng dimg lai d dd, nhirng dae diem ve

khi hau, thd ngoi eua vung ddt nay ciing
duge nha van mieu ta qua nhieu ThN, TN.
Chang ban:
{\)"Miin Ddng Nam bg den hdi ddu thi
ki XX timg ndi danh vdi ma thieng nu&c
doc. Noi ddt dd, ddt xdm md thuc ddn khai
ihdc cdy cao su trong budi ddu "
(Ddng bang sdng Ciru Long - net sinh
boat xua, tr. 18)
(2) "Phia Rgch Gid - Cd Mau la ddt xdu,
xua kia it vudn luge, nu&c man ddng chua,
con ngudi "chdn cdng ddng phen, qudn do
mdc thich (thich) "
(Ddng bang sdng Cim Long - net sinh
boat xua, tr. 13)
(3) "Sdng bdng nghe vudn it ddm mua
ddi nimg nhu nghe rugng, gap mua to ndng
chdy thi cir vd nhd md nghi. Ld dira che phu,
sdn mdt rugi, bdu khdng khi chung quanh
nhd
dugc
dieu
hda"
(Van minh miet vudn, tr. 308)
Mua to ndng chdy, nude man ddng chua,
ma thieng nude ddc da tai hien mot each day
du nhdt tinh ehdi khdc nghiet ve khi hau, ddt
dai cua dit rung phuang Nam ddi vdi ddi

51

sdng cua nhirng luu dan. Khi hau mien Nam
ehi cd hai mua mua va ndng, ngoai nhiing
canh ddng phu sa mau md thi van edn rat
nhieu dat dai hoang vu vi nhiem man, nhiem
phen dang chd sy khai pha cua con ngudi.
Rimg thi menh mdng bat ngan cang lam cho
khi hau trd nen am thap ban. Trong kbi dd,
khi bau am thap lai la dieu kien de mudi
mdng ran re dua nhau sinh sdi nay nd. Tac
gia ggi dd la son lam chuong khi, la ma
thieng nude ddc. Chung khdng ehi gay khd
khan ddi vdi cdng dn viec lam cua con ngudi
ma cdn tac dgng tryc tiep den sue khde cua
bg. Khdng it lan trong cac truyen ngan cua
minh, tac gia nbdc den chimg benh phong
(Hoang Mai - Huong rung, huong cd Ban Ngdi mg chdn dimg) nhu mot he qua trye
tiep khi ma con ngudi bugc phai sdng trong
dieu kien khi hau khdc nghiet do anh hudng
cua nude dge rimg thieng.
Nam Bg la vung ddt cd sdng ngdi, kenh
rach ehang chit. Dieu kien tu nhien nay da
anh hudng rat Idn den sinh boat va san xuat
cua ngudi ddn. Ben canh dd, he thdng sdng
ngdi, kenh rach cdn cung cap nhting ngudn
lgi vd cung phong phu, ddi ddo. Trong eac
cdng trinh bien khao cung nhu trong cac
sdng tae van hgc. Son Nam da ndi den kha
nhieu ve dae diem nay:
"Ngdy qua, ngdy lgi.

Chiee be trdi len trdi xudng theo nu&c
l&n nu&c rong. Hai cha con Tu Dire ngdi cu
rii ben chudng ng "
(Sdng Ganh Hao, tr. 809)
Hoae la:
"Ve cdu thang dudi bin, tuy theo nu&c
l&n hay rong md ngudi ngdi tren bdc thang
cao hay thdp rua chen, Idm cd, giat qudn do,
Idm rira. Cdu vi sinh ciing cat gan do, vgt d
ue
trdi
theo
ddng
nude"
(Van minh miet vudn, tr. 331)
Do ed he thdng sdng ngdi, kenh rach
ehang chit nen eu ddn noi day cd thdi quen
cat nha ven sdng, ven kenh. Hdng ngay thuy
trieu len xudng va ngudi dan cung thugc


