Journal of environmental science and engineering,vol 3,no 1b,2014

Journal of Environmental
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Volume 3, Number 1, January 2014 (Serial Number 25)

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Journal of Environmental
Science and Engineering B
Volume 3, Number 1, January 2014 (Serial Number 25)

Contents
Ecological Environment
1

A Record of Anthropogenic Effects on Sedimentation in the Manatee River, Florida
Patrick Schwing and Ashanti Johnson

14

An Ecological Alternative for the Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Sheep in Northern
Veracruz (Mexico)
Amalia Cabrera Núñez, Miguel Ángel Lammoglia Villagómez, Iliana Del Carmen Daniel Rentería and
Rebeca Rojas Ronquillo

Environmental Chemistry
18

Modelling of the Resin Penetration Rate into the Archaeological Wood Cell Wall: The
Methodology of Experimental Design

Youssef Elrhayam and Ahmed Elharfi

Environmental Management
24

Avalanche Warning Service without Frontiers in the Karawanks along the Slovenian-Austrian
Border
Arnold Studeregger, Arnulf Wurzer, Hannes Rieder, Andreas Riegler, Willi Ertl, Manca Volk Bahun, Jaka
Ortar and Miha Pavšek

30

Food Crises and Market Mechanisms
Henning Otte Hansen

49

Hydrochemical Control of Groundwater in an Administrative Area of Mamou
Mamadou Dian Kante, Chuanping Feng, Cellou Kante, Alfa-Sika Mande Seyf-Laye and Baogang Zhang

55

A New Method Based on Kinematics of Robots to Analyze the Kinematics of Persian Joint
Pham Thanh Long and Tran The Long


Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering B 3 (2014) 1-13
Formerly part of Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, ISSN 1934-8932

D

DAVID

PUBLISHING

A Record of Anthropogenic Effects on Sedimentation in
the Manatee River, Florida
Patrick Schwing1 and Ashanti Johnson2
1. College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg 33701, Florida, USA
2. University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington 76019, Texas, USA
Received: June 11, 2014 / Accepted: July 23, 2014 / Published: August 20, 2014.
Abstract: Increased sedimentation rates have been attributed to increased anthropogenic activity in watersheds throughout
Florida and many parts of the world. The Manatee River, located on the west coast of Florida (USA), like many other coastal
watersheds, has experienced depletion in natural resources, increased nutrient loading, and increased pollution. LARs (linear
accumulation rates) from watersheds throughout Florida suggest that anthropogenic activity increased bulk sedimentation by as
much as 4-fold. The objective of this study was to construct a record of sedimentation and improve upon previous studies by
determining individual sedimentary constituent MARs (mass accumulation rates) based on short lived radioisotopes (210Pb and
234
Th) to characterize changes in sedimentation attributed to increased anthropogenic development. This study constructed records
of sedimentary accumulation rates to compare pre-development records to the past 100 years of anthropogenic development and
identified specific changes in sedimentation attributed to anthropogenic activity. Anthropogenic development increased
deposition of terrigenous material into the river from 2-fold to 10-fold (0.3-2.0 g/cm2/yr) over three periods: (1) predevelopment
period (1900-1941); (2) agricultural development period (1941-1970); (3) urban development period (1970-2010). The
mobilization of this amount of terrigenous material has implications for effects on water quality and biological communities
within the river.
Key words: Sedimentation, lead-210, cesium-137, man induced effects, Florida, Tampa Bay.

1. Introduction
Increased coastal sedimentation rates have been
attributed to increased anthropogenic activity

(land-use change) in watersheds throughout Florida
and many parts of the world [1-12]. The objective of
this study was to determine if the Manatee River,
located on the west-central Florida coast, was affected
by such trends of increased sedimentation caused by
anthropogenic activity, and to better characterize the
sedimentary signal of that activity using MARs (mass
accumulation rates) (as opposed to LARs (linear
accumulation rates)) of individual sedimentary
constituents.
This study examined records of sediment deposition
during the anthropogenic development period (last
Corresponding author: Patrick Schwing, Ph.D., research
field: marine geochemistry. E-mail:

100 years). Changes in the types and amounts of
sediment being introduced to the Manatee River,
Tampa Bay, and ultimately the Gulf of Mexico were
examined to determine the signature of anthropogenic
land-use change. This study was the first to use MARs
of specific constituents in the sediment to determine
the effect of anthropogenic development on the fluvial
and estuarine environments of the Manatee River.
1.1 Setting
The Manatee River is located on the west coast of
Florida in the southeastern portion of the Tampa Bay
Estuary (Fig. 1). The Manatee River Watershed has
experienced increasing anthropogenic development
(industrial, residential, and agricultural) over the last
100 years and was relatively pristine previous to this

development. The population within the watershed has


2

A Record of Anthropogenic Effects on Sedimentation in the Manatee River, Florida

Fig. 1 Location map of Florida expanding to the location of the selected coring sites throughout the Manatee River with
reference to the cities of Bradenton and Palmetto as well as the Manatee River Dam.


A Record of Anthropogenic Effects on Sedimentation in the Manatee River, Florida
Table 1
2001).

3

Manatee County population estimates and projections from 1980-2020 (South Florida Water Management District,

Area

1980

1990

1995

2000

2010

2020

Manatee County

148,800

211,700

223,500

258,410

302,710

344,000

City of Bradenton

30,288

43,779

47,679

52,752

61,549

N/A

City of Palmetto

8,637

9,268

10,454

12,130

14,588

15,553

N/A means no projections were available.

doubled in the last 30 years (Table 1). The heavy
residential development has led to depletion in natural
resources, increased nutrient loading, coastal erosion,
and increased pollution [13].
The Tampa Bay area is located on the west-central
portion of the Florida coastline and totals
approximately 7,000 km2 including estuarine waters,
wetlands and drainage basins. The bay is shallow with
an average depth of 3.5 m and vegetation is dominated
by mangrove forest with some areas of salt marsh,
both of which contribute a significant portion of the
organic matter in Tampa Bay sediment [14]. The
Manatee River begins in Manatee County, FL,

southeast of Tampa Bay at an elevation of 39.6 m and
proceeds westward for 72.4 km. The river drains
approximately 932.4 km2 of land into the southern
region of Tampa Bay and ultimately into the Gulf of
Mexico [15].
There are two major sources of sedimentary input
into the bay, marine sediments (CaCO3) carried by
tidal currents from the Gulf of Mexico and terrigenous
sediments (fine-medium grain quartz sand) via fluvial
systems [14, 16-17].
1.2 Sediment Accumulation Rates in Florida
Short-lived radioisotopes such as 137Cs (cesium-137)
and 210Pb (lead-210) have been used for many
applications to produce corroborating geochronologies
for the past 100 years [1, 3-5, 7-9, 11].
210
Pb has been used in geochronological applications
in both marine/coastal and lacustrine/watershed
settings (Fig. 2). LARs (cm/year) have been found to
be quite variable throughout Florida. Florida Bay had
the highest accumulation rate of 0.33-5.8 cm/year [6].

