Toàn thư tự học chữ Hán: Phần 2

325

roAN THU Tl,/ HOC CHU HAN

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Quan quan thl1 ci1U,
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Quan til' hao du.

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Sam si h:;tnh thai,
Ta hcru l11U chi.
Y€u dieu thuc ncr,
Ngl,l mi du chi.

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roAN THli TV HQC CHU HAN

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Y€u di~u th1,1c nG',
Cftm sat vi (huu) chi.

rae giii-tac phiim

Sam si h<:tnh thai,
Ta huu m<:to chi.
Y€u di~u th1,1c nG',
Chung c6 l<:tc chi.

Ia toe pham trong khoang hcJn 500 nom tu dou dCii Chu den giQa dCii
Xuon thu (770 trlldc CN-480 trlldc CN) . Bai nay thu¢c loqi thcJ trQ tlnh
don gian , mieu to tlnh cam tham thiet cua m¢t chang trai doi vdi c6
goi hien djU hoi rau hqnh ben song , va LJ(jc mcJ CUO chang Ve CUQC

(Thi kinh: Chu Nam)

f)oy Ia bai dau tien trong phon "Qu6c phong-Chu Nam' cua Kinh

Thi, m¢t tQp thcJ co nhat cua Trung Quoc, hi$n con dllQC 305 bai. deu

h6n nhon tot dE?P trong tllcJng lai.

Tl)NGO

eQuan quan 1m 1m : tie'ng chim keu "quan quan" (tu tuong
thanh) .Thtt cliu giN!® : m9t loai chim nude, con trong va con
mai song kh6ng roi nhau eYiu di~u f)]~ : xinh d(fp, duyen
dang, diu dang, thuy mi .Th{tC ~ : hi~n th1,1c, ne't na, c6 due
h<:mh .Qulin til B" -=f: chi nguoi con trai .Hiio ciiu ~f :i1: tot d6i,
d(fp d6i, xung d6i .Sam si ~ ~ :dai ngan kh6ng d~u nhau, so le
eHr.mh 1j : rau h<:tnh (mQc o m~t nude, la do tia) eLliu. 7JTE :hai

eNg{t mj @: ~: thuc ngu (khi thuc khi ngu) eTli bij.c ~- ~~ : nhd
eDu f[Z; :dang d~c, tri~n mien eTriin chuyin phiin triic
@ !j!f JY:. f~~ : lan qua 19n l<:ti ngu kh6ng yen, tran tro mai kh6ng
ngu dUQC• Thai
hai (dung nhu1;R) .ctim siit ~ M: dan
dm(5 ho~c 7 day) va dan sat (15 day ho~c 50 day) eMiJ-o ~:
chQn la'y (Chu Hi giai la"na'u chin rna dang len") .Chung elf:
&i ~1 chu6ng trong (trong bai dung nhu d9ng tu c6 nghia la" danh

*:

chu6ng danh trong")
D!CH NGHlA

Quan thli
Chim thu cuu keu quan quan. Tren c6n song Hoang Ha. Ngu&i
con gdi diu hi~n. D~p doi cung quan ttl.
Rau hg.nh c9ng ngdn dai. Vat thea dong td hilu. Ngu&i con gdi
;


328

TRAN VAN CHANH

Muo'n co thf:lc nfl, nay v~ cung ta.
Tie'ng chuang, tieng tro'ng vui hoa,
Tie'ng dan cdm sdt m(Jn ma yeu duang!

dju hdn. Thlic ngu ta cdu mong. Cdu mong khong duc;c gijp. Ngay

dern ta nh(J trong. Dling dijc, nh(J dling dijc. Ttiin trd ngu khong
yen.
Rau hf;mh c9ng ngdn dai. Hai theo dong td hflu. Nguui con gdi
dju hi~n. Ta ke't than vdi nang trong tie'ng dan cdm, dan sdt.
Rau ht;mh c9ng ngdn dai. Vat theo dong td hflu. Nguui con gdi
dju hdn. Ta ddnh tie'ng chuang tie'ng tr6ng di lam vui long nang.

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Quan quan cdi con thu cuu,
Con song con mdi cung nhau biii ngoai.
Diu dcmg thf:lc nfl nhu ai,
Sdnh cung qulin tLt tot doi V(/ ch6ng.
Muon an rau hr;mh theo giong,
Muon co thf:IC nfl, mo mong duc;c dau.
Nh(J co rling r(Jc san sdu,
Chota dlin d9c d~ hdu nguyen!
Muon an rau ht;mh hd i v~,

TAN EJA djch

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TVC. djch

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D!CHTHO

329

roAN THV n,f HQC CHU HAN

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Dong Sdn
Nga t6 Dong Son,
Thao thao bat quy.

Nga lai tlf dong,
Linh vU ky (ky) mong.
Nga dong vie't quy,
Nga tam tay bi.
Che' bi thuong y,
V~t slf (sl) hang mi (mai).
Quyen quyen gia thl,lc,
Chung t~i tang da.
Doi bi dQc tuc,
Di<$c t~i xa h~.
Nga t6 Dong Son
Thao thao bat quy.
Nga lai tlf dong,
Linh vU ky (ky) mong.
Qua loa chi thlfc,
Di<$c thi vu vU.
y uy t~i that,
Tieu sao t~i hQ.
Dinh thoan 19c tnrong,


330

TRAN VAN CHANH

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Dlfc dlfc tieu hang.
kha uy da,
Y kha hoai da .
Di~c

331

toAN THLI Tl,l HQC CHCI HAN

rae gia-tac phii?m
Bai nay trong ' Quoc phong , Man phong ' cua Kinh Thi, to tam tlnh

cua m¢t chinh nhan tren dllong trd ve.

• ...
----···

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Nga t6 Dong Son,
Thao thao bat quy.
Nga lai tlf dong,
Linh vu ky (ky) mong.
Qmin minh vu d<;it (di~t),
Ph1,1 than vu that.
Sai tao khung trat,
N ga chinh du~ t chL
Huu don qua kh6,
Chung t?i l?t Hin.
Tif nga bat kie'n,
Vu kim tam nan (nien).

-~-~

~

-~---

~-~--~

Nga t6 Dong Son,
Thao thao bat quy.

Nga lai tlf dong,
Linh vu ky (ky) mong.
Thuong canh vu phi,
Phap du<;1c ky vu.
Chi tu vu quy,
Hoang bac ky rna.
Than ke't ky ly,
Cuu th?p ky nghi.
Ky tan kh6ng gia,
Ky clfu nhu chi ha?

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(Thi kinh: Miin phong)

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332

TRAN VAN CHANH

*

eT6 {§_: di .Dong Sdn
LlJ: m1i Dong Son, (J huy~n Khuc
Ph1,1 tinh Son Dong ngay nay, con gQi la Mong Son eThao thao
'Ia 'Ia: Hi u dai, bi€n bi~t eLinh Vll~ ffi : mlia bl,li, mlia phun eKy
mong ;It~ :(mua) la"m ta"m, la"t pha"t eTiuiifng y ~:;& : ao qufin
m?c blnh thuong eSi
dfing nhu ~ (stf) nghTa la lam vi~c gl
eHimg maifftz: :nhu
(ham mai),;tt la v~t giong nhu chiec
dua;lllc hanh quan ng~m vao mi~ng dti khong dt1<;1c n6i chuy~n,
tranh cho quan djch biet •Quyen quyen~~ ~~: (sau bo) ngQ ngu~y
eTh~tc~: sau dau, giong nhu con dim nhung mau xanh, cung gQi
la se1n tam (con t~m nui) .Chung ~: la u .Tang dii ~ !f : ru()ng
dau .Doi ~)C: mlnh cu()n tron (n~m co ro) •Quii loa 5fi!:jl: quat
lau, lo<;1i day leo, cling hQ vdi bfiu, c6 thti dung lam thuoc eTh~tc
~ :trai eThi 1itf!: (bo) Ian ra • Vu

mai hi en .y uy 1~ ~ cung
viet ~fj}~~: con gian da"t eTieu sao Pi~ :m()t loai nh~n chan dai
·Dinh thodn BIJ Hll: mft trong C(;lnh nha (noi chim muong giam
d<;1p len) eLQc trliifng /fttJJ.;: san nai eD{IC d{lcJ~;/:i: nha"p nhay,
l~p loe eTieu himg ~ f=f: con dom d6m .y 1~: la •Qlllin WJ:
chim quan, m()t loai chim nude, giong nhu co ho?c h<;1c. Chu Hi
chu gi:h: "Troi sap mua thl nhung loai (J hang biet trudc, nen
kien chui ra khoi hang, chim quan den an kien va dung keu tren
d6" (Thi Kinh t(lp truy~n) eD{lt (di?t) ±~: dong da"t (chi t6 kien
dun len) eKhung trill~~: quet bo v~t do (co tac gia giai la tret
l<;1i khe hd, hay la"p 16 vach) eChinh 1iE: chinh nhan (d day la
nguoi chinh nhan tlf xttng," cung c6 thti la nguoi v<;l gQi ch6ng)
eDuijt .$ : tr<;l tU' vo nghTa (Mao truy~n giai la "sap sli'a";
Nghiem Xan giai cii cau la chinh phu ta sdp v~ r6i eHilu don
ff~)C :tron tron •Qua khil J1\ :g. :trai kh6 qua eL/jt tan~ fiT : cui
l~t (chu l~t ~Han Thi viet la {~ (mau), nghTa la rau dang; Dli
Quan Anh trong Thi Kinh tuyin djch giai la "cui tfch l<;1i"
hay"thuc tan" la b6 cui) eThtidng canh ~ ~ : chim hoang ly hay

±:
mtz:

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333

roAN THlJ T\,1 HQC CHU HAN

zr T

hoang oanh • Chi ti't Vll quy
m~: co kia v€ nha
·ch6ng("chi" la d<;1i tu chi thj;"vu" la tr<;l tu) ·. Hoang.¥.: cung viet
la ~~ nglfa mau vang tdng eBac !)(: nglfa mau do tdng
.Thanm: chi illy VQ .LyWJ : dai khan giat, cai khan che tdi goi
cua nguoi con gai dung khi v€ nha ch6ng; khi ga con gai, nguoi
my dich than that khan nfiy cho con gai .cilu thljp tL
hlnh
dung "nhi€u" eNghi f~: nghi thti'c, nghi 1~ (ca cau c!lu th(lp kY
nghi nghia den la chin, muoi thti' nghi 1~, hay nghi thti'c 1~ cudi
ra"t nhi€u) .Tan ~: tan hon, mdi cttdi eKhilngJL: ra't eGia g:
tot dyp, my man eC{Iu : lau. Ca cau y n6i: xa each lau ngay gi;ip
l{li phdi vui mitng the' nao, cung c6 thti la m()t chut lo lang: khong
biet tlnh xua se c6 thay d6i gl khong?

+:

NGO PHAP
CD B (vie't): tr<;l tu, vo nghia: ~ }f[ B m~ (Nga dong viet quy).
® .$ (du~t): tr<;l tu, vo nghia: f\tiiE$¥ (Nga chinh duijt
chi). M()t so tac gia chu giai chu .$ la "sap sli'a".
® (vu): tr<;l tu, vo nghia, d?t trudc d()ng tu, ra't thuong dung
trong Kinh Thi: Ji.~-Tm (Hoang ditiu Vll phi);
rrl~ (Chi
til' vu quy).

