Phát ngôn như là đơn vị giao tiếp trong tiếng Việt hiện đại : Luận án PTS. Ngôn ngữ học: 62 22 01 01

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THtfcJuiG DAI HOC TONG HdP HA NOT

NGUYEN CHI HOA

PHAT ITGON NHT* LA DCfe v i GIAO TIBP TRONG TIENG VTET H I M DAI

Chuy§n nganh : l f l u g n ngon ngu*
Eia h l f u
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5.04.08.

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LUM AS PHO T I M S i KEOA HOC UGtf 7AS

i ','!'-'• tr ,•

^J^
i.vv' \x< f i.

Ngtzod hirong dan khoa h9c:
Pho t i e n s i Hoang - Tr9ng - Phi3n
'•iO

Hc-V.LXlW
E.

i;i

1992


LI 6 ^ D A U

I . C a c Iliac , k h i noi v^ v a i t r o oua ao"! quan 'i^ ^ i u a c o n ni3ur)'i
voi con n^uoi t r o o g qua t r i n h san : a i a t , d a v i e t : iV^n son loiat
cua mjt con nguoi t a c h r a khoi xa h f i t h l cuag v6 n g h i a ahu
sy p h a t t r i ^ n oua n^on ngu n^a khons co ahung ca nhan cuag

Chung song va a o i aiing v o i ahau
^

.Ilhu vJy,iTJot each

i a n t i e p Mac da khaag dinh r a n g , a g o n agu p h a i duyo xem :cet

t r o n g moi quan h^ g i a o t i e p cua ahung a g u o i oung chung sffng.
ITguoi con aoiilTgoa ngv: v o i t i n l i each cua mft nguod r i S n g l e
l a vo nghia.Do do , c a n p h a i n s h i e n cuu agon agu o bxnh d i g n
noi nang ciia con Otii^d voi con agiroi.
Nhu raji nguoi d^u b i e t , n g o n nga t S n t&i duoi h a i

hlnh

thucrlTgoa ngu noi va ngoa agu v i e t , m a t r u o o h ^ t l a ngon nga
a o i j b o l l e txong I j c h su phat t r i e a cua l o a i n g i r o i , n g o a ngu
a o i l a c a i dl truo*c va ngoa az\J! v i e t l a c a i t h e o 3au.IA|.t k h a c ,
t r o n g qua t r i a h phat t r i e n cua moi ca a h a n , n g o n ngv n o i duyc
oinh t h a n h va phat t r i e n som han agon ngu v i e t cua chxnh 0 9 .
"^gon ngu not l a ilm t h a n h nzon ngu duqc phat Im tr^f'c t i e p . C h u c
nang co baui cua no l a t h o a man nhu cau g i a o t i e p hang ngay cua
con n g u o i .
Ugay t u nhung nan) dau t i e n cua t h e kx n a y , n h a ngon
hpe A.!!.

n^

BOGALrjBOV,trong t a c phaxn"ve n g h i e n cuu ngon ngu "

da oho r a n g , d a o n g ahu co sy khu b i ^ t r o r a n g [^aa. agon ngu

nil

va ngon agu v i e t . C o cau ngu phap cua ng3n n^

rat

n o i phy t h u f c

n h i ^ u vao hoan canh n o i nang va vao nhung nguoi dffi

tho^.Chinh


-2-

vi v ^ , c S n phai rao t a duqc "co cau ngu phap"cua agon ngu not
va t i n r a dug^c nhung dieu ki^n ma co cau ngu phap nay ph^i
thufc vao.
U^t khac,v? mglt thye t i 5 n , c a n phai xay dyag mft hg thong
mo hxnh ou phap co kha nang phan anh duiyc nhung d$c thu cua
ngon ngu giao t i e p , d e giang dgy t i e n g Vlgt cho hoc sinh Vigt
aaia cung nhu cho nguoi nuoc ngoai voi t u each agon ogu thu
hai.Do l a y g^hia va cung l a l i do can t h i e t phai t i e n hanh
nghiSn cuu de t;ai:"Phat ngon nhu l a dan vj. giao t i e p trong
tieng Vigt hifn d§,i".
2.D$c diem cua giao t i e p khau agu qiii diah d^c trung ngu phap
va ngu aghia cac don vj. cua no.Dnc trung l o ^ i b i ^ t cua cac
don v j giao t i e p l a t i n h khong day

du,du!g'c the hign bang

syr vang mjlt cac thanh phan trong no va stf vang m^t oua cac
phut^ng t i ^ n l i e n ket cac don v± v i txnh trong cac phat agon
da v i txnh.Lx g i a i nhung Ix do cho phep cac dan v i nay tSn
tax voi tu each l a do*n v i giao t i e p l a nhigm vu thu nhat cua
l u ^ an.Duti'ng n h i e n , k h i Ix g i a i khong the khong txnh den cac
djc trung ngu phap va ngu aghia cua cac don vj. nay.Hign nay,
v^ phTO'ng di^n i f l u ^ , n g u ^ i t a con chua g i a i qu^^-et t r i ^ t ds
hign tmyng "txnh lu?yc";"3ero cu phap";"vi. t r £ khong b l e u dgtt"
trong cac dan vj. giao tiep.Day l a nhung van de Ix lu§ii,nguoi
v i e t phai de c^p den khl g i a i quyet hg th^f^^ cac do*n v i giao
tifp ti?ng 7 i g t .
Dae trung " t i e t kig.Ti" l a d^c trirng co ban cua g i a ^ t i ? p
khau agu.DSc trung "du thua" cac don v i cung l a net khu bigt
quan t r g n g giua ngon ngu noi va ngon nz^ v i f t . T r o n g khau ngu