The river-dominated areas (Steinhatchee, Charlotte
Harbor, Saint Johns River Basin) had very similar
linear accumulation rates with 0.14, 0.25-0.28, and
0.33 cm/year, respectively [2, 5, 10]. Brenner et al. [5]
found that the sedimentation rate increased between
1.7-3.4-fold in the SJRB (Saint Johns River Basin)
between pre-anthropogenic and anthropogenic times
with an average of 0.33 cm/year. These changes were

attributed to modifications in the hydrology of the
fluvial system.
The sedimentation rate in Lake Okeechobee was
intermediate

at

0.78

cm/year

and

the

lowest

accumulation rate was reported in Rookery Bay at
0.14-0.17 cm/year [18-19]. Across a suite of cores in
Lake Okeechobee, Brezonik and Engstrom [19]
calculated that there had been a 2-fold increase in mass
sediment accumulation rate (MAR, 3-6 g/cm2/year) and
a 4-fold increase in the rate of total phosphorus
deposition in Lake Okeechobee since the early 1900s.

2. Methods
2.1 Sampling Methods
Six sediment cores were collected in the Manatee
River (Fig. 1). The core sites were selected by locating
areas with little potential for resuspension (low

energy/basins) and as fine-grained as possible. The
cores were collected by a diver-assisted push-coring
method with 10 cm diameter acrylic barrel. Push cores
provide a short-term environmental development
record (hundreds of years before present). Sub-samples
of each core were taken on a calibrated, threaded rod
extrusion device. The sediment was extruded at 0.5 cm
(0-10 cm) and at 1.0 cm for the remainder of each core.


4

Fig. 2

A Record of Anthropogenic Effects on Sedimentation in the Manatee River, Florida

A map of Florida depicting previous studies that have utilized LARs to determine anthropogenic change.

Samples were archived in plastic bags and frozen. The
frozen samples were then freeze dried.
2.2 Sedimentology Laboratory Methods
Approximately 5 g of each sediment sample were
sieved at 63 µm. Silt and clay weight percentages
(fine fraction) were determined by using a Saturn
DigiSizer High Resolution Laser Particle Size
Analyzer at College of Marine Science, USF
(University of South Florida). A manual pipetting
method developed by Folk [20] was also used on
certain samples to determine any errors in the
DigiSizer measurement. It is assumed that the coarse

fraction (sand and gravel) weight percentage is the
difference between the fine fraction and 100% and is
therefore not reported.
LOI (loss on ignition) analysis was used to
determine the total organic matter and percent of
carbonate material [21-22]. Approximately 1 g of each

sample was placed into a crucible and ignited at
550 °C in a muffle furnace for 4 h and the percent of
TOM (total organic matter) was determined by the
mass difference after ignition. The remainder was then
placed back into the muffle furnace and ignited at
950 °C for 1.5 h and the percent of carbonate (CO3)
content was determined by mass difference [21].
2.3 Radioisotope Laboratory Methods
A Canberra planar HPGe (high purity germanium)
detector was used to determine 210Pb and 137Cs
activity throughout each core at College of Marine
Science, USF. For planar gamma detection, samples
were freeze-dried and placed in vacuum-sealed
aluminum canisters. Once sealed, the samples were
allowed to achieve secular equilibrium for 28 days.
The samples were then counted for 24-48 h based on
sample size. Reported error is the product of the net
uncertainty from the detector.


A Record of Anthropogenic Effects on Sedimentation in the Manatee River, Florida

3. Theory and Calculation

Activity values for 137Cs (661 keV emission energy)
were reported directly. Unsupported 210Pb (46.5 keV)
values were determined by subtracting the average
activity of the reported 214Bi (209 keV), 214Pb (295
keV) and 214Pb (351 keV) from the reported activity of
210
Pb. MARs [23] and the CRS (constant rate of
supply) model as described in Refs. [24-26] were also
used to quantify the changes in sedimentation over
time. Activities are reported in disintegrations per
minute per gram (dpm/g). LARs are reported in
centimeters per year (cm/year), whereas MARs, which
incorporate flux (accumulation) per unit area per time,
are reported in gram per square centimeter per year
(g/cm2/year).

4. Results

sand layers at 20 cm and 12 cm (Fig. 3). A fining
upward sequence (increasing clay) occurred from 10
cm to 4.5 cm. A sudden increase in grain size (sand)
occurred at 4 cm and another, smaller fining upward
sequence terminated at the top of the core (3.5 cm
to 0).
EP-10 was primarily (> 95%) quartz sand
throughout, with small increases in fine grains (silt) at
22, 16-14, and 8 cm and almost no clay-size particles.
There was also an increase in sand (95%-98%)
throughout the entire core.
EP-12 was primarily sand throughout the entire

core (< 5% mud (silt and clay)). Much like EP-10,
EP-12

exhibited

a

coarsening

upward

trend

throughout the core with increased fine-grained (silt)
particles at 32-28, 22-16, 6 cm, and at the surface.
Working up-core from the sandy base in EP-17,

The lithology, radioisotope, and MARs records of
the push-cores collected from the Manatee River are
described below (Table 2). Each represents a record
from
a
different
sampling
location
and
sedimentological
response
to
natural

and
anthropogenic events. Criteria for selecting coring
sites included as fine-grained surface sediment
possible for highest possible radioisotope activity and
areas likely to have the least resuspension due to tidal
or river energy.

there were two finer grained layers with increased
organic material at 42 cm and 34 cm. There was a
gradual coarsening upward sequence from 46 cm to 16
cm. Directly above the fining upward sequence, there
was an increase in grain size (sand) from 15 cm to 10
cm. The sediment in the surface section (10 cm to the
surface) was slightly finer than the 15 cm to 10 cm
section.
Throughout

EP-18,

the

dominant

sediment

constituent was medium-fine quartz sand. The percent
silt fluctuated between 1%-9% throughout the core.

4.1 Lithology

The entirety of EP-19 was primarily quartz sand.

The base of EP-09 was sand with abundant small
shell fragments. Moving upcore, there were fine
Table 2

5

There was a coarsening upward sequence from the
base of the core to 22 cm. There was another, more

Sampling site information including core name, recovery length, location and water depth.

