Hướng dẫn một số phương pháp viết đúng ngữ pháp tiếng Anh: Phần 2

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1

@uwi tit DO m in h ite
Tdi co c a n d p c c h u c n g n a y khong?

Dau ucu bo&
c boc
vc
•
•
Cum gioi tiif, dong vj ngir, cum dong tu
*^

Su khac biSt giua m?nh & doc 12p va mfnh & phi)
thuoc
MSnh di trang tu, m?nh di tmh tu, m?nh d£ quan h?
vk m2nh di danh tu

146


Clnfdng nay md d iu bang p h in ban luan
cum
tuf, mot trong nhtfng phan quan trpng cau thanh cau.
Co nhigu loai cum ttf, bao gom cum gidi ttf ca cum tinh
ttf va cum trang ttf, dong vi ngff va cum dong ttf. Sau
do, b an se on ve m enh d e , mot nhom ttf co chu ngff va d6ng ttf

rieng.

TSng quan

cum tit

Cum tff (phrase) la mot nhom tff co chffc nang nhu mot tff loai trong
cau. Mot cum tff khong co chu ngff hay dong tff, v'l vay no khong the dffng
mot minh nhff mot ddn vi doc lap dffdc - no chi cd chffc nang nhff mot tff
loai thoi. Khi viet, ban dung cum tff de tang tinh chi tiet bang cach mieu
ta. Cum tff giup ban dien dat rd rang hdn.
Loai cum tijf

Djnh nghfa

Vi du

Gidi tff

Bat dau bang mot
gidi tff va ket thuc
bang mot danh tff
dudicaiban

Near the house over the
moon under the desk
Gan nha; qua mat trang;

Cum gidi tff cd chffc
nang nhff mot tinh tff

Marci has a scarf with
green stripes.

hoac dai tff
Tinh tff

Marci co mot cai khan
quang soc xanh.
Trang tff

Cum gidi tff cd chffc
The fans shouted with
nang nhff mot trang tff hoarse voices.
Ngudi ham mo la het den
khan giong.

Dong vi ngff

Danh tff hoac dai tff
dung de chi mot danh
tff hoac dai tff khac

Fran, a teacher, enjoys
summer vacation.
Fran, mot gido vien, thich
ky nghi he.

147

Dong ttf

Dang dong tif dtfdc
dung nhir mot tir loai
khac tir nguyen m lu

Xem phan Dong tinh
tir, dong danh tir vik
dQng tir nguyen mau.

Dong tinh tiif

Cum dong tir c6 chtfc
nang nhir mQt tinh tir

Screaming loudly, the
baby was disconsolate.
La rat to, diia be khong
the do dUQc.

Dong danh tijf

Cum dong tir co chute
nang nhir mot danh tir

Working overtime
requires great sacrifice.
Lam vi^c ngoai gid can
phai co sU hy sinh rat Itk

Dong tijf
nguyen mau

Cum dong tirco chute To clean house on a
nang nhir m Q t danh tir, spring day is depressing
Don nha vao mot ngdy
tinh tir hoiic trang tir
mua xuan that Id chan.

Cum giat til
Cum gidi tir (prepositional phrase) la mot nhom tir bat dau b&ng mQt
gidi tir va ket thuc bang mot danh tir hoac dai tir. Danh tir hoac dai tif n&y
dude goi la “doi ttfdng cua gidi ttf. ”
By the wall

near the closet

over the garage

With help

in the desert

below sea level

1. Cum tinh ttf (adjectival phrase)
Khi mot cum gidi ttf cd chtfc nang nhtf mot tinh ttf, no dtfdc goi to
cum tinh ttf. Cung giong nhtf tinh ttf, cum tinh ttf mieu ta mQt danh
ttf hoac dai ttf. De biet mot cum gidi ttf cd chtfc nang cua mot cum

tinh ttf hay khong, ban hay xem no co tra Idi cho nhtfng cau h6i sau
khong: “which one?" (Cai ndo?) va “what kind?" (Loai ndo?)
The cost o f the jeans was surprisingly high.
Gid quan jean cao mot cach dang kinh ngac.
Cum tinh ttf “o f the jeans ” mieu ta danh ttf cost.

