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San Francisco • London

CCNA

™

:

Cisco

®

Certified Network Associate

Study Guide

Third Edition

Todd Lammle
Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA
www.sybex.com

Associate Publisher: Neil Edde
Acquisitions and Developmental Editor: Maureen Adams
Editor: Pete Gaughan
Production Editor: Elizabeth Campbell
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Electronic Publishing Specialist: Interactive Composition Corporation
Proofreaders: Yariv Rabinovitch, Nancy Riddiough, Sarah Tannehill
Indexer: Ted Laux
CD Coordinator: Dan Mummert
CD Technician: Kevin Ly
Cover Designer: Archer Design
Cover Photographer: Tony Stone

Copyright © 2002 SYBEX Inc., 1151 Marina Village Parkway, Alameda, CA 94501. World rights reserved. The author
created reusable code in this publication expressly for reuse by readers. Sybex grants readers limited permission to reuse the
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To Our Valued Readers:
Since its inception, the Cisco Certified Network Associate program has established itself as the premier
internetworking certification. Sybex is proud to have helped hundreds of thousands of CCNA candidates
prepare for their exams in recent years, and we are excited about the opportunity to continue to provide
individuals with the knowledge and skills they’ll need to succeed in the highly competitive IT industry.
With the recent revision of the CCNA exam, Cisco raised the bar considerably, adding simulation
questions to verify the skills associated with hands-on router configuration. Sybex welcomes this new
testing feature as we strongly advocate a comprehensive and practical instructional approach to
certification exam preparation. It has always been Sybex’s mission to teach exam candidates how new
technologies work in the real world, not to simply feed them answers to test questions. Sybex was
founded on the premise of providing technical skills to IT professionals, and we have continued to
build on that foundation. Over the years, we have made significant improvements to our study guides
based on feedback from readers, suggestions from instructors, and comments from industry leaders.
Cisco’s new CCNA exam is indeed challenging. The author, renowned Cisco authority Todd Lammle,
and Sybex’s editors and technical reviewers have worked hard to ensure that this

CCNA: Cisco
Certified Network Associate Study Guide

is comprehensive, in-depth, and pedagogically sound. We’re
confident that this book, along with the collection of cutting-edge software study tools included on
the CD, will meet and exceed the demanding standards of the certification marketplace and help
you, the CCNA exam candidate, succeed in your endeavors.
Good luck in pursuit of your CCNA certification!
Neil Edde

Associate Publisher—Certification
Sybex, Inc.
Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA
www.sybex.com

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Acknowledgments

E

lizabeth Campbell, Pete Gaughan, and Maureen Adams were instru-
mental in helping me get this book out in time, without stressing out too
much, and working together as a well-oiled machine. Thank you.
I’d also like to thank Rod Jackson and Errol Robichaux, who scrutinized
every word, figure, and line of code in the book for technical accuracy. (Of
course, any mistakes remaining in the text are my responsibility, not theirs.)
Additional thanks go out to Interactive Composition Corporation who care-
fully set every single page in the book; Yariv Rabinovitch, Nancy Riddiough,
Sarah Tannehill, who all did marvelous jobs proofreading; Tony Jonick,
who created all the great illustrations; and Ted Laux, who crafted the index.
The book would not exist without all of you.
Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA
www.sybex.com

Introduction

W

elcome to the exciting world of Cisco certification! You have

picked up this book because you want something better; namely, a better job
with more satisfaction. Rest assured that you have made a good decision.
Cisco certification can help you get your first networking job, or more
money and a promotion if you are already in the field.
Cisco certification can also improve your understanding of the internet-
working of more than just Cisco products: You will develop a complete
understanding of networking and how different network topologies work
together to form a network. This is beneficial to every networking job and is
the reason Cisco certification is in such high demand, even at companies with
few Cisco devices.
Cisco is the king of routing and switching, the Microsoft of the internet-
working world. The Cisco certifications reach beyond the popular certifica-
tions, such as the MCSE and CNE, to provide you with an indispensable
factor in understanding today’s network—insight into the Cisco world of
internetworking. By deciding that you want to become Cisco certified, you
are saying that you want to be the best—the best at routing and the best at
switching. This book will lead you in that direction.

How to Use This Book

If you want a solid foundation for the serious effort of preparing for the
Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) exam, then look no further. I
have spent hundreds of hours putting together this book with the sole inten-
tion of helping you to pass the CCNA exam and learn how to configure
Cisco routers and switches.
This book is loaded with lots of valuable information, and you will get the
most out of your studying time if you understand how I put this book
together.
To best benefit from this book, I recommend the following study method:

1.