Core name

Recovery (cm)

Latitude

Longitude

Water depth (m)

EP-09

24

27.52947

82.62617

1.3

EP-10

31

27.53257

82.64657

2.1

EP-12

41

27.53264

82.64282

2.7

EP-17

46

27.50892

82.59028

4.5

EP-18

42

27.49790

82.52267

2.6

EP-19

43

27.51932

82.48901

2.4


A Record of Anthropogenic Effects on Sedimentation in the Manatee River, Florida

6

EP­09

EP­10

%

0

20

EP­12

%
0

0

0

5

0
Silt

Silt

Clay

Clay

Silt
Clay

5
10

10

15

15

Depth (cm)

Depth (cm)

10
Depth (cm)

5

0

5
5

%

20

15

25

20

30
25

20

35
40

30

EP­17
0

EP‐18

%
10

0

0

5

5

Clay

15

15

25

25

Depth (cm)

15

20

10
Silt

Silt

10

20

5

0

10

Depth (cm)

Depth (cm)

Clay

%
0

10

10

20
25

30

30

30

35

35

35

40

40

40

45

45

45
Fig. 3

5

0
Silt

5

EP‐19

%

Grain size records for the six selected core sites in weight percentage of the silt and clay fraction.

Clay


A Record of Anthropogenic Effects on Sedimentation in the Manatee River, Florida

subtle, coarsening-upward sequence from 14 cm to
10 cm. The surficial unit of EP-19 was fairly
constant with respect to texture (10 cm to the surface).
Even in this core, being the farthest landward
extent of the sediment core transect, there was
evidently a coarsening-upward sequence throughout
the core. This is similar to many of the seaward
sampling sites.
4.2 Radioisotope Analysis
The excess 210Pb record from EP-9 showed a
gradual increase from background activity at 23 cm
up-core (0-22.4 dpm/g), with several periods of low
activity (9-12 cm and 5-7 cm) (Fig. 4). The 137Cs
record had increased activity from 17 cm to 11 cm
(1951-1964) and a few lower activity peaks up-core at
5.5 cm to 4.5 cm and 1.5 cm to 0.5 cm. The results
from the CRS model showed an initial slope of
accumulation with a LAR of 0.22 cm/year from the
base of the core to 20 cm (1906-1941). This slope
increased (increased accumulation) to a LAR of 0.31
cm/year from 20 cm to 9.5 cm (1941-1968) and was
followed by a rapid decrease in slope from 9 cm to 7.5
cm. The slope steepens again from 7.5 cm to 5 cm
(1976-1982). There was a low slope from 5 cm to 1
cm (1982-2005) with a LAR of 0.17 cm/year. The
average LAR for the entire core was 0.25 cm/year.
The 210Pb record from EP-10 gradually increased
from background at 28 cm to the surface of the core
(0-26.6 dpm/g). There was depletion in activity
(< 1.0 dpm/g) from 18 cm to 14 cm. The 137Cs record

showed the earliest activity at 20 cm and subsequent
activity more recently at 12, 9, 7 and 2 cm. The
earliest activity in this core was corroborated by the
CRS model and occurred at some point between 1958
and 1970. There were two main periods of
accumulation. The first occurred from the base of the
core 30 cm to 20 cm depth (1904-1970) with a LAR
of 0.23 cm/year. The second occurred from 20 cm to
the surface of the core (1970-2009) with a LAR as
high as 0.89 cm/year. The average LAR for the entire

7

core was 0.58 cm/year.
The 210Pb activity in EP-12 increased from
background at 20 cm to the surface (0-22.6 dpm/g).
There was depletion from 4 cm to 2 cm and was
synchronous with increased 137Cs activity from 5 cm
to 2 cm (2000-2002). The 137Cs record had low
activity values at 16 cm and 14 cm (1941 and 1952,
respectively) and a peak between 12 cm and 10 cm
(1963-1979). There are three periods of accumulation.
The first was from 16-18 cm where there was a
relatively shallow slope (low accumulation), followed
by a period of increased accumulation from 16 cm to
10 cm (1941-1979), much like EP-9. The third period
of accumulation was from 10 cm to the surface
(1979-2009) with an exponentially increasing slope
and a slight decrease at 2 cm (2004).
The 210Pb record from EP-17 increased from

background at 20 cm to the surface (0-8.87 dpm/g)
with a depletion of activity in the surficial unit (5 cm
to the surface). The 137Cs record increased in activity
over the 16 cm to 12 cm interval, which corresponded
to 1955-1972 in the CRS model. This corroborated the
210
Pb record, despite the depletion at the surface. The
CRS model had only two main periods of
accumulation at this site. The first was from 20 cm to
18 cm (1914-1943) with a LAR of 0.21 cm/year. Then,
from 18 cm to the surface (1943-2009), the slope
steepened, increasing to the surface with a LAR as
high as 1.5 cm/year. The average LAR for the entire
core was 0.50 cm/year.
The 210 Pb record from EP-18 was the most
consistent and increased from background at 16 cm to
the surface (0-9.11 dpm/g) with no major excursions.
The 137 Cs record also follows exactly what was
expected in that there are decreasingly large peaks in
activity from 11 cm to 7.5 cm (1962-1986) and two
small increases in activity towards the surface at 3 cm
and 1 cm. The CRS model for this core had a gradual
increase in slope throughout the core with LAR at the
base (15 cm) of 0.14 cm/year and 1.23 cm/year at
the surface (0.5 cm). This represented an order of


A Record of Anthropogenic Effects on Sedimentation in the Manatee River, Florida

8

Fig. 4
sites.

210

Pb and 137Cs records along with the depth vs. date curve based on the CRS model from each of the six selected core


A Record of Anthropogenic Effects on Sedimentation in the Manatee River, Florida

magnitude increase in sedimentation rate within the
last 100 years. The average LAR for the entire core
was 0.40 cm/year.
The 210Pb record for EP-19 increased from
background at 16 cm to the surface (0-5.03 dpm/g)
with only one significant excursion at 1 cm, which
was also synchronous with an increase in 137Cs. The
137
Cs record had high activity peaks from 10 cm to 6
cm (1958-1988) with the highest activity at 9 cm
(1964). The CRS model was therefore corroborated by
the 137Cs record. The CRS model had two primary
periods with the first occurring from 8-16 cm
(1904-1973) and a LAR of 0.15 cm/year. The second
period was from 0-8 cm (1973-2010) with a LAR as
high as 0.38 cm/year. The average LAR for the entire
core was 0.24 cm/year.
4.3 MARs
The MARs record from EP-9 showed episodic

pulses of both terrigenous and carbonate material in
1941, 1956, and 2005 along with a continuous
increase in both constituents from 1968-1979 (Fig. 5).
The bulk accumulation rate was almost entirely
composed of terrigenous material seeing as both are
within 0.2-1.0 g/cm2/year and covary throughout the
entirety of the core. The accumulation rates of calcium
carbonate (CO3) and TOM were an order of
magnitude lower between 0.00-0.07 g/cm2/year.
The bulk accumulation rate from EP-10 was also
dominated by terrigenous material with covariance
throughout the core from 0.00-1.60 g/cm2/year. The
carbonate and organic accumulation rates ranged
between 0.00-0.16 g/cm2/year. All of the
accumulation rates were relatively constant
throughout the
bottom of the core (1903-1969).
The surface section of the core was marked by three
features: (1) an increase in terrigenous and carbonate
material from 1969-1983; (2) an increase in all
constituents from 1989-1996; (3) a gradual increase
towards the surface of the core in carbonate and
terrigenous material from 2002-2007.