-3ti5n t a x r a t nhi^u nhung dan v i " l x s i n h " k i e u :"Chj. l a H o a > ^ a n
^Qa ?";"Con nha t o i / t o i d§.y chuga: no ha t i g n t u be";"Dung
ban / 35n^ o i ! . . . W . . . Cac phan du- nay co mang 1 ^ h i g u qua
nao do t r o n g g i a o t l S p hay kh8ng ? . . .
I^hl xem x e t c a c dan vi co h a i hay n h i e u dan v l v i
*

txnh,

•

k i e u : " C h ? t / t a o cung khong theo";"Anh r a ngoax / em t h a y d5
u o t " , d e t h a y r a n g , c h u n g co kha nang tuoag ung v o i cau phuc co
l i e n t u : " D u c h e t / t a o cung khong theo";"Sm r a ngoai ^

era t h a y ^ ^ ^

d8 u a t " . G i a x quyet cac dan v i khong co t u noi l a mft hay h a i
don vj.?TT?u t h u a n h ^ chung l a mft dan v i thx phuong t h u c nao
l a phuRyng thuc l i e n k ? t chung v o l ahau ?Day l a logii vSh de con
nhieu y k i j n Ix g i a i khac nhau.Dya t r e n co s o ngu l i g u t i ? n g
V i g t , n g u o i v i e t t h u Ix g i a i h i g n tuyag aay nhu mft dan vi

cua hg

thong g i a o t i f p t i e n g Vlgt.DBag t h o i , v o i v i g c t h u a nhgn cac to
bfgp nay nhu raft dan v j va chung rainh su t 5 n tax h i e n n h i e n oua
chung l a v i g c xac djnh cac dac t r u n g ngu phap va ngu nghxa cua
l o ^ don v i nay.D^t r a nhung nhxgm vu nhu t r e n , n g u o i v i e t huong
den h a i mye dxch co bauiduoi day :
-4Ixeu t a c a c dan vj. d | c thu cua. g i a o t i e p khau

agu.

-Lx g i a i cac dx?u k i g n tSn t a i cua chung.
3.Vxgc n g h i e n cuu khau ng,u g|Lp r a t nhieu kho khan.Khau ngu ho§it
dang aho vao cac don v j cua l o i n o i . T i e n hanh phan ctaia h§ thffng
nay khong p h a i l a v i g c lam de dang.Da khoag x t cac nha ngon agu
hpc cho rangjkhong t h a mieu t a cac don v i cua khau agu(KOZEV!IIKOVA,1971.15.;IKREaTEV.l975.115.).Song,oung co nguoi t i e n hanh
t r a c nghigm b i n g e a c h g h i cac cufc doi t h o f i va cho t h ^ : C h i co
6 doen t r o n g aS 15 dojin t u o a g ung v o i each d i n h n g h i a c u a chung

-4t a V? c i u (S.N.3IRASV.198 2 . ) .
Chung t o i cung da t i e n hanh t r a c nghifm va nh^n t h a y :
Trong 26 cu^c d o i thoaj. vol120 dogn co :
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+So doan tuxj*ng ung vol cau hoi :34 = 28,4 fj
-^oo dogii t u o n g ung v o l cau cau
k h i e n va niaung ca-x nxy dau khong
phai la c l u hoi.
:26 = 21,6 ^
+S^ doan l a cau t r a l e d . . . . . . . . >44 = 3^ f^ %
+3o d o ^ l a cau h o i l&x»

: I6 = 13,3 fS

Bx^u nay chung t o : S o do^m voi t u each l a cau phat* vSn
^jong pnax oao gxo^ cung l a c-j.u nox.oo ao^in l a cau pnan ung
nhung khong p h a i l a cau t r a l o i chiem mjt tx I g khong nho.
TrOTc t i n h Iixnh nay,chung t a g i a i l u y e t nhu bhe nao?
"?u

khong

roieu

t a , l x g i a i cac dan v j nay l a bo t r o n g

mft thi!PC t h e cua hg th^ng.Cac phat ngon tuo*ng ung vai

cau dan

va cau ghep,khong p h g i l a t a t cacac don v i cua Ichau ngu,cung
nhu t r o n g khSxi ngu,khong p h a i chx t o n t a x cau h o i , c a u t r a i o i
va cau ragnh I g n h s t h e o each quan nigra t r u y ^ n t h o a g . C a c doa v j
khong CO h i n h t h u c nhu each -uan nigra c i a chung t a v? cau nam
t r o n g moi quan h^ c h a t che v o l cac don v j " d a bay vao khong
k h x " , v o i "raoi truo'ng xuag quanta na con nguoi co hogit dSag t r a o
d o i " , v a o ahung t r i t h u c chung oua nhung ngi?oi dffi thogix.
Nhu t r e n da n o i , h x n h thuc cua g i a o t i e p bang mi^ng l a
long 'ira t h a n h CT^a ngfin n^mlioag

Sa t h a n h n a y , c 6 t h e l a cua

h a i nguoi t r a o d o i tryre t i e p ( d o i t h o ^ ) , c o t h e l a cua raft
agiJoi n o i va nhung nguoi khac cung nghe ( d j e t h o e i ) va cua
nhi^u n g u o i cmig n o i v^ mft d^ t a i (dam thoijii).


Theo cac t^ac g i a Xu - v i e t ,rJiung don v j g i a o t i e p t o i tlixeu
na no dug'c t a c h r a k h o i dong l o i n o i , c o t h e duoc zera l a nhung
don v j cu phap.Trong h o j t d^ng g i a o t i e p , c h u n g khong b j co l ^ p ,
log.i t r u nhau na nhu l a mgt b© phan cua. tc hop ngon agu phuc
tap ho*n.Chung co moi quan h$ hen t r o n g bang nhung quan hg nhat
dinh.Mot rag^t,do l a nhung quan he ngGn ngu dya vao nhung qucn

hg ?u ;.'ihap pho^g phu cua cac dan v j duj'c l i e n ket;raHLt k h a c ,
do l a nhung

quan he t h u a n tuy ve ra^t n 5 i dung t r u y e n d i cac
«

«

thong bao.(lTgu' phap t i e n g I'Tga.1S60.83-^4) .Cac t a c g i a nay con
khang d j n h r P h a t ngon l a mgt chxet d o a n . . . t r o n g ingt t i n h huon^r
ngon ngu nao do th]fc hx}n chuc aSing g i a o t x e p . . . v e j^ft di"?u gx
do.(SDD.83-S4),
Quan diem moi nhat cua cac t a c g i a thufc vxgn loan lam khoa
hgc l i e n xo l a : " P h a t ngon l a don v j g i a o t i e p cua lod n o i . . .
? a a t ngon du^c xac d i n h t r o n g moi quan hg vox khax algm cau"
(Tu d i e n bach khoa ngon agu h g c . 1 9 9 0 . 5 5 8 ) . Theo quan diem cua
ngu phap chue nang t h l p h a t ngon duwc xac dinJi l a dan v^ cua l o i
noi.Uo CO t h e tuong duong vox c a u , t r o n g sy phy. t h u j c t r y c

tiep

vao ngu canli.
Trong l u a n van n a y , p h a t n^on duoc h i a u l a dan v i g i a o

tiep

cua l o i n o i . N o co t h e t u o a g ung v o i c a u - t u ; c a u rajt thanh phan; cau
don; cau dan co ohan d u ; c a u trting g x a n ; c a u phuc co l i 5 n t u va khong
CO l i e n t u . P h a t ngon gan l i ^ n vox n^
"bao nhat

canh va co vy^c dxch thong

dinh.