Take the assessment test immediately following this introduction.
(The answers are at the end of the test.) It’s OK if you don’t know any
of the answers; that is why you bought this book! Carefully read over
the explanations for any question you get wrong and note which chap-
ters the material comes from. This information should help you plan
your study strategy.
Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA
www.sybex.com

xxiv

Introduction

2.

Study each chapter carefully, making sure that you fully understand
the information and the test objectives listed at the beginning of each
chapter. Pay extra-close attention to any chapter where you missed
questions in the assessment test.

3.

Complete each written lab at the end of each chapter. Do

not

skip this
written exercise, as it directly relates to the CCNA exam and what you

must glean from the chapter you just read. Do not just skim this lab!
Make sure you understand completely the reason for each answer.

4.

Complete all hands-on labs in the chapter, referring to the text of the
chapter so that you understand the reason for each step you take. If you
do not have Cisco equipment available, be sure to study the examples
carefully, or use the Router Fundamentals Simulator found on the CD
of this book. Also, check

www.routersim.com

for router simulator
software that provides drag-and-drop networking configurations.
This will help you gain hands-on experience configuring Cisco routers.

5.

If you do not have Cisco equipment or the RouterSim Cisco simulator
product, then go through all the core hands-on labs (contained in
Appendix A) using the Router Fundamentals Simulator product found
on the CD of this book. This will help you gain hands-on experience
configuring Cisco routers. (The Router Fundamentals Simulator will
not run the hands-on labs that are printed at the end of each chapter.
Within the software product, only use the simulator’s labs.)

6.

Answer all of the review questions related to that chapter. (The answers

appear at the end of the chapter.) Note the questions that confuse
you and study those sections of the book again. Do not just skim
these questions! Make sure you understand completely the reason
for each answer.

7.

Try your hand at the practice exams that are included on the compan-
ion CD. The questions in these exams appear only on the CD. This will
give you a complete overview of what you can expect to see on the real
CCNA exam. Check out

www.lammleprep.com

for more Cisco exam
prep questions.

8.

Also on the companion CD is a software simulation program that will
help you prepare for the new simulation questions on the CCNA 607
exam. The router simulator on the CD or at

www.routersim.com


is the best form of study, but be sure and practice with the software
simulation program as well.
Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA
www.sybex.com

Introduction

xxv

9.

Test yourself using all the flashcards on the CD. There are brand new
and updated flashcard programs on the CD to help you prepare com-
pletely for the CCNA exam. These are a great study tool!

The electronic flashcards can be used on your Windows computer, Pocket PC,

or on your Palm device.

10.

Make sure you read the “Key Terms” and “Commands Used in This
Chapter” lists at the end of the chapters. Appendix C lists all the com-
mands used in the book, including an explanation for each command.
To learn every bit of the material covered in this book, you’ll have to
apply yourself regularly, and with discipline. Try to set aside the same time
period every day to study, and select a comfortable and quiet place to do so.
If you work hard, you will be surprised at how quickly you learn this
material.
If you follow the steps listed above, and really study and practice the
review questions, CD exams, electronic flashcards, and written and hands-
on labs, it would be hard to fail the CCNA exam.

What’s on the CD?

We worked hard to provide some really great tools to help you with your
certification process. All of the following tools should be loaded on your
workstation when studying for the test.

Router Fundamentals Simulator

The companion CD contains the Router Fundamentals Simulator, a “mini”
version of Sybex’s best-selling CCNA Virtual Lab e-trainer. The Virtual Lab
is a stand-alone product that allows readers to gain hands-on experience
without buying expensive Cisco gear. This practical experience is a must-
have for anyone hoping to pass the CCNA exam. Its smaller counterpart, the
Router Fundamentals Simulator bundled with this book’s CD, covers the
absolute essentials for the exam, represented by the 14 hands-on labs con-
tained in Appendix A. (The Router Fundamental Simulator requires Real-
Player, which is also included on the CD.) You can find more router
simulator software available for purchase at

www.routersim.com

.
Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA
www.sybex.com

xxvi

Introduction

The EdgeTest Test Preparation Software

The test preparation software, provided by EdgeTek Learning Systems, pre-
pares you to pass the CCNA exam. In this test engine, you will find all the
review and assessment questions from the book, plus five additional bonus
exams that appear exclusively on the CD. You can take the assessment test,
test yourself by chapter or by topic, take the practice exams, or take a
randomly generated exam comprising all the questions.

