Thực trạng việc làm và nhu cầu chuyển đổi việc làm của thanh niên nông thôn khu vực tây nam bộ tt tiếng anh

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

PHAM NGOC TAN

“EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND
DEMAND FOR JOB CHANGE OF
RURAL YOUTH IN THE SOUTHWEST REGION”

Field: Sociology
Code: 9 31 03 01

SUMMARY OF SOCIOLOGY DOCTORAL THESIS

Hanoi, 2020


This thesis has been completed at
GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

Scientific research intructors:
Prof. Dr. Dang Nguyen Anh

Counter-argument 1: Prof. Dr. Dang Canh Khanh

Counter-argument 2: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Le Ngoc Van

Counter-argument 3: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Thi To Quyen

Thisis thesis will defend before the institute-level thesis examination
committee at the Institute of Social Sciences, under Vietnam

Academy of Social Sciences, at the address of No.477, Nguyen Trai
Str., Thanh Xuan dist., Ha Noi.

The thesis can be found at:
- Vietnam National Library;
- Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences.



INTRODUCTION
1. Urgency of the subject
In the process of leading the country, the Communist Party of Vietnam (hereinafter referred to as the Party)
always highly appreciates the role of the youth, develops strategies to educate, foster, and organizes the youth into
the revolutionary succession force. Today, the youth is placed in the central position in the fostering and
development strategy on human resources. Caring, educating, fostering and developing the youth are both the goal
and the motive force for socio-economic development and national stability. The Resolution of the Seventh
Conference of the Central Executive Committee, Term X, on “Strengthening the Party's leadership in the work of
the youth in the period of stepping up industrialization and modernization” has clearly indicated the following task
of “improving the quality of young labor, creating jobs, increasing incomes and improving the lives of youth” [85].
Resolution No.64/ND-CP of the Government dated July 22, 2016 on Promulgating the Government's Action
Program to implement the Resolution of the 12th National Party Congress highlights: “Developing the labor
market, creating synchronous elements of the domestic labor market associated with international integration;
attaching importance to creating jobs for youth and newly graduated students; supporting job creation, vocational
training and sending laborers to work abroad for disadvantaged groups of workers, especially poor laborers, people
with disabilities, ethnic minority laborers, rural youth ”[11].
Job creation for the youth has a very important role and significance. Lack of jobs, no jobs or jobs with low
productivity and income will not be able to help the youth to ensure a stable life and development. For the youth in
rural areas, jobs are related to land, labor resources, production tools and vocational skills and start-up capital.
These factors strongly influence the demand for job change of youth. Employment for rural youth is therefore an
important prerequisite for effective use of this human resource, paving the way for the development of the younger

generation.
The rapid process of industrialization and urbanization in Vietnam has reduced rural land area. Together with
the urban population growth is the rapid expansion of urban areas, changing the lives, occupations, jobs and
incomes of people (including rural youth). These impacts are significant, including reduced agricultural land areas,
increased industrial and service land, higher population density, changed economic structure and production
methods, careers / jobs, income, living standards, population structure, social relations, ways of thinking, ways of
doing, habits, values and cultural norms, etc. It is necessary to create employments for rural youth in the context
agricultural land is increasingly shrinking due to changes in land use purposes, redundant rural labor force to
stabilize their life and to ensure well implementation of social development goals.
Studying the current employment status and the demand for job change of youth - a population group freshly
entering the labor market - will help to assess the quality of current labor, jobs and job demand in carrying out job
creation projects and building new rural areas. However, up to now, the employment status and demand for job
change of rural youth in the Southwest region has not been paid much attention. Many young people have to accept
to do things against their wishes and aspirations without sufficient conditions to develop their skills and improve
their knowledge. The consequence is low labor productivity, unstable income, weak skills and professional skills,
leading to low human resource quality.
The Decision No.245/QD-TTg dated February 12, 2014, of the Prime Minister approving the master plan on
socio-economic development of key economic regions in the Mekong River Delta up to 2020, with orientations to
2030, has provided that: “Promoting labor restructuring associated with economic restructuring of the Region.
Focusing on creating jobs, improving employment quality, increasing incomes for laborers” [69].
The Southwest region is home to a large number of surplus unskilled workers. This is also the place where
the largest number of farming households work in off-farm jobs, with labor from agriculture and rural areas to
urban areas and big cities seeking jobs increasing [53]. In fact, rural youth in the Southwest region is still struggling
on the way to find a job. Many people have to leave their hometown for the city and go to industrial parks to find
jobs and live with risks and difficulties at the destination. The demand for employment and job change to promote
economic restructuring in the Southwest region becomes extremely necessary. The urgent issue that needs to be
considered in the current period is to clearly identify the employment status and the demand for job change of rural

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youth in the Southwest region, meeting development requirements in the new period. Therefore, the current
employment status and the demand for job change of rural youth are the urgent issues that need to be considered
and researched in order to provide scientific arguments for planning strategies, policies to meet the requirements of
industrialization - modernization.
In that spirit, the author proposes to study: “Employment status and demand for job change of rural youth in
the Southwest region” as the topic of doctoral thesis research conference, with the desire to contribute more
scientific arguments to meet the requirements of sustainable development of this area.
2. The purpose and research tasks of the thesis
2.1 Purpose of the research
Based on the study of the current employment status, the demand for job change of rural youth in the
Southwest region and the impact factors, this research aims to contribute to clarifying this issue both theoretically
and practically.
2.2. The research task of the thesis
To achieve its goals, the thesis implements the following specific tasks:
- Developing the theoretical basis for the research conducted in line with the thesis topic.
- Collecting information and processing data according to the research content.
- Analyzing and clarifying the current employment status and demand for job change for rural youth in the
Southwest region and identifying impact factors.
- Proposing a number of recommendations to promote job creation and transition for the youth in rural areas
of the Southwestern region to meet the requirements of industrialization and modernization.
2.3. Research questions
- What is the current employment status of rural youth in the Southwest region? (What is their current status?
Is there a difference in employment status among different youth groups?)
- What factors affect the employment status of rural areas in the Southwest region today?
- What is the current demand for job change in rural youth in the Southwest region? (Is there the demand for
job change among the youth? If so, what is it and are there differences among different youth groups?)
- What factors affect the reality and demand for job change in rural youth in the Southwest region today?
2.4. Research hypotheses
- There are shortages and instability in employment in rural youth in the Southwest region. There is a

difference in employment status in different rural youth groups in the Southwest region.
- The employment status of rural youth in the Southwest region is affected by a number of factors (personal,
familial, and community).
- Rural youth in the southwestern region have the demand for job change. There is a difference in the
demand for job change in rural youth groups in the Southwest region.
- The demand for job change of youth in rural areas of the Southwest region is affected by a number of
factors (personal, familial, and community).
3. Research subject and scope
3.1. Research subjects
The object of the study is the employment status and the demand for job change of youth in the Southwest
region, and influencing factors.
3.2. Research object
Youth aged 16-35 years old, living and working in rural areas of the Southwest region, are the workers
directly related to the situation and the demand for job change.
3.3. Research scope
- Spatial scope: The dissertation focuses on research on employment status and demand for job change of
rural youth in the Southwest region by analyzing the survey data set of the project “Human Resource Development
and high quality human resources for sustainable development in the Southwest region” (Code: KHCN/14-19/X05