P h a t agon l a d o i tuan/;; cua l u ^ van t r o n g e a c h h i e u n a y .
4.De n g h i e n cuu d^c t r u n g n^

n g h i a , n g \ r phap cua cac p h a t agon,

ma d»c b i g t l a nhung phat ngon khong t u o n g ung v o i cac

quan

diero t r u y e n th
thu

.


-6th^p t u h a i nguBn olixnh :
- Hgu5n thu nhat:CMix l ^ i nhung cujc noi chuygn cua nguod
7x^t noi t i e n g 7 x g t .
- TT.prulSn t h u hai:?Tr.on n^

cua cac nha van du^'c t h e hxyn

t r o n g cac doan doi tho^x cua cac nhan v j t . G a c t a c phara van hge
nay,dutfc v i e t troftg khoang t h o i g i a n t u 1930 d'^n nay.

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Cac ngu l i g u diwc phan t i c h , c h i a lam h a i logii:
•f-Loal t h u nhat :Cac pliat azon c^ng nliat v o l cau dan chan
chxnh va nhung don v i co kha naag tucrng \xng voi no.(Vx d^i :
-Ax danh vc ooc ?

- T r a n g . " T r a n g danh vo coc" .J

-hLoai thu h a i ; C a c phat ngon taxing ung vol

c i u t r u n g gxan,

cau phu'c co l i e n t u va nhung dan v j co kha nang tuong duo'ng
voi ch^ing(7x dy rl^ang qua / t o i Lihong chju dug'C?.
'?uong ung v o i cac biKrc phan l o » l t r e n , l u j n van duvc c h i a
lara h a i phan

: P h a t ngon dan va phat ngon da v j txzih. Vx t|.p

t r u n g chu yeu vao v i ^ c khao s a t nhung don v j djic t h u cua khau
ngu^aen

l u g n van duyc phan bo t h a n h nam chii^'ng ahu s a u :

PhSn ii'ot,

: P h a t ngon dan
9

,

^

•Chuo*ng raft : Die t r u n g chung cua nhat ngon danm
9huong h a i : Phat ngon agu c a n h .
Ghuo^ng ba :
Phan Hai

P h a t ngon dan co p h ^ d u .

: P h a t ngon da v i

txnh.

«

Ghuong m^t: Dae t r u n g chung cua phat ngon da v i t x n h .
Ghuong h a i : D^c t r u n g cau t r u e va ngu nghja cua cac logd
p h a t ngon da v i t x n h .
Khi n g h i e n cuu cac nhat ngon da v i t f n h , d o yeu c l u c'Sn
phai khang djnh p h a t ngon da v i txnh khong t u noi nhu mjt dOn

vx die thu cua khau ngu va de txm hxeu cac phu'O'ng tien lien
ket trong cac phat ngon da vl txnii nay,chung toi da tien hanh
niiung trac nghigm ngOn n^u bang phu'ong phap doi thosi trtfc
tiep.Trong l u ^ van con su d^ng phep cai bxen hoan toan va
phep cai hien khong hoan toan de txm hxeu bien the cua cac
cau true-nhung don vj tuong duo^ng .
\

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0.^i^± dung cua l u ^ n van nay l a c j t phan t r o n g de t a i r N g u phap
khau ngw%.duvc chung t o i nghien cuu tax khoa ngu van t r u o n g
dax hoc t o n g hop Ha n o i va truo*ng d a i hoc t o n g boo au^c g i a
M a t x c o v a . , t r o n g t h o i g i a n t u 1987 den 1 9 9 1 .
0

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9

am

Hign n a y , v i g c n g h i e n ctru ngu phap khau ngu t i e n g 7 i g t
voi t u each l a doi tuwng djc l J p , o h u a co ducpc nhung t h a n h
tyru dang ke.lleu co c h i l a m§t so phac t h a o t r o n g cac bao cao
khoa hgc va t r o n g rajt s^ sach phong each h g c J ) o v ^ , c h t u i g
t o i khong thara g i a t h a o l u a n nhung van de l x l u $ n ma chx chgn
nqt

30 quan nigra ma chung t o i cho l a hg^ l x de khao s a t cac

don v i dac t h u cua g i a o t i e p khau ngu.


Ph5n Mot
PHA'T

N G O N

D(/N

C h u o n g m j t
DAC TRinJG CHUNG CUA PHAT NGON DdN
I.Nhun^ hieu b i e t can yeu .
1. Cau,khidu7e xem zet ve m^t giao t i e p cua no , dtrop gyi l a
p h a t

n g o n

• Chung t o i gj>i nhung phat ngon tuong ung

voi c a u - t u , c a u

mjt

cau dan 06 ohan

t h a n h

dan

Va

don

. Phat ngon dan khong doi hoi co to chuc c h | t che theo

ahung qui tac n^

du

la

p h ^ n , c a u
p h a t

n g o n

phap gi^ng nhu cau don.

Ranh gioi giua pxxat ngoa dan va cau don khong trung nhau.
Moi mjt cau don co the tach ra hang log-t phat ngon dan r i e n g
b i g t .Chang han , cau don: ''Ngay horn qua , o giang dtrong Ion
t o i da t^og CO ay,m9t quyen sach chuyen mon , bang each cho
vao

C|LP"»

CO the tach thanh cac phat ngon don duoi day :

- 1 - Anh t^ng co ^

bao gio?

-Ngay hom qua .

- 2 - Tjng o dau ?

- 5 ' g i a n g duong Ion .