To find more test-simulation software for all Cisco and Microsoft exams, look

for the exam link on

www.lammleprep.com

.

Electronic Flashcards for PC, Pocket PC, and Palm Devices

To prepare for the exam, you can read this book, study the review questions
at the end of each chapter, and work through the practice exams included
in the book and on the companion CD. But wait, there’s more! You can also
test yourself with the flashcards included on the CD. If you can get through
these difficult questions and understand the answers, you’ll know you’re
ready for the CCNA exam.
The flashcards include over 300 questions specifically written to hit
you hard and make sure you are ready for the exam. Between the review
questions, practice exams, and flashcards, you’ll be more than prepared
for the exam.

CCNA Study Guide

in PDF

Sybex offers the

CCNA Study Guide

in PDF format on the CD so you can
read the book on your PC or laptop. This will be helpful to readers who
travel and don’t want to carry a book, as well as to readers who prefer to
read from their computer. (Acrobat Reader 5 is also included on the CD.)

Cisco—A Brief History

Many readers may already be familiar with Cisco and what they do. How-
ever, those of you who are new to the field, just coming in fresh from your
MCSE, and those of you who maybe have 10 or more years in the field but
wish to brush up on the new technology may appreciate a little background
on Cisco.
Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA
www.sybex.com

Introduction

xxvii

In the early 1980s, Len and Sandy Bosack, a married couple who worked
in different computer departments at Stanford University, were having trouble
getting their individual systems to communicate (like many married people).
So in their living room they created a gateway server that made it easier for
their disparate computers in two different departments to communicate using

the IP protocol. In 1984, they founded cisco Systems (notice the small

c

) with
a small commercial gateway server product that changed networking for-
ever. Some people think the name was intended to be San Francisco Systems
but the paper got ripped on the way to the incorporation lawyers—who
knows? In 1992, the company name was changed to Cisco Systems, Inc.
The first product the company marketed was called the Advanced Gate-
way Server (AGS). Then came the Mid-Range Gateway Server (MGS), the
Compact Gateway Server (CGS), the Integrated Gateway Server (IGS), and
the AGS+. Cisco calls these “the old alphabet soup products.”
In 1993, Cisco came out with the amazing 4000 router and then created
the even more amazing 7000, 2000, and 3000 series routers. These are still
around and evolving (almost daily, it seems).
Cisco has since become an unrivaled worldwide leader in networking for
the Internet. Its networking solutions can easily connect users who work
from diverse devices on disparate networks. Cisco products make it simple
for people to access and transfer information without regard to differences
in time, place, or platform.
In the big picture, Cisco provides end-to-end networking solutions that
customers can use to build an efficient, unified information infrastructure of
their own or to connect to someone else’s. This is an important piece in the
Internet/networking–industry puzzle because a common architecture that
delivers consistent network services to all users is now a functional impera-
tive. Because Cisco Systems offers such a broad range of networking and
Internet services and capabilities, users who need to regularly access their
local network or the Internet can do so unhindered, making Cisco’s wares
indispensable.

Cisco answers this need with a wide range of hardware products that
form information networks using the Cisco Internetwork Operating System
(IOS) software. This software provides network services, paving the way for
networked technical support and professional services to maintain and opti-
mize all network operations.
Along with the Cisco IOS, one of the services Cisco created to help sup-
port the vast amount of hardware it has engineered is the Cisco Certified
Internetwork Expert (CCIE) program, which was designed specifically to
Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA
www.sybex.com

xxviii

Introduction

equip people to effectively manage the vast quantity of installed Cisco net-
works. The business plan is simple: If you want to sell more Cisco equipment
and have more Cisco networks installed, ensure that the networks you install
run properly.
Clearly, having a fabulous product line isn’t all it takes to guarantee the
huge success that Cisco enjoys—lots of companies with great products are
now defunct. If you have complicated products designed to solve compli-
cated problems, you need knowledgeable people who are fully capable of
installing, managing, and troubleshooting them. That part isn’t easy, so
Cisco began the CCIE program to equip people to support these complicated
networks. This program, known colloquially as the Doctorate of Network-
ing, has also been very successful, primarily due to its extreme difficulty.
Cisco continuously monitors the program, changing it as it sees fit, to make
sure that it remains pertinent and accurately reflects the demands of today’s
internetworking business environments.