9

The relationship between terrigenous and bulk
accumulation rates in EP-12 was similar to EP-9 and
EP-10 and ranged between 0.19-1.12 g/cm2/year.
The carbonate accumulation rates were more than

two orders of magnitude lower than terrigenous, while
the TOM accumulation rate was much higher
(0.004-0.07 g/cm2/year) than the carbonate MARs
(0.003-0.010 g/cm2/year). Moving up-core from
1970-1998, the terrigenous and organic MARs
roughly tripled and then decreased slightly from
1998-2003, where they both increased again from
2003-2007.
EP-17 had the highest terrigenous MARs of any of
the cores (0.84-4.10 g/cm2/year) which was fairly
constant throughout the bottom of the core
(1928-1975), decreasing slightly between 1975 and
1981 and then increasing throughout the surface
section of the core (1981-2009). Carbonate and TOM
MARs both increased from the bottom of the core
(0.08-0.14 g/cm2/year and 0-0.05 g/cm2/year,
respectively) and then gradually decreased from
1958-1981. They both increased along with the
terrigenous MAR from 1981-2009. Terrigenous
input to this site increased 3-fold over the last 100
years.
There was a gradual increase in all three main
sedimentary constituents in the MAR record from
EP-18 with terrigenous material ranging from
0.30-3.17 g/cm2/year, carbonate material from 0-0.02
g/cm2/year and organic matter from 0-0.03 g/cm2/year.
All three began to increase between 1961 and 1972.
Slightly more organic matter accumulated between
1992 and 1997. Terrigenous input has increased in this
area by an order of magnitude over the last 100 years.

The MARs records in EP-19 had a relatively
constant input of organic and carbonate material
(0-0.01
g/cm2/year
and
0-0.05
g/cm2/year,
respectively). However, there was a steady increase in
terrigenous accumulation rate upcore (0.38-1.29
g/cm2/year) resulting in an increase in accumulation
rate of more than 4-times the rate in 1915.


A Record of Anthropogenic Effects on Sedimentation in the Manatee River, Florida

10

EP­09 TOM & CO3 g/

cm^2/yr
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08

0

EP­10

TOM & CO3 g/
cm^2/yr
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

EP­12 TOM & CO3 g/

cm^2/yr
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08

1980

1980

1980

1960

1960

1960

1940
Bulk
Terrigenous
CO3
TOM

1920

1900
0

1940

1940

TOM & CO3
g/cm^2/yr
0.05 0.1 0.15

Bulk
Terrigenous
CO3
TOM

1920

1900
0

0.5
1
Bulk & Terrigenous g/
cm^2/yr

EP­17
0

Year

2000

Year

2000

Year

2000

0

1920

1900
0

0.5 1 1.5 2
Bulk & Terrigenous g/
cm^2/yr

EP­18 TOM & CO3 g/
cm^2/yr
0.01
0.02

0

1980

1980

1980

1960

1960

1960

Year

1940

1940
Bulk
Terrigenous
CO3
TOM

1900
0

2
4
6
Bulk & Terrigenous g/
cm^2/yr

g/cm^2/yr
0.02 0.04 0.06

Year

2000

Year

2000

1920

0.5
1
1.5
Bulk & Terrigenous
g/cm^2/yr

EP­19 TOM & CO3

2000

1940

Bulk
Terrigenous
CO3
TOM

Bulk
Terrigenous
CO3
TOM

1920

1900
0

1
2
Bulk & Terrigenous g/
cm^2/yr

Bulk
Terrigenous
CO3
TOM

1920

1900
0

0.5
1
1.5
Bulk & Terrigenous
g/cm^2/yr

Fig. 5 MAR records for the six selected core sites including bulk, terrigenous, carbonate and TOM (note the change in scale
on the x-axes).

A Record of Anthropogenic Effects on Sedimentation in the Manatee River, Florida

5. Discussion

11

increasing sediment accumulation (0.21-0.35 cm/year)

The radioisotope records provided a reliable
geochronology for the upper extent of each core on
which to interpret the changes in sedimentation rate
and type. The corroboration (increased 137Cs activity
after 1950) between the 137Cs and the 210Pb-based
CRS model in all cores supported the accuracy of the
age models. The radioisotope records also helped
characterize the anthropogenic influence on
sedimentation. In the surficial 5 cm of every core,
there were events where depletion in 210Pb activity
occurred synchronously with an increase in 137Cs,
which can be attributed to resuspension from
elsewhere in the watershed. These resuspension
periods were primarily due to increased terrigenous
material introduced by anthropogenic development
such as the construction of the I-75 bridge at EP-17 (9
cm), a jetty near site EP-9 (7 cm to 5 cm), the Manatee
River Dam at site EP-9 (12 cm to 10 cm) and EP-10
(9 cm to 5.5 cm), and the construction of the US301
bridge at EP-9 (14 cm). The spread of urban
development into previously agricultural lands was
likely the cause for the resuspension events seen in the

remainder of the cores that were farther inland (EP-12,
EP-18, and EP-19).

(1941-1970s); (3) the urban development period with
quickly increasing sediment accumulation (0.39-1.51
cm/year) (1970s-2010) (Table 3). These linear
accumulation rates were on the same order as those
previously found in Florida (0.14-5.8 cm/year) [2, 6].
However, the change between the predevelopment
and anthropogenic periods was much larger (2-10
times) than those found in previous studies (1-3 times)
[10, 19].
The individual constituent MARs records improved
upon the traditional LAR approach by providing a
quantitative tool to assess changes in sedimentation by
reporting the mass of each type of sediment
constituent being deposited in each site over time.
This approach was an improvement to the previous
studies that have focused solely on LAR measurements
because it accounts for compaction. Throughout the
river, the primary source of sediment was terrigenous
material (quartz sands and muds), as the terrigenous
MARs were consistently an order of magnitude
higher than both organic matter and carbonate
material even at the base of the dated sediment
column. Anthropogenic events were characterized in
the MARs records by episodic to prolonged periods of

In the Manatee River, most of the cores recorded

increased terrigenous material. Episodic increases in

three distinct periods of linear accumulation rate: (1)

each core were likely due to increases in local urban

the predevelopment period with very low sediment

development. The terrigenous MARs from the base of

accumulation (0.14-0.24 cm/year) (1900-1941); (2)

each core to the surface increased dramatically. The

the agricultural development period with gradually

surficial (2007-2010) terrigenous MARs varied from

Table 3 Linear accumulation rates (cm/year) from each site during each period of development (predevelopment,
agricultural, and urban).