148


The clown with the mask terrifies the children.
Anh he vdi mat ng lam bon tre sd chet khiep.
Cum tinh tiif “with the m ask” mieu ta danh tif clown.
2. Cum trang tir (adverbial phrase)
Khi mot cum gidi ttfc6 chtfc nang nhtf mot trang ttf, nd dtfdc goi la
cum trang ttf. Trong trtfdng hdp n&y, nd mieu ta mot dong ttf, tinh
ttf hoiic trang ttf. Be biet mot cum gidi ttf cd chtfc nang cua mot
cum trang ttf hay khong, ban hay xem no cd trd Idi cho nhffng cau
hoi sau khong: “Where?” (d dau?), “When?” (khi nao?), “In what
manner?" (theo cdch nao?) va “To what extent?” (tdi mtfc nao?)
The Mets played at Shea Stadium.
Doi Mets chdi d sdn van dong Shea.
Cum trang ttf “at Shea Stadium ” bd nghla cho dong ttf played.
The game lasted into the fourteenth inning.
Tran dau keo dai tdi lUdt thu mudi bon.
Cum trang ttf “into the fourteenth inning” bd nghla cho dong ttf
lasted.

Dong 171 ngtt vd cum dong vf
Bong vj ngtf (appositive) la mot danh ttf hoac dai ttf dung de neu lai
mpt danh ttf hoac dai ttf khac. Bong vi ngff dtfdc dat ngay sau danh ttf

hoac dai ttf ma nd bd nghla. Cum dong vi (appositive phrase) la danh ttf
hoac dai ttfdi vdi phan bd nghla.
Lisa, a friend, should have understood my fear.
Lisa, m()t ngudi ban, le ra phai hieu ndi sd cua tdi.
Bong vi ngtf “a frie n d ” dung de chi danh ttf Lisa.
Tom ’s new car, a PT Cruiser, ran out of gas on the highway.
Chiec xe nidi cua Tom, mot chiec PT Cruiser, het xdng tren dudng
cao tdc.
Bong vi ngtf “a PT Cruiser” dung de chi danh ttf car.

149


Lisa, a dear old friend, should have understood my fear.
Lisa, mot ngudi ban cu rat than, le ra phai hieu noi so cua tdi.
Cum dong vi “a dear old frien d ” dilng de chi danh tif Lisa.
Tom ’s new car, a cherry red convertible PT Cruiser, ran out of gas
on the highway.
Chiec xe mdi cua Tom, mQt chiec PT Cruiser bd mui mau do anh
duo, het xdng tren dudng cao toe.
Cum dong vi “a cherry red convertible PT C ruiser' dung de chi
danh tir car.

Cum dong til
Dang dong tir (verbal) la mot dang cua dong tir diTdc dung nhir mot tir
loai khac. Dang dong tir co ba bien the: dong tinh tir (participle), dpng
danh tir (gerund) va dong tir nguyen mau (infinitive). Moi loai c6 chtfc
nang khac nhau trong cau:
•

Dong tinh tir co chute nang nhir tinh tir.

• Dong danh tir co chufc nang nhir danh tir.
• Dong tir nguyen mau co chute nang nhir danh tir, tinh tir hoic trang
tir.
Mac du dang dong tir khong co chute nang nhu" dong tir trong cau nhiTng
no van giuT hai tinh chat cua dong tif:
• Dang dong tir co the diTdc bd nghla bdi trang tir hoiic cum trang ttf.
•

Dang dong tir co the them tir bd nghla va bien thanh cum dong ttf
(verbal phrase).

3. Cum dong tinh tir (participle phrases)
Dong tinh tif (participle) la mot dang cua dong tirco chufc nang nhtf
mot tinh tir. Co hai loai dong tinh tir: dong tinh tir hien tai (present
participle) va dong tinh tir qua khi? (past participle)
•

Dong tinh tir hien tai tan cung la -in g (jumping, burning, speaking)

•

Dong tinh tir qua khuf thudng tan cung bang -ed, -t hoac -en (jumped,
burnt, spoken).

150


The wailing cats disturbed the neighbors.