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D[CH NGHlA
Dong Sdn

Ta chinh chie'n nui Dong,
Bi~n bi~t khong tra vl
Ngay v~ tit phUC!ng dong,
Trai mua roi la't pha't.
Ta tit phue1n.g dong v~.
Umg hi thUC!n.g v~ tay.
Lo may do mi;ic thuang,

z

Hit ng(lm dua hanh quan.
Sau dau bo ngQ ngu(ly,
iJ tren dam ruf)ng dau.
Nguai kia co ro ngtl,
Tro trQi duc'Ji gdm xe.
Ta chinh chiin nui Dong,
Bi~n bi~t khong tra v~.
Ngay v~ tit phUC!ng dong,


334

TRAN VAN CHANH

Trifi mua roi lflt phtl't.
Qudt !au da ke't trdi,
Qud thong xuong mdi hien.
Ddy nha gidn da't cht;~y,
Ngoai cila sfl nh?n giang.
Da't trf/ng thanh san nai,

Dam d6m chie'u l(jp foe .
Cdnh the lu(]ng ddng sf!,
Nhung ddng baa thu(]ng nho.
Ta chinh chien nui Dong,
Bi~n bi?t khong triJ vl
Duifng v~ tit phu(]ng dong,
Trifi mua roi la't pha't.
Qudn keu tren to?kien,
Chinh ph~ kh6c phong khue.
Quet nla, lap !6 vdch,
Nghi chinh phu sdp v~.

Kho? qua trdi tron trim,
Treo tren dan cui l(j.t.
Ta tit khi xa cdch,
Nay dii c6 ba nam.
Ta chinh chien nui Dong,
Bi~n bi?t khong triJ vl
Duifng v~ tit phu(]ng dong,
Trifi mua roi la't pha't.
Chim hoimg ly bay bay,
Cdnh chim bay lap lodng.
Co kia v~ nha ch6ng,
Ngl!a do, vang, do'm trdng.
Mf! ke't cho khan gidt,
Nghi l~ th(j.t ruifm ra.
Ch6ng vf! moi hai hoa,
Tinh xua, ta ra sao?
TVC. djch

$:~5(-BJ:
1=-~~1$

Ai nga ph!J rna U,
Sinh nga lao ttJy.

#1LZ.w9t
*l&Z.I¥G

Blnh chi khanh hi,
Duy 16i chi si.

i!fRZ.~
/f:tzonz~9t

Ti€n dan chi sinh,
Bat' nhu' ttl' chi cll'u hi.
vo phtJ ha h6?
V6 mau ha thi?
Xuat tac ham tuat,
Nh~p tac my chi.
PhtJ h~ sinh nga,
Mau h~ cue nga.
Phil nga sue nga,
Truong nga dtJc nga.
C6 nga ph!JC nga,
Xuat nh~p phuc nga.
DtJc bao chi due,
H:;ta thien vong eve.

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nga

L!JC l!JC gia nga,
Phi nga y hao.
Ai nga ph!J rna u,
Sinh nga cu lao.
L!Jc h,1c gia nga,
Phi nga y uy.

335

roAN THll Tl,l HQC CHO' HAN

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336

TRAN VAN CHANH

f¥j LlJ 7,,4 7.!~

~J!l~~
£'2-++--:<;5/1.

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fit1i7fPJ~
f¥j LlJ 1$1$
~Jjli}f,ijf,

.5:~/f~
fit1i7/f~

Nam son li~t li~t,
Phieu phong phat phat:
Dan m(;lc bat coc,
Nga doc ha hi;lt (hi;ii)!

,

Nam son Iu?t lu?t,
Phieu phong phat phat.
Dan mac bat coc,
Nga doc bat tot!

(Thi kinh: Tiiu nhii)
Tac gia-ttic philm
Bai nay trong phon 'Tk~u nhd' cua Kinh Thi , n6i ve tom long cua
nglloi con c6 hieu d6i voi em sinh thanh, nuoi dllong kho nhQc cua cha
m<7 . va noi dau x6t kh6ng dllqc pht,mg dllong cha m<7 den tuoi gia .

roAN THU Tl,l HQC CHU HAN

337

Chi trong sach Kinh ngh'fa thu{lt van giai cau "Hi;io thien v6ng
ctfc" la "troi cao thien I~ch" , "troi cao khong nhan tu" v1 troi
giang cho tai hQa , khien nguoi con khong dt.r<;5c mai maj pht,mg
dt.rong cha my) .Li~t li~t 7.!~ ?FU :nui cao sung sung va hi~m trd
.Phieu phong~ 00, :gi6 to, gi6 dCr .P!uit phat ~ ~ : tieng gi6
mi;inh th6i vu vu .Coc~ : pht,mg duong (Chu Hi giai chu nfty la
"may m~n"; day theo ngh!a cua Trinh Khang Thanh) eHa fPJ :
dung nhu' :fij ngh1a la ganh chiu, chiu dtfng eLzuJ_t lzuJ_t 1.$1$ :(nui)
cao ch6t v6t ePhlit phiit ijt iJt, : gi6 m<;1nh th6i tung b1,1i eBiit tot
/f ¥: khong du'<;5C mai nuoi cha illy den gia (thuyet cua Trinh
Khang Thanh va Chu Hi); c6 thuyet l<;1i cho chu /f nen dQc nhu'
chft ~(phi : ngft tr<;5 tU), con chft ¥ nen dQC nhu' chft :}$ (t~:~y: don
dau), d cau: Rieng taphai chju don dau (theo Khuat V<;1n Ly, Thi

Kinh thich ngh'la).

TUNGO

•Lf!c l{LC ~ ~ : cao IOn eNga i5Z :co nga, con gQi la nga hao,
(artemisia) IDQC d Su'On nui ; khi canh }a da kho thi re van con
dt.rdi dat, den nam sau l<;1i n~y mfim mQc li;ii ePhl fig: khong phai
eHao ~: co hao, cung loai vdi co nga, d~u c6 vi thuoc .y fll' : la
eAi :R: tht.rong nhd, x6t tht.rong eCu lao {i]}J
kh6 nhQc, kh6
nhQC. Uy ru= : co uy, con gQi la thanh hao, d~c tinh giong nhu' co
nga eT~ty'f$: ti~u t1,1y, nhQc m~t, moi m~t eKhtinh ~ : het, r6ng,

trong het eLoi .'§ : vo ru'Q'u c6 mi~ng nho, bt,mg to eTiin diin
j!(:_§:: con m6 coi eH6 '/3': dtfa vao, c?y nho eHam tuiit ro11fll:
ng?m n6i lo bu6n •My chi ft ~: khong c6 nguoi than .cue ¥¥3:
nuoi ePhzij1j": v6 v~ (dung nht.r tffff) eSzic1fi: yeu tht.rong eCo/mi:
chieu co, cham nom ePh{tcf~ : nhd nhung ePhuc /3!: om vao
long eChi
nfty (d<;li tU chi thi) •H{lo thien ~ 7(: troi cao•
Vong qtc ~ ~: vo tht.rong, khong c6 dinh chu~n (Vuong Dan

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Co nga cao l{Jn
D[CH NGHlA
Rau nga cao LOn Lr;~i biin thimh co hao. Oil Oi! Cha mf sinh ta
kh(J' nhQC VO cung.
Co nga cao LOn Lr;~i bie'n thanh co uy. Oi! Oi! Cha mf sinh ta
qtc nh9c gdy ye'u.
Blnh ruqu nho dii cr;~n r6i, b!nh ruqu Lon c6 L6i. Song m9t than
tro tr9i chdng being chit cho vfn. Khong cha bie't c{ly vao ai?
Khong mf bie't nuong vao ai? Ra khong quen duqc bi thuong, vao
th! khong c6 nguai than.
Cha h~ sinh ta, mf h~ duong ta. Vuo't ve ta, cho ta bu. Nuoi ta
LOn, dr;~y db ta. Trang nom ta, nang do ta. Ra vao b6ng ifm ta. On
sau muon ddp d~n. th{lt baa La nhu trai xanh.
D[CHTHCJ
Co nga cao LOn,

Khong phai co nga, rna co hao.

338

TRAN VAN CHANH

Thu®g thay cha mf,
Sinh ta khd dau.
Co nga cao !Un,
Khong phdi co nga, mil co uy.
Thu®g thay cha mf,
Sinh ta kh6 b,ty.
Blnh df!ng rliNh~;tc cho chen ruNhilng nguai co d()c so'ng,
Khong bling stfm che't di.
Khong cha ct;ly vao ai?
Khong mf tf!a noi dau?
Di ra th1 ngt;lm sdu,
TriJ vJ nhu chua den.
Cha hJ sinh rata,
M f hJ duiJng d~,tc ta.

~a:~~Z*~~,~u~~-,~~Z*~~,~
U~~~o~*'~~W~o

V6 vJ yeu quy ta,
Nuoi fUn khan che chiJ.
U;li cham nom dam ng6,
Ra, vao om lip ta.

On sau muo'n dap dJn,
Nhu tr(!i xanh baa La.

PHIENAM
Nguphu

Nui nam cao sitng silng,
Gi6 m(,lnh th6i vu vu.
Ngu(!i khong ai khong may,
Rieng ta sao phdi h(,li!
Nui nam cao ch6t v6t,
Gi6 m(,lnh th6i ao ao.
Nguai khong ai khong may,
Rieng ta khong dliNuoi cha mf den gia.
TVC. djch

s(J TU ~if
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~liJ? fBJt)Ci?iV~.~$' § %~~? .n o @&:B: u- ~MZ :
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s~ 7tL , $JT
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339

roAN THV Tl/ HQC CHa HAN

,

z a rm~tlt1~Z~t~-f-? ~)(% mrm~ , ~~ ftltrm *· JJ

Khuat Nguyen ky ph6ng, du 11 giang dam, hanh ngam tr~ch

b~n, nhan sac ti€u tl,J.y, hlnh dung kh6 do. Ngl1 phil kien nhi van
chi viet:
- Til' phi Tam 111 d~i phu dl1? Ha co chi 11 tl1?
Khuat nguyen viet:
-Chung nhan giai trQc, nga doc thanh; chung nhan giai tuy, nga
doc tinh; thi di kien ph6ng.
Ng11 phil viet:
- Thanh nhan bat ngl1ng tr~ 11 v~t, nhi nang dG' the th6i di. The
nhan giai trQC, ha bat qu~t ky ne nhi dl1ong ky ba? Chung nhan
giai tuy, ha bat b6 ky tao nhi xuyet ky ly? Ha co tham tl1 cao eli',
tlf linh ph6ng vi?
Khuat Nguyen viet:
Ng6 van chi, tan moe gia tat dan quan, tan dl,IC gia tat chan y,
an nang di than chi sat sat thl,l v~t chi van van giii h6? Ninh ph6
Tl1ong lu'u, tang 11 giang ngl1 phuc trung, hlfu an nang di h~o h~o
chi b~ch nhi m6ng the tl,IC chi tr~n ai h6?
Ngl1 phil hoan nhi nhi tieu, c6 the nhi khu, nai ca viet:
"Thl1ong Lang chi thily thanh h€, kha di tr~c nga anh.
"Thl1ong Lang chi thily trQc h€, kha di tr~c nga tile".
To~i khu, bat phl,IC du ng6n.
(SiJ til)

Tac gid-tac pha·m
Boi nay Ia truyen thuyet do ngLJCii nLidc Sa ghi IQi

de

tLJang nhd

340

TRAN VAN CHANH

Khuat nguyen sou khi ong do qua dCii. Nhdn vqt Khu6t Nguyen lffi&
(340-278 trlldc C N) Ia toe gia chfnh cua nhGng bai "Sa tC/" noi tieng. 6ng
ten thqt Ia Blnh. ngLJCii trong hoang t¢c nlldc sa. hQC r¢ ng . nhieu tai.
nhllng b! vua ghet bo vl nghe lai giem pha cua ke x6u . buon ba md i
viet ra thien ' Ly tao ' de b¢c bqch noi long. sou om m¢t phien do nhay
xu6ng song M!ch La tl) t¢n . Con ·sa tC/' Ia m¢t hlnh thC/c co dao md i
dllc;ic Khu6t Nguye n va m¢t s6 ngllai khac lam ra trong khoang the ky
thO Ill. IV trlldc CN tren ccJ sa gia cong . sang tqo va ph6t trien tC/ nhGng
co dao dan gian dllcJng thai ; c6 the coi sa tC/ Ia m¢t loqi van xuoi c o
van. den ddi Han mdi dllc;ic tqp hc;ip chung IQi thdnh tqp sach.