- 3 - T^ng bang each nao ?

-Bang each cho vao c^p.

- 4 - T^ng quyen sach gi ?

-Sach chuyen roon •

- 5 - Al t^ng ?

-Toi .

- 6 - Tfng a l ?

-Co gy .

- 7 - T|ng CO ay c a i gl ?

-Quyen sach .

-7.7...
Nhu vSy, myt cau don co the t a c h r a thanh ahi^u phat ngon
don khac nhau . Song khong the coi nhScng p)&t ngon t r a l a i ( 1 ) ,
C 2 ) , ( 3 ) f ( 4 ) > ( 5 ) , ( 6 ) , ( 7 ) . . . l a nhung c4u»dOn chan chxnh .


- 9 Chxnh v l the , cac phat ngon dan khoag co hlnh thuc dSy du
cua cau don.ITo co the l a nhung l o i d6i t h o ^ co chuc nang bieu
t h j t i n h t h a i kieu :Eo oi.Giod .j. . Cha mg od . . . chu khong mang
noi dung th5ng bao ve ni|t ngu nghxa nhu
%

0

cau dan *
0

*

Tuy nhien,cau dan la phat agon dan day du ve cau true .
Cau don , voi tu each phat ng5n truoe het phai co mgt ng^i
0

digu xac dinh .ITo co the phan chia thanh DS va Thuygt - cac thanh
phan Can yeu cua phat ngon^xet t r e n l$p truong ngu-rnghia va ngu-'
dung .
De l a 'diem :aiat phat cua phat ngon de truyen di mjt thong
bao .Do do, de xt co y nghia can t h i e t hon thuyet.Trong cac phat

ngon, no co the hi txnh luyc . De thuong mang thong t i n cu ma
ahung nguoi dSl thojii da b i ? t , l a c a i da duqc bao truoc bang ngu
canh . Chxnh nho d^c diem do , de co the lam chuc nang l a cai
l i e n ket phat ngon dang xet voi phat agon truoc do .
Thuyet l a bj p h ^ mang n9i dung thong bao cho c a i d^ b i e t tuc de va l a c a i roang n§i dung chinh oua thoag b a o , l a trung tarn
thoag t i n cua phat ngon • Chxnh v l v^y^ thuyet co m^t thuong xuyen
trong phat ngon va l a dieu kign tBn t a i t i e n quy^t cua phat ngon.
2. Sq phan chia phat ngon thanh d^ va thuyft khoag co sijr tuoag
ung vol each phan c h i a ngu phap.Dieu do^trmJc het^duqc

bieu.hign

o cho :S^ phan chia phat agon thanh d§/thuy?t thuong xuyen co
txnh luong phan.TTong khi do^sy phan chia ngu phap diayc xac djnh
theo thanh phSn cau • D? hojic thuy?t co the l a m§t to hg^ gBra
myt v a i thanh phSn cau . :
7i d\i :-Con R6 dau ma chi co con 5ia t i e n chu no nhi ?


-•;c
-Dang khoc a t r e n k i a chu dau .
M|Lt khac , d? va t h u y e t co t h e l a nhung thanh phSn khac
nhau cua c a u :
+Thuyet l a v j ngu :
Vx du :-Chu n o i t h a n g Mao l a con a i ?
-Con bac i^ai ca .
+Thuy?t l a chu ngu :
Vx dft : - Con g l nhay t h e niil ?
- Con ech j .
Nhu vSy^ d? va t h u y e t kh3ng thuo'ng xuyen gan bo vcd t h a n h phan

cau.Son^r.chu ngu chu yeu co chuc nang cua d e , con v j ngu chu
yeu giir c h & n a n g cua t h u y f t . Sy phan c h i a p h a t agon t h a n h d?
va t h u y g t

l i e n qiian d^n t o chuc agu nghia cua p h a t ngon.

De t h u o n g dong v a i t r o chu t h e t a c nhan, chu t h e t r a n g t h a i
ThuySt chu yeu dong v a i t r o v j t h e hanh dqng , t r ^ n g t h a i

.

.

3.IIgu d i e u va t r i t t^^ t u l a phuong thuc chu y^u phan anh a\f
phan c h i a phat ngon t h a n h de va t h u y e t • Thoag thuong , t r o n g
ngon ng^ v i S t , trjjgig am rod vao phan cuoi cua cau . TuoT-g uag
v o i d i e u do , t r ^ t t y thong thuo'ng l a

DE -THUYET , Day l a trglt

t u t u khach Qua^. l a trglt t y cua cac phat ngoa t r u n g hoa . De
b i e u t h j sac t h a i b i e u cam khac nhau, t r ^ t t y t r e n co t h e du^rc
dao t h a n h CTHDYST - D S . T r ^ t t y n a y , duye g©i l a t r ^ t t y chu
quan •Trj.t t^f chu quan t a o r a sur t h a y doi t r ^ n g am cua p h a t
ngoxuNhu v§y^ thuyfft t h u o a g dxsjc nhSn m^nh bang t r p n g am .
4 . T r o n g t i e n g V i g t , t r a t t y t u dong v a i t r o quan t r j n g . Thanh
Dh^


^11 quan trong ,thuong du^c dao len dau phat ngon , con nhung thanh

phan xt quan trgng, nhung nji dung da duyc biet do ngu canh,
du;*c day rajt each ty niiien xudng pti^
7i

cv.8i cua phat ngon .

du : -U5ng di em !
-irSn^ /"khong uflng dtnjrc . ( Khong uffng du^'c vx nong.)

Trong g i a o t i e p , thuong co nhung trg.t t y t u dge t h u duoi
day :
+Gac danh t u , danh ngu , duqo d^t t r u o c djng t u chx phffi:
-Xe cua t o i / quan Han cu dung •
-Tay a a i cua t 5 i / t o i bo l§d .
- T r a n Due Thua / t a o b i e t

.

+Troag p h a t ngon co h a i d^ng t u (ho|.c doan ng^ ) , djng t u
thu i a i CO t h e du^'c dao l e n t r e n de tang them sac t h a i b i e u cam:
- LSy chBng / con khong muSn .
- Cuoi may / no muSn .
- Ga con cho t h a n g khong xu dxnh tiSi / ma Ihong t h e .
+Gac pho t u t h u o n g duyc dua l e n dau phat agon t r o n g chuc
nsng t h u y e t de t a o du^c y n g h i a b i e u can , khang djnh t h a i dq

cua ns^i

not :
-NhSt d:^nh / con Ihong t i e p no dau .