Lu meo keu gdo lam ndo d()ng cac nhd hang xdm.
Dpng tinh tir hien tai “wailing ” bd nghla cho danh tCr cats.
Annoyed, the customer stalked out of the store.
Gian dit, ngudi khdch hang budc ra khoi ciia hang.
Dong tinh tir qua khuf “annoyed" bd nghla cho danh tir customer.
Cum dong tinh tir (participle phrase) bao gom mot dong tinh tir
dtfdc bd nghla bdi mot trang ttf hoac mot cum trang ttf. Cum dong
ttf cd chtfc nang nhtf mot tinh ttf va cd the dat trtfdc hoSc sau ttf ma
nd bd nghla.
Walking carefully, I avoided the spilled juice.
Budc di can than, toi tranh cho nude ep bi do.
Cum dong tinh ttf “walking carefully” bd nghla cho dai ttf I.
Nina, bothered by the mess, cleaned it up.
Nina, buc b(>i vdi cho ban, chui nd di.
Cum dong tinh ttf “bothered by the m ess” bd nghla cho danh ttf
Nina.
4. Cum dong danh ttf (gerund phrase)
Dong danh ttf (gerund) la mot dong ttf cd chtfc nang nhtf danh ttf.
Dong danh ttf cd the lam chu ngtf, tan ngff trffc tiep (direct object),
tan ngff gian tiep (indirect object), tan ngff cua gidi tff (object o f a
preposition), chu vi ngit (predicate nominative), va dong vi ngd (ap­
positive).
• Dong danh tff luon tan cung bang -ing.
• Dong danh tff luon cd chffc nang nhtf danh ttf.
In adult education, the Kitters discovered dancing.
Trong Idp hoc tai chiic, nhom Kitters dd phat hien ra mon khieu vu.
Dong danh ttf “dancing ” la mot tan ngtf trtfc tiep.
Giong nhtf dong tinh ttf, dong danh ttf co the la mot phan cua cum
tir.

151


The slow, steady dripping annoyed him.
Nude chay nhd giot deu deu khien anh ta buc bqi.
Cum dong danh tiif lii “the slow, steady dripping. ’
Jill’s morning schedule includes exercising fo r a fu ll hour.
Lich lam vi$c buoi sang cua Jill bao gom tap the due du nu}t titfng.
Cum dong danh tir la “exercising fo r a fu ll hour. ’

Cum ddng til nguyen mclu
Dong tir nguyen mau (infinitive) la mot dang cua dong tir; n6 di sau
tir to va c6 chtfc nang nhtf mot danh ttf, tinh ttf hoSc trang tif. Mpt
cum dong ttf nguyen mau bao gom c ic ttf bd nghla gop lai v& thtfc
hien chtfc nang cua mot ttf loai.
His goal, to get promoted before age 30, didn’t seem realistic.
Muc tieu cua anh ay, dUOc thang chiic trudc ndm 30 tuoi, dU(fng nhu
khong thuc te lam.
Cum dong ttf nguyen mau “to get promoted before age 3 0 ” bd nghla
cho danh ttf goal.
The honorees did not want to attend the banquet in the evening.
Nhitng ngudi dUOc vinh danh khong muon tham du bda ti?c toi.
Cum dong ttf nguyen mau la “to attend the banquet in the evening."

TSng quan

mdnh

Mot menh de (clause) la mot nh6m ttf vdi chu ngff va dong ttf rieng
cua nd. Giong nhtf cum ttf, menh de cd tac dung lam bai viet hoSc b&i ndi

cua ban trd nen phong phu bang cdch them c ic chi tiet
lam cho y cua
ban chinh xac hdn. M enh de cung cho phdp ban ket hdp y ttfdng lai de
the hien moi quan he giffa chung. Viec nay lam tang tinh logic vd mach
lac cho bai ndi hoSc viet cua ban.
Co hai loai menh de: Menh de doc lap, con goi la menh de chinh) vi
menh de phu thuoc con goi la menh de quan he.

152


Bdng sau day cho vi du ve cdc loai menh de.
M£nh de phu thupc

M£nh de dpc lap

When opossums are playing
’possum,
Khi con thu opot dang gid chet,

they are not “playing. ”

In the great fire of
London in 1666,
Trong tran hoa hoan Idn d Ludn
Don ndm 1666,

half of London was burnt down.

chung khong phai “dang choi. ”

mot ntfa thdnh pho London
bi thieu rui.

For a period of one year
before an election,

all office-seekers in the Roman
Empire were obliged to wear a
certain white toga.

Trong giai doan mot ndm trudc
ky bau cu

tat cd nhtfng ngudi muon lam
cong chtfc trong de che La Md
buoc phai mac m Q t loai do dai
trdng.