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of The Science and Technology Program for the Sustainable Development of the Southwest Region). The survey
was conducted in 5 southwestern provinces of Can Tho, Tra Vinh, An Giang, Long An and Tien Giang. The
research scope of the thesis is rural areas surveyed in the above mentioned cities and provinces, including 7
communes (Vinh Hanh commune, An Hoa commune and Binh Hoa commune, Chau Thanh district, An Giang
province; Da Loc and Hoa Loi communes, Chau Thanh district, Tra Vinh province; An Thanh commune, Ben Luc
district, Long An province; and My Phong commune, My Tho city, Tien Giang province).
- Time range: The thesis topic is implemented from 2016 to 2020. This is the time for author to focus on
analyzing secondary data and supplementing qualitative research for the thesis. The research data used includes the

2016 survey data set of the project KHCN/14-19/X05 and the in-depth interview data was conducted during the
research.
- Scope of research content: The employment status and the demand for job change are very different among
youth groups. Due to the limitations of resources and length of the thesis, this research is only limited to studying
and sketching the employment status picture and the demand for job change of rural youth in the Southwest region
through data analysis of 726 youth (aged 16-35 and excluding students) living in rural areas at the time of the
survey. This data has been extracted from the original dataset of the project KHCN/14-19/X05 above.
4. Research Methodology
- Methods of researching secondary documents:
Research students search, synthesize and analyze published materials, reports, research works related to
research issues. The collection and analysis of available documents help the author consolidate and theoretical basis
system, identify academic gaps in research so that it can find limitations and shortcomings on the employment
status and demand for job change of youth mentioned by the studies. This is an important step in the process of
studying, researching and writing the thesis that author use.
Postgraduate used the method of analyzing secondary data sources extracted from state-level research project
under The Science and Technology Program for the Sustainable Development of the Southwest Region (Project
“Human Resource Development and high quality human resources for sustainable development in the Southwest
region”; Code: KHCN/14-19/X05). The author is the “training product” of the Project KHCN/14-19/X05 and the
use of the data set has received the consent of Professor in charge of project (who is also the instructor of this
thesis).
The original dataset 2016 of the Project KHCN/14-19/X05 includes the survey information at 1,512
households, with 6,564 people. The total number of household members is 3,304 people aged 15-65 in the research
area in rural and urban areas of 5 provinces: An Giang, Tra Vinh, Long An, Tien Giang and Can Tho. In order to
serve this research thesis, author used SPSS software to separate, filter and extract from the above data set to the
information of 726 respondents (youth from 16-35 age is living in rural areas of 07 communes, including Vinh
Hanh commune, An Hoa commune, Binh Hoa commune, Chau Thanh district, An Giang province; Da Loc
commune, Hoa Loi commune, Chau Thanh district, Tra Vinh Province; An Thanh Commune, Ben Luc Town,
Long An Province; and My Phong Commune, My Tho City, Tien Giang Province. Recoding of variables was also
done to serve the research objectives, own research of thesis topic). Naturally, this figure does not include cases of
students, students according to the principle of statistical classification do not count as employed workers in the

household.
Therefore, the research sample of the thesis includes 726 youth from the Southwest rural areas in rural
households surveyed by the Project KHCN/14-19/X05. Through in-depth analysis of the information gathered from
this extracted sample, the thesis topic focuses on drawing the picture of employment status and demand for job
change of rural youth in the Southwest region. and impact factors.
- Qualitative research methods:
In addition to using the survey data of the Project KHCN/14-19/X05, author conducted in-depth interviews
with some district and commune officials, training establishments, enterprises and 25 rural youth in the Southwest
region to update more specifically the employment status and the demand for job change of rural youth in the

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Southwest region and the impact factors to provide more Additional information demanded for quantitative data
analysis results.
5. New and limited contributions of the thesis
5.1. New contributions of the thesis:

A review of the thesis shows that there are very few studies on the demand for job change of youth in
regions and areas in Vietnam. Until now, there have not been many in-depth and direct studies on the issue
for rural youth in the Southwestern provinces. This thesis focuses on identifying the current employment
situation and the demand for job change of rural youth in the Southwest region through the analysis of
secondary data extracted from the 2016 survey data set of the project KHCN/14-19/X05 and the in-depth
interviews conducted during the research.
The research hypothesizes that have been proved by the results presented in the content of the thesis.
????? Combining quantitative and qualitative data, the author also applied relevant theories and the results
of previous researchers (through the published works) to explain and clarify the differences in the
employment status and the demand for job change among rural youth groups in the Southwest region and
the determinant factors. Results of multivariate regression analysis allow us to identify factors that affect the
employment status of rural youth in the Southwest region (including: age, gender, ethnicity, education,

marital status, household living standards and religion) and their job change demand (including: age,
education, marital status, number of people in the household, number of employees in the household,
household living standard, employment information and place of residence).
Due to the limitation of a small-scale study, it is not possible to generalize the whole rural Southwest
area. The research results are valuable as a reference channel for further studies on the demand for job
change of rural youth in the coming years.
5.2. Limitations of the thesis:
Due to limited resources and use of secondary data sources, in some aspects, the study did not fully solve the
problem. Moreover, the research object of the thesis is that the youth who are living and working in rural areas in
the Southwestern region cannot access some youth who have left their hometown and migrated to the city with the
employment status and demand for job change are diverse and complex.
Research student extracted and analyzed secondary data (the data file included 726 youth extracted from the
data set of the Project KHCN/14-19/X05) so the results can only be generalized for 7 communes were surveyed. In
order to reach a general conclusion for all rural youth in the Southwest region, it is natural that further research is
needed for youth in many other rural areas and even youth who have migrated. However, the findings are of
scientific value because this is a sociological study of employment and demand for job change of rural youth in the
Southwestern region today.
6. Scientific and practical significance of the thesis
6.1. Theoretical meaning:
The dissertation contributes to supplementing the literature on the demand for job change of rural youth
which is still less studied in sociology, through which, clarifies this field, and may contribute to the field of
sociology which is an important area of social science in Vietnam today. The theoretical significance of the thesis
also shows that the author systematized some related concepts, and manipulated these concepts. In addition, the
application of theoretical views in the thesis also contributes to the application of theoretical views to the practice
of researching a social group - rural youth with diverse characteristics. Through this, the thesis contributes to
verifying the theoretical basis of the research.
6.2. Practical significance:
The author is expected to contribute a part to the understanding of employment status and demand for job
change of rural youth in the Southwest region. From the identification of influencing factors, the thesis can provide
more in-depth insight and a more comprehensive understanding of the practice, namely here the employment status

and demand for job change of rural youth areas in the Southwest region. The results of the study provide scientific

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arguments for the authorities and policy makers to have a more general view of solutions to creat employment and
demand for job change of rural youth, and balance well between training and employers, meeting the requirements
of sustainable development in the Southwest region.