+ ]^Igoai r a , eon co t h e t h ^ sy chuyen d o i g i u a cac danta
t u va dgix t u CO dBng n g h i a b i e u v | t

:

- T o i ^ g u y e n Hoai Nam day .
- rlguyen Hoai Nam - t o i day .
Nhung h i g n t u y n g da dtojrc t r x n h b t y a t r e n , c h i l a nhung
khuynb huong r i e n g cua khau ngu .No hoan t o a n khong co
b a t bu§c •

tinh


5. Cac phat agon tBn tgl

trong ra^t ng:u canh

nhSt djnh . Go

nhung phat ngon ma ca ngu phap Ian ngu nghia bj chi ph^i hoan
toan boi ngu canh . Ngoai n^

canh , y nghia cua phat ngon khong

0

duqc xac djnh.Chung t o i gyi nhung phat ngon nhu t h e l a
n g o n

n g u

p h 4 t

c a a h .

Trong g i a o t i e p thuo'ng :cuat hign nhung don v j k i e u :
a)-Gon nha t o i / t o i dgy chung no ha t i g n t u be .
Phat ngon nay dBng n g h i a vox phat ngon k i e u :
b ) - Toi dgy con nha t o i ha t i g n t u be .
Phat ngon (fc)
ngon (h)

, phat

tuong ung v o i cau dan chan ciixnh .So vox phat
ngon ( a ) cc du myt thanh phan d:8ng chuc nang:

" Gon nha t o i VChung t o i ggi cac phat ngon logii nay l a p h a t
n g o n

don

^ o

o h ^ n

-. u •

IThu v | y , p h a t ngon co cac don v j ngoai t h a n h phan nong c^t
chung khong tham g i a vao phat ngon vox t u each t h a n h phan cau
duqc ggi

la p h a t

n g o n

dan

o 6

o h 'Z a

d u.

T r e n day l a nhung k h a i nxgm xuat p h a t v a nhung d^c t r u n g
CO ban cua phat ngon don .Duoi day l a sq cy t h e hoa nhung

d^e

diem do
I I . D a c tri?n,3 chung cua n:iat :icon h o i , p h a t nzon

t r a loi,^

That ngon cau kliiehj-iTu^'c jh^i^ lojix tHeo muc dxch : i a o t i e p .
Co t h e c h i a cac phat ngon r a cac logd sau :
1. P h a t ngon hoi .
1.1 Moi mot phat agon cc nqt

ahigra vy giao tifp khac nhau.Gan

cu vao nhigm vy, giao tiep ,chung duyc phan chia thanh nhung
e|p dS / thuyet khac nhau .a^t phat ngon co cung mgt rao hlnb


-13 cu phap va duyc lap d^ bang cung m^t sS dan v j tu vyng , co
the CO d e / t h u y ? t khac nhau.Shang hgm , cung rajt phat ngon :
- Anh Thua

cuoi c6 Doc.

CO the thoa man nhung cau hoi khac nhau :
- 1 - Chuygn gx the ?
- Anh Thua cuoi co Dgc .
- 2 - Quax / a x cuoi co Dffc the nlil .
- itnh Thua cuoi co Dfle .
- 3 - L§. nhx / Axih Thua cuoi co Doc a ?
- Anh Thua cuoi co D5e •
- 4 - Anh Thua co vy ma l§.i cuoi co DS'c a ?
- Anh Thua cuoi co BSc •
Nfi dung thoag t i n , trorr^ phat ngon t r a l o i (1) , thong
bao V? mft ay kign day du .Dc l a m$t thong bao hoan toan moi
d5i voi nguod hoi .Con nhung _aat ngon sau do thSng bao v§
0

.

0

•

•

nhung thong tin khac nhau .
Nguod hoi , trong phat ngon (2) , da bi?t co D5c 1 ^ chong
nhung muffn giai dap cai chua biet la : riguod cuoi co DJfc la
ai ? Thong tin ma anh ta c ^ oiet chi la mjt 09 p h ^ trong
phat ngon tra loi .
Ilguoi hoi , trong phat ngon (3) da bietrHlnh nhu <^nh Thua
cuoi CO Dffc .Anh ta rauon khang dinh t£nh chfah xac cua thoag tin
•

do .
Nguod hoi , trong phat agon(4) , muon khang djnh

l^i sy

nghi ago cua ralnh : TIguod cuoi co Dffc co phai la anh Thua khong
( vl ant ta biet Tran Due Thua da co vy ) .


Vx nhung lx do ncu nghxa nliu da neu tren ma trong cau true
cua phat ngon tra lod , co thl co nhung bien the khao nhau :
+Phat ngon tra loi thu nhat bat buje phai la cau day du
thanh phan .
+Phat ngon tra loi thu hai co hai bien the cau true :
-Anh Thua cuoi co Dffc
- Vang / Anh Thua .

-i-Phat agon tra loi thu ba co the co nhieu bien the :
- Anh Thu'a ovxfl co DCc •
- Vang / anh Thua •
- Tang .(Dung v ^ ; Chxnh the ; Qui. v|y ..•)
+Phat ngon tra loi thu tu co cac dang khac nhau :
- Anh Thua cuoi co DCc •
- Vang / anh Thua .