M?nh d i phu thuoc
Menh de phu thuoc (dependent clause) lam tang thong tin cho menh
de chinh, nhtfng khong can co no mdi day du thuoc trong bang tren deu co chu ngtf va dong ttf nhtfng n6 khong dien
dat mpt ^ hoan chinh. Vi vay, no khong the dtfng mot minh dtfdc.
Mpnh de phu thuQC thtfdng bat dau b&ng mot ttf khien cho menh de
khong the dtfng mot minh dtfdc. Hay xem lai ba menh de phu thuoc trong
bang d tren. Nhffng tff dffdc dung d day bao gom when, in va for. Cac tff
nay dtfdc goi la lien ttf phu thuoc (subordinating conjunction).

y y \c ^

B an kh6ng tht; xac dinh mot m enh de la doc lap
hay phu thu6c ng'u chi dtfa vao d6 d ai cua no.

153


Moi loai m enh d£ d&u co th£ r^t dai hoftc rift ngSn - hoiic vifa
phai. Ngtfdi viSt klieo thtfdng bi£n tifu d6 dai cua cac m^nh d£ d£
tao ra nhip di$u, stf cSn bang va y nghla trong bai vi£t cua hp.
Lien ttf phu thuoc (subordinating conjunction) c6 tic dung lien ket
menh de doc lap vdi menh de phu thuoc. Moi hen ttf phu thuoc dien dat
mot mdi quan he gitfa menh de phu thuoc vd menh de doc lap. Vi du nhu
mot sd lien ttf chi thtf ttf thdi gian, trong khi sd khac lai chi quan h? nhan
qua.
Bang sau day liet ke nhtfng lien ttf phu thupc thtfdng dung nhat vk moi
quan he ma chung dien dat:
Md'i quan hL ien tff phu thuQC
Unless, provided that, if, even if

dieu kien

Because, as, as if

nguyen nhan

Rather than, than, whether
Though, although, even though, but

ltfa chon

ttfdng phan

W here, wherever

ndi chon

In order that, so, so that, that

ket qua, he qua

While, once, when, since, as

thdi gian

whenever, after, before, until, as soon
-----------------------------------------------------------

yy\c-&
Khi m enh de phu thuoc b at dSu bang lien ttf phu
thuoc va dtfng trtfdc m enh de doc lap tlii chung thtfdng
cach nhau bcfi mot dau ph5y.
W hen you are in G reece, you should visit the P arth en o n .
(dtfng trtfdc)
K hi ban den H y L ap, ban h a y den tham den P arthenon.
\ o u should visit the P arth en o n when you a re in Rome.
(dtfng sau)
B an nen den tham den Parthenon kh i ban d en Rom e.

154

C6 ba loai menh de phu thupc: menh de trang tir (adverb clause),
i1. Menh de trang tir
Menh de trang tir la mot menh de phu thuoc bo nghla cho mot
dong tir, tinh tir hoSc trang tir khac. Giong nhir trang tir, menh de
trang tir tra Idi cho nhffng cau hoi sau:
W here? Why? When?
To what extent? Under what condition? In what manner?
Ban co the dat menh de trang tir 6 dau, giffa hoac cuoi cau.
•

Menh de trang tff d dau cau:
Wherever Misty goes, she leaves broken hearts behind.
Misty di tdi dau, co ay deu de lai nhtfng trdi tim tan vd phia sau.
Menh de trang tff “wherever Misty goes” bd nghla cho dong tff
“leaves

• Menh de trang tff d giffa cau:
Fritz liked the meal more than Tish did because she is a picky eater.
Fritz thich btfa an hdn Tish bdi vi co ay Id ngtfdi ken an.
Menh de trang tff “more than Tish did ” bo nghla cho trang tff more.
• Menh de trang tff d cuoi cau:
Harvey wanted to change his appearance because he was wanted
for embezzlement.
Harvey muon thay doi ngoai hinh vi anh ta bj truy nd ve toi tham o.
Menh de trang tff “because he was wanted for embezzlement” bd
nghla cho dong tff change.
2. Menh de tinh tff
Menh de tinh tff la mot menh de phu thuoc bd nghla cho danh tff va

dai tff. Giong nhff tinh tff, mot menh de tinh tff tra Idi nhffng cau hoi
sau:
What kind? Which one? How many? How much?
Hau het cac menh de tinh tff deu bat dau bang cac dai tff who,
whom, why, whose, which, that, when, where.