EP-09

Predevelopment LAR
(cm/year)
(1900-1941)
0.23

Agricultural LAR
(cm/year)

(1941-1970s)
0.30

Urban LAR
(cm/year)
(1970s-2010)
0.46

EP-10

0.24

0.35

0.89

EP-12

0.20

0.27

0.84

EP-17

0.21

0.32

1.51

EP-18

0.14

0.27

1.23

EP-19

0.15

0.21

0.39

Core


12
Table 4

A Record of Anthropogenic Effects on Sedimentation in the Manatee River, Florida
Comparison of the terrigenous MAR at the base and the surface of each core.

EP-09

Base terrigenous MAR

(g/cm2/year)
0.36

Surface terrigneous MAR
(g/cm2/year)
0.88

144

EP-10

0.27

0.67

148

EP-12

0.23

0.72

213

EP-17

0.84

3.00

257

EP-18

0.30

2.13

610

EP-19

0.39

0.95

143

Core

a 2-fold to 10-fold increase from the terrigenous
MARs at the base of the column (~ 1900), with the
largest increases occurring at the farthest landward
sampling sites (EP-17, EP-18, and EP-19) (Table 4).
This landward increase was likely due to the recent
expansion of urban and agricultural development. The
increase of bulk MARs is consistent with other coastal
watershed
sedimentation

in
the
recent
sedimentological record [1-12]. However, through the
use of individual constituent MARs, this study has
characterized the primary anthropogenic signal in the
sediments of the Manatee River over the last 100
years as a 2- to 10-fold increase in terrigenous MARs.

6. Conclusions
The anthropogenic impact on the sedimentary
system was inconclusive by only examining changes
in the texture and composition of the core records.
However, by producing a record of MARs based on
short-lived
radioisotope
geochronologies,
the
anthropogenic signal became more apparent. The
LARs in this study were on the same order of those
found in past studies in Florida, but the increase
between the pristine and anthropogenic periods was
much larger. There were three periods of development
evident in the sedimentary record of the Manatee
River: (1) the predevelopment period (1900-1941); (2)
the agricultural development period (1941-1970s); (3)
the urban development period (1970s-2010). The
MARs used in this study improved upon past linear
accumulation rates by accounting for compaction and
providing a more quantitative record of accumulation

over time. Using MARs, the anthropogenic signal was

% change

represented by a 2-fold to 10-fold increase in
terrigenous material over the past 100 years.
Expanding urban and agricultural development has
caused resuspension of sediments and increased the
amount of terrigenous material deposited in the
Manatee River by as much as an order of magnitude.

Acknowledgements
The authors thank College of Marine Science, USF,
for funding this research. The authors also thank the
following people for their help in the laboratory and
field work that was necessary to carry out this study:
Charles Holmes, Gregg Brooks, Rebekka Larson,
Jayce G, Marietta Mayo, Nekesha Williams, Luke
Talalaj, Danielle LaCasse, Warner Ithier, Candice
Simmons, Kathy Carvalho, and Emmanuel
Nwokocha.

References
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[4]

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Shinn, E., Graney, J., Keeler, G., TenBrink, M., Orlandini,
K. A., and Rudnick, D. 2000. “Time-Averaged Fluxes of
Lead and Fallout Radionuclides to Sediments in Florida
Bay.” Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (28): 805-21.


A Record of Anthropogenic Effects on Sedimentation in the Manatee River, Florida
[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

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Brenner, M., Schelske, C. L., and Keenan, L. W. 2001.
“Historical Rates of Sediment and Nutrient
Accumulation in Marshes of the Upper St. Johns River
Basin, Florida, USA.” Journal of Paleolimnology 26:
241-57.
Holmes, C. W., Robbins, J., Halley, R., Bothner, M., Ten
Brink, M., and Marot, M. 2001. “Sediment Dynamics of
Florida Bay Mud Banks on a Decadal Time Scale.”
Bulletins of American Paleontology 361: 31-40.
Brenner, M., Schelske, C. L., and Kenney, W. F. 2004.
“Inputs of Dissolved and Particulate 226Ra to Lakes and
Implications for 210Pb Dating Recent Sediments.” Journal
of Paleolimnology 32: 53-66.
Suzuki, T., Kamiyama, K., Furukawa, T., and Fujii, Y.
2005. “Lead-210 Profile in Firn Layer over Antarctic Ice
Sheet and Its Relation to the Snow Accumulation
Environment.” Tellus, Series B: Chemical and Physical
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Harle, K. J., Jenkinson, A. V., Britton, K., Heijnis, H.,

and Zawadzki, A. 2002. “Mud, Mines and Rainforest: A
Short History of Human Impact in Western Tasmania,
Using Pollen, Trace Metals and Lead-210.” Australian
Journal of Botany 50 (4): 481-97.
Turner , R. E., Rabalais, N. N., Fry, B., Atilla, N., Milan,
C. S., Lee, J. M., Normandeau, C., Oswald, T. A.,
Swenson, E. M., and Tomasko, D. A., 2006.
“Paleo-indicators and Water Quality Change in the
Charlotte Harbor Estuary (Florida).” Limnology and
Oceanography 51 (1): 518-33.
Baskaran, M., and Swarzenski, P. W. 2007. “Season
Variations on the Residence Times and Partitioning of
Short-Lived Radionuclides (234Th, 7Be, 210Pb) and
Depositional Fluxes of 7Be and 210Pb in Tampa Bay, FL.”
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Brooks, G. R., Larson, R. A., Devine, B., and Schwing, P.
T. (Forth coming). “Annual-to Millennial-Scale Record
of Sediment Delivery to US Virgin Island Coastal
Environments.” The Holocene.
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Management of Southwest Florida Water Resources: An
Overview.” Journal of Environmental Monitoring and
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International Conference on Safe Water 3: 73-81.
Swarzenski, P. W., and Yates, K. 2007. “Tampa Bay as a
Model Estuary for Examining the Impact of Human
Activities on Biogeochemical Processes: An introduction.”
Marine Chemistry 104: 1-3.