Chapter 1
OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION
1.1. Overview of overseas research situation
The issue of youth and labor, employment has been studied quite a lot in countries around the world,
especially in developed countries. Education, training and development of youth are gathered in the human factor,
playing a decisive role in the development and prosperity of many countries in the world. In addition, the study on
human demand and especially demand for job is very important for the human resource development strategy
planning process. Foreign publications related to this research direction are plentiful, including in-depth studies on
high-quality human and human resources, human resource demands, labor and employment. Research abroad on
related research topics helps the author better understand the theoretical issues, research methodologies and gain
the experiences of researchers on youth, labor, job, find out the demand for job change and solve problems related
to the employment of young workers to apply the approach in researching the topic “Employment status and
demand for job change of rural youth in the Southwest region”.
The theoretical study of the demands problem has been mentioned for a long time and there are many
conceptions of the demand concept from different perspectives. According to psychologists, demand is a relatively
stable psychological state of the individual, characterized by a desire for objects and phenomena experienced as a
necessary condition of the fish's existence. multiply [22]. Economically, some people have defined that Marx
????"demand is consumption", while others see "demand as an economic relationship between people, due to the
use of benefits." material and cultural work that is created to meet the requirements of individuals and society to
ensure the development of material production and human activities in society [22].
According to Abraham Maslow, needs are an essential, essential part of every human being. All human

values, beliefs, and practices vary by country or group of people, but all will have the same common needs. Human
needs are at different levels, classified into 5 groups from low to high in the demand pyramid, and needs at the
bottom of the tower need to be met in advance of higher demands (including: 1- The basic needs; 2- The need for
safety and security; 3- The need for society; 4- The need for respect; 5- The need to express themselves).
In the study “The correlation between social orientation and career orientation” of Pilippov P.R (1975), the
career orientation of youth, first of all in high school students, is one of the central tasks set for the entire national
education system. The importance of that task was emphasized in the resolutions of the 24th Congress of the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The specific measures to carry out these tasks were outlined in the
Executive Committee Resolution. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the
Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union on “completing the transition to upper secondary education for youth and
developing the cause of general education” (June 1972). “The legal principles of the Soviet Union and the federal
republics of national education” (article 19) adopted by the Supreme Soviet during the 6th sessions (8th session)
clearly state that train students to bring them “to actively participate in labor and social activities, to voluntarily
choose a career” .... In this work, the author has studied the phenomenon of social orientation focusing on the
content that is the awareness of youth about their place in social structure, the choice of future social position.
measures to make that choice and possible changes later [26].
In the study “Modelling demand for low skill/low paid labor: Exploring the employment trade-offs of aliving
wage”, author Rebecca Riley (2013) analyzed the demand for low-skilled and low-cost labor to find out jobs related
to the transition to Living Wages. Using industry table data, the author classified the labor demand model into five
groups identified by age and highest education level. Low wages are common among young and low-skilled groups.
Out of 11 market industry groups that have been reviewed, three groups will face the biggest wage increase to achieve
Living Salary: (1) - Wholesale and Retail, Hotels and Catering ; (2) - Other community, social and personal services;

5


(3) - Low skills manufacturing industries. The research results show that, given the level of output and effort of
workers, these increased costs will reduce the demand of young, low-skilled employers in the private sector. 300,000.
The analysis underscores the importance of allowing labor substitution in consideration of demand for employment
impacts of exogenous changes in wages. And the total reduction in conditional labor demand with a Living wage of

about 160,000; This is about half the decrease in demand for young, unskilled employees because the employer
replaces younger with more experienced workers. The number of employees will see their income increase with the
Living wage far exceeding the estimated reduction in labor demand [102].
In addition, in the study “How to Combine the Entry of Young People in the Labour Market with the
Retention of Older Workers?”, Author Werner Eichhorst (2013) provided an overview of the employment situation
of young and old workers in EU member states, taking out the most recent developments in the crisis and dealing
with policies implemented to promote employment of both groups. The evidence gathered shows that there is no
competition between young workers and the elderly in the labor market. Basic or general policies to enhance the
functioning of the EU labor market are important to improve the situation of both groups. However, the
responsibility for employment policy remains largely within the member states of the European Union, although
initiatives at the EU level can provide added value, especially through stimulating exchange experiences and create
favorable conditions for the region and across borders [104].
Research project “Upskilling: Do employers demand greater skill when workers plentiful?” by Alicia Sasser
Modestino and colleagues has shown that: During the recovery of the Great Depression in the United States,
policymakers and scholars described expressed concern about the increased skill requirements of employers. Using
a large database of online job postings for intermediate careers, the authors have demonstrated that employers have
the opportunity to raise the demand for experience and education, in the industry, in response to the increase in the
supply of relevant job seekers. This relationship is strong for many tests for potentially confounding factors, present
even in job title pairs, and in line with the predictions of an employer search model. They further determined this
effect by exploiting the natural experiments arising from the withdrawal of troops in Iraq and Afghanistan as an
exogenous shock to the specific supply of local labor and occupation. The study results imply that the number of
job seekers increasing can account for about 30% of the total number of employers' skills requirements observed
from 2007 to 2010. And from 2007 to 2012, The unemployment rate increased by 6.4 percentage points for
university workers, equivalent to a 2.3 percentage point increase for workers with university degrees. According to
a survey of the American community, college-educated workers were 2 percentage points less likely to be
unemployed from 2007 to 2012 within a six-digit job code [93].
1.2. Overview of domestic research situation
1.2.1. Research on youth and youth employment
In the study “Youth as a demographic and social group: Characteristics, issues and prospects” by Dang
Nguyen Anh et al (2004) showed that: the proportion of youth in the Vietnamese population stands ranks high

compared to other countries in Asia due to the high fertility that occurred in the post-war years. In 1979, the
proportion of youth aged 15-24 accounted for 20.7% of the total population, in 1999 it was 19.9%, in 2004 this
proportion was 19.3% of the population, in 2009 this figure was 18.3% of the population [17].
In the context of “golden population”, there have been many opportunities for Vietnamese youth to
participate in production and career activities, making positive contributions to the socio-economic development of
the country [15], [82].
In addition, the golden population structure and the effects of the global economic crisis have led to many
challenges for employment for young workers [15], [82]. The youth survey of the Youth Research Institute in 2009
found that 69% of youth were directly affected by employment, of which 43.4% were less employed than before;
16.7% lost their jobs or were laid off and 8.7% had to do other things compared to their previous jobs. More than
90% of youth in export processing zones in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City and Binh Duong were asked to confirm that
their workplace was affected by the economic downturn [15]. Underemployment and unemployment among youth
are on the rise. According to statistics of the Ministry of Labor, War Invalids and Social Affairs, the percentage of
youth in working age underemployment increased from 3% (in 2008) to 4.1% (in 2010), of which urban areas is

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2%; rural area is 4.9%. The unemployment rate of youth accounted for 4.2% (in 2008), rising to 5.2% (in 2010), of
which in urban areas it was 7.8%, nearly twice as high as in rural areas (4, 3%) [82].
The proportion of the young population aged 14-25 in the North and Central regions is lower and relatively
even (18-19% of the total population of each region). It is noteworthy that the Southwest region has the highest
youth size and structure in the country (accounting for 21.5% of the region's total population and 21.1% distributed
among regions). This is an agricultural economic development area where millions of youth are living in need of
income and employment [17].
Professional qualifications, labor skills of young workers participating in economic activities have been
improved in recent years. According to MOLISA, the labor force of youth with professional secondary education
increased from 4.1% (in 2008) to 6.5% (in 2010); college and university education increased rapidly from 5.5% (in
2008) to 8.7% (in 2010) [15], [82]. Each year, between 70,000 and 80,000 college students and 143,000 - 160,000
university students graduate, supplementing the social labor force (cited by Trinh Duy Luan, 2012). In 2009 and