Building upon the highly successful CCIE program, Cisco Career Certifi-
cations permit you to become certified at various levels of technical profi-
ciency, spanning the disciplines of network design and support. So, whether
you’re beginning a career, changing careers, securing your present position,
or seeking to refine and promote your position, this is the book for you!

Cisco’s Network Support Certifications

Initially, to secure the coveted CCIE, you took only one test and then you were
faced with the (extremely difficult) lab, an all-or-nothing approach that made
it tough to succeed. In response, Cisco created a series of new certifications
to help you get the coveted CCIE, as well as aid prospective employers in
measuring skill levels. With these new certifications, which added a better
approach to preparing for that almighty lab, Cisco opened doors that few were
allowed through before. So, what are these stepping-stone certifications and
how do they help you get your CCIE?

Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA)

The CCNA certification was the first in the new line of Cisco certifications,
and was the precursor to all current Cisco certifications. With the new
certification programs, Cisco has created a type of stepping-stone approach
to CCIE certification. Now, you can become a Cisco Certified Network
Associate for the meager cost of this



book

,

plus $120 for the test. And you
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Introduction

xxix

don’t have to stop there—you can choose to continue with your studies and
achieve a higher certification, called the Cisco Certified Network Profes-
sional (CCNP). Someone with a CCNP has all the skills and knowledge he
or she needs to attempt the CCIE lab. However, because no textbook can
take the place of practical experience, we’ll discuss what else you need to be
ready for the CCIE lab shortly.

Why Become a CCNA?

Cisco, not unlike Microsoft or Novell, has created the certification process
to give administrators a set of skills and to equip prospective employers with
a way to measure skills or match certain criteria. Becoming a CCNA can be
the initial step of a successful journey toward a new, highly rewarding, and
sustainable career.
The CCNA program was created to provide a solid introduction not only
to the Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) and Cisco hardware, but
also to internetworking in general, making it helpful to you in areas that are
not exclusively Cisco’s. At this point in the certification process, it’s not
unrealistic to imagine that future network managers—even those without
Cisco equipment—could easily require Cisco certifications for their job
applicants.

If you make it through the CCNA and are still interested in Cisco and
internetworking, you’re headed down a path to certain success.

What Skills Do You Need to Become a CCNA?

To meet the CCNA certification skill level, you must be able to understand
or do the following:


Install, configure, and operate simple-routed LAN, routed WAN, and
switched LAN and LANE networks.


Understand and be able to configure IP, IGRP, IPX, serial, AppleTalk,
Frame Relay, IP RIP, VLANs, IPX RIP, Ethernet, and access lists.


Install and/or configure a network.


Optimize WAN through Internet-access solutions that reduce
bandwidth and WAN costs, using features such as filtering with
access lists, bandwidth on demand (BOD), and dial-on-demand
routing (DDR).
Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA
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xxx

Introduction



Provide remote access by integrating dial-up connectivity with tradi-
tional, remote LAN-to-LAN access, as well as supporting the higher
levels of performance required for new applications such as Internet
commerce, multimedia, etc.

How Do You Become a CCNA?

The first step to becoming a CCNA is to pass one little test and—poof!—
you’re a CCNA. (Don’t you wish it were that easy?) True, it’s just one test,
but you still have to possess enough knowledge to understand (and read
between the lines—trust me) what the test writers are saying.
I can’t stress this enough—it’s critical that you have some hands-on expe-
rience with Cisco routers. If you can get a hold of some 2500 routers, you’re
set. But if you can’t, we’ve worked hard to provide hundreds of configura-
tion examples throughout this book to help network administrators (or
people who want to become network administrators) learn what they need
to know to pass the CCNA exam.
One way to get the hands-on router experience you’ll need in the real world
is to attend one of the seminars offered by GlobalNet Training Solutions, Inc.,
which is owned and run by myself. The seminars are 5 days and 11 days long
and will teach you everything you need to become a CCNA (or even a CCNP).
Each student gets hands-on experience by configuring at least two routers and
a switch. See

www.globalnettraining.com

for more information.

For hands-on training with Todd Lammle, please see

www.globalnettraining.

com

.

Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP)

So you’re thinking, “Great, what do I do after passing the CCNA exam?”
Well, if you want to become a CCIE in Routing and Switching (the most
popular certification), understand that there’s more than one path to that
much-coveted CCIE certification. The first way is to continue studying and
become a Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP), which means four
more tests, in addition to the CCNA certification.
The CCNP program will prepare you to understand and comprehensively
tackle the internetworking issues of today and beyond—and it is not limited
to the Cisco world. You will undergo an immense metamorphosis, vastly
increasing your knowledge and skills through the process of obtaining these
certifications.
Copyright ©2002 SYBEX, Inc., Alameda, CA
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Introduction

xxxi

While you don’t need to be a CCNP or even a CCNA to take the CCIE
lab, it’s extremely helpful if you already have these certifications.

What Skills Do You Need to Become a CCNP?

Cisco demands a certain level of proficiency for its CCNP certification. In
addition to mastering the skills required for the CCNA, you should be able
to do the following:


Install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot complex routed LAN,
routed WAN, and switched LAN networks, along with dial-access
services.


Understand complex networks, such as IP, IGRP, IPX, async routing,
AppleTalk, extended access lists, IP RIP, route redistribution, IPX
RIP, route summarization, OSPF, VLSM, BGP, serial, IGRP, Frame
Relay, ISDN, ISL, X.25, DDR, PSTN, PPP, VLANs, Ethernet, ATM
LAN emulation, access lists, 802.10, FDDI, and transparent and
translational bridging.


Install and/or configure a network to increase bandwidth, quicker net-
work response times, and improve reliability and quality of service.


Maximize performance through campus LANs, routed WANs, and
remote access.


Improve network security.



Create a global intranet.


Provide access security to campus switches and routers.


Provide increased switching and routing bandwidth—end-to-end
resiliency services.


Provide custom queuing and routed priority services.

How Do You Become a CCNP?

After becoming a CCNA, the four exams you must take to get your CCNP
are as follows:

Exam 640-503: Routing

This exam continues to build on the funda-
mentals learned in the CCNA course. It focuses on large multiprotocol
internetworks and how to manage them with access lists, queuing, tun-
neling, route distribution, route maps, BGP, EIGRP, OSPF, and route
summarization. The

CCNP: Routing Study Guide

(Sybex) covers all the

objectives you need to understand to pass the Routing exam.
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xxxii

Introduction

Exam 640-504: Switching

This exam tests your knowledge of the 1900
and 5000 series of Catalyst switches. The

CCNP: Switching Study Guide


(Sybex) covers all the objectives you need to understand to pass the
Switching exam.

Exam 640-506: Support

This tests you on the Cisco troubleshooting
skills needed for Ethernet and Token Ring LANs, IP, IPX, and AppleTalk
networks, as well as ISDN, PPP, and Frame Relay networks. The

CCNP:
Support Study Guide

(Sybex) covers all the objectives you need to under-
stand to pass the Support exam.

Exam 640-505: Remote Access

This exam tests your knowledge of
installing, configuring, monitoring, and troubleshooting Cisco ISDN and
dial-up access products. You must understand PPP, ISDN, Frame Relay,
and authentication. The

CCNP: Remote Access Study Guide

(Sybex)
covers all the exam objectives.

www.routersim.com

has a complete Cisco router simulator for all CCNP exams.

If you hate tests, you can take fewer of them by signing up for the CCNA
exam and the Support exam and then taking just one more long exam called
the Foundation R/S exam (640-509). Doing this also gives you your CCNP—
but beware; it’s a really long test that fuses all the material Routing, Switch-
ing, and Remote Access exams into one exam. Good luck! However, by
taking this exam, you get three tests for the price of two, which saves you
$100 (if you pass). Some people think it’s easier to take the Foundation
R/S exam because you can leverage the areas that you would score higher in
against the areas in which you wouldn’t.

Remember that test objectives and tests can change at any time without
notice. Always check the Cisco website for the most up-to-date information

(

www.cisco.com

).

Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE)

You’ve become a CCNP, and now you fix your sights on getting your Cisco
Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) in Routing and Switching—what do
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Introduction

xxxiii

you do next? Cisco recommends that before you take the lab, you take the
Cisco Internetwork Design (CID) exam (640-025) and the Cisco-authorized
course called Installing and Maintaining Cisco Routers (IMCR). By the way,
no Prometric test for IMCR exists at the time of this writing, and Cisco rec-
ommends a

minimum

of two years of on-the-job experience before taking
the CCIE lab. After jumping those hurdles, you then have to pass the CCIE-
R/S Exam Qualification (350-001) before taking the actual lab.

How Do You Become a CCIE?