52

NGON NGUT & 0 6 l SONG

SO 1+2(183+184)-2011

long gid giac cua timg con nude. Cir mdi khi ngudi vdi than phan cd don luu lac vdi mdt
nude Idn Id cac boat dgng van chuyen, tudi ben la dat hay cdn bi lang quen trong hoang
tieu, tam rua, giat giu lam rgn rang cd mot vdng. Thuc te khdng nhu nhirng gi hg da

khue sdng. ThN nude len rdi nude lgi rdng mong mudn. Nhin chung, ThN hiim tha sdu
vdn cd y nghTa chi sy bien thien cua tao vat bdt khdng chi ggi len nhiing sd phan ham
dugc nha van rut ggn thanh nude Ion nude hiu va niem cam thuong sau sdc trong long
rdng de mieu ta dae diem con nude d vung mgi ngudi ma cdn dac ta nhiing khd khan,
dat phuong Nam.
nguy hiem cua mot vung dit mdi.
Tinh chat hoang so, vdng ve tiem an
Vugt qua nhiing khd khdn trong budi diu
nhieu nguy hiem ddi vdi ngudi di khai pha
khai pha, con ngudi da cd thi ty tin dl hinh
cua vung dat mdi cdn duge the hien dam net
thanh nen nhung sd dat cd bay thdng cdnh,
qua ThN hiim tha sdu bdt. ThN nay da timg
chd chgy eong dudi.
tdn tai kha phd bien trong ldi dn tieng ndi
"He thdng kinh ddo Ngd Ndm. Ngd Bdy,
hang ngay cua ngudi mien Nam. Ben canh
Ngd
Tu, Vinh Phu, Vinh Trgch, kinh Bgc
nhirng khd khdn do kbi bau, dat dai, rimg
ram, sdng nude gdy ra cho eon ngudi thi sau Lieu - Cd Mau ciing lam nhiem vu ndi tren.
va egp la hai mdi de dga Idn ddi vdi sinh Ddy moi Id vimg ddt xirng danh co bay
mang cua hg. Va ThN hum tha sdu bdt trong thang cdnh ".
(Van minh miet vudn, tr. 381)
sang tae ciia Son Nam vua ggi len nhiing
"Ddi muai mdi nhd Id, vdi ba gde dira
hiem nguy bat trae vua ggi len mot ndi cam
thuang sau sac ddi vdi biet bao sd phan con khdng trdi, nggn Xeo Bdn xa ra nhu vdy do.
Chung quanh Id cdnh ddng cb bay thdng
ngudi da cd sd phan khdng may.

"Nhiiu vimg hoang vdng, tudng nhu cdnh nhung day nan kim, d rd, cd dng. Cd
chua ai den nhimg thdy rdi rdc ndm ba ndm Idng bdng, trich, cum num bay lugn tdi
md vd chu, lu bao gid. chua ki nhiing ki ngdy".
hiim tha sdu bdt chit ngodi sdng cdi, giiia
(Bac vat xa bdng, tr. 73)
rirng hoang" (Ddng bdng sdng Cim LongTrong sang tac cua Son Nam, ThN cd bay
Net sinh boat xua, tr. 45).
thdng cdnh dugc nha vdn lap lai den 11 lan.
Mot ngu canh khae:
Tat ca da ggi len sy menh mdng ve dat dai d
"- Ong mudn thg cdu sdu ndo chua?
noi ndy. Dat qua rgng nhung ngudi thi van
"... khd lam, hg biet rdng nhirng ke bi cdn thua that, "Ngodi cdc dia danh vita ke
hiim tha sau bdt, chdng bao gid vi nhd thi nhiing viing cdn lgi dugc xem Id huyen
hudng
nhang
khdi" bi, khi sdng vdi ngudi d Miet Vudn hoac
(Con sau eudi cung, tr. 308)
ngudi a mien Ddng Nam phdn. Li do chdnh
Nan nhan cua sau va egp ehae bin khdng Id duang giao thdng khd khdn, dat qud rgng,
it. Chang the ma nhimg nhan vat nhu dng
ngu&i qud thua, dudng xe lira khdng cd,
Nam Hen (Bat siu rimg U Minh Ha, Con
ducmg xe hoi qud it so vdi dien tich ddt dai".
sau eudi eiing), dng Tu Ta Lon (Tho nui Ta
,(Van minh miet vudn, tr. 368)
Lon) luon mang trong long mot noi cam bodi
sau sac; thuang nhd td tien, nhting ngudi da
Cac ThN cdy nhd Id vuon, chim trdi cd
cd cdng md cdi, nhiing ngudi khdng may nude, ggo trdng nude trong, hdng hd sa sd,