341

TOAN THV Tl,1 HQC CHU HAN

NGO PHAP
CD 5! (kie'n): bi, dl1<;1c (tr<;J d<)ng tu, d~t ngay trudc d<)ng tu,

bi~u thi bi d<)ng) : ~ J;)J''tn'x (Thi dT kiin ph6ng).
® ~(vi): tr<;1 tu ngu khi a cu6i diu, bi~u thi nghi van:

fPJ ~)Cr~ ,'EI, ~~ ' 13 -%15'2~ ? (Ha

cO' tham tl1 cao ell', ttf l!nh

ph6ng vi?).

® ~§g (an nang): sao c6 th~ .
@ $ (ninh): tha: ~ II:Uif§ ?liE (Ninh ph6 tl1dng l11U).

® ::f~ (ba't pht;~c):

kh6ng l::ti.

TU NGO

.Giang dam ?I~-: chi chung ch6n song h6 eTr{lch h{ln
wlfl.¥:ben ch~m, chi ben bo song eKho cao f6f~ :kh6 heo, h6c
hac, ti€u tl}y eTii
:6ng (d::ti tu nhan xl1ng ng6i thu hai) eTam Itt
d{li phu - jgj :K : m<)t chuc quan cao trong tri€u dlnh nl1oc sa,

*

r

coi v€ nhung vit%c cua hoang t<)c thu<)c ba hQ Khuat, Canh,
Chieue Clzi 11 tzt ~ :fj~ Wf : den n6i nude nft y ePhong1J'x: du6i di
.Thanh nhiin ~A : b?c thanh, thanh nhan • Ngztng trf 'M: 1Wf:
cau nt%, c6 chap eThoi di jt ~ : xoay chuy~n, d6i thay •QruJ,t ?.@:
v£n dl;lC (a day dung theo phep sll' d<)ng, voi nghTa la "lam cho
v£n dl;lc") .Bo ~m: an .Tao ff?: ba rl1<;1u, hem .Xuyit I:X:u6ng
(dung nhl1 ~)eLy~~ :rl1<;1u nh::tt, rl1<;1u ngQn eTiziim tzl rgjt'Ef, : nghl
sau (y n6i lo nghT vit%c nude, vit%c dan) .Cao cil r%J ~: vit%c lam
khac voi ngl1oi blnh thl1ong .Ljnh %: khien cho .Dan quan 5' M
: tru bo bl;li b~m tren non (mil) .Chiilz y f..[{ :t'(: tru bo bl;li b~m
tren ao .sat sat ~ ~ : trong S::tch • Viilz viilz ~X ~)(: 6 trQC, nhd

nhop • Tliang iif§ :song Tl1dng eTang ~ : chon eH{lo h{lo 8* 8*:
tdng toa t, (trang) 16m IO'p, trong trang eTriln ai ~ ±9€ : bl;li b~m

eHoan nhi '% m': mim cuoi eCd ~~: go eThiftit: cay giftm
eThlidng Lang 1F; ~: song Thl1dng Lang eHi /5 :h€, a (tr<;1 tu )
eTr{lc ~: gi~t eAnh ~: leo mil, dai mil.

D[CHNGHlA
Khwl't Nguyen da bj du6i bo, tho tha?n iJ ben bC! song bC! ddm,
vita di vita hat iJ ben ch!im, nhan sdc tiiu t¥-y, henh dung kh6 heo.
C6 6ng lao ddnh cd tr6ng thay, hoi:
- Ong phdi la Tam lu dg_i phu day chang? Sao rna din n6i the'?

Khua't Nguyen ddp:
- Thien hg. diu d!!-c, mqt menh ta trong, thien hg_ diu say, mqt
menh ta tlnh, cho nen bj du6i bo.
Ong lao ddnh cd n6i:
- Thanh nhan kh6ng cau n~ vi~c ge rna bie't tuy thC!i thay d6i.
NguC!i dC!i diu di!-C the sao kh6ng khuay them bun, d(jp them song
cho di!-c mqt thi? Thien hg_ diu say the sao kh6ng an cd men, hup
cd ba cho say mqt thi? Vi~c ge rna phdi nghT sau, lam khdc nguC!i
;jKb•fuUOl
;j
b 0.
??
Lle
A? •

Khua't Nguyen ddp;
- T6i nghe n6i, mai gqi ddu ta't chdi mii, mai tdm xong ttit thay

do; c6 dau dem cdi than trong sg_ch rna chju v(jt nho nhap du(Jc?
Tha nhdy xuo'ng song TuCJng, vui than trong b¥-ng cd, chu sao
dang trdng lam lOJJ rna chju vay b¥-i cat cua the' t/!-C?
Ong lao ddnh cd nghe xong, mlm cuC!i, go gidm hat r!ing:


342

TRAN VAN CHANH

-----

"Song Thuong nu(Jc chdy trong veo,
Thz ta dem gi(it cdi leo mu ta.
Song Thuong nuac d[!,c chdy ra,
Thz ta l9i xu6ng di ma nla chan".
Hat xong, di thdng, kh6ng them m
PRIEN AM

B6c cti

NGUYEN HIEN LE dich
( Trung Quae win h9C sa, t~p I)

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343

roAN THU Tl,l HQC CHU HAN

Khua't Nguyen ky ph6ng, tam nien ba't dac phl.Jc kien, ki~t tri
tan trung, nhi te chuang 11 sam, tam phi~n y lo(;ln, ba't tri sa tong,
niii vang kien thai b6c Trinh Thi~m Doan viet:
- Du huu sd nghi, nguy~n nhan tien sinh quyet chi. Thi~m
Doan nai doan sach, pha't quy, viet:
- Quan tuong ha di giao chi?

Khua't Nguyen viet:
- Ng6 ninh kh6n kh6n, khoan khoan, phac di trung h6? Tuong
t6ng vang l<;1o lai, tu v6 cung h6? Ninh tru su thao mao di ltfc
canh h6? Tuong du d<;1i nhan di thanh danh h6? Ninh chinh ng6n
bat huy di nguy than h6? Tuong tong tl)C phu quy di thau sinh
h6? Ninh sieu nhien cao ell' di bao chan h6? Tuong sue ti l~t ti,
ac y nhu nhi di stf phl.J nhan h6? Ninh liem khiet chinh trtfc di ttf
thanh h6? Tuong d()t the ho(;lt ke nhu' chi nhu' vi di hi~t doanh h6?
Ninh ngang ngang nhu'QC thien ly chi cau h6? Tuong phiem
phiem nhu'QC thuy trung chi phu h6? Du ba thu'ong ha, thau di
toa n ng6 khu h6? Ninh du ky ky khang ach h6? Tuong tuy n6 rna
chi tich h6? Ninh du hoang h()c ti dtfc h6? Tuong du ke Vl.J tranh
thtfc h6? ThU' thl)C cat, thl)C hung? Ha khu ha tong? The h6n trQC
nhi bat thanh, thi~n dtfc vi trQng, thien quan vi khinh; hoang
chung huy khi, ngoa phu 16i minh; sam nhan cao truong, hi~n si
v6 danh. Hu ta, m~c m~c h~, thuy tri ng6 chi liem trinh?
Thi~m Doan nai thich sach nhi t<;1 viet:
- Phu xich huu sa doan, th6n huu sa truong; v~t huu sd ba't
tuc, tri huu sa bat minh, s6 huu sa ba't dai, th~n huu sa bat thong.
Dl,lng quan chi tam, hanh quan chi y. Quy sach·thanh bat nang tri
thl:r Stf.


344

TRAN VAN CHANH

(Sil tt't)

-

345

roAN THU TIJ HQC CHU HAN

vdi jj]) .Du dl,li nluin 3J[f -}(A: lui toi nhung nguoi quy~n quy
.Thanh danh JJX.ij: gay dQ'ng ten tu61e Nguy than m~: nguy
h(li de'n than mlnh eThau sinh y~ {±_ ( 9~ = '\'@tr): song t<,tm bQ (theo
thuye't cua Vuong D.;it thl "thau sinh" la than du<;jc an vui) eCiuin
~: ban tinh eSuc ti lijt ti, tic y nhu nhi OJE ~ '\~ Wf oi_ ~jt 0~ O)t:
gu<;jng n6i gu<;jng cuoi (lam ra ve tuoi cuoi d€ chi~u theo y
nguoi) ePh~t nhan 9w )\: nguoi dan ba. Day chi Trinh T1,1 la
nguoi du<;jc vua SCi Hoai Vuong sung ai eT~I thanh § 1~: lam cho
mlnh du<;Jc trong s(lch (chiT 1~ dung nhu d<)ng tu theo phep sll'
d<)ng) .D()t the ho{lt ke~ :f~ ~ tron trinh tron tru, xu6i theo
.Chi ~9:: mo• Vi ~: da thu<)c eHifl ~ : do luang (do cai tron
gQi la "hi~t") eDoanh :f~: cay c<)t eHi~t doanh : do cay c<)t tron;
vl khi do thl phai xu6i theo b~ tron, nen c1,1m tli "hi~t doanh" c6 y
n6i xu ph1,1 theo the' ll,I'c, chlm n6i theo doi eNgang ngang~ ~:
ngang tang kh6ng chiu cam tam cui d~u ePhie'm phitm ~[2 ~[2:
tr6i n6i v6 d!nh .Phil ~: con vit rung, con le eKy ky f.m ,ifj: ngl,I'a
ky va ngl,I'a ky (d~u la nhung giong ngl,I'a gioi) .Khang1C: gio
len .Ach tjjm: cai ach (d€ thang nglfavao xe) .Dil ky ky khang ach
W.f.m!r~1C tjjm: thang xe chung voi ngl,I'a ky, nglfa ky eNoJl;:
nglfa hen .Ti'iy no mii chi tich ~ Jl; -~ L lf!j]i: ch(ly theo ngl,I'a
hen .Hoang h()c ji]i~: chim hoang h<)c, thien nga .Tl difc .l:t it:
bay chung
~:con vit troi .Hfm 100: v~n d1,1c 0~ yi} = 1.EUIJ
[hon trQc ], v~n d1,1c, nho nhdp, do b~n) .Qulin ~~: quan ( don vi
trQng lu<;5ng thoi xua, bang 30 can) .Hoang chung ji~j: chuang

vang (m<)t lo(li nh<,tc khi ra't to, phat ra tie'ng to va trong treo)
•Ngoa phil ][~: n6i da't set eLoi minh '§§P.~: tie'ng keu nhu sam
Cao trztdng ~5~: khoac lac (chi C1 dia vi cao) eV6 danh
~~: kh6ng c6 danh vi, kh6ng du<;Jc b6 nhi~m eThich ~': roi ra,
bu6ng ra eT{l ~t: cao loi .so'~: so, thu~t so, que b6i eDiii ~:
dat de'n .Thiln 1$: th~n tien .Quan;f!;: anh, 6ng (d(li tu nhan

m- :

Tac gia-tac phiim
Bai nay tllCing truyen cOng cua Khuat Nguyen. nhllng thl)c te chi Ia
truyen thuyet do nglloi nlloc Sd ghi IQi d§ tll&ng ni$m 6ng sou khi 6ng
do qua doi.

Tl1NG0

.cu.@- : C1 (C1 day c6 nghia la d<,to xll' the', each cu xii') ePh6ng
1fJ. : du6i bo eKie'n J! :g~p eKift tri !1~ ~ :dung he't tri tu~ .Tt
chlidng ~jiJ*: che la'p ngan trCi .sam ~l: giem pha, ke sam ninh
eTam phiin y lo{ln {,- tffi: ~ ;L: tam th~n roi lo<,tn, ru<)t gan roi boi
eThai boc-;k;. !'- : ten chile quan chuyen coi v~ vi~c b6i .Nhan [!]:
nho •Quye't ~ : quye't dinh .Stich ~ (cling vie't la
co thi
dung d€ b6i eDoan sachftffij ~: xe'p l<,ti co thi cho ngay ngan .Quy
t$_: mai rua dung d€ b6i ePhat quy :t~ t$_ : phui (b1,1i) tren mai rua
eNinh ... tlidng $ M~ (xem ph~n Ngfl phap (j duoi) eKho?n khifn
khoan khoan ·f·i!J·f·I!I~:X ~ : he't long trung thanh, trung thanh he't
ml,I'c ePhac di trung ~.L-.:t~,: th.;it tha rna trung thanh eTong viing
l{lo lai
1i#*: di de'n dau cling dua d6n tie'p dai .vo

* ):

m

ciing~~: kh6ng di de'n dau rna kh6ng thong (di dau cling dUQC

trot lQt) eTru sit

§*i!h:

di~t tnr, cuoc xoi (Ci day

§*

cling nghia

.vv


346
TRAN VAN CHANH

xu'ng ng6i thU' hai).