13

[15] SFWMD (Southwest Florida Water Management
District). 2001. Manatee River Comprehensive Water
Management Plan. Manatee County: SFWMD.
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Zsoldos, H. D., and Byrne, R. H. 1991. “Distribution
Patterns and Accumulation Rates of Fine-Grained
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[17] Brooks, G. R., and Doyle, L. J. 1998. “Recent
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Microtidal Estuary Incised into Tertiary Platform
Carbonates.” Estuaries 21: 391-406.
[18] Lynch, J. C., Meriwether, J. R., McKee, B. A.,
Vera-Herrera, F., and Twilley, R. R. 1989. “Recent
Accretion in Mangrove Ecosystems Based on 137Cs and
210
Pb.” Estuaries 12 (4): 284-99.
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Historic Accumulation Rates of Phosphorus in Lake
Okeechobee, Florida.” Journal of Paleolimnology 20:
31-46.
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Hemphills, Austin: Cambridge University Press.

[21] Dean, W. E. Jr. 1974. “Determination of Carbonate and
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Sedimentary Rocks by Loss on Ignition: Comparison
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[22] Heiri, O., Lotter, A. F., and Lemcke, G. 2001. “Loss on
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Carbonate Content in Sediments: Reproducibility and
Comparability of Results.” Journal of Paleolimnology 25:
101-10.
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[24] Binford, M. W. 1990. “Calculation and Uncertainty
Analysis of 210Pb Dates for PIRLA Project Lake
Sediment Cores.” Journal of Paleolimnology 3: 253-67.
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(A Tool for Assessing Sedimentary Dynamics). USGS
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Patterns: St. John, USVI.” Thesis, Eckerd College, St.
Petersburg, FL.


Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering B 3 (2014) 14-17
Formerly part of Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, ISSN 1934-8932

D

DAVID

PUBLISHING

An Ecological Alternative for the Control of
Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Sheep in Northern
Veracruz (Mexico)
Amalia Cabrera Núñez, Miguel Ángel Lammoglia Villagómez, Iliana Del Carmen Daniel Rentería and Rebeca
Rojas Ronquillo
Department of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, University of Veracruz, Tuxpan 92870, Mexico
Received: April 28, 2014 / Accepted: May 14, 2014 / Published: August 20, 2014.
Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the effect of aqueous infusion of cracked soursop seeds on two different concentrations as
an organic dewormer compared to a commercial one in GNE (gastrointestinal nematodes) egg population in crossbred hair sheep
(Blackbelly-Khatadin) of the northen region of Veracruz. The aqueous infusion was prepared adding 93.5 g of cracked soursop seeds
in 1,875 mL of boiled water and let stand for 12 h. Crossbred ewes were randomly assigned to receive every 19 days: (1) 10 mL of
cracked soursop infusion orally (n = 27), (2) 15 mL of cracked soursop infusion orally (n = 27), and (3) 2 mL of Febendazole
subcutaneously (n = 26). Feces (2-5 g) were collected directly from the rectum of each animal on the following days: 0, 19, 38 and 57
days post treatment. Nematode egg population was determined using the technique of McMaster. Statistical analysis was done using
ANOVA (analysis of variance). There was a reduction overtime (P = 0.05) in all treatments in parasite egg population. There were no
differences (P = 0.10) in egg population across treatments. In conclusion, aqueous infusion of soursop cracked seeds proved to be an
environmentally friendly and effective alternative in the control of gastrointestinal parasites in crossbred hair sheep in the region of
northern Veracruz.
Key words: Sheep, soursop seed, gastrointestinal nematode parasite.

1. Introduction
Today parasite caused by GNE (gastrointestinal
nematodes) represents one of the worldwide health
problems continuously affecting tropical sheep. The
high prolificacy, adaptability and resistance to various

climatic conditions make the GNE a wide
geographical distribution and high prevalence in both
temperate and tropical regions. Sheep are one of the
most susceptible species, especially in stressful
periods, such as, peripartum, lactation, weaning, and
rainy season [1]. The damages they cause are:
deterioration in body condition, anemia, delayed
sexual maturity, plus death loss, causing a decrease in

Corresponding author: Iliana Del Carmen Daniel Rentería,
Ph.D., research fields: biodiversity and conservation. E-mail:


the feeding efficiency/meat conversion and an
increase in production costs due to prices of control
drugs [2]. Commercial anthelmintic treatments have
been long regarded as the only way to control parasitic
infection, however, they are expensive and their use
causes chemical residues in food of animal origin [3]
as toxicity in organisms in the environment, so that
after metabolization, parasiticides residues in feces,
urine, or even through the skin, may result in reduced
insect dung removed by flies and beetles in particular,
essential in the degradation of fecal matter and its
utilization by the plants for the soil. And the
development of resistance by helminth parasites
against these drugs constitutes a serious obstacle for
the effective control of parasitic infections in this
species [4].

An Ecological Alternative for the Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in
Sheep in Northern Veracruz (Mexico)

WHO (World Health Organization) recognized the
need for research and mobilization of old animals for
medical practices, and realized that the traditional
system of medicine can play an important role in the
development of livestock in developing countries [5].
In addition, persistent public demand for organic and
chemical-free animal products force producers and
researchers to develop alternatives for the control of
gastrointestinal parasites based on ancient remedies,
herbal compounds and plant extracts which currently
have scientific importance [6].
Among these alternatives is the use of the seeds of
Annona muricata (soursop). Some experimental results
show that this Anonacea contain, active ingredients
such as acetogenins lactones and lipids, which have
antimicrobial activities antitumor, antiparasitic,
pesticides, anti-protozoal and anthelmintic [7].
It has been shown that these substances impair
parasite cuticle perhaps by proteolytic digestion,
which allows reducing the number of infective larvae
of gastrointestinal nematodes [8]. However, the
preparation and dosage for their effectiveness does not
seem clear. Therefore, the objective of this research is
based on studying the effect of the cracked seed of
soursop as a possible organic anthelmintic to be used
in small ruminants [9].