tren budc dudng muu sinh bi hiim tha sdu rimg vdng bien bgc... mieu ta kha bao quat
hdt. Hg la nhiing luu dan din day, cu ngd la sy tni phu cua dat rimg phuong Nam.
minh se duge dat nay chd che, ddn nhan
"Luon ludn hieu khach, trgng khach, nhd
trong su than thiet tri am giiia mot ben la cira du chd cho bgn be den an d. Nhiiu hd


so 1+2 (183+184)-2011

NGON NGU & 0 6 l SONG

vdng vo tam qudc, nhting ke ndi nhieu hg
cho la hang khua mdi mua mep khdng dang
tin cay. Dac biet tai nang va nhan each cua
con ngudi chi dugc cdng nhan bang hanh
dgng chir khdng phai qua ldi ndi. "Ai ciing
nhu ai, tdi ndng cdn thi thd d viec phd rirng
Idm rugng gidi, due do phdi bieu hien d ldi
cu xir vi tha, khdng ich ki, khdng chdp nhdn
nhirng ke ndng thuyet bdt ndng hdnh"
(DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr. 50). Dam
rdi bd noi chdn nhau cdt rdn eua minh de
dan than vao vung dat hoan toan xa la rd
rang d hg cd tinh each that manh me. Con
ngudi mien Nam la nhiing con ngudi nang
dgng, bat khuat, yeu tu do, khi bi ap hue hg
san sang lay cai chet de ddi lay ty do cho
minh. Dieu nay dugc the hien rd qua cau TN
Ninh thg tu bdt ninh thg nhuc.
Khi eugc sdng bat dau on djnh va phat

trien thi ciing la luc eac loai hinh tdn giao
khae nhau bat dau xuat hien va khdng ngimg
truyen ba. Nhung con ngudi mien Nam vdn
nhan ai, hien hoa, thuy chung, sdng chan boa
trong tinh lang nghTa xdm thi viec theo tdn
giao ndo khdng phdi la van de quan trgng.
Dieu quan trgng la tdn giao ay cd vu cho tam
Idng lir bi bdc di cua con ngudi: "Tdn gido
ndo ciing tdt. mien Id cd xiiy cho tinh nhdn
logi. Idng tii- bi bdc di, Idm Idnh Idnh dit,
khdng dimg vii lire vd quyen thi di Idn hiep
ke ngheo" (Vdn minh miet vudn, tr. 408). Va
trong cuge sdng bg thudng ludn nhac nhau:
"Thuang ngudi nhu the thuang than (ndi
Id "thuong thdn nguoi (ndo) khdc thi thdn
la "). thi on bdt cdu bdo, trdng khi trdn khi
khiiyil, nude khi lan khi rdng..." (DBSCL Net sinh boat xua, tr. 48). Trong cuge sdng,
hg ludn tin tudng vao quy luat nhan qua, lam
ac gap ac, keu ggi con ngudi nen biet hudng
thien va phuc thien, phai lu Idm dirdng idnh.
"Nhiiu ngirdi tirng hogt ddng ddc lire hdi
phong trdo Duy Tdn d Nam Bd da thdm mil.
nuong theo dgo Cao Ddi di tu tdm duong
tanh" (DBSCL - Net sinh hoat xua, tr. 176).

53

Con ngudi trong tat ca sdng tac eua Son
Nam khdng ehi la eon ngudi khai hoang lap
ap ma cdn la con ngudi chien dau giti gin bd

cdi que huong. Khi dat nude cd giac ngoai
xam thi ciing la luc tinh than bat khuat, gan
da, dung cdm, yeu ty do cua hg duge trdi
day mot each manh me nhat. Tinh than ay cd
khi dugc the hien d tam trang uu thdi mdn
the, cd khi dugc the hien bdng hanh dgng
quyet liet, san sang xdng pha trdn mgc, phoi
gan trdi mat de quyet tu vdi ke thu. "Neu
vdo khoang ndm 1930 vung Rgch Gid - Cd
Mau khdng cd phong trdo khdng Phdp thi
den eudi ndm 1940, ngudi ddn dugc dip
phai gan trdi mat, khdi nghia thira liic thuc
ddn Phdp lung lay tan cdi re (ben chdnh
qudc gap chien tranh vdi Due, d Ddng
Duong phdi ddi phd vdi qudn phdt xit Nhut,
lite giac Xiem), ddng ke nhirt d viing Vinh
Hung, Vinh Phu (Rgch Gid), Cd Sd (Sdc
Trdng) " (Vdn minh miet vudn, tr. 400).
Trong phong each lam viec, ngudi mien
Nam cdn la ngudi chiu thuang chiu khd. Vi
sinh ke cua gia dinh hg san sang that lung
budc bung: "Su chi lieu trong gia dinh cd
khi CO gidn, gap khi lua mdt miia gia dinh
vdn tgm sdng niu that lung bugc bung, ddu
sao cUng cdn ggo vd cd la hai sdn phdm di
tim a dia phuang" (Vdn minh miet vudn, tr.
390). Hg khdng ngai vat va, khd khdn du
phai dung mui cbju sao, .chijr thuohg chiu
khd, mac du benh hoan cung cd gang lam
viec. "Mang binh sdt rit nhung vdn dai