NGOPHAP

CD fR(u'): gidi tU' bi€u thj bj d<)ng, c6 th€ djch la "bj .. . bai .. . ":
ffiHij~~~fRgl (Nhi te chuang 11 sam).

z

@
(chi): t6i , chung t6i (dung nhu fJ<; [nga], di;ii tll' nhan
Xu'ng ng6i thU' nhat ): ~M~1PJ.L-~~z? (Quan tu'ong ha di giao

chi?).

®~A (thvc): cai gl, gl (d?i
thl,IC cat thl}C hung ... ?) .

tu nghi van): ilt~A~~l:AI29 ...? (Thii'

@ fQ] (ha): cai gl, gl (di;ii tll' nghi van):
'
?)
tong
..

®

fPJ:ftfPJ1tf? (Ha

khu ha

x (phil): tr<;f tU' d~u cau (= phat ngu tu ), v6 nghia, thuCing

d€ rna

d~u m<)t do<;1n van nghj lu?n: xR.1==J7'ifTf.£_ ... (Phu

sa doan .. .).

xich huu

(/~,

}~'%.~
. ~~ \1.... . ~
/·\\ ~

' WJ

h :/'r,-

Khuat Nguyen
D[CHNGHiA
Boi each Clt xit
Khuat Nguyen bj du6i bo, ba nam khong du(/c gijp lt:;Ii vua, tQn
trf t(in trung ma bj fiJi giem pha che lap, long phiJn, y lo(ln, khong
hilt nen ra sao, moi lt;zi tham quan thai bo'c Trinh Thiim Doan,
n6i:

- Toi c6 dtiu nghi, xin tien sinh quyet cho.
Thiim Doan sita ngay lt:;Ii co thi, phui mai rua, hoi:

'

roAN THU' TIJ HQC CHa HAN

347

- Ong mwfn dt:;Iy toi vi?c gz?
Khulit Nguyen ddp:
- Toi nen khdn khdn, khoiin khoiin, thimh thf:(c di he't long
trung chang? Hay nen dua don theo diJi di khoi khan cung? Nen
bua giliy co !au di he't sac lam ruqrig chang? Hay nen giao du voi
ke sang di cdu danh? Nen n6i thdng chdng kieng ni gz di nguy
than chang? Hay nen theo thai tt:tC, cdu giau sang di song cdu
thii? Nen sieu nhien xua't the' di gifl thien chan chang? Hay nen
njnh hot, khum num, xun xoe, gu(/ng n6i gu(/ng cuiJi di hdu ht:;I
dan ba? Nen liem khie't, thinh trf:(c di du(/c trong st:;Ich chang?
Hay nen tron trfnh, tr(Jn tru nhu ma, nhli da di dli(/C nhu cdi CQt
bong? Nen ngang tang nhu con ngf:(a thien ly chang? Hay nen
tenh denh nhu con vit iJ tren mijt nuoc cung nhap nho voi song di
biio toan lay than? Nen cht:;Iy dua voi loai ngf:(a kjl, ngf:(a ky
chang? Hay nen theo cdi ve't cua loai ngf:(a him? Nen cung bay
voi loai chim hoang hQC chang? Hay nen cung tranh an voi ga
vjt? Duong nao edt, duiJng nao hung? Bo duiJng nao, theo duiJng
nao? DiJi hbn trQC ma khong thanh thz cdnh con ve Ia nijng ma
nghtn can Ia nhf; chuang vang thz bo nat con nbi da't tht keu
vang; ke giem pha thz len chan, nguiJi hdn sf tht v6 danh. Than
oil Bitt n6i gt day? Ai bie't ta Ia trong S(lch?
Thdm Doan dijt co thi xuo'ng ma t(l rdng:
- Thuoc c6 khi ngdn, ma ta'c c6 khi dai; vQt c6 chb khong du
ma tri c6 chb khong sang; so' c6 chb dodn khong toi ma thdn c6
chb khong thong. Ong ca theo long ong ma lam dung y 6ng. Co
thi va mai rua thQt khong bie't dli(/C vi?c ay.
NGUYEN HIEN LE djch

348

TRAN VAN CHANH

349

roAN THV n,1 HQC CHU HAN

Tac giii-tac philm
Kinh Djch (con gQi Ia Chu Djch) Ia ·mc;>t trong nhQng bQ s6ch triet ly
do SQ nhat cua Trung Quae co dQi, dll<;IC xep vao h$ thong NgO kinh
cua Nho gi6o. Tllong truyen Chu Djch do Chu Van Vuong (khoang the
ky 11 truoc CN) lam ra. dll<;ic Khong Tu (551-479 trlloc CN) san djnh.
dan giai. Bai nay trich trong Van ng6n truy$n cua Que khan. n6i ve

TU THU' - NGO KINH
tz:g ~-li *~

lu¢t tich thi~n

KINHDJCH~ *~

TUNG(!

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~..

PHLENAM

Khanh •: phuc l!dng 7:k:: hQa, tai liang .Thilnf!2.: bfty t6i
.Thi ~ giet .Qulin ~: vua
do lai pffffi
nguyen do dlia
den, ngu6n g6c.Do E13: (xem Ngil phap (J dlioi).Bi~n ¥~: phan
bi~t, bi~n bi~t (dung nhli Win .Ljft: d<,lp len, xeo len .Thuqnll[&:
theo Chu Djch ban nghia thl II[& dung thong voi '!'~ (th~n) y n6i
dn phai nh~n ra n6 luc n6 moi phat sinh.

Tfch thi~n chi gia
Tich thi~n chi gia tat huu dli khanh; tich bat thi~n chi gia tat
huu dli liang. Thfin thi ky quan, nl' thi ky ph\1, phi nhat trieu nhat
tich chi co, ky sa do lai gia ti~m hi, do bi~n chi bat tao bi~n diL
Dich viet: Ly sliang kien bang chi. Cai ng6n thu?n da.
(Chu Djch, que Khon, Van ngon truy?n)

do,

bdi

(gioi

tu

chi

nguyen

nhan):

~¥~Z)f~¥~fu (Do bi~n chi bat tao bi~n da) .
® :i! (cai): d<.ti khai (ph6 tu): ~~lll&fu(Cai ng6n thu~n da).

Nha tich diiu thi~n

Nha tich chua ddu thi?n ttlt c6 phuc thita vi sau; nha tich
chua ddu de ta't c6 hQa thita vi sau. Bdy toi gilt vua, con gilt
cha, khong phdi nguyen do m9t sam m9t chiiu, ngubn go'c cua n6
La ldn ldn phdt sinh ra, do kh6ng sam nht;in ri5 thay chan tuang
vt;iy. Kinh Djch n6i: EJgp len suong thi bilt sdp c6 bang cung. fJ(li
dlla phdi tht;in trQng ngay tit truac.
TVC. djch

m


350

TRAN VAN CHANH

7
7(#±ill~

m.J ~

7(#~~,~~~*;~~U~,~~~*o

JJJij¥:ffm- ,

~u *~*

0

:1J 1.-)Jt~ ~ ' 1o/J 1--.J u)} ' 5129 ~

1£7(JJX:~

' 1±±ill!JX:% '

*

~1t~*

0
0

PHIENAM

Thien ton dja ti
Thien ton dia ti, Can Khon dinh hi; ti cao di tr~n, quy ti~n vi
hi
D()ng tinh huu thttong, cttcrng nhu doan hi
Phuong di lo~i tl;l, v~t di qu~n phan, cat hung sinh hi
T~i thien thanh tttqng, t~i dia thanh hlnh, bien h6a hi~n hi

(Chu Djch, H? tit thli(Jng)
Tac gid-tac philm
Bai nay trich (J phon dau "H$ tCJ thLJQng truy$n' cua Chu Dich. ban

Ve Sl,f bien h6a d(>ng tTnh CUO CUO VU tn,J VQn VQt thea lu(Jt dm dll
NCO PHAP
CD * (hi): trCJ tir bi~u thi kh£ng dinh: ~t$5E* (Can kh6n
dinh hi).
® tJ (di): theo (gidi tir): ~tJ~J}(V~t di qugn phan).
D[CH NGHlk

Trdi cao diit thiip
TriJi caa dlit thap, vi tri cua que Can que Khan moi dut;Jc
(thdnh nhan) xdc dinh; caa thap dii bay ra thl Sl;{ quy va ti?n cua
sl;( vt;it moi dliu vaa ngoi vi nay.
E>qng va tinh cua triJi da't dii c6 quy lut;it nha't dinh thl tinh cha't
duong cuong va lim nhu moi phlin bi?t n;zch roi.
Cdc quan ni?m y thac trang thien hc;z t~;t h9p nhau thea lac;zi,
(con) cdc laai dqng thl;(c vt;it thz phlin ra thea nh6m, tit d6 moi
sinh ra edt va hung.
Nhflng vt;it tren triJi (nht;it nguy?t tinh thdn ...) thanh ra nhdu
biiu tut;Jng; nhflng vt;it (j duoi da't (nui song,dqng thl;(c vt;it...) thanh
ra nhdu hznh thi; le bie'n h6a nhu vt;iy dii hi?n ro.
TVC. dich

LE KY tl ~c

TUNGO

.Can ~ : que Can •Khon ~: que Kh6n .Djnh }E: dinh ra,
d~t ra .Triln ~-*: bay ra •Quj ti?n ~~~: sang va hen •DQng
tinh i}J ij¥: d9ng va dung yen, d()ng trnh .Cudng nhu ~U*: cung
va m€m •Dolin ~: phan chia r~ch roi .Phudngj]: d~o, quan

ni~m y thuc thu()c ph~m trii triru tttcjng •Lo(li ~: lo~i, loai
•Tli(Jng ~: h'inh tu'cjng (chi m~t troi, trang sao ... ) .Hi?n~: hi~n
ra (dung nhtt .f~).

351

TOAN THll Tl,l HQC CHlJ HAN

8
wti&~~ fff.

w

t~~c

fL -=f~~ f~~ , :ff~w A~:O~£f3 iffi:R o x-=ft\:~Z ,
~ -=f~~za: r-=fZ~*'•M~:ff-f3?Jo~B
: r ~o~f3~-~~Jff.,~;KX~~,~~-=fX~~


352

.n

TRAN VAN CHANH

:K .::F- El :

E!<

1r

II"

1PJ ~ /f -:t tl1 ? .n ° El :

;J\.:r:-~z

o

~i& 1~~~!JE-tl1.n

ll"

1m ~ i&

.n

0

:K .::F-

0

PHIENAM

Ha chfnh manh u' h6
Kh6ng Ttl' qua Thai Son trac, huu pht.J nhan khoc u m<) gia nhi
ai. Phu ttl' thuc thfnh chi, sll' Ttl' L<) van chi viet: "Ttl' chi khoc da ,
nhat tlf trung huu ttu gia ?". Nai viet: "Nhien. Tfch gicl ng6 cuu ttl'

u h6, ng6 phu hlfu ttl' yen, kim ng6 ttl' hlfu ttl' yen". Phu ttl' viet:
"Ha vi bat khu da?" Viet: "V6 ha chfnh". Phu ttl' viet: "Ti~u ttl'
chi chi. Ha chfnh manh u h6 da ".
(L~ ky)

Tac gia-tlic philm
Le ky cOng Ia m¢t trong 5 b¢ sdch trong h$ thong NgO kinh cua Nho
gido, c6 le Ia cong trinh t¢p the cua nhieu the h$. Den cu6i dc':ii Han ,
Md Dung chan chTnh IQi con 49 thien nhli ngay nay, n¢i dung ghi IQi
nhOng dieu c6 lien quan den che d¢, le nghi, phep tOe cua Trung
Qu6c co dQi, dong thc':ii cOng boo hOm nhOng tli tlicng ve chinh trj ,
ludn ly, triet hQc .. . Bai nay trich trong thien"Dan cung hQ", dung m¢t
mau chuy$n ngan de t6 coo m¢t each thdm tram te nh! chinh sdch
tan bQO cua nhd cam quyen Trung Qu6c dli
TUNGO
eMi) £: ng6i m<) eAi -R,: bi thuong, bi ai, bu6n tham ePhu til
:K.::f: phu ttl' (tieng d~ ton xung nhung nguoi c6 hQc thuc dang
trQng VQng thoi Xu'a) eThilc:J'\ : tlfa vao don ngang xe cui mlnh
xuong d~ to y kfnh le (dung nhu' fit) eCilu ~: cha ch6ng
eKhz£-:t: bo di eHa chinh ~ iJ&: chfnh sach ha khac eTiiu
tti;j\.::f: con (tieng d~ gQi hang con chau ho?c hQc tro) .Chi~:
ghi nhd.