To become a CCIE, Cisco recommends you do the following:

1.

Attend all the recommended courses at an authorized Cisco training
center and pony up around $15,000–$20,000, depending on your
corporate discount.

2.

Pass the Drake/Prometric exam ($200 per exam—so hopefully, you’ll
pass it the first time).

3.

Pass the one-day, hands-on lab at Cisco. This costs $1,000 per lab, and
many people fail two or more times. (Some never make it through!)
Also, there are a limited number of places to take the lab: San Jose,
California; Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; Sydney,
Australia; Halifax, Nova Scotia; Tokyo, Japan; and Brussels, Belgium.
This means that you might just need to add travel costs to that $1,000.
Cisco has added new sites lately for the CCIE lab; it is best to check
the Cisco website for the most current information.

Cisco has changed the CCIE lab from a two-day to a one-day lab. Please see

www.cisco.com

for the latest information.

What Skills Do You Need to Become a CCIE?

The CCIE Routing and Switching exam includes the advanced technical
skills that are required to maintain optimum network performance and reli-
ability, as well as advanced skills in supporting diverse networks that use
disparate technologies. CCIEs just don’t have problems getting jobs; these
experts are basically inundated with offers to work for six-figure salaries.
But that’s because it isn’t easy to attain the level of capability that is mandatory
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xxxiv

Introduction

for Cisco’s CCIE. For example, a CCIE can easily do the following:


Install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot complex routed LAN,
routed WAN, switched LAN, and ATM LANE networks, and dial-
access services.


Diagnose and resolve network faults.


Use packet/frame analysis and Cisco debugging tools.


Document and report the problem-solving processes used.


Understand general LAN/WAN characteristics, including data
encapsulation and layering; windowing and flow control, and their
relation to delay; error detection and recovery; link-state, distance
vector, and switching algorithms; management, monitoring, and
fault isolation.


Understand a variety of corporate technologies—including major
services provided by Desktop, WAN, and Internet groups—as well as
the functions; addressing structures; and routing, switching, and
bridging implications of each of their protocols.


Understand Cisco-specific technologies, including router/switch
platforms, architectures, and applications; communication servers;
protocol translation and applications; configuration commands and
system/network impact; and LAN/WAN interfaces, capabilities, and
applications.


Design, configure, install, and verify voice-over-IP and voice-over-ATM
networks.

Sybex’s CCIE: Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert Study Guide (2001) will help

you prepare for and pass the CCIE exam.

Cisco’s Network Design Certifications
In addition to the network support certifications, Cisco has created another
certification track for network designers. The two certifications within this
track are the Cisco Certified Design Associate and Cisco Certified Design
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Introduction xxxv
Professional certifications. If you’re reaching for the CCIE stars, we highly
recommend the CCNP and CCDP certifications before attempting the lab
(or attempting to advance your career).
This certification will give you the knowledge you need to design routed
LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN and ATM LANE networks.
Cisco Certified Design Associate (CCDA)
To become a CCDA, you must pass the Designing Cisco Networks (DCN)
exam (640-441). To pass this test, you must understand how to do the
following:

Design simple routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN and
ATM LANE networks.

Use Network-layer addressing.

Filter with access lists.

Use and propagate VLAN.

Size networks.
The Sybex CCDA: Cisco Certified Design Associate Study Guide (1999) is the
most cost-effective way to study for and pass your CCDA exam.
Cisco Certified Design Professional (CCDP)

If you’re already a CCNP and want to get your CCDP, you can simply take
the CID 640-025 test. If you’re not yet a CCNP, however, you must take the
CCDA, CCNA, Routing, Switching, Remote Access, and CID exams.
CCDP certification skills include the following:

Designing complex routed LAN, routed WAN, and switched LAN
and ATM LANE networks

Building upon the base level of the CCDA technical knowledge
CCDPs must also demonstrate proficiency in the following:

Network-layer addressing in a hierarchical environment

Traffic management with access lists

Hierarchical network design
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xxxvi Introduction

VLAN use and propagation

Performance considerations: required hardware and software; switch-
ing engines; memory, cost, and minimization
What Does This Book Cover?
This book covers everything you need to know in order to become CCNA
certified. However, taking the time to study and practice with routers or a
router simulator is the real key to success.
The information you will learn in this book, and need to know for the
CCNA exam, is listed in the following bullet points:


Chapter 1 introduces you to internetworking. You will learn the
basics of the Open Systems Interconnection model the way Cisco
wants you to learn it. Ethernet networking and standards are dis-
cussed in detail in this chapter as well. There are written labs and
plenty of review questions to help you. Do not skip the labs in this
chapter!