155


The traffic is never light on the days when I ’m in a hurry.
Xe co khong bao gid it vao nhtfng ngay toi cd vifc gap.
M enh de tinh tiif “when I ’m in a hurry " bo nghla cho danh tir dan
W e selected the candidates who were best qualified fo r the job.
Chung toi chon nhtfng ting vien dap ting dieu ki?n tot nhat cho cong
viec.
M enh de tinh tif “who were best qualified fo r the job * bd nghla cho
danh tir candidates.
3. M enh de quan he (relative clause)
M enh de tinh tif bdt dau bdng nhffng dai tff quan he dffdc goi li
menh de quan he. Cac dai tff quan he bao gom: who, whom, whose,
which, that. Dai tff quan he c6 chffc nang lien ket mot menh de tinh
tff vdi tff md nd bd nghla.
Ms. Harris, whose son is an athlete, is used to having their home
filled with sporting equipment.
Ba Harris, ngtfdi cd con Id van dong vien, quen vdi vi$c trong nhu
luon day dung cu the thao.
Menh de quan he “whose son is an athlete ” bd nghla cho danh tif
Ms. Harris.
The person o f whom you spoke is my cousin.
Ngtfdi md ban dd noi chuygn la em ho cua tdi.

M enh de quan he “o f whom you spoke” bd nghla cho danh l\lper­
son.
4. M enh de danh tff
M enh de danh tff la mot menh de phu thuoc co chffc nang nhir mpt
danh tff.
Tracey does whatever her parents ask her to do.
Tracey lam bdt cti viec gi bd me yeu cdu cd lam.
M enh de danh tff la “whatever her parents ask her to do
The teacher did not accept my excuse that the dog ate my home­
work.

156


Thay khong chap nhan Idi bao chita la con cho dd an mat bdi tap ve
nhd cua toi.
Menh de danh tuf li “that the dog ate my homework. ”

Cum tu (phrase) li mpt nhom tu khong co chu ngu
ho2c dpng tu, co chuc n3ng nhu mpt tu loai. Cum tu
khong thf dung mot minh nhu mpt don vj dpc lip.
Cum gidi tu (prepositional phrase) b it diu vdi mot gidi
tur vi k<5t thuc being mpt danh tur hoSc dai tu; cum gidi
tur co chuc n3ng nhu mot cum tinh tu (adjectival phrase)
ho3c cum trang tu (adverbial phrase).
f>ong vj ngu (appositive) dung dS chi mpt danh tu ho3c
dai tu khic; cum dong vi (appositive phrase) bao gom
ci phin bo nghla.
Dang dong tur (verbal) li cic dang cua dong tu dupe
dung nhu mot tu loai khic. Pong tinh tur (participle) co

chuc ning nhu tinh tu; dpng danh tu (gerund) co chuc
ning nhu danh tu; dong tur nguySn mlu (infinitive) co
chuc nang nhu danh tu, tinh tu ho|c trang tur.
M|nh di doc lap / mfnh di chinh (independent / main
clause) li mot ciu hoin chinh.
M?nh di phu thupc / mfnh di phu (dependent / sub­
ordinate clause) li mpt phin cua ciu; no khong thf
dung mot minh.

157


Ttf kiem tr i
CouluU&Uu) —MU
Cdu hdi

1. Cum tir la mot nhom tir co chtfc nang nhtf mpt tir loai
trong cau.
2. Mot cum ttf co mot chu ngff va mot dong tffde n6c6thc
dffng mot minh nhff mot dOn vi doc lap.
3. Cum gidi tffia mot nhdm tff bat dau bang mot gidi tir vi
ket thuc la mot danh tff hoac dai tff.
4. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau la mot cum gidi tff:
Frisky, my loyal Irish setter, can always sense when
I ’m upset.
Frisky, con cho giong Ailen trung thanh cua toi, lutmco
the cam nhan dtfdc khi toi buon.
5. Cum tinh tff mieu ta danh tff hoac dai tff.
6. B e biet mot cum gidi tffco lam chffc nang cua cum tinh
tff hay khong, hay tra Idi nhffng cau hdi sau: "Theo

phtfdng thtfc nao?" hoac "Tdi mtfc nao?"
7. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau co chtfc nang nhir mot
cum tinh tff:
The fireworks continued late into the night.
Phdo hoa tiep tuc ban tdi khuya.
8. Cum trang tff mieu ta mot dong tff, tinh tff hoac trang tir.
9. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau cd chffc nang nhff mot
cum trang tff:
The Little League team competed in the local arena.
Doi Little League thi dau tren sdn nhd.
10. M enh de la mot danh tff hoac dai tff goi lai ten cua
danh tff hoac dai tff khac.
11. Dang dong tff la mot dang dong iff dtfdc xem nhtf mot
tff loai khac.