ndng dam mua vi neu ndm dudng site thi
chirng ndo mdi lap dugc co nghiep nhd be
cho bdn thdn vd cho con chdu. " (DBSCL Net sinh boat xua, tr. 199)
Phan anh tinh each ngudi mien Nam, Son
Nam khdng phai ehi thye bien mdt thao tac
la td hdng. Ben canh nhiing cai tich cue thi
cung cd nhirng mat tieu circ eua nd. ThN
mdu me cd bgc da neu len mot te nan va Id
nguyen nhan eua mgi sy ngheo nan va thit
bgc. Ben canh nhiing ngudi vd tu, sin sang
thu nhan kha nang hgc vin it di cua minh


54

NGON NGiJ & Odi SONG

Cling cd khdng it ngudi dau ddt hay te ban la
ddt hay ndi chit. "Bdy gid phdt triin logi hd
truyen, ddi ddp nhau vi dien tich, nhiiu cdu
nhuan nhuyen, nhung lam truang hgp Id dot
hay noi chir''' (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua,
tr. 108). Ngudi Nam Bg vdn thich hat thich
hd va hd ddi dap trd thanh net dac trung van
boa cua vung sdng nude Ciru Long. Hd ddi
dap ki nhat Id de trdng thdi gian nen trong
khi chd dgi tim y phu hgp de hd ddi lai thi
ngudi ta thudng cd nhiing eau hd lap chu
ylu dl lip thdi gian nhung phai phu hgp ve
van dieu. Nhirng cdu hd lap nay thudng lay

trong dien tich Trung Hoa nen ddi khi cung
cau ki sao rdng, hay ndi each khae la ddt hay
ndi chit.
Ban chat eon ngudi khdng phai la mdt eai
gi do tTnh tai va bat bien. Xa bgi thay ddi va
phat trien se cd nhiing tac dgng nhat dinh
den tam li va tinh each cua con ngudi. Nhu
cau cang tang thi tat yeu se dan den su danh
ddi du day la sy danh ddi ve nhan each. ThN
hu than mdt nit da phan anh thye trang nay,
khi mot sd ngudi d que ra thanh phd da
khdng cuang dugc trude bao nhieu sy thu
hut cua cuge sdng thj thdnh. "Nguai tir qui
ra thdnh thi, lan hdi thay ddi, nhiiu ngudi
hu than mat net. Nghe mdi ddm dugc di
cap tdi trong bdi phii "Cd Gia Dinh", trudc
khi Le Vdn Khdi khdi binh ddi Minh Mgng"
(DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr.l09). Cung
ed ngudi trd nen trdo trd, sdng phang, lanh
lung trong quan he kim tien, "... lite dd tod
bd Bgc Lieu khdc ndo ehg bdn che chdo, he
tiin trao thi chdo muc" (DBSCL - Net sinh
boat xua, tr.^ 154). Hay te hai hon cd ngudi
mdi qudc cdu vinh, nhu "Cha rugt cdu Hai
Id ngudi mdi qudc cau vinh, cdu Hai nhd dd
md dugc thuc ddn Phdp cho di du hgc" (Vdn
minh miet vudn, tr. 405).
3. Qua ThN, TN, Son Nam da thye su
lam sdng day hinh anh thien nhien, dit trdi
Nam Bg mot thdi md cdi. Dd la mot thien