Chapter 2 gives you a background on layer-2 switching and how
switches perform address learning and make forwarding and filtering
decisions. Network loops and how to avoid them with the Spanning
Tree Protocol (STP) will be discussed, as well as the different LAN
switch types used by Cisco switches. Go through the written lab and
review questions.

Chapter 3 provides you with the background necessary for success on
the exam as well as in the real world by discussing TCP/IP. This in-depth
chapter covers the very beginnings of the Internet Protocol stack and
then goes all the way to IP addressing and subnetting. If you read this
chapter carefully, you will be able to subnet a network in your head!
Plenty of help is found in this chapter if you do not skip the written lab
and review questions.

Chapter 4 introduces you to the Cisco Internetwork Operating System
(IOS) and command-line interface (CLI). In this chapter you will learn
how to turn on a router and configure the basics of the IOS, including
setting passwords, banners, and more. IP configuration will be discussed
and a hands-on lab will help you gain a firm grasp of the concepts
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Introduction xxxvii
taught in the chapter. Before you go through the hands-on lab, be sure
and complete the written lab and review questions.

Chapter 5 teaches you about IP routing. This is a fun chapter, because
you will begin to build your network, add IP addresses, and route data
between routers. You will also learn about static, default, and dynamic
routing. Written and hands-on labs will help you understand IP rout-
ing to the fullest.

Chapter 6 covers virtual LANs and how you can use them in your
internetwork. This chapter also covers the nitty-gritty of VLANs and
the different concepts and protocols used with VLANs. A written lab
and review questions will reinforce the VLAN material.

Chapter 7 provides you with the management skills needed to run
a Cisco ISO network. Backing up and restoring the IOS, as well as
router configuration, is covered, as are the troubleshooting tools
necessary to keep a network up and running. Before performing the
hands-on labs in this chapter, complete the written lab and review
questions.

Chapter 8 introduces you to the wonderful world of Novell IPX. Since
IPX is still around, Cisco thinks it is important to understand IPX
routing. Actually, after IP routing, IPX is a breeze. Both written and
hands-on labs, along with review questions, will give you the under-
standing of IPX you need to pass the CCNA exam.

Chapter 9 covers access lists, which are created on routers to filter the
network. Both IP and IPX access lists are covered in detail. Written

and hands-on labs, along with review questions, will help you study
for the access-list portion of the CCNA exam.

Chapter 10 concentrates on Cisco wide area network (WAN) protocols.
This chapter covers HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay, and ISDN in depth. You
must be proficient in all these protocols to be successful on the CCNA
exam. Do not skip the written lab, review questions, or hands-on labs
found in this chapter.

Appendix A contains the hands-on labs for the Router Fundamentals
Simulator on the CD of this book.

Appendix B discusses configuring a Catalyst 1900 switch. The CCNA
exam is mostly theory on layer-2 switching; however, reading the
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xxxviii Introduction
appendix, working through the written and hands-on labs, and
answering the review questions should prepare you well for the
CCNA exam.

Appendix C lists all the Cisco IOS commands used in this book. It is
a great reference if you need to look up what a certain command does
and is used for.

The Glossary is a handy resource for Cisco terms. This is a great tool
for understanding some of the more obscure terms used in this book.
Where Do You Take the Exams?
You may take the exams at any of the more than 800 Sylvan Prometric
Authorized Testing Centers around the world (www.2test.com), or call 800-

204-EXAM (3926). You can also register and take the exams at a VUE
authorized center as well (www.vue.com) or call (877) 404-EXAM (3926).
To register for a Cisco Certified Network Professional exam:
1.
Determine the number of the exam you want to take. (The CCNA
exam number is 640-507.)
2.
Register with the nearest Sylvan Prometric Registration Center or
VUE testing center. At this point, you will be asked to pay in advance
for the exam. At the time of this writing, the exams are $100 each and
must be taken within one year of payment. You can schedule exams
up to six weeks in advance or as late as the same day you want to take
it—but if you fail a Cisco exam, you must wait 72 hours before you
will be allowed to retake the exam. If something comes up and you
need to cancel or reschedule your exam appointment, contact Sylvan
Prometric or VUE at least 24 hours in advance.
3.
When you schedule the exam, you’ll get instructions regarding all
appointment and cancellation procedures, the ID requirements, and
information about the testing-center location.
Tips for Taking Your CCNA Exam
The CCNA test contains about 50 questions to be completed in about
90 minutes. This can change per exam. You must get a score of about 82%
to 85% to pass this exam, but again, each exam can be different.
Many questions on the exam have answer choices that at first glance look
identical—especially the syntax questions! Remember to read through the
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Introduction xxxix
choices carefully, because close doesn’t cut it. If you get commands in the