353

TOAN THlJTl,l HQC CHa HAN

NGO PHAP
CD ~ ( nha't)(d<;trtg viet kep cua - ): th~t la (ph6

tu): ~{J;l,£ :ff?ff3 (Nhlit tl! trung huu ttu gia).
® ~(yen): d<;ti tu chi thi 'hQp am cua ~+z' c6 th~ dich la
,,o d'0, VI' d'"
T rong b'.
-:E..±:v];'Ct:A---'70.
at, :E..±:v:z;r;~
o:l':A?'Lfi'W- o:l':A ?' L/J::.,<_-

~:K'X.n ~~ !JE .
® fPJ~ (ha vi): vl sao (dung d~ hoi).
@{Q. (da): trQ tu cuoi cau:
a) Bi~u thi nghi van: 1PJ~/f-:ttl1 ? (Ha vi bat khu dii?)
b) Bi~u thi kh~ng dinh: ~ i& 1~~~ !JE-tl1 (Ha chfnh manh u

h6 dii).
D[CHNGHlA
Chinh sach ha kluic tim b{lO hdn C(Jp
Khllng Tit di qua ben nui Thai Se!n, c6 mqt nguiJi dim ba kh6c
6' m9 r!it bi thuCJng. Phu tit tf;(a vao don ngang xe cui minh xuc/ng
di nghe, sai Tit L9 hoi ba ta rdng: "Tie'ng kh6c cua ba duiJng nhu
c6 nhi~u n6i dau bu6n?".(NguiJi dan ba) ben trd fiJi rling: "Dung
tht Ngay tru(Jc cha chbng t6i che't vi c(Jp, chbng t6i cung che't vi
c(Jp, nay con t6i lc;Ii chit vi c9p". Phu tit n6i rdng: "Tc;Ii sao ba
khong bo di?". (Nguoi dan ba) ddp: "CJ day kh6ng c6 chinh sdch
ha khdc". Phu tit n6i rdng: "Cdc tro hay ghi nho di~u d6. Chinh
sdch ha khdc con tan bc;IO he!n C(Jp ".
TVC. djch

w
9

*IPJ

t~~c
§ frf:!Ft:,W~~~~it' ~·' I±\ ~~~ID[z_t' o~~fffiOJ

o

~n=:,z•·~•etl1o~~~OO·EJ:~r~.::F-W•?.n o


354

fL-1-B :

~;G~.n

TRAN VAN CHANH

u-

*i]Iz frfu

' W- *Z.~

' li 7KZ~-ti1

, fffi

0

*i]Iz fffu ' :JC-r~0 , ~JiW§g , ~1§ flffHi o i!ix
A~~m~m,~~-1-~-1-,~~~M~,M~ffim,
u-

w~ffi~'~'-'M'~'~*~,~~ffiR;~~
~'~~&;~~~-~~-ti1'~~-~2;~~~~

lli~~-ti1,~~~2o~~~Mfffi~R,~Ma~fffi~
11= , i!!Jz: 7}? fffi ~ M , ~ ~ fPJ .n

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PHIENAM
D~i d6ng

Tich TrQng Ni dlf u l~p tan, slf tat, xuat du u quan chi thu<;Jng,
vj nhien nhi than . TrQng Ni chi than, cai than Lo da . Ng6n Y~n
t~i td:c, viet: "Quan ttl' ha than?". Kh6ng Ttl' viet: "D~i d~o chi
hanh da, du Tam d~i chi anh, Khau vj chi dai da, nhi huu chi
yen.
"D~i d~o chi hanh da, thien h~ vi c6ng, tuy~n hi~n du nang,

giang tin tu ffii}C. Co nhan bat OQC than ky than, bat OQC ttl' ky ttl',
sli' lao huu Sd chung, trang huu Sd dl}ng, au huu Sd trudng, quan,
qua, co, d<)c, phe t?t gia, giai huu sCi duong; nam huu ph?n, nil'
huu quy; h6a o ky khi u aja da, bat tat tang u ky; life o ky bat
xuat u than da, bat tat vj ky. Thj co muu be nhi bat hung, d~o
thiet lo~n t?c nhi bat tac, co ngo~i hQ nhi bat be, thi vi d~i
a6ng".

(L~ kj)

Tac gia-tlic philm
Bai nay trich trong thien "Le v(ln" chlieing "8c;ti dong", m6 tO Lioc md
ve mdong, khi d6 thien hc;t, cua cai Ia cua chung cua mQ i nglidi.

-

roAN THu' TV HQC CHU HAN

355

rU NGO
eD{li d6ng *[P]: the gioi hoa blnh thong nhat eDifW: tham dlf,
dlf vao .L{lp ~ij: te ch~p (le te ell' hanh vao thang 12 moi nam)
.Tat~: xong eTan'ffi: khach .Qzuin im: m6n khuyet, cll'a khuyet
(cll'a c6 hai lftu gac a truoc cung di~n, d~n dai ... ) .vj nhienD~?t,:
bui ngui, ng?m ngui .ThanDI_: than thCi (cling viet la~).TrQng
Ni fr:fl/E: ten cua Kh6ng Ttl' eNgon Yin ~=~ fj!: tuc Ttl' Du (hQc tro
Kh6ng Ttl') eD{li d{lo*i]I: d~o IOn (theo chu giai cua Trinh
Huy~n, la d~o trj nude cua thai Ngli de) eTam d{li chi anh
.:=.1~z~: "tam d~i" la 3 doi H~, Thuong, Chu; "anh" la nguoi
tai nang xuat chung, chi nhung nhan v?t nhu Vli, Thang, Van,
Yo, Thanh Vuong, Chu C6ng, d~u la nhung b?c thanh nhan ly
tu&ng cua Nho gia eDiii~: Iqp .Chi $: sach ghi chep (theo
thuyet cua Chu Ban; day cling c6 th~ hi~u la "d~ chi vao", nhu
bai dich a duoi) .Cong 0: c6ng, chung .Hi~n J[: nguoi hi~n (c6
tai due) .Niing§g: ngu'oi gioi (c6 tai nang) .Dil W: va (lien tU),
nhung c6 thuyet cho Wdung thong voi '*(ell') ngh1a la "d~ ell',

cat nhifc" eQuan ~*: gia rna khong CO VQ(Cling viet la ~) eQua
• : gia rna kh6ng c6 ch6ng .co JJJl: tre rna kh6ng c6 cha (m6 c6i
cha) eDI)c ~: gia rna kh6ng c6 con ePhqn ~: chile nghi~p eQuy
~fff : con gai xuat gia gQi la "quy", day c6 th~ hi~u la noi gia dlnh
d~ tr& v~ .Hoa ~: hang hoa, tai nguyen .6 ky khi li dja
~;!'.{·1J~±t: kh6ng d~ cho chung bi bo phe duoi oat .Tang S:
cat chua eL{lC~: tri life va lao life .6 ky bat xuat ll than dii
~;!'.{~ llin~~ fu: sQ ding chung khong phat huy ra tu than
mlnh eMztu ~: am muu, muu ke .Be' M: dong l~i, d?p tift
•Hztng $: day len, n6i len eD{lO thiet lo{lll tijc ~ M ~L ~: tr<)m
cap va gi?c lo~neTac {lp: n6i d?y, phat tac ra.


356

TRAN VAN CHANH

NG0PHAP

· CD~ (cai): c6 le, duong nhu (ph6 tll'): ~Pl ~111 (Cai than L6

da).

®

z (chi) trong cau Ji*Z.~-fft (Khau vi chi dai da) la tan

ngu cua d<)ng tll' ~ (dai). Trong cau phu dinh, tan ngu thuong
d?t trudc d<)ng tu ( khong viet: Ji*~Z. 1ft) (xem l<;1i phfrn II, bai
93, Ngil phdp ).

m

@
(than) va T (til') thu nhat trong bai du'QC dung nhu
d<)ng tll'. Rieng chu
dung theo phep d<)ng, c6 nghia "coi la
con", iJ day c6 th€ dich la"thuong yeu, nuoi duong ... ".
@ ~t& (thj co): vl the.

r

y

357

roAN THLI TV HQC CHU HAN

con trai c6 phf].n, con gdi c6 noi cho'n di nuong vi; do'i vdi
tai h6a, ghet rdng roi viii a d(i't, kh6ng cdn chua cd't a noi
minh; do'i vdi sue life, ghet rdng kh6ng ra til minh, kh6ng
cdn phdi lam Vl minh. ly cho nen mUu m6 diu dt;p tdt rna
kh6ng day ten, trqm cdp gitjc cudp kh6ng n6i dt].y;c6?ng
ngoai kh6ng phdi dong, the' gQi la dq.i d6ng.
HOANG THUC TRAM dich
.
.
(Tu tuong dq.i d6ng trong cd hQc Trung Hoa, NXB. Van H6a, Ha
Nqi, 1950)

KINH THU

® ~~ (thj vi): d6 gQi la, nhu' the gQi la (~ la d<;ii tu chi' thi

:&

*~

d€ chi' l<;1i di€u da n6i (J trudc ).

10

4Hf:
~ 5€
,.,, ~

D[CHNGH[A

~08: r~~!~~ffi·~~~o~~~MZ.ER
JJ~ ' f!IJ~o;J\AZ. 1~ o t§;J\A ' 191X)(£3:JJJ~~- , 191X

Dq_i ddng

Xua, TrQng Ni lam tan khdch, dlf ll te' chqp a nude LJ.
Vi¢c dii xong, ra nghl choi a ch6 m6n khuye't, ngai bui ngui
rna than. TrQng Ni than d6 chang than nude LJ. Ng6n Yin a
ben, n6i: "NguC!i quan til than gi the'?". Kh6?ng Til ddp:
"Khuu nay kh6ng duqc kip thay dq.i dq.o thi hanh va cdc bf].c
anh hdn a Tam dai,
. rna chl c6 chi a viec

. lam cila cdc anh
hdn ay thai.
"Dq.i dq.o rna thi hanh thi thien hq. La c6ng cqng (cila
chung}, ken nguC!i anh hdn, ell nguC!i tai nang, gidng ddu tin
thlfc, sua ddu hoa mlj-c, nen nguC!i ta kh6ng rieng than nguC!i
than minh, kh6ng rieng yeu con cdi minh, khie'n cho nguCii
gia c6 cdi nuong dlfa di chat dC!i, nguC!i tre c6 vi¢c lam di
thi tho: nguC!i be c6 slf chan ddt di ldn len; hq.ng quan phu,
qud ph~j-, c6i cut, don chie'c va tan tt].t diu duqc nu6i du!Jng;

~
s '!!.«!.
11'-I:.

r

JJ::f~D~MZ.E~t ' JJ~ , JJ~~f~ ' ~ f!IJ1wi91X)(£3:

' B : "~Z.A~Iif.I~D" .n

o

PHIEN AM

vo d~t

Chu cong viet: "0 h6! Quan til' siJ, ky v6 d~t. Tien tri gia sac
chi gian nan, niii d~t, tac tri ti€u nhan chi y. Tudng ti€u nhan,
quyet phl,l m~u dn lao gia sac, quyet til' nai bat tri gia sac chi
gian nan, nai d~t, nai ng<;1n ky dan, phu tac vii quyet phl;l m~u,

viet: 'Tich chi nhan v6 van tri' ".
(Thu(lng thli:

Vo d{jt)


358

TRAN VAN CHANH

359

TOAN THU TlJ HQC CHU HAN

"noi dau ngftm") eTztfJng ;f§: xem, trong, nhln eNgq.n ~: tho
b<;!O (nen vie't la Og) eDiin ~:can ro vole.