2012, youth with college and university education increased rapidly from 7.8% to approximately 10%. However,
not all of these people have stable jobs and vocational training or education [15].
Besides, in the research project, some social issues in the field of labor and employment in our country
today, author Trinh Duy Luan also focused on analyzing and clarifying difficulties from economic instability.
macro and the implications for the employment sector. Issues of labor quality, employment and the need to
improve quality; take advantage of opportunities “golden population” in the field of labor and employment; some
issues on labor, employment in rural areas and the implementation of the Project 1956: “Vocational training for
rural workers by 2020” of the Government. The report has also carefully analyzed the results and data of the two
“Survey Assessement of Vietnamese Youth” (SAVY 1 and SAVY 2). Since then, the Report has proposed a
number of policy recommendations that need to be considered for implementation in the next socio-economic
development process, especially the issue of improving the quality of rural human resources, labor, employment in
rural areas and the implementation of Project 1956.
The study of “The economic downturn and the challenges for solving youth jobs today” by Dang Nguyen
Anh (2014) has built the theoretical and methodological basis for youth employment (chapter 1), and in-depth
analysis of the socio-economic situation in the context of the global economic recession (chapter 2), thereby
presenting employment challenges and creating jobs for youth in our country [15]. Accordingly, over the past 10
years, the size and percentage of youth participating in economic activities has increased significantly over time,
and the young population has been present in almost all economic sectors, national (from agriculture, forestry,
fishery to industry and construction, from trade to service, even in high-tech fields). However, the unemployment,
lack of jobs or unstable jobs and the resulting salary, inadequate income of youth (including never going to school
and graduating from vocational training, colleges, university) is a great challenge. One of the issues raised is that
the vocational training program is widespread and widespread in all localities, does not pay attention to regional
differences, and has not provided necessary knowledge and skills for learners. In addition to the strengths and
market of each locality, it does not meet the needs of learners and the requirements of labor receiving places, both
at home and abroad [15].
Nguyen Duc Vinh (2007) in the research project “The impact of population changes on the process of
changing labor sources and employment structure in rural areas” has shown the relationship between the
employment structure of the population aged 15-59 in rural areas in 2003 and 2006 with their qualifications. The
project uses data from two surveys on population and labor force surveys conducted by the General Statistics
Office in 2003 and 2006, the sample size of the two surveys is quite large, about 2% of the population (1.6 million

peoples) over 3500 locations. Accordingly, the employment structure is closely related to the professional level, in
2003 “the proportion of agriculture employed was high among the groups with low qualifications and vice versa.
The employment rate in the non-agricultural sector is lowest in the group of unskilled workers (16.8%), but is
highest in the group of unskilled technical workers (85.4%) and then the group of intermediate, university or higher
(75.8%) and non-degree technical workers (65.1%)”. By 2006, those with high levels of education had high rates of
off-farm employment and low rates of farming. The non-working upper secondary school group accounts for

7


12.6% higher than the lower educated group. Overview of the above problem shows that although they may be
highly qualified, trained, but there is the fact that these people often do not want to work in the agricultural sector
even when they are unemployed [33] .
1.2.2. Research on employment needs and employment transition needs
In the study “Discussing the need for career success” of La Thu Thuy (2005), human needs are always
associated with activities. Needs and satisfaction of needs are intrinsic strength, the motivation to motivate people
to operate, adjust behaviors, create the inner activeness of each individual in order to achieve the set goals. In
professional activities, the need for success is one of the important factors to assess the level of accomplishment of
a task. People with high success tend to get the job done well. On the contrary, people with low achievement needs
tend to work in moderation, and the effort to rise up in professional activities is limited [29].
The need for professional development is expressed specifically in the following dimensions: 1- Desiring to
develop professional qualifications; 2- Desiring to have a social status in the organization, especially the social
position that the individual asserts power; 3- Desiring to build close relationships with colleagues, thereby gaining
the respect of others; 4. Desiring to ensure and improve the economic life of individuals; 5- Desiring to reduce and
avoid failure in professional activities. This need arises, satisfies and grows in the subject's professional activities.
Professional activities are a way of satisfying the need for professional success. The process of finding ways to
satisfy the need for professional success is the source of the positive in accomplishing each individual's goals [29].
In addition, the study “Adjusting the structure of training occupations according to the employment needs in
Phong Dien district, Can Tho city” by Nguyen Thi Kim Chung (2014) has pointed out some limitations on the
current situation. labor - employment and vocational training in the locality: 1- The shortage of jobs is very severe;

2. The intellectual level of the population does not meet the local development needs; 3- The occupational structure
is not suitable with the local development needs [42]. Accordingly, leisure time has not been used (about 35% of
agricultural labor time), many youth every year reach working age without a job; In some communes, land use
purpose has been changed, workers are entitled to compensation, but their lack of land and unskilled skills have
become a major obstacle in the goal of regional economic restructuring. . Reducing agricultural labor, increasing
service workers in industry and services is a difficult problem. The long-term solution is to provide short-term
vocational training for rural workers in Phong Dien district based on Project 1956 to transfer skills from traditional
production farmers to modern production farmers. Occupational transition from agricultural labor (farmer) to nonagricultural labor and rural services; shift career and workplace from agricultural labor or non-agricultural labor in
rural areas to industrial labor in industrial parks, enterprises, eco-tourism areas ... [42].
Through the study, the author has proposed some solutions to improve the effectiveness of vocational
training for rural workers in Phong Dien district. And one of the important solutions given is to improve the quality
of vocational training in order to successfully translate the economic structure and create jobs after training.
Accordingly, the survey of the needs of using manpower of trained workers in the economic sectors, economic
regions of the locality and the survey of vocational training needs of subjects and subgroups to organize training
courses is very important. And clearly defining the core issue for vocational training for rural workers is to attach to
job creation for workers, especially those who need to switch to working in non-agricultural and industrial sectors.
and tourism services to meet local development needs in the future [42].
1.2.3. Research on factors affecting employment
In his research on “The military career choice of current military cadets students”, author Than Trung Dung
applied the systematic viewpoint of the career guidance when he thought that each person was a The individual
lives in a complex, diverse and influenced system by many subjective and objective factors. Each person's
professional development is a process and is the result of the interaction between personal factors such as age,
gender, characteristics, health ... with external factors such as family, community, country, socio-economic
situation, education system…. The results of the study have shown that the differences in the correlation between
the reasons for choosing a career in the military and the demographic characteristics of the students and the career

8


choices of the students are also influenced by the factors. Socio-economic status such as father's discipline, place of

residence and family living standard.
It is worth noting that the research project “Assessing factors affecting job seekability of rural workers in
Can Tho City” by Pham Duc Thuan and Duong Ngoc Thanh with the objective (i) clarify the real situation of
employment of rural labor, (ii) assess the factors affecting employment of rural labor and (iii) propose some
employment solutions for workers. activities in Can Tho City. The research team used descriptive statistical
methods (clarifying the current status of employment and income of rural labor, the capacity / conditions to support
employment and the status of rural labor demand); using the Binary Logistic Model (identifying factors affecting
job availability); using the Multivariate Linear Regression Model (to assess and analyze the factors that affect the
income of rural labor) and Factor Analysis (to identify the groups of factors affecting the ability to find).
employment of rural workers) to process and analyze information gathered from group discussions, interviews with
knowledgeable people and direct interviews with rural workers with a total sample of 480 households. The study
results have identified three groups of variables that directly affect the employability of rural workers (appropriate
working environment; ability to meet jobs and capacity of workers). ). In particular, the ability of employees to
meet is a major determinant of their ability to find jobs [54].
In addition, in the study on “Factors affecting non-agricultural employment capacity of rural labor in An
Nhon town, Binh Dinh province”, author Nguyen Dinh Phuc Using the Probit probability regression model, 9
factors were explained to explain the non-agricultural employment participation of rural workers (age, gender,
education level, vocational training, household size. However, the impact of these factors on non-farm employment
on rural labor is different. In particular, leisure, production complex and apprenticeship are the three factors that
have the greatest impact on the non-agricultural employment capacity of labor in the region [34].
The study of the authors Tran Thi Minh Phuong and Nguyen Thi Minh Hien (2014) on “Factors affecting
the ability of non-agricultural employment in rural areas of Hanoi city” has used regression estimates. Probit
probability with household living standard survey data (VHLSS) repeated between 2010 and 2012. Research results
indicate that: age, gender, number of years attending school, job creation program, female The importance of
industry - services and development projects are factors that affect non-agricultural employment of rural labor in
this locality. In particular, if other factors are constant, 1 year of schooling increases the likelihood of off-farm
employment by 0.3% [74].
In addition, a number of empirical studies have proposed and tested models of research on factors
affecting/affecting non-agricultural employment in rural areas such as: In the report Research of the IAE-MISPA
project (Le Xuan Ba et al, 2006), factors affecting the process of labor restructuring from agriculture to nonagricultural labor in rural Vietnam are influenced by Factors: age, education, gender, productive land, membership,