nhien hay con chim trong hoang so, dm u,
vang ve, tiem an nhieu hiem nguy nhung

SO 1+2(183+184)-2011

cung vd cung tru phu va nen tha. Ben canh
dd, qua ThN, TN nha van da tai hien mot
each sinh ddng hien thye xa bdi va con
ngudi mien Nam qua tung ehang dudng lich
su. Dd la hinh anh cd don cua nhung luu dan
tren budc dudng tha phuong lap nghiep, de
rdi khi dat rugng da thanh hinh hg van tiep
cuge sdng ray day mai do ma nguyen nhan
chinh la sy ap buc cua dia chu va thye dan.
Ndi ve hg. Son Nam da khdng quen tai hien
hien thuc ddi sdng tam bdn cua hg. Dd la
mot the gidi tam bdn phong phu, hien lanh,
ludn nudi khat vgng va sdng bet minh vdi
khat vgng ay. ThN, TN cung gdp phan giiip
Sdn Nam mieu ta nhting dac diem tinh each
eua ngudi Nam Bg vdi ca nhting uu va
nhuge diem.
^^
' " -''
A. Tai lieu tham khao
1. Nguyen Vdn Nd (2005), Ddu dn tu
nhien, vdn hod vd con ngudi trong thdnh
ngit vd tuc ngir Nam Bd, TC "Ngdn ngii &
Ddi song" sd 9 (119) 2005, tr 24-28.
2. Tran Ngge Them (2004), Tim ve bdn

sdc vdn hda Viet Nam, Nxb Tdng hgp Thanh
phd Hd Chi Minh.
3. Nguyen Due Tdn (2002), Tim hieu
dge trung vdn hod - ddn tdc ciia ngdn ngii vd
tu duy ngudi Viet (Trong sir so sdnh vdi
nhirng ddn toe khdc), Nxb Dai bgc Qudc gia
Ha Ndi.
B. Tdc pham San Nam
1. Huong rimg Ca Mau (tap truyen ngdn,
934 trang), Nxb Tre, 2008.
2. Ba Chua Hdn (tiiu thuyit, 434 trang),
Nxb Tre, 2005.
3. Hinh bdng cii (truyen vita - in cimg vdi
tap truyen Biin cd miin Tay, 386 trang),
Nxb Tre, 2006.
•^.Xdm Bau Lang {truyin ddi, 396 trang),
Nxb Tre, 2007.
5. Ddng bang sdng Cun Long - Net sinh
boat xua & Van minh miet vudn (02 quyin
bien khdo in chung, 423 trang); Nxb Tre,
2007.
(Ban Bien tap nhan bai ngay 19-12-2009)


so 1+2(183+184)-2011

NGON NGOr& 001 SONG

van de cap den dd la nan me tin di doan.
"Ngudi ddn niii Ba The qud me tin di doan,

hg khdng ddm luc Igo vi sg kiip sau ddu thai
khdng dugc. Ddo vdng Id dn cdp ciia Trdi
F^a/... " (Kho vang, tr.'590).
Lam than ta dien, ndm nao du an da la
mimg, ndi gi den chuyen kha gia rdi lam
giau, bdi vi "Sd liia mudn ciia chii dien bi
ndo cUng phdi dong cho dii ba tram gig. The
thi cue nhgc trdi mot ndm trudng dang ndng
cdm cd, ddm mua nhd mg chi cdn ldi cd 20
gig md thdi. Md trong dd cdn phdi dong liia
mudn Irdu, cdn phdi trd tien cdng cdy thi du
ndi gi" (Con nhd ngheo, tr. 6). Dd la luc
dugc mua, khi mat mua tinh cdnh ngudi
ndng dan cang khdn khd hon. ThN bdn vg
dg con cd the chi la mot each ndi qua, nhung
khdng phai la khdng ed can cu cua nd.
Khdng ed gao dn, bugc bg phai chgn giai
phap tinh the, dn trudc trd sau, vay ng ndng
ldi de rdi khi khdng cd kha nang tra ng, hg
phai dem con di d mudn khdng cdng cho
nha ngudi. Nhu vay, vdi cac ThN: bdn vg dg
con. lir dd ludng, me lin di doan. vay ng
nang ldi. dn truac trd sau nha van da phan
anh mot each sinh dgng hien thye eugc sdng
den tdi eua ngudi ddn Nam bd trong giai
doan bay gid.
Va cac ThN be quan tda cdng, len voi
xudng chd. Id Ihdi Id van, cdng dn viec Idm,
mdi cd hai trdng lai cho ngudi dge mot cai
nhin bao quat ban ve thye trang xa hdi.