wrong order or forget one measly character, you’ll get the question wrong.
So, to practice, do the hands-on exercises at the end of the chapters over and
over again until they feel natural to you.
Also, never forget that the right answer is the Cisco answer. In many cases,
more than one appropriate answer is presented, but the correct answer is the
one that Cisco recommends.
The CCNA 640-607 exam includes the following test formats:

Multiple-choice single answer

Multiple-choice multiple answer

Drag-and-drop

Fill-in-the-blank

Router simulations
In addition to multiple choice and fill-in response questions, Cisco Career
Certifications exams may include performance simulation exam items.
As practice in Cisco router command sequences, both router simulator
and question simulation software has been included on this book’s CD.
However, RouterSim.com has created a perfect companion for the Sybex
CCNA 3rd Edition study guide, called the Cisco 607 CCNA Simulator, that
matches perfectly to the new Cisco CCNA 607 exam. Use the software
included in this book, and for extra study material, check out the software
at www.routersim.com that accepts partial responses just as an actual Cisco
router will.
The software on the CD and at RouterSim.com provides step-by-step
instruction on how to configure both Cisco routers and switches. However,
router simulations in Cisco proctored exams will not show the steps to fol-

low in completing a router interface configuration. They do allow partial
command responses. For example, show config or sho config or sh conf
would be acceptable. Router #show ip protocol or router # show ip
prot would be acceptable. The exam commands must include the correct
spacing, spelling, and punctuation marks (such as #@!?).
Here are some general tips for exam success:

Arrive early at the exam center, so you can relax and review your
study materials.

Read the questions carefully. Don’t jump to conclusions. Make sure
you’re clear about exactly what each question asks.
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xl Introduction

When answering multiple-choice questions that you’re not sure about,
use the process of elimination to get rid of the obviously incorrect
answers first. Doing this greatly improves your odds if you need to
make an educated guess.

You can no longer move forward and backward through the Cisco
exams, so double-check your answer before clicking Next since you
can’t change your mind.
After you complete an exam, you’ll get immediate, online notification
of your pass or fail status, a printed Examination Score Report that indicates
your pass or fail status, and your exam results by section. (The test admin-
istrator will give you the printed score report.) Test scores are automatically
forwarded to Cisco within five working days after you take the test, so you
don’t need to send your score to them. If you pass the exam, you’ll receive

confirmation from Cisco, typically within two to four weeks.
How to Contact the Author
You can reach Todd Lammle through GlobalNet Training Solutions, Inc.
(www.globalnettraining.com), his training and systems integration com-
pany in Dallas, Texas—or through his software company (www.routersim
.com) in Denver, Colorado, which creates both Cisco and Microsoft soft-
ware simulation programs.
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Assessment Test
1.
What protocol does PPP use to identify the Network layer protocol?
A.
NCP
B.
ISDN
C.
HDLC
D.
LCP
2.
You work in a large application-development company providing
MIS services. This company has four 10Mbps shared hubs providing
network services to an NT server. To meet the business requirements,
you must provide many different types of hosts to allow the applica-
tion developers to test the different applications they create. These
hosts must be able to share data between each host and also send data
to and from an enterprise server. The hosts run at 10Mbps and the
server at 100Mbps. Some applications only need 3Mbps of bandwidth
to run at any given time. What network recommendation would you

give this company if money were an issue?
A.
Replace the 10Mbps hubs with 100Mbps hubs.
B.
Install a router and connect all the hubs into separate collision
domains and one large broadcast domain.
C.
Install a layer-2 switch and run a 10Mbps connection to the hosts
and a 100Mbps connection to the server.
D.
Uses bridges to break up the collision domains and create one large
broadcast domain.
3.
How does a host in a Novell network receive a logical address?
A.
DHCP Server.
B.
DNS Server.
C.
It uses the MAC address of the NIC and the network ID assigned
to a router and/or server.
D.
A Novell server dynamically assigns all logical addresses to hosts
for routing purposes.
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