2. Methodology
This research was conducted at a commercial farm
in the northern region of the State of Veracruz, in
Tuxpan. The farm is geographically located 20°57′46″
N and longitude 97°24′01″ E. West, at an altitude of
10 m in a tropical climate and an average annual
temperature of 24.9 °C, with abundant rains in the
summer and early fall and an annual rainfall of 1,241
mm.
The herd comprised 80 breeding ewes of 40 ± 3 kg
and 20 ± 3 months of age of Blackbelly-Khatadin
crosses. Sheep were free grazing in an area of 50 ha of
pasture star grass (Cynodon plectostachium). Ewes
were randomly assigned into three groups: T1 ewes (n

15

= 27) received orally aqueous infusion of cracked
soursop seeds at a dose of 10 mL every 19 days 3
times. T2 ewes (n = 27) received orally aqueous
infusion of cracked soursop seeds at a dose of 15 mL,
every 19 days, 3 times. Control ewes (n = 26) received
a subcutaneous injection of 2 mL of Febendazole
every 19 days, 3 times.
Infusion of cracked soursop seed was prepared
adding 93.5 g of cracked soursop seeds in 1,875 mL
of boiled water and let stand for 12 h with 1,875 mL.
Feces (2-5 g) were collected on days 0, 19, 38 and
57 days after treatment. Samples were collected

directly from the rectum of each animal by digital
stimulation performed during the morning before
grazing. The collected samples were stored in plastic
bottles, each with information from each ewe and
transported to the Laboratory of Veterinary
Parasitology, Sciences Department Biological and
Agricultural at the University of Veracruz, processed
the
same
day
by
the
technique
of
concentration-flotation McMaster as described by
Hoste [10]. Egg populations were determined by taken
2 g of feces and then diluted in 42 mL of syrup. The
sediment obtained was kept standing for 5 min, after
which the upper third of the suspension was dispensed
in the McMaster chamber. For the counting of EPG
(eggs per gram) of feces, the following formula was
applied:
EPG = Field A + Field B × 50.
Statistical analysis was performed using the Stat
view ANOVA software.

3. Results and Discussion
The reported incidence of parasites in the first
sampling with 80 ewes, before applying the treatments,
(Table 1) were eggs of Haemonchus and Strongyloides,

both are among the genres most often infested animals
in livestock farming systems in the tropics [11]. The
breeding ewes during grazing are exposed to different
biotic and abiotic factors that cause physiological and
metabolic imbalances that directly influence the


16

An Ecological Alternative for the Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in
Sheep in Northern Veracruz (Mexico)

Average
endoparasites
150-200
70-150
60-80
80-120
12,000-17,000
200-400

Min-Max
eggs/day
(35-180) (50-200)
(80-100) (200-300)
(75) (100)
(50-100) (130)
(5,000) (10,000)
(5,000) (10,000)

productive efficiency of them [12]. Various studies
show the negative effect of parasitic infestations in
productive performance of ewes and their offspring, in
this regard, a study reported that in parasitized animals,
20%-28% of them do not develop a normal corpus
luteum, and affected fertility in 66% of the ewes, and
caused 72% fetal mortality. These authors also
reported smaller birth weight of lambs out of
parasitized ewes and 39.9% decreased in average daily
weight gain to weaning [13].
Fig. 1 shows a reduction (P = 0.05) in the parasite
egg population of Haemochus contortus found in
different days of sampling in the three batches tested,
having similar results between the treatment of 10 mL
and 15 mL cracked soursop seed and Febendazole (P
= 0.10). It is important to note in this connection at 57
days after treatment, in the case of Febendazole like
infusion, animals tend to recover infestation, showing
that after 19 days of deworming, ewes in the study had
a low incidence of parasites, noting that after the third
treatment the parasite load was markedly reduced,
indicating that the dose and frequency of infusion
used can control these types of nematodes, which
coincide with those reported by other authors [14].
A significant reduction (P = 0.05) of the genus
Ostertagia parasite load (Fig. 2) in the different
treatments are presented. There were no differences (P
= 0.10) between these groups, which shows that
almost any of the variants can be used on a
deworming program. These results agree with those of

other authors who argue that several applications are
necessary to achieve an adequate and effective
dewormer.

Fig. 1 Effect treatment time (P = 0.05) in the parasite load
of A. muricata and H. contortus.
330
Number of eggs / gr of feces

Endoparasites
found
Strongyloides spp.
Oesophagostomum spp.
Eimeria spp.
Chabertia ovina
Haemonchus contortus
Ostertagia spp.

Total number of eggs/gr of feces

Table 1 Load localized parasitic and endoparasites in
breeding ewes.

290
250
210
170
130
90
50

0

19
38
Days after treatment

57

Febendazole
10 mL cracked soursop seed infusion
15 mL cracked soursop seed infusion
Fig. 2 Effect treatment time (P = 0.05) in the parasite load
of Ostertagia.

4. Conclusions
The results show that cracked soursop (Annona
muricata) seed infusion giving orally every 19 days
exhibits antiparasitic properties for crossbred hair


An Ecological Alternative for the Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in
Sheep in Northern Veracruz (Mexico)

ewes at a dose of 10 mL and 15 mL in tropical regions.
The authors suggested that this is an interesting
environmental friendly dewormer.

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[4]

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17

Stear, M. J., Bairden, K., Bishop, S. C., Gettinby, G.,
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Baillière Tindall.


Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering B 3 (2014) 18-23
Formerly part of Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, ISSN 1934-8932

D

DAVID

PUBLISHING

Modelling of the Resin Penetration Rate into the
Archaeological Wood Cell Wall: The Methodology of
Experimental Design
Youssef Elrhayam and Ahmed Elharfi
Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Tofail,
Kenitra 14000, Morocco
Received: November 08, 2013 / Accepted: June 13, 2014 / Published: August 20, 2014.
Abstract: The penetration modeling of an adhesive into the fiber requires the measurement of various properties of resin and fiber:
the resin viscosity, its surface tension, the penetration depth and the timber pore radius. This study is based on the screening
technique that identifies the factors sensed by the experimenter. In order to determine the optimum processing conditions and find the
combination of parameters that maximize the productivity in the experimental phase, a geometric illustration of the response has
been made. The results are: the pores radius (4 μm), surface tension (62.5 mN/m), depth (10 μm) and viscosity (2,000 Cp).
Key words: Resin, experimental designs, factors, response, surface stress, data analyses.

1. Introduction
The penetration of the adhesive in the hard structure
of capillary timber is possible when the obtained
moistening state is good appropriate [1]. The creation
of a link between an adhesive and the wood substrate
requires both an adequate interpenetration of resin and
wood, and the development of links between the resin
and the surface of the exposed wood [2]. The
mechanism of binding between the components of the
resin and wood is still a concern for a number of
researchers. Generally, the characteristics of
mechanical locking are due to a covalent linkage on

the one hand, and to the secondary interaction (the
Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds [1, 3]) on
the other. The penetration of the adhesive promotes all
these mechanisms (molecular weight, pH, temperature
of the adhesive, moisture content, density and
permeability of the substrate). These parameters will
Corresponding author: Youssef Elrhayam, Ph.D., research
field:
polymer
chemistry
materials.
E-mail:


affect the penetration rate. The flow properties of
water are responsible for the flow of the glue adhesive
on the timber. Other variables, such as material
properties, processing factors and methods of heating,
will also influence the adhesive penetration [4]. The
direction of penetration, permeability, porosity,
surface roughness, surface energy, temperature,
pressure and flow time are other factors which could
affect the coating on the timber by the adhesive
[1, 5-6].