NGOPHAP
CD ;!t ~ (ky) la ph6 tu bitiu thi khuye'n l~nh: A~~ !(Ky vo
d~t!)

® JJ (niii): moi, r6i moi (lien tu).
@ Chu {:& (y) trong bai la d<)ng tu du'c;ic dung nhu' danh tu (qua

Chu cong

Tac gia-tac philm
Kinh Thu hay ThUqng thu Ia m(lt b¢ s6ch trong h$ thong NgO Kinh
cua Nho gia. sllu t(lp nhQng van ki$n chinh trj . qudn sv van h6a .. .cua
Trung Quoc co dqi. trong khoang thai gian tCI thai Nghieu Thuan cho Wi

Tdy Chu. tucng truyen cung c6 qua toy san d!nh cua Khong TU. ban
dau c6 Wi 100 thien. nay chi con 30 thien. Doqn tren day trich tCI thien
"V6 d(lt". Ia lai cua Chu C6ng khuyen vua Thanh Vucng. dqi y n6i ke
lam vua tr! ddn phai biet nghl tdi noi kho va lo cho dai song cua ddn.
kh6ng dll<;Jc ham slj an nhan va hllC:ing tht,J.

TU NGO

• Vo dqt ~ ~: cho c6 nh~tn roi •Quiin til slJ ky vo dqt
::E-1-fifTA~~: "quan ttl'" chi ngu'oi (J ngoi tren; d cau c6 nghia
la ngu'oi Hinh Q(,lO dan chung (J ngoi tren khong nen ham muon
du'c;ic an nhan hu'CJng th1,1 eGia silt 1* fi: n6i chung v~ vi~c canh
tdqt J'J ~: r6i moi nghi Wi sl.f hu'CJng th1,1 eTiiu nhiin chi y
;J\Az1:&: noi kh6 trong long cua dan chung ("titiu nhan" chi dan
thu'ong; "y", cac chu giai eli d~u cho la "nho vao", chi vi~c ca'y
tr6ng, y n6i: dan chung nho vao vi~c ca'y tr6ng dti song; Ton
Tinh Dien trong Thu(Jng thu kim c5 van chu so giai chu "y" la

hi~u qua cua trc;i tu ke't ca'u z).
@ ~ (quye't) (d<:ti til) Cua n6, kia, mlnh, dung nhu' chu A(ky)

lam dinh ngu: ~)(£3: = A5Z£J:, JiAA-1@:;§ ~U (phu Hie): ne'u khong thl.

= AT .

D[CH NGH[A
Cha r6i
Chu Cong n6i : "Noi nguoi qulin til La cho c6 rbi! Bie't truoc
cai kh6 khan cua Sf! gieo cay rbi moi nhan rbi thl bie't n(Ji nu®g

tf!a cua dan him. Xem br;m dan h£m: cha mf n6 sieng cham gieo
cay. Con n6 Lg_i khong bie't tntOc cai kh6 nhQC cua gieo cay r6i
moi nhan rbi nen n6i x5ng, n6i can, khong thl khinh cha mlj! n6,
n6i rling: "Nguoi hbi truoc chdng nghe, bie't gi cd!' ".
NHU(jNG TONG djch
(Thu(Jng thu, NXB. Tan Vi~t, 1963)

o

~

m
11
~if

~:'(,{«
E3

,,~

M~§*:fX~,z , ~o~ -fr~ , ~~1~ , ~filiti , A{,'f*
1*~ , A~D~?ff o Az ~ti , £2~ z o Az~JffE , Jt


360
TRAN VAN CHANH

{.~~:rz, /f1!f;E;=§JtotB o ~§~~z, l-),f*flt-TI%~.a;;
, #~fft'J~ ' ·Az ff:t~ , '§' ~.L-_:j,~z o Azgg~ , rm
@:z , 1~:;;r~ o ~:;;r§~?ff , .L-),/f§~f*flt-TI%~.a;; , #a

M~!nzm~·B~-A:nz~~·#~-Az§o
PHIENAM

Tan th~

Mu<)i mu<)i nga tll' chi: nhU' huu nhat gioi th~n, doan doan y,
vo tha ky; ky tam hU'U hU'U yen, ky nhu huu dung; nhan chi huu
ky, nhuxi nhU'<;fc tlf ky khfiu xuat; thi nang dung chi, di bao nga til' ton le
dan; di~c chile huu lnhan chi ng~n thanh nhi vi chi, ti bat d~ t; thi bat nang dung, di
bat nang bao nga til' ton le dan; di~c viet dai tai! Bang chi ng<)t
niet, viet do nhat nhan; bang chi vinh hoai, di~c thU'nhan chi khanh.

(Thuf/ng thu: Tfln th?)
Tac giii-tac pha·m
DoQn nay trfch trong thien 'TOn th$' s6ch ThUqng thu, ban ve sl) can
thiet phai c6 dQc khoan dung cua nglldi bay t6i trong tr6ch nhi$m doi
vCii ddn vdi nlldc.

TU NGrJ
eTh? W:: th~ eMuQi muQi !J3KIJ3K: ng~m, th~m eGidi fr: m<)t cai,
m<)t nguoi (lll'<;fng tU') eDoan doan lftiT lftiT: thanh khfi'n .y 11%: trngu am, dung nhu /5" (h~) eHliu huu ftft: khoan dung d<)
lU'<;fngeKy nhu hilu dung Jt:tzoff:@:: "ky" dung nhu JJ (nai);
"nhu", Cong DuCJng truy~n dan do~n n~y, viet la §~ (nang)
eNg{lngg: ke si hi~n luang, chi' nguoi c6 tai due eHieu ~r: U'a

TOAN THlJTl,l HQC CHU HAN

361

thich .Bat xi /f1!f: khong chi .Le dan ~ ~: dan den, dan chung
.chzlc ~~: sach Dr;Ii hQC d§n cau n~y viet la rSJ (thU'<;fng) nghia la
may ra, ng5 hftu M{lo tQ.t '§'~: "m~o" nen viet la ~ ;~dung
thong voi ~. "M~o t?t" la ganh ghet, do ky eNhi vi chi ti bat d{lt
ffiJ@:Z{~/f3t: "vi" la vi ph~m can tr&; "ti" la khien cho; "bat
d~t" la khong thanh d~t; c6 ch6 giai la khong thong d~t den vua
.Bat niing dung/f§~?ff: khong dung thu ngll'oi khac, y n6i long
d~ hyp hoi .Dai ljf5: nguy hi~m .NgQt niet :fJC~~: khong yen .viet
B: tr<;f tlr aft u ca U, vo nghia • Vinh hoai ~t~: "vinh" la ph6n
vinh, "hoai" la yen 6n.

D!CHNGHlA
Lili thi cua vua Tiln M11-c ci)ng
Ta trdm tinh suy nghi: Nhu c6 m()t ngu&i bi toi c6 dac thanh
thl:(c, khong can tai gi khdc; long thi yeu diiu thi~n, dung du(Jc ke
khdc; ke khdc c6 tai cilng nhu minh c6; ke khdc thong minh dac
hr;Inh thi long thanh thl:(c yeu men cha khong phdi chl yeu ngoai
mi~ng; nhu v(ly la ngu&i bi toi ay bie't dung ngu&i ma se gia gin
con chdu, le dan cho ta du(Jc; dung ngu&i d6 th(lt l(Ji cho nuoc
thay! Con ne'u c6 ngu&i bi toi thay ke khdc c6 tai ma ghen ghet;
thay ke khdc thong minh dac hg.nh ma ngiin can khien cho ke d6
khong thanh dg.t; the' la khong bie't dung ngu&i ma se khong gill
dur;c con chdu le dan cho ta; dung ngu&i d6 th(lt nguy cho nuoc
thay! Nuoc ma nguy bie'n thi do m()t ngu&i; ma nuoc ve vang, yen
6n cilng do phuoc cua m()t ngu&i (y n6i do ngu(!i bi toi hiin hay
khong).

NGUYEN HIEN LE djch


362

TRAN VAN CHANH
?

"

TA TRUY~N

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12

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Ky mau vie't: "Di~c su tri chi, nhu'cjc ha ?"
D6i vie't: "Ng61t, than chi van da . Than tu'ong ftn, yen dt,1ng
van chi? Th~ du hi~n da".
Ky mau vi ---~: "Nang nhu' thi h6? Du nhu giai ftn".

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0 :::t:t LU B .
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To<:ti fin nhi tu.
Ta'n hfru du chi, ba't ho<;1ch, dT Mien Thu'cjng vi chi di~n, vie't:
"DT chi ng6 qua, tha tinh thi~n nhan ".

(Ta truy?n: Hi cong nhi tlzljp tzlnien)
Tdc gia-tdc phllm

o

~-fE:B: r~#*Z.'~~~~.n o ~B: rt~~

• Y...A ~~' o

363

TOAN THli Tl) HQC CHlJ HAN

R tA_1:1_

JJ~

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t::l

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PH/EN AM

Gioi Chi Thoi bat thtfc I()c
Ta'n hgu thuang tong vong gia. Gioi Chi Thai ba't ngon 19c, 19c
di~c pha't c~p. Thai vie't: "Hie'n cong chi tu cli'u nhan, duy quan t(;li
yen. Hu~, Hoai v6 than, ngo;;ti n9i khi chi. Thien vi tuy~t Ta'n, ta't
tu'ong hi1'u chu. Chu Ta'n ttf gia, phi quan nhi thuy? Thien thtfc tri chi,
nhi nhi tam tu dT vi ky ltfc, ba't di~c vu h6? Thie't nhan chi tai, do vi
chi d;;to, hu6ng tham thien chi cong dT vi ky ltfc h6? H;;t nghTa ky tQi,
thu'cjng thuang ky gian, thu'cjng h;;t tu'ong m6ng, nan du xU' hi".
Ky mau vie't: "H;;tp di~c du chi, dT tu thuy doi?"
D6i vie't: "Vu'U nhi hi~u chi, t9i htfll th~m yen. Tha xua't oan
ng6n, bat thtfc ky thtfc."