assets, job creation projects, number of factories, transport, leisure, farm income, ecological region, etc. Research
by Doan Thi Cam Van, Le Long Hau and Vuong Quoc Duy (2010) has suggested that factors that significantly
influence employment from non-agricultural economic activities in Tra Vinh include: : age, number of members,
education level, agricultural income, asset value, productive land and job creation program ... And the authors Tran
Thanh Phuc and Huynh Thanh Phuong (2011) said that : order c points of head of household (age, gender,
education, vocational training); family characteristics (size, average age, number of years of schooling, number of
people employed, assets) and community characteristics (employment information, transport, credit) are the
influencing factors. to employment and non-agricultural income of rural labor in Long An province [34].
1.2.4. Study on the Southwest region
According to a report by the General Statistics Office, in 2013, the region's labor force was about 10.3
million peoples, ranking second in the country. More than 65% of households in the Southwestern region produce
agriculture, forestry, fishing, and aquaculture, and nearly 90% of these households are involved in rice and fruit
production [77]. The Southwest has more than 1.4 million ethnic people, accounting for more than 8% of the
region's population, mainly Khmer, Cham and Chinese. The characteristics of these ethnic groups show that the
Chinese are accustomed to small businesses and trade activities, the Cham have a habit of working as a hired labor,
while the Khmer have been attached to the land for a long time. People pay less attention to investing in education,

9


especially for women. Over the past 15 years, the movement of women getting married abroad (Taiwan, Korea,
Singapore ...) has developed strongly and spread to all 13 provinces and cities in the Southwest region. The
common sentiment of a part of the rural population in the South of Vietnam is that they do not worry about and do
not advocate escaping poverty by way of education. This pattern and lifestyle have greatly influenced the
orientation of education, training and human resource development of the Southwest region.
The proportion of trained labor force in the entire Southwest region is 10.5%, the percentage of workers with
university or higher education accounts for 4.4%, college accounts for 1.1%, secondary school, 3% and vocational
training 2.4%. In addition, the South West region currently has 24.5% of youth who do not work and have never
been to school. On average, the labor salary in this area is also the lowest in the country with more than 3.3 million
VND per person per month. Because of their low income, families cannot afford to pay increasing fees for their

children to attend colleges and universities, especially newly established private schools [77].
The 1999 and 2009 Censuses also show that the proportion of trained labor force in the Western provinces is
the lowest. The Southwest region is known as the largest granary, the richest seafood, the most abundant fruit, but
at the same time, the infrastructure is also the weakest, the housing conditions are poor, the percentage of students
High school dropout. The whole region has 62 vocational training institutions, 13 universities and 26 colleges but
most of them are newly established with limited quality, lack of backward teaching equipment, and have not yet
created a reputation. in training, it has not attracted students [80]. In order to understand the situation and
implement development strategies in the region, it is necessary to have specific studies in-depth to understand the
people's thoughts, aspirations, employment needs of rural youth (large forces). islands and have a particularly
important role for regional development).
The labor force of the Southwest region is still low compared to the national average and far from the
potential and sustainable development requirements of this region. Solving the problem of human resource quality
for the Southwest is solving the conflict between abundant labor supply but lack of technical expertise, skills and
limitations in human resource management. Although there have been many state policies on supporting and
encouraging the development of education, training and human resource development in the Southwest region,
there is still no specific and comprehensive policy strong enough for promote the development of quality human
resources to meet the region's development requirements [3].
In general, there are many domestic and foreign research materials on labor issues - youth employment,
human resources issues and human resource development with approaches and methods to achieve goals. different
research. The works have analyzed the situation of human resources and especially the youth labor force at
different angles such as the number, structure and ability to meet the requirements of the job position. However, the
above studies have not directly assessed the demand for job change of rural youth and identify the influencing
factors. Therefore, through this thesis, author want to systematize theoretical basis for employment issues of rural
youth; explore the real employment status and demand for job change of youth in the Southwestern region, identify
the impact factors so that they can draw conclusions and recommend solutions to contribute to stability and
sustainable development firmly in the Southwest region.
In this dissertation, the author focuses on studying the employment status and demand for job change as well
as the factors affecting this demand of youth in rural areas in the Southwest region. The study uses data extracted
from secondary data sets of Project KHCN/14-19/X05 (under the The Science and Technology Program for the
Sustainable Development of the Southwest Region), and at the same time combines conduct in-depth interviews

with 25 cases to clarify the picture of employment status and demand for job change of rural youth in the
Southwest region. Thereby, the author hopes to make new contributions to the general knowledge pool of labor,
youth employment and scientific arguments for the development of human resource development strategies and
development strategies. Socio-economic development in the Southwest region based on the demand for job change
of youth labor force in the region.
Chapter 2: THEORETICAL BASIS
2.1. The basic concepts used in the thesis

10


The thesis topic has focused on clarifying a number of concepts related to research issues, such as
“Employment”, “Unemployment”, “Rural”, “Youth”, “Rural youth”, “Demand for employment” and “Demand for
job change”.
2.2. Research Theory
In this thesis, the author uses an interdisciplinary approach between sociological, psychological and
economical perspectives to identify and explain some problems of employment status and needs. employment
conversion for youth in rural areas in the Southwest region. The applied research theories include: rational choice
theory (by James Coleman), demand theory and supply-demand theory.
2.3. Analytical framework
Social and economic conditions

Individual characteristics of
rural youth in the Southwest
region: Age, sex, ethnicity,
religion, marital status and
education level.

Employment status and
demand for job change of

rural young people in the
Southwest region:
- Current status of
employment;

Characteristics of rural youth
families in the Southwest region:
Household size, number of
employees in the household,
household living standard.

- Working frequency;
- The demand for job change;
- New job to look for (if any);
- The demand for participate
in training to improve skills,
technical expertise.

Rural community elements in
the Southwest region:
Employment information, labor
market, employment support
policies; Locations of residence.