158


12. Dang dong tiif cung y het nhu1cum dong vi.
13. Dong tinh ttfco chtfc nang nhtf tinh ttf.
14. Dong ttf nguyen mau co chtfc nang nhtf danh ttf.
15. Dong danh ttf co chtfc nang nhtf danh ttf, tinh ttf hoac
trang ttf.
16. Dong tinh ttf hien tai luon luon tan cung being -ing (kiss­
ing, leaping, moaning.)
17. Dong tinh ttf qua khtf thtfdng tan ciing bang -ed, -t hoSc
-en nhtf trong smoked va burnt.
18. Dong danh ttf luon tan cilng bling -ing va co chtfc nang
nhtf dong ttf.
19. Cum ttf in nghieng trong cau sau la dong ttf nguyen

mau:
Why did the chicken cross the road?
Tai sao con ga lai bang qua dudng?
To Ernest Hemingway: To die. In the rain.
Tdi Ernest Hemingway: Chet. Trong mUa.
20. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau co chtfc nang nhtf mot
cum tinh ttf:
I met a woman who works with your uncle.
Tdi gap mot ngudi phu nit lam viec vdi cau cua ban.
21. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau co chtfc nang nhtf mot
cum tinh ttf:
Whenever he travels, Steve collects souvenirs.
Di tdi dau, Steve deu sUu tap do luu niem.
22. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau co chtfc nang nhtf mot
cum trang ttf:
He ran as if he had a torn ligament.
Anh ay chay nhu the bi rdch day chang vay.

159


23. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau c6 chffc nSng nhff raft
cum trang tff:
Whomever you hire must speak Spanish.
Bat ctf ngffdi n io anh thue deu phai noi dffdc tieng Tay
Ban Nha.
24. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau co chffc n3ng nhff mpt
cum danh tff:
The big question is whether she will be able to attend
the meeting.

Van de quan trqng la cd ay cd the tham du cu(>c hop
duoc khong.
25. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau c6 chffc n5ng nhifrnQt
menh de doc lap:
Before they invented drawing boards, what did they go
back to?
Trudc khi ngudi ta phat minh ra gid ve, ho dd dung gi?

C au

datcg luum liutuk cau

Chon tff thich hdp nhat trong ngo&c de hoan thanh moi cau.
1. M enh de la mot nhdm tff vdi chu ngff va (dai tff quan
he, dong tff) cua rieng nd.
2. C6 hai loai menh de lii menh de doc lap vji (menh de
dong tff, menh de phu thuoc.)
3. M enh de doc lap con dffdc goi li (menh de chinh, menh
de quan he.)
4. Lien tff (tinh tff, phu thuoc) lien ket menh de doc lap
vdi menh de phu thuoc.
5. Lien tff unless chi (thdi gian, dieu kien.)
6. Lien tff although chi (sff tffdng phan, ket qua.)
7. Menh de phu thuoc cung y het nhir (dong tff nguyen
mau, menh de phu.)
8. Tat ca menh de phu thuoc deu la (menh de phu, cau
hoan chinh.)


9. Khi menh de phu thuQC b ii dau b&ng lien tff phu thuoc

v& mpnh de n£y dtfng trtfdc mtdch c ic menh de b&ng (dau phay, dau hai cham.)
10. Vdi trang tir, menh de trang tif tra Idi nhffng cau hoi
sau: Cf dau? Tai sao? Khi nao? (Theo phufdng thffc nao?
loai n&o?)
11. Menh de tinh tff b^t dau b&ng mot dai tff quan he dtfdc
goi la menh de (gidi tff, quan he).
12. Dai tff quan he bao gom: who, whom, whose, which,
(that, there).
13. Dung which va that neu tien ngff la mot (ngffdi, vat.)
14. Nhdm tff sau day la mot menh de (phu thuoc, doc lap):
If the no. 2 pencil is the most popular, why is it still no.
2?
Neu but chi so' 2 dffdc dilng nhieu nhat thi tai sao no
van la sd 2?
15. Nhdm tff in nghieng sau day la mot menh de (phu thuoc,
doc lap):
If most car accidents occur within 5 miles of home, why
doesn’t everyone just move 10 miles away?
Neu hau het cac tai nan xe hdi xay ra trong vong 5 dam
quanh nha, tai sao moi ngffdi khong di cach xa 10 dam?