2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Method of Experimental Design
It defines the experiences (MPE (method of
experimental design)), in reduced number, allowing a
comprehensive study of the influence of all

parameters on a given process and of their
optimization. This is based on finding a simple
mathematical model which gives a good
representation of the studied phenomenon.


Modelling of the Resin Penetration Rate into the Archaeological Wood Cell Wall:
The Methodology of Experimental Design

of the following form:

2.2 The Resin Penetration Model
A perfect model of penetration takes into
consideration all the likely variables that influence the
rate of progression of the resin in the wood. Based on
simpler models, several researchers were able to
simulate the behavior of the penetration of resins in
the wood. The equation describing this model is the
following [7]:
dt

 D AB 

A
C
2
∇

dC A

(1)

dCA/dt: the concentration variation of the substance
in view of time;
DAB: the diffusion coefficient of the substance A in
B;
‫׏‬CA: the concentration gradient of the substance A.
In this model, only the variable viscosity is
considered to simplify the relation (viscous model).
The other parameters are set rather arbitrarily after
simple measurement at temperatures around 20 °C.
Thus, the equation becomes as following [8]:

dX
R cos 

dt 4 x  t , T 

19

(2)

dX/dt: the penetration rate of the resin (mis);
γ: surface tension of the resin (N/m);
η: viscosity in view of time and temperature (mPa·s);
θ: the contact angle of the resin on the wood
(without sun).

3. Results and Discussion
Methodology of experiments seems to be a method

of advantageous experimentation. For this, the issue
will be approached through four factors (X1, X2, X3
and X4), each of which can take two values (modes),
which -1 and +1 are denoted by convention. In order
to optimize resin penetration rate, the interactions
between the different factors that affect penetration
were studied.
3.1 The Mathematical Model
The responses are described by a polynomial model

Y    X  X  X  X 
0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 12

     
 X X     X X     X X X  
2 3
2 4
1 2 3
24
123
  X X X     X X X 
1 2 4
2 3 4
124
234

 X X X X 
1 2 3 4
1234
 X X    X X    X X  

1 2
1 3 14
1 4
13
23

(3)

X: the maximum depth of the resin penetration (m).
Applying this model, four factors were tested at two
levels the limit values of the parameters studied values
are defined in Table 1.
3.1.1 Graphic Study of the Interaction of X1 X2
In this case study, the radius parameters of pores
(X1) and the surface tension (X2) in the parameters
mentioned in Fig. 1.
According to this interaction system, it appears that
the best penetration achieved is determined by the
case of interaction where the pores radius is 4 μm and
the surface tension is 62.5 mN/m.
3.1.2 Graphic Study of the Interaction of X1 X3
In this case study, the pore radius of parameters (X1)
and depth (X3) are shown in Fig. 2.
According to this interaction system, it appears that
the best penetration is determined by the case of
interaction where the pores radius is 4 μm and depth is
10 μm.
3.1.3 Graphic Study of Interaction of X1 X4
According to this study, the pores radius parameters
(X1) and viscosity (X4) are outlined in Fig. 3.

From this interaction system, it appears that the best
penetration is determined by the case of interaction of
viscosity 2,000 cP and the pores radius 4 μm. This
Table 1

The studied factors on the penetration rate.

Parameters

Symbol

Value

Pore radius wood (µm)

X1

3±1

Surface tension (mN/m)

X2

57.5 ± 5

Penetration depth (µm)

X3

6±4

Viscosity (cP)

X4

1,250 ± 750


Modelling of the Resin Penetration Rate into the Archaeological Wood Cell Wall:
The Methodology of Experimental Design

20

(a) Values of parameter optimization
Fig.1

(b) Interaction between pore radius
and surface tension
Graphic study of the interactions of X1 X2.

(a) Values of parameter optimization
Fig. 2

(b) Interaction between pore
radius and depth

(c) Interaction between pore
radius and depth

(b) Interaction between pore

radius and viscosity

(c) Interaction between viscosity
and pore radius

Graphic system of interactions of X1 X3.

(a) Values of parameter optimization
Fig. 3

(c) Interaction between surface tension
and pore radius

Graphic system of interactions of X1 X4.

theoretical study assesses the pores diameter and
microstructure of wood fiber with precision. Since the
resin diffuses, its surface should have pores whose
diameter are larger than the molecules’ of the studied
resin. Ref. [7] showed that these pores are of the order
of 2-4 nm in diameter. This result is confirmed by the
result that achieved.
3.2.1 Pareto Diagram
The Pareto diagram is to complement the results
obtained by the interaction systems previously

obtained. This would determine the influencing
factors by decreasing contribution order.
The results obtained by the Pareto diagram are
represented in Fig. 4. The first three factors (surface,

tension and viscosity) explain more than 98% of the
response variation.
3.2.2 Method of the Right of HENRY
The Half Normal Plot graph is used to distinguish
better the active coefficients but it does not give them
any sense since only the absolute values of these


Modelling of the Resin Penetration Rate into the Archaeological Wood Cell Wall:
The Methodology of Experimental Design

(a) Pareto diagram for the response
Fig. 4

21

(b) Pareto diagram for the cumulative response

Pareto diagram for the answer (penetration rate).

(a) Half Normal Plot

(b) Normal Plot (Right HENRY)

Fig. 5 Right of HENRY
HENRY is a graphical method for adjusting a Gaussian distribution with that of a series of observations. It can quickly read the mean
and standard deviation of such a distribution.

coefficients are taken into consideration. The b3
coefficient is probably active. This is in agreement

with the results obtained by the Pareto method
(Fig. 5).
3.3 Validation of the Model
The various parameters treatment by the Pareto
diagram allowed to highlight that the regression
coefficient is in the vicinity of 98% (Table 3) based on
the analysis of variance shown in Table 2.
3.4 Statistical Analysis of Results
The equation of the empirical model is only an
approximation of reality. The implementation of
statistical tests should enable us to set forth a
judgment on the results

Table 3 indicates that all the answers have a
satisfactory descriptive quality apart from the response
due to the fact that the correlation coefficient r2 =
0.989 is closer to 1. Moreover, the adjusted
determination coefficient is r2a = 0.974. This is why
the descriptive quality is satisfactory.
Whether the matrix of experience has kept its
quality, we observe the inflation factor f (bi).
In order to know whether the experience matrix has
retained its quality, the inflation factor f (bi) should be
observed which is calculated for all the coefficients of
the model. These coefficients will have an estimate of
their own representation (Table 4). The inflation factor
noted is between 1.00 and 2.16 for all coefficients.
This allows us to say that the matrix will provide the
appropriate information. The latter is of a sufficient