- Vang / ( Dung v ^ ; Chxnh the ; Qua

v$y . . . )

Hhung dieu phan txch t r e n day chung to :
a- Sy tac d^ng giua ngu nghxa

va cau t r u e l a het sue chjlt

che .
b - Phat ngon hoi va phat ngon t r a l o i co quan hg m|.t t h i ? t
voi nhau •
Tuy nhien^vigc phan chia phat ngon thanh d? va thuyet khong
phai l a vo hgin .Iiloi kieu cau do mo hxnh cu phap cua nlnh va sy lap
day tu vyng cua no, co mjt sS luyng huu hg.n cac bien t h e , chung
duyc to chuc de thyc hign nhifm vy giao t i e p .Do do , no co qui
tac nhat djnh .Can cu vao phat ngon t r a l o i , t a eo the co cac
l o ^ phat ngon hoi sau day :
1) Phat ngon hoi sy kign day du . Trong l o § l nay nguod hoi
hoan toan chua b i e t gi*v? sy kign da xay r a . Ho thuong huong '2~n

-15 .
noi dung toan the cua phat ngon tra lod .
2) Phat ngon hoi sy kign by p h ^ . Trong loji nay , nguoi
hoi neu ra cai chua biet co tfnh chat bv p h ^ cua sy kign va
huong d^n rojt b§ p h ^ thong tin chua trong phat ngon tra loi .
3) Phat ngon hoi tinh thai day du • '^ong

IOJLX

nay , nguoi

hoi biet m§t each dly du sy kign nhung chua ro rang , chxnh xac.
Ivlyc dxch cua phat ngon nay la ::ac d^nh tinh

dung dan cua thong

tin da co .
4) Phat ngon hoi txnh thai bj p h ^ • Trong lo§i nay , n^uoi
hoi nghi ngo nyt og p h ^ cua thong tin da co .luyc d:xch cua no
la xac dinh l^ii txnh dung dan CUB. h§ phgn thong tin nay .
1.2. *rong tieng Vigt , phat ngon hoi khong chx di txm cai khong
ro ma chung con nhung chuc nang gian tiep khac.:
Xet ve hlnh thuc, phat ngon hoi tBn t^d duoi hai dang :
+Phat ngon hoi dung tu hoi .
+Phat ngon hoi dung agu digu .
I'Tgoai ra , phat ipgon hoi con dug^c cau to-o bang sy tuong tac
y nghxa giua cac don vj tu v^jng trong phat ngon .:
- Anh mnSn noi toi t6 cao cgng

san 4;ruoc quoc t^ ?

Cac don vj kieu : Go le , chac ... cung eo kha nSng cung voi ngu
digu cau thanh phat ngon hoi .:
- Ghac ong d ^ su vua long ?
- Co le , tong thong cung hai long ?
IThung cau hoi nay thuong la nhung cau hoi l§.x . Chung du^^c
to chwc de khang dinh y nghi ago cua nguod d6i
- Theo anh thl nguod M T bo cu§c ?

thogl :


6
3 3 i k h i , c £ c lie)^ t u c^lng tham g i a vao v i g c du

tjio pii^t

pioat ngon h o i :
- Con nhung cau h o i t o i da n o i vod anh ?
- Hay t a l e n dBi ?
Trong tieng Vigt , phat ngon hoi con duyc su dyng voi chuc
nang gian ti?p duoi day :
1) Ghe.o khi r4n ngt .
Da khong li

tac gia

de cgp toi chuc nang nay cua phat n.^on hoi ,

Sonz h day , can nhan m^inh rang : Phat n^on hoi ^trong cac truong

h^'p nay phan anii thu b^c cua quan Jzg xa hji • ITguoi cap du5x,
con cai , hgc tro khong the su d^^ng phat ngon kieu duoi day dCfi
voi b3 mg , cap tren , thay giao.:
- Sao ? khoe ca chu ?
2) Yeu cau .

^

- Go vao duyc khCng day ?
Thu§c ve l o g i nay , p h a t ngon ;:oi co t h e co h l n h thuc phu djnh:
- Chang Le , Le khong den nha anh duqc sao ?
3) 3ac bo .
P h a t ngon h o i vox chuc nang bac bo tBn t a i duoi n h i e u hlnh
thuc khac nhau :
+Lap I j d phat agon d i t r u o c , t a o t h a n h phan de :
-A- Thoi Mo» / t h a cho no .
- 3 - Tha g l ? danh cho t i g t giffng V i g t g i a n d i

.

+Phat ngojj. l a l o i c h ^ i nhu d i n h g i a t r i chan l x cua phat
ngon d i t r u o c :
-A- Con da bao U dung lo .
-B- Dlu ? ^ CO lo dau ?


+Phat ngon hoi Ijd mang niyc dxch bac bo voi y nghia khang dinh
gian t i e p :
0

9

-A- luua thuc an cho Vigt minh phai khong ?
-B- Vigt luinh a dau ra ma mua ?
+Trong m9t chuox gBm nhJ.'^u phat ngon co the co phat ngon hoi
nhara myc dich

bac bo n^x dung hojc thai d9 cua ngi?ox d?x thoai :

- Do khon ngn / Cha may dun^^ la thang gt§c // May con phan
nan noi gl ?
4) Phe phan , che trach , mang rao.:
IT^i dung phe phan .mang rao thuvng huong den nguoi dSi t h o ^ trwe
tiSp.IIo CO the kem theo than tu , tyc tu , ho^c nhung to hjp
CO txnh bieu cam cao :
- Du rag Ong Ly / ong Ian gl kl v|y ? Di khong bao 1 ^ ragt
tieng .
- Troi oi / lam sao em tan nhin thS ?
5) De dpa , thach thuc •

•

Shat ngon lo^i nay, co the duyc no dau bang danh tu ggi ten,
nhara tang cuong txnh bieu cam cua phat ngon va huong nguwi nghe
chu y vao no.:
- Ty / t ^ sao may ^^hung bang long no ? khong bang long no
thl bang long ai ? Hay la phai long phai b? thang nao rBx ? Thang
0

^

%

%

I

TuSn , no bo bua me thuffc gi?ng cho may phong ?
Cac d§l tu chi ngoi kieu: Tao , may ,«•• cac danh tu kieu:
Con , cai , thang , dua ,... thuong d^sqc au dang trong cac phat
ngon kieu nky :

- Con k i a / May khong dxsqc mat net / / Ivlay khong coi mg may

uu


-13 - May t o t i n h k i e u ay p h a i khong ? Tao s e t r a ibi
kieu

may t h e o

oua t a o .
3 i e u tlxj t h a i dS bye dgc cam phan nguoi h o i co t h e dung thu

phap l § p :
- Sao ? Sao ? Ai cho phep cac anh r u t ? Ai cho phep ?
- Co bao ax an cap ? Ai an cap ha ?
G'ling di vc'i k i e u p h a t ngon log^i nay con co t h e co cac phat
ngon mgnh I g n h

cau Idiien :

- Oon khoc a ? Ira ngay ! Ira !
6) Phan anh su np-.^c nhl^n

OFhl P.^~^X^ .