Background of
industrialization and modernization

11

Chapter 3
EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF RURAL YOUTH
IN THE SOUTHWESTERN REGION AND THE DETERMINANT FACTORS
3.1. Employment Status of Rural Youth in the Southwest Region
In the process of understanding the employment status of rural youth in the Southwest region from the
dataset of the Project KHCN/14-19/X05, the author focused on analyzing the main jobs of 726 respondents (main
jobs are classified into 8 groups, including: 1- agricultural jobs; 2- workers; 3- traders; 4- officials; 5- hired
workers; 6- housewives; 7- other job; 8- unemployed and non-working) in relation to social demographic
characteristics to identify differences in main employment among youth groups. In addition, the working position
and working areas of youth groups will also be considered.
When considering the main jobs of youth in rural areas of the Southwest region by age group, it is easy to
see the difference among the main employment groups: agricultural job, workers and officials. While the
agricultural job and officials have the highest concentration rate in the age group 31-35 (with the corresponding
ratio is 21.3% compared with 13% in the 26-30 age group and 12.1% in the age group 16- 25; and 7.1% compared
to 5.7% in the age group 26-30 and 2.9% in the age group 16-25), the workers have the main concentration rate in
the age group 26-30 and age group 16-25 (33.3% and 33.7%, respectively, compared to 19.6% in the age group 3135). This problem can be explained by the strong demand for agricultural separation of rural youth, especially
among younger youth groups (age group 16-25 and age group 25-30) and employment as workers is their most
selected. The group of youth attached to agricultural job shows that they want to stabilize their jobs and develop
livelihoods from the land to ensure their and their families' lives (most of this group is age group 31-35). It is
understandable for officials who have a low concentration rate in the age group 16-25 because in this age group
they need to focus more on studying and training, up skilling to meet job requirements and the psychology of
exploring, experiencing life have become barriers for them in this job selection process. In addition, unemployed
and non-working have the highest concentration of love in the age group 16-25 (5.4% compared to 1.6% in the age
group 26-30 and 0.8% in the age group 31-35) has shown the experience, low access to employment of this young
group and needs to be supported and supported, in labor and employment strategies in the next period.
In addition, when considering the main employment status of youth in rural areas in the Southwest region
(N = 602), it is found that the concentration of employment is mainly in wage employment (55.1%) and Selfemployment enterprises (30.4%), while the percentage of cooperative members is very small (0.2%). And when
dividing working positions by age group, most of wage work concentrated in the age group 26-30 (59.3%; N =
214) and the age group 16-25 (58.9%; N = 190); the rate of Self-employed is mainly at the age group 31-35
(40.4%; N = 198). And only 0.5% (N = 198) of youth in the age group 31-35 are cooperative members. This

problem can be explained by the fact that the rural youth workers in the Southwestern region when starting to
participate in the labor market, the majority of them (in the age groups 16-25 and 26-30) wage employment in other
groups of workers and other job in the Private and Foreign Capital sectors. And when they are older (in the group
31-35), they need to have both working time to earn income and looking after family, most youth have found selfemployment in the groups: agricultural job, traders and officials.
In the other side, when considering the working area of rural youth in the Southwest region (N = 602): In
general, most of them work in the private sector (37%), Individuals self-employed (32.1%) and very few people
work in the collective sector (2.8%). And when dividing the working area by age group, we see that the majority of
the concentration in the Private and Foreign Capital sector is youth in the age group 16-24 (43.3% and 10.6%; N =
141) and the age group 25-30 (37.6% and 10.7%; N = 234), the majority are concentrated in the Self-employed area
and the individual business household are the age group 31-35 age (42.4% and 16.2%; N = 191). These findings are
in line with the above analysis where the majority of youth are concentrated primarily in workers and other job
while the older group of youth is mostly in agriculture job, traders and officials.
The qualitative research results also show that the demand for employment of rural youth in the
Southwestern region have been partly satisfied (maybe these are just immediate needs, temporary needs when they

12


“accept” meeting points on the labor market. Because, there are still unmet job demands and aspirations for youth
workers).
In general, the frequency of employment in the 12 months prior to the survey of rural youth in the
Southwest region in the research sample was quite high with 81.9% having regular jobs and 18, 1% have irregular
jobs (N = 603).
In addition, there are still many difficulties and obstacles about employment in the locality. Out of 702
respondents, 172 had no difficulty (accounting for 24.5%) and the rest said that the main difficulties and obstacles
were concentrated in 5 groups: low educational level (20.8%), without skills and skills (13.82%); lack of jobs
(16.81%); unstable employment (14.1%); low and precarious income (9.97%).
Besides, when asked about how to overcome the local people in the face of difficulties in local
employment, 531 youth gave answers and through their lens, the local people often chose 1 of the 4 options to
overcome these difficulties are: continuing education or vocational training; remain to work locally; rural-rural

migration; and rural-urban migration.
3.2. Factors affecting the employment status of rural youth in the Southwest region
To identify the factors affecting the employment status of rural youth in the Southwest region, the author
has analyzed three models using the dependent variables as “main job”, “satisfaction level of main jobs” and
“frequency of work”; The independent variables are the individual, family and community characteristics of the
rural youth in the sample.
- In the first model, with the results of the survey “as a cross section” on the employment status of youth in
rural areas in the Southwestern region, the author wanted to find out their main job choices and the factors affecting
that choice through the main job of the respondent at the reference time. Because of it can be understood that it is
their choice in terms of specific resources available (this is suitable for both youth who have chosen their current
main job for many years and the time to attend screenings still choose to continue that job, not switch to another
job). The question are “How did rural youth in the Southwestern region choose their main jobs?” and “What factors
influence that choice?”
In this section, the author focuses on identifying the main job choices of rural youth in the Southwest
region (through their job at the reference time) and the impacts by their characteristics. The author uses SPSS
software to analyze multinomial logistic regression with the dependent variable being the main job of the
respondent and the independent variables (continuous variable is age and other variables include: gender, ethnicity,
religion, educational attainment, marital status, household living standard, number of people in the household,
number of employees in the household, degree of liking for the main job and locality (measured by the “commune”
variable) to identify factors that influence their main job choice and compare their agricultural main employment
option with employment groups other main. Based on information from 591 respondents, the research team built a
regression model to identify factors that influence their employment choices.
The research results show that the main job choice of rural youth in the Southwest region is significantly
influenced by (statistically significant) factors: age, education, gender, ethnicity, religion, marital status, household
living standard, level of interest in main job and place of residence. And these results have confirmed most of the
statements about the difference in the correlation analysis of the previous two variables.
- In the second model, there is a dependent variable, the “satisfaction level of main jobs” to learn about the
satisfaction of employment demand of rural youth in the Southwest region for the job they are doing at the time
reference and identify the factors that influence that satisfaction level of main jobs.
The results also show differences (statistically significant through T-test and Oneway-ANOVA tests) and

the factors that influence the satisfaction level of main jobs of rural youth in the Southwest region.
- In addition, the third model has a dependent variable of "frequency of employment" (including two
groups of “regular” and “irregular employment” groups of respondents in the 12 months prior to the time survey
points) and independent variables are the personal, family and community characteristics of rural youth in the
Southwestern region that will help identify the factors that affect to the level of “regular employment” or “irregular
employment” of them.

13


To identify factors affecting the frequency of employment of rural youth in the Southwest region in the 12
months prior to the survey with two groups: “regular employment” and “irregular employment”, the Binary
Logistic regression model was used to analyze the responses of 586 youth in the sample.
The results of running the Binary Logistic Regression Model using SPSS software for the binary dependent
variable is “working frequency” of rural youth in the Southwest region in the 12 months prior to the survey
(“regular employment = 1” and ““irregular employment = 0 ”) and independent variables are age, gender,
education, ethnicity, religion, marital status, number of people in the household, number of employees in the
household, household living standards, main jobs, level of liking for main jobs and job tracking.
When examining the appropriateness of the Binary Logistic regression model, we see that the value of “-2
Log likelihood” is 457,388, showing a good level of conformity.
The level of accuracy was also measured: in 479 cases of “regular employment” in the 12 months prior to
the reference time, the model correctly guessed 464 cases, with a correct guess rate of 96.9%; in 107 cases of
“irregular employment” in the 12 months prior to the reference time, the model correctly guessed 21 cases, with the
correct guess rate of 19.6%; and the correct prediction rate for the entire model is 82.8%.
The results of the regression model analysis also pointed out 7 factors that directly impact (statistically
significant) on the situation of “regular employment” or “irregular employment” of rural youth in the Southwest
region in the 12 months prior to the survey were: gender, ethnicity, religion, household living standard, main job,
level of liking for the main job and job information tracking.
Conclusion of chapter 3
Like its name, this chapter focuses on analyzing the employment status of rural youth in the Southwest