Cau hhi Oidc HqlueM
Chon cau tra Idi dung nhat cho moi cau hdi.
1. Which of the following is not a prepositional phrase?
(a) By the desk
(b) In the rearview mirror
(c) Over their heads
(d) That he didn’t invite his relatives to the party

161


2. W hat is the adjectival phrase in this sentence?
Put that box of heavy books on the counter, please.
(a) O f heavy books
(b) Put that box
(c) Please
(d) On the counter
3. W hat is the adverbial phrase in this sentence?
The hang glider soared over the cool green lake.
(a) The hang glider
(b) Soared
(c) Over the cool green lake
(d) Cool green lake
4. All the following are subordinating conjunctions except
(a) After
(b) Walks
(c) Because
(d) Unless
5. Most adjective clauses start with the pronouns who,
whom, why, whose, which, that, when, or
(a) Since
(b) Where
(c) Because
(d) However
6. What is the prepositional phrase in the following sen­
tence?
The hotel on the beach is always crowded.
(a) The hotel

(b) Is always crowded
(c) On the beach
(d) The beach is


7. What is the appositive in the following sentence?
The expressway, built in 1950 with federal funds, is
badly in need of repair.
(a) The expressway

(b) Is badly in need
(c) Of repair
(d) Built in 1950 with federal funds
8. What is the participle phrase in the following sentence?
The toast, thoroughly burnt, sent a foul odor through
the house, but Skip ate it anyway.
(a) The toast

(b) Thoroughly burnt
(c) Sent a foul odor through the house
(d) But Skip ate it anyway
9. What is the independent clause in this sentence?
If work is so terrific, how come they have to pay you to
do it?
(a) How come they have to pay you to do it
(b) If work is so terrific
(c) How come they have
(d) To pay you to do it
10. What is the dependent clause in this sentence?
If all the world is a stage, where is the audience sit­

ting?
(a) If all the world is a stage

(b) If all the world
(c) Is a stage
(d) W here is the audience sitting

163


11. What is the italic word group in the following sentence
called?
Our house, shaded completely by old trees, stays cool in
the summer.
(a) Independent clause
(b) Prepositional phrase
(c) Participle clause
(d) Participle phrase
12. W hat is the italic word group in the following sentence
called?
Waiting fo r the train exhausted her patience.
(a) Noun clause
(b) Gerund phrase
(c) Prepositional phrase
(d) Independent clause
13. W hat is the italic word group in the following sentence
called?
The visitors forgot to give their address.
(a) Prepositional phrase
(b) Infinitive clause

(c) Infinitive phrase
(d) Prepositional clause
14. What is the italic word group in the following sentence
called?
I f you ate pasta and antipasta, would you still be hun­
gry?
(a) Dependent phrase
(b) Independent clause
(c) Dependent clause
(d)Independent phrase

164


15. What is the italic word group in the following sentence
called?
Hermione wanted her name changed because it was
hard to pronounce.

(a) Adverb clause
(b) Adverb phrase
(c) Infinitive phrase
(d) Sentence
Q d p i*

Cau h o i d u n g - sai
l.T

2. F

3. T

4. F

5. T

6. F

7. F

8. T

9. T

10. F

11.T

12. F

13. T

14. F

15. F

16. T

17. T

18. F

19. T

20. T

21. F

22. T

23. F

24. T

25. F

Cau h o i d a n g h o a n th a n h ca u
I. dpng tiif

2. menh de phu thuoc

3. menh de chinh

4. phu thupc

5. dieu kien

6. stf ttfdng phan

7. menh de phu thuoc

8. menh de phu thuoc

9. dau phay

10. theo phtfdng thtfc nao?

II. quan he

12. that

13. do vat

14. phu thuoc

15. doc lap

165


Cau h o i tr&c n g h ie m
1. d
6. c
1 1 .d

166

2. a
7. d

3. c

4. b

5. b

8. b

9. a

10. a

12. b

13. c

14. c

15. a


G h iMng i
<'D iet (-tin du n g oil
lio a it chinh
Tdi co c a n dpc chirong n a y k h o n g ?