Chinh sach be quan tod cdng cua trieu dinh
Hue da lam tri tre nen kinh te dat nude trong
mdt thdi gian dai ma hau qua nang ne nhat la
de dat nude mat dan ve tay thye dan Phap.
Thye dan Phap xam luge Nam Bg, xet ve
mot phuang dien nao dd hg cung da lam
thay ddi rd ret bg mat kinh te mien Nam thdi
biy gid, ehang ban cae day phd, cac eon
dudng, ddng kenh khdng ngung duge md
mang va xay dimg. Tuy nhien, vdi ban chat
"... dn .xdi & thi. khai ihdc thugc dia vdi muc
dich lam gidu cho mdt nhdm lu bdn ki nghe
hoac cdng li thuang mdi" (Van minh miet

55

vudn, tr. 369), thye dan Phap da khdng it lan
lam cho ngudi dan ban xii phai ganh chiu
canh Id thdi Id van, len voi xudng chd. "Nhin
vdo ldi sinh hogt a phia Hdu Giang hdi cuoi
thi ki XIX, ta cdn thdy trong vdng ddi muai
ndm, nhieu ngudi liin tuc len voi xuong
chd, khi ra ehg lam ddn tit chiing, liic xudng
thuyen Idm chii ghe thuong hd" (DBSCL Net sinh boat xua, tr. 29). Cdn nhirng ngudi
thap cd be mieng phai chiu canh that nghiep
dai ban, phai bd gdi ngdi nha coi con cho vg
di mua ban tdo tan,"... trong ngd hep ndy ai
hay la cd mdt bdu trdi tha mdng. Vdi dng
chii nhd thieu cdng dn viec lam dang rii
nhau ddnh ddo lgc, ngudi thua eugc phdi

eong ke thdng tren lung" (Hinh bdng cii, tr.
285). Dd la chua ke khi cd chien tranh the
gidi, ngudi ndng dan phai chiu cung luc mdi
cd hai trdng: "Khi chiin tranh thi gidi thir
hai sap ket thiic, Phdp ddu hdng Nhut, ngudi
nude ta mot co hai trong " (DBSCL - Net
sinh boat xua, tr. 222).
Nhin chung, hang loat ThN, TN dugc nha
van su dung de mieu ta ve bien thye xa hdi
mien Nam thdi bay gid giup ta hieu them
eugc sdng cua ngudi-dan mdt thdi md cdi.
3.3. Phdn dnh cd linh ciia ngudi miin
Nam
Ca tinh mien Nam hay tinh each mien
Nam, each ndi nao cung dung va nd dugc
lam sang td qua mot sd tinh tir: nhan hau,
nghTa tinh, binh di, bat khuat, dieu nghe, hao
hiep, dung cdm, sang tao... Ngudi mien
Nam thudng mang trong minh mot hay
nhieu tinh each dang yeu ay. Nhirng eu dan
ngudi Viet ddu tien d ddng bdng Nam Bg da
phan la nhung luu ddn, vi nhieu li do khae
nhau ma hg phai rdi bd que huong xir sd den
nuong than noi eudi dat ciing trdi. Cd ngudi
ra di theo che do dinh dien eua nhd Nguyen,
hg ed the la binh linh hoac la nhiing ngudi
ngheo lam phu khai hoang; cung cd ngudi la
ndng dan ra di vi khdng chiu ndi sy ap buc
bat cdng cua bgn dia chu d que nha; cung ed
ngudi la nhung tu nhdn bj luu day, nhung

56

NGON NGUr 8c 0 6 l SONG

tay giang bd phieu bat... Nhin chung, hg la
nhung ngudi thugc tang lap dudi cua xa bgi
(ed mdt bg phan rat it la quan lai va tri thire
giau ed vdo Nam vdi muc dich lam giau, md
mang co nghiep) ngheo nan, ddt nat chir
nghia khdng ddy Id me. ThN nay eho ta hieu
them ve mat bang bgc van eua cu dan Nam
Bg thdi bay gid. Hg it bgc va cung khdng
thich thu lam vdi chuyen bgc hanh. Cuge
sdng d mot vung dat mdi cdn biet bao
chuyen phai lo toan va ddi phd thi chuyen
hgc hanh Id mdt eai gi dd qua xa vdi ddi vdi
hg. Mac du chir nghia khdng ddy Id me nhu
vay, nhung d hg khdng thieu nhting pham
chat tdt dep ma khdng phai ai cung cd.
"Ngudi khdn hoang thudng Id chir nghia
khdng day Id me, khdng rdnh cdch ngdn
thdnh hien, idnh khi ndng ndy, bgc true lam
khi din muc thd bgo, nhirng sau khi gidi
thich thi vui ve thdng cdm. Ai hiiu Idm Id ndi
gidn ngay'. (DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr.
51)
Cd don noi xu la que ngudi nen trong bg
bao gid cting canh canh mot ndi niem nhd