P h a t ngon t r o n g t r u o n g h9'p nay l a phat ngon thy dgng, b i e u
t l i j sy nz^o

n h i e n triroc van de duqc neu r a

.:

- A - Bac s i Hgo / x i n cam an ong da cuu aSng t o i

.

- B - Toi u?
0

*

X

'

Phat ngon bieu thj sy ngac niaien, co the l$p Ijiira^tby
phan ho^c toan b© phat-ngon truoc

:

(a) -A- Toirauffnlam c6 dau !
-B- Go dau ?

'

(b) -A- Gon trai co ay len soi n^ng !
-B- Con trai co ay len soi n^ng ?
Tren day la nhung chuc nang gian tiep cua phat ngon hoi
con V? djc trung ngu phap va ng]x nghia cua chung se du^c khao
sat

trong tung logl don vj cy the

2. Phat ngon tra lod •

o nhung phan tiep theo .

,


-1? Phat ngon tra lod co the dufc phan logd theo cau true ho^c
theo phat ngon hoi . Can cu vao 4 l o ^ phat ngon hoi da neu o
tren , co the co 4 lo^i pliat n^on tra lod tuvng ung :
1) Phat ngon tre lod sy kign day du . Phat ngon lo^i nay
ham chua nhung thong tin day du, thuong co txnh dgc l^p cao tuc
xt phy thujc vac ngu caak .:
Vx dy : - Ghuygn gl the ?

- .Inh Thua cuoi co D^c .
2) Pliat n^on tra lei sy kign bg ph^

. Phat ngon nay thoa man

ngx dung co txnh chSt by p h ^ ma ngu'od hoi con chua biet :
vi dy :-Ai cuoi co DCc the nhji ?
-Anil Thua .
3) Phat agon tra loi txnh thai day du . Day la phat ngon
thoa man nhu cau cua phat ngon hoi tinh thai day du • ITo khang
dinh ':inh chat dung dan hay kliong dung dan cua thong tin trong
phat ngon hoi . Cac phat ngon lo^d nay,khong nang nqi dung thong
tin moi ma chi mang thong tin txnh thai : Khang djnh ho^c phu
djnh ngi dung

cxxa phat a^£on hoi .

Chxnh vl nhung lx do ngu nghia noi tren , phat agon tra loi
txnh thai co the co cau true day du :(Anh Thua cuoi co BGc ) ;
cau trueraiorjng :( Vang , Anh Thua ^uoi co DCc , hai nguoi co
tinh 7 voi nhau tu lau rBi ); ho|c la cau true tCi thieu :(vang).
4) Phat agon tr^ lod tinh thai bg ? h ^ . Day la phat ngon
thoa man nhu cau cua phat ngon hoi tinh thai b9 p&gn • No khSng
'

•

djnh ho^c phu dinh nqi

0

0

dung co tinh chSt by p h ^ duqc neu ra .


- Anh

Thua co V9' ma 1 ^ cuoi co DCc a ?

- Vang / anh Thua .
2 . 2 . Trong nhieu t r u o n g Iiijp , phat ngon t r a lod co the bao ham
nhung t h o n g t i n b a t buyc . ilo dug*c xac dinh bed t f n h tuo^ng ung
cua p h a t ngon t r a l o i

dCi v o l phat ngon hoi va

b o i kha nang
0

h i e u b i e t cua nguoi t r a lod t a i t h o i diem noi • I^goai r a , no
CO t h e du^c mo xing

k i e u : - Vang , anh '^hup. :^uod co BCc/ Hai

ngu^i CO txnh y v o i nau t u l a u rox raa « Dieu do co n:;hia l a ,
niiung thong t i n nam ngoai yeu cau cua nguod h o i duvc dua vao
n £ i duiig cua phat ngon t r ^ led . Co the goi nhung phat ngon k i e u
nay l a p h a t a.i'un

mo r $ n g . T r a i 1 ^ , t r o n g cac phat ngon t r a
0

lod, CO the CO phat ngon tra led tCi thieu . So sani:: (1) va (3)
voi cac phat ngon khac :
- Ai dinh vo cCc d^

Trang ?

1) Trang . (con )
2) GCc van con nguyen dSy chu .

•

3) Gon khong biet .
4) Trang danh vo oCc luc

rang uong nuoc •

5) Ty nhien *rang danh rox cCc -danh vo ) •
6) GCc van 0 t r e n ban k i a raa . ( GCc khong vo ) .
«•

7) Horn nay , con d i hgc ca ngay . ( Gon khong b i C t v l oon
khong CO nha % hora nay ) .
2 . 3 . Trong hang log.t p h a t ,xnson t r a lod o t r e n , co t h e t h a y
r a n g :De t h o a man mgt p h a t ngon h o i , co n h i e u e a c h trac l e d

khac

nhau .Thong thuong nguod du^c hoi , t r u o c k h i tree l o i co txnh


aen Dye d:Lch cua nguod hoi .Nhung thong tin trong cau hoi duyc
nguod nghe ti?p nhin
nh^^

vol

sw nhin thuc co suy nghlva tren co so

thuc !ly , vox chxen lug'c giao ti?p cua mlnh , no co the co

thai dj phan ung khac nliau bang each lya chpn phat ngon tra lod^
Xet phat ngon (B2) va (A3) trong doyn thojx sau :
-Al- Ai dan Phu^'ng di ?
-31- B^n be .
-A2- Khong co b^in be nao ^an cung mlnh het .
- 3 2 - 3B, du^c khong ?
- A 3 - Phuyng GO b8 , t r o d o i o
Phat ngon (32) duvc liieu l a :" 3B dan Phuyng d i , co dutyc khong ?"
ITgircd hoi su duiij: phat n^on nay , vcd myc dxch thach thuc n:^ucd
dCi t h o ^ i . Hieu duQ'c myc dxcli nay , A dua r a p h a t ngon t r a

loi

nhu m9t phan ung dCi v o i myc dxch v a c h i e n lusyc cua 3 : Phat n^on
t r a lc*i (A3) mang myc dxch mxa mai , deu
phat ngon t r a l e d vol

cg't , chu khong p h ^ i

y nghia kha n^.ng , tuc*ng ung vol

hinh thuc

cua phat ngon hoi . l^o (A3) mang myt y n g h i a ngam i n , phu dinli
g i a t r i chan l x cua phat nzon (32) :"Fhu9'ng ma co oB ! " .
IVau t h e , n^uoi t r a l e d dinh hur?n.:^ myc dxch va c h i ^ n luqc
nguoi

cua

hoi , t r e n co so* do , vcd myc dxch v a c h i ? n lu^'c cua mlnii

t§o r a phat ngon t r a l o i hor t a c va -phat n;^on t r a l o i khong hop
tac
L§d :cet do§n doi t h o g l duoi day, b i e t r a n g :
-A rauCn b i e t : C h B n g mlnh co p h a i l a chu r e t r o n g dam c u o i
nha ben hay khong .
- Gva 3 deu b i ? t chac chan :GhBng A l a chu r e t r o n g dam
cuoi

nay.