region and its impact factors.
The results of research on the current status of employment show differences in main jobs, satisfaction
level of main jobs, job position, work area and working frequency among rural youth groups in the Southwest
region.
In particular, the main job choices of rural youth in the Southwest region also have significant differences
when disaggregated by social groups. Among them, it is worth noting that the differences are statistically
significant such as: agriculture has significantly more choices for the age groups 31-35, males, married, religious ,
secondary school and living standards above average; workers have significantly more choices of Kinh, nonreligious, married, age groups 16-25 and 26-30; traders has significantly more choice of female, married, secondary
school and other ethnic; Significantly more hired workers of groups who have never attended school and religious;
other job have significantly more choice of female, living standards below average and un-married.
The results of regression analysis also show that the main job choices for rural youth in the Southwest
region are significantly influenced by (statistically significant) factors: age, gender, ethnicity, education, marital
status, household living standards and religion.
In addition, the research results also showed that there is a significant difference (statistically significant) of
the satisfaction level of main jobs of rural youth in the Southwest region in the research sample when divided by
the education, main jobs and household living standards.
Chapter 4
DEMAND FOR JOB CHANGE OF RURAL YOUTH
IN THE SOUTHWEST REGION AND THE DETERMINANT FACTORS
4.1. Practice and factors affecting job change
The results of job change of rural youth in the Southwest region in the 12 months prior to the survey time
(N = 682) with 92.7% “not-change” and 7.3% with “change”. This problem shows that employment has now
partially met the employment demans of youth in the survey sample, given the specific conditions of resources
(qualifications, accessibility and meeting the requirements of the labor market) this youth chose their current job,

14


the majority of whom were satisfied with certain employment needs and did not make a job transition in the 12
months prior to the survey.

To identify the factors affecting the demand for job of rural youth in the Southwest region in the 12 months
prior to the survey time with two groups of “change” and “not-change”, the author used Binary Logistic regression
model to analyze the responses of 543 youth in the sample.
Analysis results of Binary Logistic Regression Model using SPSS software for binary dependent variable is
job change (in the 12 months prior to the survey) of rural youth in the Southwest region (“change = 1” and “notchange = 0”) and independent variables are age, gender, education, ethnicity, religion, marital status, number of
people in the household, number of employees in the household, level household living, main job, satisfaction level
of main jobs, and job information.
When examining the appropriateness of the Binary Logistic regression model, we saw that the value of “-2
Log likelihood” is 267,769, showing a good level of conformity.
The level of accuracy was also measured: in 501 cases of “not-change” in the 12 months prior to the
survey, the model correctly guessed 500 cases, with a true guess rate of 99.8%; in 42 cases of “change” in the 12
months prior to the survey, the model did not correctly guess any cases, so the correct guess rate was 0%; and the
correct prediction rate for the whole model is 92.1%.
The results of the regression model analysis also showed 6 factors that directly (statistically) on the “job
change” of rural youth in the Southwest region in the 12 months prior to the survey are: age, education, marital
status, number of people in the household, ethnicity and main job.
In addition, qualitative research results have also shown the role and impacts of educational attainment and
application of science and technology to job change in the Southwestern rural areas.
This problem shows that the “job change” or “no job change” of rural youth in the Southwest region was
affected (statistically significant) by social demographic characteristics (age, education, ethnicity and main job) and
family characteristics (married status and number of people in the household). Socio-economic development and
policies on agricultural and rural development have also brought opportunities to develop the rural labor market in
the Southwest region. Many job opportunities have also been created (supply of the labor market) and a proportion
of young people with job openings and job change needs take advantage of those opportunities to choose jobs or
the change that is right for them (that is the meeting point between supply and demand for jobs in the labor market
in the rural southwestern region).
In addition, the process of industrialization, modernization and local policies has also had an impact on the
employment transformation of rural youth in the Southwest region. The establishment of industrial zones has
created many new job opportunities; The process of application and transfer of scientific and technological
advances in agricultural production has also created many job opportunities and jobs for rural youth.

4.2. Demand for job change and the determinant factors
4.2.1. Demand for job change
The results of the study show that the demand for job change of rural youth in the Southwest region at the
time of the survey (N = 719) by age group with the rate of 71.9% “without demand for change” and 28.1% “have
demand for change”.
To identify the factors affecting the demand for job change of rural youth in the Southwest region at the
time of the survey with two groups of “have demand for change” and “without demand for change”, Researchers
used the Binary Logistic regression model to analyze the responses of 538 youth in the research sample.
Analysis results of the Binary Logistic Regression Model using SPSS software for binary dependent
variables is “demand for job change” of rural youth in the Southwest region (“have demand for change = 1” and
“without demand for change = 0”) and independent variables are age, gender, education, ethnicity, religion, marital
status, number of people in the household, number of employees in the household, level of household living, main
job, satisfaction level of main jobs, employment information, employment frequency and job change in 12 months
prior to the survey.

15


When examining the appropriateness of the Binary Logistic regression model, we see that the value of “-2
Log likelihood” is 485,142, which shows a good level of conformity.
The level of accuracy was also measured: in 409 cases of “without demand for change”, the model
correctly guessed 382 cases, with a correct guess rate of 93.4%; in 129 cases of “have demand for change”, the
model correctly guessed 36 cases, with the correct guess rate of 27.9%; and the correct prediction rate for the entire
model is 77.7%.
The results of the regression model analysis also pointed out 6 factors that directly impact (statistically
significant) on “demand for job change” of rural youth in the Southwest region at the time of the survey. Including:
the number of labor in the household, the standard of living of the household, main job, satisfaction level of main
jobs, employment information and the frequency of employment in the 12 months prior to the time of the survey.
In-depth interviews show that employment support policies for rural youth in the Southwest region have
been implemented and also have certain impacts. On that basis, youth workers who monitor employment

information have a better chance of accessing employment information so they can satisfy their demand for find a
job or demand for job change.
4.3. Demand for new jobs and the determinant factors
Based on the information collected from 202 respondents wishing to find new jobs at the time of the
survey, the author was divided into 5 groups of new jobs to look for according to their needs at the time of the
survey. Accordingly, most of the demand for new jobs of rural youth in the Southwestern region is concentrated in
Traders (37.6%) and Workers (26.2%). While, the demand for new jobs in the Agriculture job was the least (5.4%).
This problem can be explained by the shift in rural employment structure towards a reduction in the share of
agriculture and an increase in services and industry. Therefore, leading to the demand for job change of rural youth
in the Southwest region will also focus less on Agriculture job and more on Trade and Workers.
To identify the factors that affect demand and compare the demand for new job of rural youth in the
Southwest region, the author used analysis of multinomial logistic regression model by SPSS software with
dependent variable is the demand for new jobs of respondents and independent variables (continuous variables are
age and other variables including: gender, education, ethnicity, religion, married status, household living standards,
number of people in the household, number of labor in the household, employment information and locality
(measured by the “commune” variable) to identify factors that affect their demand for new job and to compare their
demand for new job with other groups. The regression model was built based on information from 199 respondents
wishing to find new jobs at the reference time.
The results of the regression analysis show that the demand for new job of rural youth in the Southwest
region are significantly affected by (statistically significant) factors: age, education, married status, the number of
people in the household, the number of labor in the household, the standard of living of the household, employment
information and locality. And these results have confirmed most of the statements about the difference in the twovariable correlation analysis.
4.4. Demand for improving technical and professional skills
The research results show that the training level of rural youth in the Southwest region at the time of the
survey (N = 726) with the rate of 17.9% had never attended school; 31.4% of primary school; 19.6% of secondary
school; 12.8% high school and 18.3% vocational training and intermediate level or higher. Notably, a large
proportion of youth have primary education or lower (49.3%).
In addition, the research results also show the demand for improving cechnical and professional skills of
rural youth in the Southwest region at the time of the survey (N = 716) with 36.9% “want to study”; 19.6%
“depending” and 43.6% “do not want to study”.