Ban ucu doc clii/dug nay ucu ban can on lai
ho&
• c lioc
• vc

Xic dinh c2u
Bon chuc n3ng cua cin
Bon dang c2u
Xic dinh vi sua loi hai cau dinh liln (run-on sentence)
Xic dinh vi sua ciu chua hoin chinh (fragment) vi hai
cau dinh liln noi voi nhau b&ng d«fu phay (comma
splice)

167


K lid i d o n g
0
day chung ta se tip trung v io ciu v i nhtfng thinh
p h in ciu trdng co ve nhtf mQt ciu h o in chinh. Trtfdc
tien, ban se kham pha c ic h x ic d|nh c iu dtfa trfin
chtfc n in g va dang thtfc cua c iu . Sau d6 ban se t|p
sufa ISi c iu chtfa hoan chinh v i c iu sai.
■1

'

1—

—
— ■——— ——

Thi ndo la mQt cdu/
Cau: Halt!
Ditng lai!

Cau: You halt!
Anh ditng lai!
Cau: Please halt right now, before you go any further.
Xin ditng lai ngay, trade khi anh di xa han.
Moi nhom ttf tren l i mot cau hoin chinh vl chdng d£u dip ting ba diiu
kien de trcf thanh cau. B e dtfdc goi l i cau, mQt nhdm tif phii
•

Co mot chu ngff (danh tff hoic dai tff)

•

Co mot vi ngff (dong tff hoic cum d0ng tit)

•

Bien dat mot y hoan chinh

Mot cau c6 hai phan: chu ngff v i vi ngff. Chu ngff bao gdm danh tif
hoic dai tff giup ta biet chu ngff ndi ve c ii gi. Phin vj ngff bao gom dQng
tff co chtfc nang mieu ta viec m i chu ngff dang lim .

Chu ngff

Vj ngff

(ta hieu ngam chu ngff li You)

Halt!

Age

is the outrageous price paid for
maturity.
la cai gid qud ddt cho stf chin
chdn.

Tuoi tdc
A crocodile

cannot stick its tongue out

Cd sau

khong th i thi ludi ra dutfc.

168


Several tourists

are lost in the winding roads of
Corfu.

Nhiiu du khdch

bi lac tren nhtfng con dudng
ngoan ngoeo d Corfu.

Some toothpastes

contain antifreeze.

MQt s d kem ddnh rdng
chtfa chat chdng dong.
VI vay, cau l i mQt nhdm tiif c6 hai phan chinh l i phan chu ngff v i phan
vj ngtf. Chu ngff v i -vi ngff cilng nhau dien dat mQt ^ tffdng h o in chinh.
Neu nhan ra dffQc chu ngff v i dQng tff trong cau, ban se c6 the dam
bio ciu cua ban hoin chinh v i ro ring. B e kiem tra xem ban da dtfa chti
ngff v i d0ng tff v io cau hay chffa, hay lim theo c ic bffdc sau:
• Be tim chu ngff, hay hdi “Cau niy dang mi6u tl tff n io ? ”
• Be tim dQng tff chi hinh d0ng, hay hdi “Chii ngff lim gi?”
• Neu ban khong the tim ra dQng tff chi hinh dQng, hay tim mQt dQng
tff lien ket.
YV\q&
Trong cfiu hoi, d6ng tff thtfdng dffng trtfdc chu ngff.
Vi dy: “Is the ice cream in the freezer?” (C6 p h a i
kem b trong tu khong?) Ddng tff l i is; chu ngff l i ice
cream.

Bin M e ndng khac nhau c&a cdu
Ben canh cich phan bi?t cau dffa tren so ltfdng menh de trong ciu ,
chdng ta c6 the phan loai cau theo chffc nlng cua chung. Trong tiefng
Anh, cSu c6 bdn chffc ning: tffdng thuat (declarative), elm thin (exclama­
tory), nghi van (interrogative) va menh lpnh (imperative).
1. C iu tffdng thuat (declarative sentence) neu 16n mQt ^ tffdng. Cuoi
cau l i m0t dau cham.

Grasshoppers contain more than 60 percent protein.
Chdu chdu chtfa protein han 60 phdn trdm.