-22A hoi C:
-A - The nao ong ? Mgi ngay oag thay aha toi voi co DCc co
tinh y gl khong ?

-C - ( l^c dSu ) : Khong •
A voi B:
• -A- Anh Zi t h % the nao 7
-B-T6i cung khong •
Nhung phat ngoa tra loi cua C va 3 la ahung phat ngon kh6n£
hTp tac vl chung d?u tu choi myc dfch cua phat ngon hoi dat
"

0

r a . MSt khac , do con l a nhung phat ngon t r a lod khong chxnh
xac - nhung l o i noi doi v l no s a i 1§LC voi hign thye khach quan
va n h ^ thuc cua nguod noi .
2o4. Ktaai nigra phat ngon t r a lod chxnfe xac Xa phat ngon trS. lod
0

khong chxnh :cae la nhung khai nigra tuong dCi, bod kho co the
xac d^nh gia trj dich

thyc cua no. ^tjy nhien,ve m|t hxnh thuc,

CO the thSy myt sC truong hyp sau :
Phat ngon hoi " ThaJ Tai bay gio lam vigc o dau?" co the
eo nhung phat ngon tra loi duoi day :
-1- Thay lam vigc a truong dg,i hoe Tong hyp Ha nql .
-2- Thay bay gio khong lam vigc o dau ca .
-3- Go le ,Thay dang lam vigc o co quan nao do nhung toi
khong biCt .
- 4 - Nghe dau , Thay dang lam vigc o truong d ^ hjc Tong
hyp Ha n§i .

-5- Hlnh nhu , Thay bay gio khoag lam vigc .
Trong moi myt thoi diem cy the, sy hieu biet cxia moi nguoi d?u


-23 cc hai kha naag :
+Anh ta nam dug'c thong tin chxah xac ,nghia la thong tin nay
nay, theo chu quan oua nguoi dCi tho^i la dung vol hi^n thyc .
+Anh ta co nhung thong tin khong chfnh xac, thong tin dang
bj nghi ngo .
Khi duqo hoi, nguod trp loi bu^c phai su dyng thong tin ma anh
ta CO va theo do, co the co phat ngon tra lod chxnh xac va
phat ngon tra loi khong chxnh xac • Theo dglc trung nay ,co
nhung kieu phat ngon tra lot sau :
1) Phat ngon tra loi co thong tin chxnh xac :
- Anh Sy v^ chua ?
- Anh gy ve rBi •
2) Phat ngon tra loi chxnh xac phu dfnh gia tri thong tin
cua phat agon hoi :
- Day la chj Khac ?
- Khong gl // Sn ruyt Ihlc •
3) Phat ngon trn loi c^ thoag tin khong hoan toan chxnh xac:
- Eg d^n lau chua cj ?
- Co nhe / cyng lau rBi .
I

0 ^

4) Phat ngon tra loi khong co thong tin nrod
- Nguod ta CO vigc gl v ^ nhx ?
- Ghau cung khong biet nhung chac vao lam cai gl day .

5) Phat agoa tvA loi co thong tin khoag etafah xac, phu
dlah gia tri thoag tia cua phat agon hoi.:
- Thang San a ngoai ay a ?
- ^hoag/ CO nhe , cai loan •
Cu^i cung , xet them do§n dCi thofd sau day :


-24 -A- 3 a c» bay g i o a dau ?
- 3 1 - Kg em , bay g i o a ha song , khong lam g l .
- 3 2 - iJi cha , l u c o bo song v ^ con nay , l u c o 8 Ddng Mac vox
con no .
Phat ngon tra loi(31) thoa man yeu cau cua nguoi hoi djt ra.
Day la phat ngon tra loi h ^ tac - chfnh xac .
Nhu vay , co the can cu vao moi quan. hg giua phat ng3n
hoi va phat ngon tra loi de tim hieu chung •

3. Phat ngon cSu khign.
Trong giao tiep, nguoi ta thuong dung phuong thuc cu phap
ngu digu va hu tu de phan anh y nghxa cSu khien . Ve sC lU9*ng ,
cac hu tu cau tao dgjig thuc ragnh Ignh , cho den hign nay v ^ chua
CO sy thCng nhat .Chang hgn Hguyen Kim Than chi quan tarn den :
hay va dl ;(1977.215-216); 3ui Due Tjnh l§i dua ra 6"try dyng
tu" :Hay , nen , sin , cu , phai , di ; con dCi voi Hoang Trgng
Phi^n thl p6 luqng^

nay Ion hon : Hay , dung , nhe , cu,cho ,

nao , ...(1980.289) .
Gac hu tu , trong giao tiep , dug^e su dung khong deu nhau.
Txnh khong d^u duye bieu hign a ch5 , tan sC su dyng cua chung

khong giCng ahau . Vf du ,Trong myt Ian thCng ke , chung toi
t h ^ : Di = 31,90 % ; dung » 17,00 % ; nen =10,63 % ; Phai =
8,50 r. ; nhe = 8,50 ^ ; hay = 4,25 % ; cu = 4,25 f^. ( Neu coi
Xin cung thu^c l o ^ nay nhu 3ni Dire Tjnh ttal xix^ 17,00 JS).
SC ligu nay chung to :
+Di

la hu tu dxeqc su d»ng n h i ^ nhat .

+Hay ii

dxtqc dung trojig giao tiep thuong nh§i

.