que huong, ngudn cdi. Ndi nhd ay cgng vdi
viec phai khdng ngimg ddi phd vdi thien
nhien hoang da ty nd da binh thdnh trong hg
mot nhu cau ket giao bang hiru. TN lir hdi
giai huynh de hay ngii hd lir hdi giai huynh
de phan anh nhu cau tinh than nay ciing nhu
net dac trung van boa cua con ngudi noi day.
Hg thich giao du, gap go va ket ban vdi mgi
ngudi. Trong quan he img xir vdi ban, bg
cting dat ra nhieu tieu ehi: uy tin va bdn lien
chi giao mgc khd vong. Du sang du hen
nhung vdi ban be trudc sau van nhu mdt, hg
khdng ua nhiing ngudi sdng vd thuy vd
chung: "Thich Idm quen vdi ngirdi ngheo.
giiip dd ke sa co thdt the. ddng thai chdn
ghet nhirng ke thay Idng doi da, ke xu ninh,
ngudi quyen luac "phii ninh"" (DBSCL Net sinh boat xua, tr. 51)
Con ngudi mien Nam cung la con ngudi
sdng het minh vdi hai tieng dieu nghe. Dieu
nghe la chii ma Son Nam hay dung, nghTa

s o 1+2(183+184)-2011

cua hai chir nay dugc nha van giai thich nhu
sau: "Dieu la dgo ndi trgi ra, nghi la nghia
ndi trgi ra", cd tbi hilu dieu nghe la dao
nghTa v$y. Yih danh gia mot con ngudi hg
khdng lay tiln bac, xuit than, danh vgng lam
tieu ehi ma van de Id con ngudi dd cd biet
dieu nghe hay khdng. Tae gia viet: "Gid tri

con ngudi khdng d lien bgc, huyet thdng
nhung Id d thdi do tich cue "lam nguy bat
ciru mac anh hiing" (ddi vdi ddng logi).
"ban tien chi giao mac khd vong" (ddi vdi
bgn be). Vd ddn Tdy Idm diin chii md khdng
biet dieu nghe thi chua phdi Id sang trgng"
(Van minh miet vudn, tr. 407)
Di lien vdi tinh each dieu nghe ay la tinh
than trgng nghTa khinh tai. Con ngudi trong
sang tae cua Son Nam la con ngudi da sdng
vd hanh xir het minh vdi cai nghTa cao quy
ay. Co sd eua van de nay dugc li giai tir
chinh eugc sdng cua hg. Trdi dat bao la, con
ngudi chua quan tam lam den van de sd hiiu,
ai lam duge nay hudng. Dieu quan trgng la
Idm sao cd the tdn tai trong mdt mdi trudng
thien nhien cdn qua nhieu bat trae va hiem
nguy. Phai gan bd, yeu thuang, tuong than
tuong ai, giup da lan nhau: "Trong xdm ddu
ghet nhau vi phong cdch ti hiim, nhung khi
toi lua tdt den ddu hdn tung tiin ra Id ngudi
lan can den ciru giup, chua ndi ldi chuyen
tdn liim, ddo huyet" (DBSCL - Net sinh
boat xua, tr. 49). Hg giup ngudi hoan toan
vdi tinh than vd tu khdng vy lgi. Hai cau
TN: kien nghia bdt vi vd dong gid va thi dn
bdt cdu bdo da cho ta thay rd net tinh each
dang yeu ddng quy nay cua hg. "Trinh Hoai
Dite nhac den "sikhi hien ngang", cd le ggi
chuyin iing hd Nguyin Anh xua kia, nhung

theo tinh thdn cdu vdn "lap luc xa hoa, si khi
hien ngang" ta hieu Id "Kien nghia bat vi vo
dong gia" chudng cdng bdng le phdi"
(DBSCL - Net sinh boat xua, tr. 50).
Bdc tryc, ndng tinh, ndi la lam cung la
nhimg net tinh each ndi bat cua ngudi miln
Nam. Trong quan he iing xu, hg thieh ndi
thing, ndi ngay vao van de khdng ua kilu