Conclusion of chapter 4
Chapter 4 presents quite a full range on the demand for job change of rural youth in the Southwest region
and its impact factors.

16


In general, the percentage of youth “without demand for job change” is still significantly higher than the
rate of youth “have demand for job change” (this is true in all cases: the transfer in the 12 months before survey
points, the need to change jobs at the time of the survey and the need to learn to improve skills and technical
expertise).
Groups of youth “have demand for job change” are mainly focused on: never attended school, the average
household living standard, age group 16-25, un-married (the differences between groups in the analysis are
statistically significant in Chi-square test or Fisher test).
In addition, the results of the Binary Logistic regression analysis also show the results: there are 4 factors
directly affecting to “job change” of rural youth in the Southwest region of the 12 months prior to the survey (age,
education, married status and number of people in the household) and 5 factors that directly impact the “demand
for job change” of rural youth in the Southwest region at the time of the survey (number of labor in the household,
household living standard, satisfaction level of main jobs, employment information and frequency of employment
in the 12 months prior to the survey).
In addition, in reality, the economic, social and cultural life is extremely rich and complex in the
Southwestern region, there may be many other factors affecting the demand for job change of rural youth which in
this study cannot clarify. Therefore, this research topic should continue to be concerned and implement more scale
and methodical in order to provide the most useful scientific arguments for planning the socio-economic
development strategy in general and the labor-employment strategy for the rural youth in the Southwest region in
particular in the next period.

17

CONCLUSION
Conclude
By studying the lessons learned of the previous authors (chapter 1), combined with the theoretical and
practical basis of the topic (chapter 2), the author has initially identified and analyzed the employment status and
demand for employment change of rural youth in the Southwest region. From the results of the research, please
draw some conclusions as follows:
Research on the employment status and demand for employment change of rural youth in the Southwest
region is very important for the future socio-economic development of this region. From identifying the
employment status and demand for employment change of them, policy makers will have the scientific basis to
develop effective job creation projects for youth workers in the process of rural industrialization and
modernization. This is a solid premise for the development of supportive policies, youth development in particular
and the formulation of regional socio-economic development strategies in general. Therefore, research on the
employment status and demand for employment change in the Southwest region should continue to be conducted at
a deeper and wider level, both in the theoretical and empirical aspects with Specialized, multidisciplinary,
interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches in the coming time.
Through analysis of secondary data extracted from the survey data set of the project KHCN/14-19/X05, the
dissertation outlined the picture of the employment status and demand for employment change of the rural youth in
the Southwest region and demonstrating the initial hypotheses for research:
+ The first hypothesis: “Employment of rural youth in the Southwest region is lacking and unstable. There
is a difference in employment among rural youth groups in the Southwest region”. The research results presented in
Chapter 3 clearly show the underemployment situation of rural youth in the Southwest region and the
unemployment, non-working rate is still high among some young groups (age group 16-25, un-married and living
standards below average). The thesis results also show the difference in employment status among rural youth
groups in the Southwest region.
+ The second hypothesis: “There are some factors (individuals, families and communities) affecting the
employment status of rural youth in the Southwest region". This hypothesis was also proved by the results
presented in Chapter 3. Combining quantitative and qualitative data, the author also applied the research theories
and the results of previous researchers (through published works) to explain and clarify the factors affecting the
employment status of rural youth in the Southwest region. The results of multivariate regression analysis allow us
to identify the factors that have a (statistically significant) effect on the employment status of youth in the

Southwestern region (including age, gender, ethnicity, education, married status, household living standards and
religion).
+ The third hypothesis: “Rural youth in the southwestern region have the demand for job change. There is a
difference in the demand for job change among rural youth groups in the Southwest region”. The research results
presented in Chapter 4 clearly show that the demand for job change of them. However, opportunities for
employment and career change of rural youth in the Southwest region are currently limited. It is noteworthy that
the demand for job change varies significantly among rural youth groups in the South West region (the groups with
the demand for job change are mainly: low educational levels, living standards below average, age group 16-25,
un-married).
+ The fourth hypothesis: “There are some factors (individuals, families, communities) that have an impact
on the reality and demand for job change of rural youth in the Southwest region”. The research results in Chapter 4
also support this hypothesis. The author has applied the results of previous researchers, theories and empirical
research results of the topic to explain and clarify the factors affecting the demand for job change of rural youth in
the Southwest region. The analysis of the regression models also showed the impact (statistically significant) on the
demand for job change of youth in the Southwestern region by the factors: age, education, married status, number
of people in the household, number of labor in the household, household living standard, employment information
and locality.

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The research hypotheses set forth in the thesis have been proved in the analysis. However, due to the
limitation of a large-scale study, it is not possible to generalize the whole rural area in the Southwest region. The
research results are valuable as a reference channel for further studies on the demand for job change of rural youth
in the coming years.
Recommendations
Based on the research results on employment status and demand for job change of rural youth in the
Southwest region, the thesis proposes some recommendations as follows:
Firstly, it is necessary to synchronize and integrate in order to further improve the effectiveness of the rural
development programs in the Southwestern region (hunger eradication and poverty reduction program, vocational

training program for laborers rural areas, job creation programs ...) and especially pay more attention to the
employment status and demand for job change of rural youth in remote areas, ethnic minority youth and young
women to help them stabilize their employment, income and social security in the new development context. The
demand for job change is often overlooked in programs and projects that focus on local employment but do not pay
attention to the demand for job change of youth in rural, especially according to different youth groups in terms of
socio-demographic characteristics. This is also the reason why the economic structure transition has been slow in
the rural areas of the Southwest region until now.
Secondly, It is necessary to continue to propagate, mobilize and support households with below average
living standards in the rural southwestern region to improve education, professional and technical qualifications for
youth in particular and for rural people in the South West region in general. From there, it is possible to raise
awareness and skills to meet the increasing demands of the labor market in the context of integration, have access
to science and technology in the production process, and take advantage of get better job opportunities. This is also
a solution to gradually improve the quality of human resources in the Southwest rural area to meet the requirements
of industrialization - modernization in the new situation.
Thirdly, it is necessary to carry out more extensive and extensive sociological studies on the employment
issue of rural youth in the southwestern region in order to provide better scientific arguments for the development
of rural youth development programs in the Southwest region in particular and strategic planning for rural
development in the Southwest region in general in the next period./.

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LIST OF PUBLISHED STUDIES BY THE AUTHOR
RELATED TO THE THESIS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Pham Ngoc Tan. 2020. Gender differences in employment structure of rural youth in the Southwest
region. VWAJournal of Sciences (Vietnamese).Number1 (p.2-11).
Pham Ngoc Tan. 2019. Identify satisfaction level of main jobs of rural youth in the Southwest region.
Journal of Institute of Sociology (Vietnamese).Number 3 (tr.29-38).
Pham Ngoc Tan. 2019. Employment Status of Rural Youth in the Southwest Region. Social Sciences
Information Review. Volume 13. Number 1. March 2019 (p.47-53).
Pham Ngoc Tan. 2019. Employment Status of Rural Youth in the Southwest Region. Social Sciences
Information Review (Vietnamese).Number 3 (p.44-51).
Pham Ngoc Tan. 2018. Employment choicesof rural youth in the Southwest region (Findings from
secondary data). Human Study Review (Vietnamese). Number 6 (p.25-38).

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