To truy~n Ia toe pham l!ch su hoan chTnh c6 16i ke chuy$n chi tiet
day du va sinh d(>ng nhat cuo Trung Quae co dQi. Ve toe gia vdthai
dQi CUO sach nay, CO nhieu y kien kh6c nhOU, nhllng thuyet dll<;iC
chap nhQn pho bien nhat cho rang d6 Ia toe pham cuo TO Khdu Minh,
m¢t su quon cuo nllac Lo thai Xuan thu. sou dll<;ic nhieu ngllai bo sung
them. Phon lon ngllai to deu cho rang To truy~n Ia m(>t quyen su d(>c
l(lp. nhllng cOng c6 ngllai cho n6 Ia sach dien giai kinh Xu6n thu- m¢t
b¢ su bien nien cuo nlloc
Nien dQi ghi chep trong To truy~n ve cd
ban tlldng ung voi kinh Xu6n thu, co hoi deu khai dau tu nom 722 trlloc
CN (dai vuo An c6ng nlloc Lo nom dau). nhllng nom cu6i cung cuo
To truy~n so voi kinh Xu6n thu tre di 28 nom. tOe dung IQi a nom 453
truoc CN . ve n¢i dung. To truy~n ghi chep lqi kha day du va tlldng doi
c6 h$ thong nhQng sv ki$n lien quon den chinh tr! . kinh te, quan sv va
van h6o cuo cdc nlloc thai Xu6n thu (770-476 trlloc CN). trong chCing
mvc nhat d!nh do phon anh m(>t each trung thl,lc b¢ mc;it cuo thai dQi

nay, tra thanh toe pham l!ch su rat c6 gia tr! doi voi vi$c nghien cuu xa
h¢i Trung Quae co dqi.
Bai tren day Ia m¢t doqn trich trong sach To truy~n, thu¢c nien dqi
vuo Hi cong nom thu 24. ghi lqi doqn doi thoqi giao Gioi Chi Th6i voi ba
mE;) khi quyet djnh cung mE;) tCI choi l(>c vuo bo di an cho den chet,
va thai d¢ hoi cai cuo Tan Van c6ng.

lo.

a

T(J NGO

•Giili Chi Tlzoi

frzff£ : ten

nguoi, c6 cho con vie't la Gioi Tu


364

TRAN VAN CHANH

Th6i 1f-r :Jt, la m<)t bg y t6i nho nguoi nu'oc Tgn doi Xu an thu,
tUng tron· ch<;1y theo vua eLI)c tif@<,: l<)c, b6ng l9c eTiin htiu ~{~ :
vua chu' hgu nu'oc Tan, day chi Tan Van c6ng eTh1tllng jt:
thu'dng, ban thu'dng eTong vong giii ff£L:13: (nhung) nguoi tron
Ch<;ly theo vua khi bi mat nu'oc eHien ci)ng fJ0: vua Hie'n c6ng
eHu?, Hoai ~'1:~: vua Hu~ c6ng va Hoai c6ng eTuy?t

dut,
dut bo eTtJ ;JIB: vi~c te' tl.f eNhi tam ti't
hai ba 6ng, cac
6ng, day chi nhung bgy t6i tron ch<;1y theo vua .vu ~: x~ng b?y,
doi tra eTai !:l;J: ctla cai eTham ~: tham lam eMong ~: lua doi
eHrJ-p ,M: xem N gfl phdp d duoi elJ6i ~: oan • Vll'u 7t: t<)i, loi
eGiai {~: cling (ph6 tu) eBfit ho(J-ch /f1f: kh6ng du'<;fc eMien
Thu(fng M!Lt: ten dat, thu<)c huy~n Gioi Hu'u tinh Son Tay ngay
nay elJiin EB: ru<)ng tu, dung d€ cung te' eChi ~: ghi eTinh1li:
tuyen duong.

=- r:

re:

NGTJ PHA.P

~F···

rm ... (phi...nhi. .. ):

ne'u ch~ng phai ... thl la ... ,
kh6ng ... thl...: ~F:¥3ffflmE ?(Phi quan nhi thuy?).
® /f?JF ... ~? (ba't di~c ..•h6 ?): ch~ng ciing Ia .. . u? (bi€u thi
phan va'ii): /f#~-¥7 (Bat di?c vu hb?).
® ~ ...?£ ... (do ... hu6ng•.. ): (rna) con ... huong gl...: ~A
Z.!:t;J, 1~~z~, t5l~7(zJ;f].L-j~C,)J3_¥? ( Thie't nhan chi tai,
do vi chi d<;1o, huong tham thien chi c6ng di vi ky ll.fc h6?)
® ~ ( nghia) trong bai la danh tli dung lam d<)ng tli theo
phep y d<)ng, dich la "cho .. .la vi~c nghia":T~!tW (H<;! nghla

ky t9i).

CD

® ~ (yen) tuong duong voi n~ (u) (gioi tu) +

z (chi) (d?i

tli): ;W)Z~~ (T<)i hlju th?myen)= ;W)Z ~~z.
® ~A~ (thljc ky thtfc): chu it dgu la d<)ng tu (nghia la

roAN THLf Tl,l HQC CHU HAN

365

an), chu itthu hai la danh tli (nghia la d6 an).
(J) ;fi{TiJ? (nhu'Q'c ha ?): the' nao?, c6 du'<;fc kh6ng? (dung d€
hoi y kie'n): #f~~OZ ' :;51PJ? (Di~c stl' tri chi, nhu(fc ha?) .
® .El (tha): va l<;1i, va: ..Eite?'~ p (Thii xuat oan ng6n);
lin~~ACTha tinh thi~n nhan).

D!CH NGHlA
Vua Tfln thucmg nhflng nguoi tong vong rna quen Gidi Chi
Thai. Thai khang nhdc vua, nen khang dut;tc tude l9c. Thai n6i:
"Vua Hie'n Cang c6 chin nguoi con, nay chl con m9t mznh nha
vua ... Troi chua mua'n tuyft nha Tf{n, ttl~ cho nguoi lam chit
Ngoai Van cang ra, con ai dang coi vifc te' tlf nude Tf{n? Vgy
troi dii sdp d(it nhu the' nao rna hai ba ang kia ( chl nhflng nguoi
tong vong ma dut;JC thuCJng tude [QC) [[{y [am SUC cua mznh, chdng
phdi la tlf da'i mznh u? Lay tr9m tiJn cua nguoi, con gQi la ke

trQm, hua'ng tham cang cua troi rna nhgn lam cang cua mznh u?
Tham cang troi la tQi rna bJ dudi ( cung chl nhflng nguoi tong
vong do) cho [a VifC nghfa, COn bJ tren thz thuCJng long gian ay;
the' la tren dudi che dgy zan cho, kh6 [; vdi nhau [au dut;tc ".
Ba mf Gidi Chi Thai n6i:
- Con thil xin l9c di; khang xin r6i con c6 che't, ai vz con rna
trdch nha vua?
Thai dap:
- Dii che b9n bJ tai kia rna bdt chudc hQ thz tQi con n(ing h(fn.
Vd lt:;~i mznh dii c6 loi odn vua thi khang nen nhgn l9c nfla.
Ba mf n6i:
- Cung cri cho vua hay di, nen khang?
Thai dap:
- Loi n6i la van cua con nguoi. Than dii sdp di tln rna con dung
loi n6i to diim con nguoi lam chi? Nhu the' La cdu vinh hiin d6.


366

TRAN VAN CHANH

Ba mf! n6i:
-Con thi¢t dut;Jc nhuvt;iy sao? Thai mf! con ta cung dn.
Rbi hai nguiti cung di dn va che't.
Vua Tan cho tim khang dut;Jc, lay da't Mien Thll(mg la ru9ng
cung te' Gi6'i Chi Thai va n6i: "Nhu vt;ly dl ghi lbi cua ta va neu
guong m9t nguiti hi~n ".
NGUYEN HIEN LE djch

w

367

TOAN THU Tl,l HQC CHU HAN

gia, khdi dilang dan, xa ti:lc thi chu. Thfrn quan gia, khdi vi ky
khftu thlfc, xa t3:c thi duong. Co quan vi xa t3:c til', t3:c til' chi; vi
xa t3:c vong, ti:lc vong chi. Nhu<;fc vi ky til' , nhi vi ky vong, phi ky
t11 n~c, thuy cam nhi~m chi? Tha nhan huu quan nhi thi chi. Ngo
yen d3:c til' chi, nhi yen d3:c vong chi, tliong dung ha quy?".
Mon khai nhi nh?p, chftm thi c6 nhi khoc, hung, tam dung nhi
xua't. Nhan vi Thoi Tit ta't sat chi. Thoi Tit vie't: "Dan chi vQng
da, xa chi d3:c dan".
(Ta truyfn: Tudng ci)ng nhi th{jp ngii. nien)

13
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o ~-T J1.1J~~B::z F~j~ o AA EJ :

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~~f~!~~~JoEJ: rfi_s_f.nEJo: r~fE~M
u-

?~~~,~~~~,tl-~~o~~~,~mADW

, tf•~• t)z:~m tft~n, ~unz; mt-±•~, ~u~
z o ;g:m an , ~m a~ , 1FAfLsm: , m:E£&1I:z? fiA
o

~~~~zo~~mnz,~~m~z,~WWM?.n o
F~~~A, ttF~~~~, W' - R~~ti:l o A~~-T£,
~zo~-TEJ: r~z~~,~zmN" o

AnAnh
Tac giii-tac philm

Bai nay trich trong To truy~n. niE'm dQi vua Tucmg c6ng nom thO 25.
N¢i dung chinh cua cau chuy$n xoay quanh vi$c bay t6i c6 nen hi
sinh than minh ho(ic tr6n chQY theo vua (khi mat nude) hay kh6ng. An
tu cho rang. bat lu(in vua hay be t6i, deu phai coi trQng l<;ii ich cua
quae gia
nhon don, lam than tu phai lay tieu chuan nay de quyet
d!nh thai d¢. hanh vi cua minh chu kh6ng nen trung thanh m¢t each
ngu mu¢i (ngu trung), rat am h<;ip vdi quan diem "don vi quy, xa toe
thO chi, quon vi khinh" cua Mqnh tU.

va

PHIENAM

An Til' ba't til' qua n n:;t n
Thoi Vo Til' kie'n Duong Khuong nhi my chi, to<:~i thu chi.
Trang cong thong yen. Thoi Tit thi chi. An Til' l?p u Thoi thi chi
mon ngo<:~i. Ky nhan vie't: "Til' h6 ?". Vie't: "D()c ngo quan da h6
tai, ngo til' da ?". Vie't: "H~mh h6 ?". Vie't: "N go t()i da h6 tai, ngo

vong da ?". Vie't: "Quy h6 ?". Vie't: "Quan til' an quy? Quan dan

TUNGU

.An Tii

~-T: ten th?t la An Anh, tlj la Blnh TrQng, mot d<:ti


368

TRAN VAN CHANH

phu c6 tai cua nuoc T€ eThoi Vo Tii ~.Jltr :tuc Thoi Trfi'
~tf, d<;ii phu cha'p chinh cua mtoc T€ eDllilng Khudng ~~:
qua phlf cua d<:ti phu a'p Duong (tuc Duong cong) eThu IfX: la'y
lam VQ (dung nhu ~ thu) .Trang cong r±0: T€ Trang cong
• Thong )j: tu thong, thong dam eVong L: lu'u vong, ra nuoc
ngoai eLiing dan ~&:_§';: d ngoi tren dan chung ("lang" la VUQt len
tren, Ci ngoi tren) eXii tile t±~: n€n Xa dti te' th~n H?u th6, n€n
Tac oti te' Th~n Nong, "xa tac"dti chi quoc gia, da't nuoc eKhilu
tht~c D 'jf: b6ng l()c eTll nijc f..Lam:: nguoi OUQC sung ai vl ca
nhan, chi cac b~y toi than c?n trong yi~c rieng tu ("ni;ic" la than
thie't, g~n gui) eHilu qulin i=fB": da .l?p ngoi vua (Trang cong
du'c;Jc Thoi Trfi' l?p len lam vua) ~Yen difc j%1~: (xem Ngil phdp
Ci duoi) eDung ha JI'1PJ: (xem Ngil phdp Ci duoi) eKhiii ~: mCi
eHllng ~: dung d? y eXii %: bo (dung nhu ~) eDiic dan 1~ .§'::
duc;Jc long dan.

roAN THV Tl,J HQC CHU HAN

®

369

*

(an): dau?, ndi nao? (d<:ti tu nghi van, khi lam tan ngfi'
trong cau nghi van thl di;it truoc d()ng tu): ~~~ ?(An quy?).
® B- .§':1ft (quan dan gia): ke lam vua cua dan. B- (quan) la
danh tU' dung nhu d()ng tU' .
@~B-ft (thiin quan gia): ke lam b~y toi cua vua . ~ (th~n)
la danh tU' dung nhu' d()ng tU'.
® ~U~Z (Hie til' chi): thl che't theo vua , vl vua rna che't. d
day nen hitiu la ~IJ ~ Z~ (Tac vi chi ttl') hoi;ic ~lj JE1t:z (Tac ttl'
11 chi), tinh lu<;Jc giOi tu ~ (vi) hoi;ic5~ (u).
(J) ll (tha): va l~i (lien tu di;it d~u cau dti chuytin y).
®j%1~ (yen diic): sao c6 thti ... , sao duc;Jc ... (qn:n tU' quen
dung).

® 1\ffilJ (dung ha): ndi nao, 0 dau

(d~i tu nghi van):

~~!1'1PJ~~

? (Tuong dung ha quy?).
(ch§'m) la danh tu (=chie'c goi) du'<;Jc dung nhu d()ng tu
voi nghia la "g6i len": ttFij5trm~ (Cha?m thi c6 nhi khoc).
QD- (tam) la so tU' dung nhu ph6 tU' lam tr<:tng ngfi', c6 nghia

"ba l~n": - ~j rffit±:\ (Tam dung nhi xuat).
@)

tt

DJCH NGH[A

\;
Td Khau Minh
NG0PHAP

CD ~ (yen)= ~Z: voi ba ta : Mf0Jjj% (Trang cong thong
yen).

® -tQ.P.~ (da hfi tai): trc;J tU lien dt,mg d cuoi cau, bitiu thi y
phan va'n ID<;lnh, bao ham chut cam than, CO thti dich la "u?",
"h ~ ·
~
d-hAt 01 sao.?" : -rel.li-33-J..h3JL~?(I:'\~
~ ~=:~ -1=l l!:!. --:JP..X.. vQC ngo~ quan
a o taz.... ?)
..

Vua bi m;m, An Tl~ khong che't theo
Thai Vo Til thay Duong Khuong va khen d~p, ben lay lam vc;.
Trang Cong thong dam voi ba ta. Thai Til gilt Trang Cong. An Til
dang ngoai cila h9 Thai. Nhilng nguiJi di theo An Til n6i: "Chit
(theo) chang?". An Til n6i: "(Hd) rieng (la) vua cua ta sao (ma)
ta chit theo?". N6i: "Bo (nuoc ma) di chang?". An Til n6i: "(La)
t()i cua ta sao ma ta bo nuoc di?". N6i: "VJ (nha) chang?". An Til

n6i: "Vua chit, vJ dau?Ke lam vua cua dan, hd phdi di iJ ngoi
tren cua dan, (ma) la lam chu xii tdc. Ke lam dan cua vua, hd
phdi vi bbng l()c, (ma) la phf:tng sf! xii tdc. Cho nen vua vi xii tdc


370

TRAN VAN CHANH

ma chit thi chit thea vua. Niu vua vi minh ma chit, hay vi minh;
ma htu vong, (n{u) khang phdi nguoi dLtf!C sung di rieng tLt, thi ai
dam gdnh vdc vi¢c d6? Vd , nguoi ta dii lf}p len lam vua rbi ma lr;zi
giit di. Ta sao c6 thi che't thea, va sao c6 thi luu vong thea, hay
vi dau (nila)?. "Cua miJ, An Tu vao, ga'i thi hai len dui va kh6c,
(rbi) dung dQ. y ba ldn nhdy chan len r6i ra. Nguoi ta bdo Thai Tu
dt se giit An Tu. (Nhung) Thai Tu n6i: "Ong ay la chb trang
mong cua dan, tha cho ang a'y thl se du(Jc long dan".
TVC. djch
D~IHQC

*

~

14

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tl~c

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fr , L rtn r:::. -J=:; r--L-7'0_lLJIIJIP ' FlJE

0

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JIIJIP§t:.'-!;z:

0

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rm J5 tJg D! o D! , rm J5 tJg 1~ o
t0 1=f

* o ~ 1=f *~ ~f5 o ~o ?!T :1t , 1& , 11u ;rr m* o

,

*,

371

TOAN THll n,1 HQC CHU HAN

PHIENAM
D~i

hQc chi d~o
D?i hc;>c chi d?o, t?i minh minh due, t?i than (tan) dan, t?i chi
u' chi

thi<$n.
Tri chi, nhi h~u huu dinh. Dinh, nhi h~u nang tinh, tinh nhi h~u
nang an. An, nhi h~u nang hf. Ltj, nhi h~u nang dac.
V~t huu ban, m?t; stf huu chung, thuy. Tri sd tien, h~u, tac
c~n

d?O hi.
C6 chi dt,IC minh minh due u' thien h<;l gia, tien tri ky quoc.
Dt,Ic tri ky quoc gia, tien t~ ky gia. Dt,Ic t~ ky gia gia, tien tu ky
than. Dt,Ic tu ky than gia, tien chinh ky tam. Dt,Ic chinh ky tam
gia, tien thanh ky y. Dt,Ic thanh ky y gia, tien tri ky tri, tri tri t?i
each v~t.
V~t each, nhi h~u tri tri. Tri tri, nhi h~u y thanh. Y thanh nhi

h~u tam chanh. Tam chanh, nhi h~u than tu. Than tu, nhi h~u gia
t~. Gia t~, nhi h~u quoc tri. Quoc tri, nhi h~u thien h<;1 blnh.
Ttf thien n.l' di chi 11 thu nhan, nhat thi giai di tu than vi ban.
Ky ban lo?n nhi m?t tri gia, phu h1. Ky sd h~u gia b?c, nhi ky sd
b<;lC gia h~U, vi chi huu da.
(U kj: D{li hQc)

~z~~~re~*~~,:7t~~~ o ~~~~~,:7t

~~*

0

~~~*~':7te~~ o ~e~~~,:7tiT~

{,' o ~XIT~'C.'~,
~3z~01:Et~t0

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o ~X~~~~'

:7t~3z~~o

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o

t0 t~ , rm J5 ~o ~;z o ~o ~;z , rm J5 ~ ID1X o ~ ~ , rm J5, e,, IT

o {}IT,
o ~~~,

o ~11~,
rmf6*~IfZ- o
rmf6.§r1'~

rm!5*~

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rmf6~~f5

~*~~~~~A,•~w~e.§rm:$:o~:$:Rrm*
~~'~* o ~m~~-,rm~m•~~'*Z1'f~ o

Tac gia-tac philm
DQi hQc Ia mvon Ia m(>t thien trong Le ky (thien thQ 42), tlldng truyen do m6n do
cua Khong Tu Ia Tang TU bien soqn. Den ddi Tong, Trinh Di (1033-1107)
va CHu Hi (1130-1200) tach thien nay ra lam thanh s6ch rieng cho nh¢p
vao bQ
thll. Nqi dung chu yeu cua s6ch duqc neu r6 C1 doqn trich
tren day (cOng Ia doqn dau cua s6ch fJQi hQC ), nhan mqnh vao tinh
thong nh6t kh6ng the tach r6i giQa vi$c tu thdn va sv nghi$p tri quoc ,

w

blnh thien hQ .

372

TRAN VAN CHANH

T(/ NGO

eDqi h(Jc *~: Trinh Huy~n trong "L~ ky m1:1c h.Jc" giai Ia
"hQc r()ng" (bac hQc) eTqi 1£: cot d (ph6 tlr) eMinh due S)31,~:
due sang, Trinh Huy~n giai la "chi due" due tinh b~m sinh tot
d~p nha't cua con nguoi khi moi sinh ra eT!ziin ~: cac nha chu
giai ph§n IOn d~u cho chu n§y nen viet la fi (Uin), dung nhu
d()ng tU voi nghia "lam cho moi, d6i moi" eLtf If,: lo nghi, nghi
nggoc
ngQn ·Chung thiiy *~Hil: d§ u cuoi eTrj IE!: tri, cai tri, quan ly'
yen eTi '/ff: cha'n chinh, chinh don eTri ky tri i!z;!t~O: gay nen
cai Iuong tri cua mlnh ("tri" la gay nen, dua toi) eCtich vqt f.$~ :
tn1 bo (sJ! che lap cua) vat due.

**:

NGO PHA.P

CD ~ ~ 1,~ (minh minh due): chu S)j d§u dung nhu d()ng tu
theo phep sii' d()ng, nghia la "lam cho sang". Cac chu
IE (chinh)(= lam cho ngay chinh), IDiX (thanh)(= lam cho trd nen
thanh thJ!c) cung c6 each dung tlfong tJ!.
@ m.f t§ (nhi

h~u):

r6i sau moi (lien tu, cung viet la m.ff& ):

~Dltm.ft§~~ (Tri chi nhi hqu huu dinh).

® PJ.¥.!n (m chf u): cho den (lien tu): Ei :7(-=f .L-~¥.1J~ffl:A (Tt!
thien tii' di chili thu nhan).
® ~~ (nha't th!): thay, ta't ca. lila d:~tng viet kep cua -, dung

nhuph6 tu.

:e;:* (phil hi): kh6ng c6 di~u d6 v?y. ~ (phu) la ph6 tu
*
(hi) la tr® *Z. :fir tQ, (vj chi hii'u da): chua h~ c6 di~u d6 v?y. Trong
®

phu dinh;

z

cau phu dinh,
(chi) lam tan ngu ciia d()ng tu :fir (huu) d?t tntoc
d()ng tU (thay vl n6i: *~Z-t:Q.).

373

TOAN THU'TI,I HQC CHa HAN

D!CHNGHlA

Dqo dqi h(Jc
Ml;lC dich CUa Sf:{ h{Jc rfmg cot liun sang cdi D{tc sdng CUa minh, cot
khiin cho nglli!i ta fT! dJi mfli, cot khiin cho nglli!i ta dilng b ch8 chi thi?n.
Biet ch8 phdi ditng thi sau mdi c6 chi hu6ng xdc dfnh dur;c. C6 chi
hu6ng xac djnh r8i sau mdi tfnh tam. Tinh tam r8i sau tinh tinh mdi
dur;c an hoa. Tinh tlnh an hOa r8i sau mdi suy nghf chin chiin. Suy nghf
chin chiin r8i sau mdi il{zt dU{Jc chi thi?n. V(lt gi cilng c6 goc ng9n, vi?c
gi cilng c6 dtiu cu6i. Biit dur;c eM truoc, eM sau cua sf:( v(lt, thi tiin
gAn din mftC dich cua Sf:{ h()c v(ly.
Thm xua ke muon lam sang cai due sang cua minh trong thien h{J,
thi tru{Jc het phdi tri dur;c nu{Jc minh. Muon tri dur;c nu{Jc minh, thi
truoc het phdi chlnh don dur;c nha minh. Muon chlnh don dur;c nha
minh, thi tru(Jc het phdi tu si:ta than minh. Mufin tu si:ta than minh, thi
tru{Jc het phdi lam cho tam minh dur;c ngay chinh. Mu6n lam cho tam
minh dur;c ngay chinh, thi tru{Jc hit phdi lam cho y dur;c chan th(lt.
Muon cho y thanh th(lt, thl tru{Jc hit phdi dua Sf:{ hiiu biit cua minh din
Cf:{C d9. Dua Sf:{ hiiu biet din Cf:{C d9, La cot (J eM trit bo Sf:{ che lfip cua
v(lt dflC.
Trit bo sf:( che Lap cua v(lt dflc, r8i sau mdi dua sf:( hiiu biet minh din
cf:(c d¢. Sf:( hiiu biet minh c6 de'n cf:(c d¢, r8i sau y minh mdi thanh th(lt.
Y c6 thanh th(lt, r8i sau tam minh mdi ngay chinh. Tam c6 ngay chinh,
r8i sau than mdi tu si:ta. Than c6 tu si:ta, r8i sau nha mdi chlnh don. NhQ
c6 chlnh don, r8i sau nu{Jc mdi yen trj. Nu{Jc c6 yen trf, r8i sau thien h{J
mdi thai blnh.
Tit thien ti:t cho den ke thui!ng dan, tfit cd dJu phdi Iffy sf:( tu than lam
goc. Goc dii lor;m rna ng9n lr;zi yen trf, thi khong thi c6 dur;c. Con ch8
phdi dung sue nhiJu rna lr;zi dung it, eM phdi dung sue it rna lr;zi dung
nhiJu, thi chua hJ c6 sf:( d6 v(ly.

TVC. djch