Hiện tượng vận chuyển điện tử trong các cấu trúc nano bán dẫn dựa trên vật liệu phân cực algan gan và penta graphene nanoribbon
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BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO
VIỆN HÀN LÂM KHOA HỌC
VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ VIỆT NAM
HỌC VIỆN KHOA HỌC VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ
-----------------------------
PHẠM THỊ BÍCH THẢO
HIỆN TƯỢNG VẬN CHUYỂN ĐIỆN TỬ TRONG
CÁC CẤU TRÚC NANO BÁN DẪN DỰA TRÊN
VẬT LIỆU PHÂN CỰC AlGaN/GaN
VÀ PENTA-GRAPHENE NANORIBBON
LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SỸ VẬT LÝ
HÀ NỘI – 2020
VIỆN HÀN LÂM KHOA HỌC VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ VIỆT NAM
HỌC VIỆN KHOA HỌC VÀ CƠNG NGHỆ
……..….***…………
PHẠM THỊ BÍCH THẢO
HIỆN TƯỢNG VẬN CHUYỂN ĐIỆN TỬ TRONG
CÁC CẤU TRÚC NANO BÁN DẪN DỰA TRÊN VẬT
LIỆU PHÂN CỰC AlGaN/GaN
VÀ PENTA-GRAPHENE NANORIBBON
LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SỸ VẬT LÝ
Chuyên ngành: Vật lý lý thuyết và Vật lý toán
Mã số: 9 44 01 03
Người hướng dẫn khoa học:
1. PGS.TS. Nguyễn Thành Tiên
2. GS.TS. Đoàn Nhật QuaNG
Hà Nội – 2020
▲ ■ ❈❷▼ ❒◆
✣➸ ❤♦➔♥ ❧✉➟♥ →♥ ♥➔②✱ ✐ ✤➣ ♥❤➟♥ ✤❝ ➜ ♥❤✐➲✉ ❣✐♣ ✤
❤ ✈➔ ✤ ✈✐➯♥ ❝❛ ❚❤➛② ❈ ✤ ♥❣❤✐➺♣✱ ❜↕♥ ❜➧ ✈➔ ♥❣
❚❝ ①✐♥ ❣ ❧
➙♥
♥❤➜ ✤➳♥ ●❙✳❚❙✳ ✣♦➔♥ ◆❤➟
◗✉❛♥❣ ✈➔ ◆❣✉②➵♥ ❚❤➔♥❤ ❚✐➯♥✳ ❚
➻♥❤ ❤✐➺♥ ❧✉➟♥
→♥✱ ♥❣♦➔✐ ❤ ❞➝♥ ➻♥❤ ❝ ❝❤✉②➯♥ ♠ ❝→❝ ❚❤➛② ❝ ❧➔
♥❤ ♥❣ ✤➛✉ ❣✐ ✤❝ ✈❛✐ ❝ ✈✐➺❝ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ ❜❝ ✤➛✉
❧➔♠ ✈➔ ❝
❧➔♠ ✈✐➺❝ ✤❝ ❧➟♣✱ ❧➔♠ ✈✐➺❝ ♥❤ ❝ ♥❤ ❤➻♥❤
♥❤ ✤ ❤ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ ❤ ❝ ❣✐↔♥❣ ❞↕② ♥❤➔
✐♥ ✤❝ ❣ ❧ ❝↔♠ ✤➳♥ ▲➯ ❚✉➜♥✱ ✣✐♥❤ ◆❤ ❚❤↔♦
✈➔ ❝→❝ ❜↕♥ ❤❝ ✈✐➯♥ ❝❛♦ ❤❝ ❝ ♥❤ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ ✣↕✐ ❤❝ ❈➛♥ ❚❤
✤➣ ❝ ❝
❝→❝ ❝ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ ❦❤♦❛ ❤❝ ❣✐❛♥
❚ ❝ ①✐♥ ❣ ❧ ❝↔♠ ✤➳♥ ❚❤➛② ❈ ❣✐↔♥❣ ❞↕② ✈➔ ❝
✐➺♥ ➟ ❧✱ ❍❝ ✈✐➺♥ ❑❤♦❛ ❤❝ ✈➔ ❈ ♥❣❤➺ ✐➺ ◆❛♠ ✤➣ ➲♥
✈➔ ❤ ❝ ❤❝ ✈ ❝❤♦
✐♥ ❝❤➙♥ ❝↔♠
❣✐❛♥ ❤✐➺♥ ✤➲
❚❤➛② ❈ ❝
♥❤✐➯♥ ✈➔ ❝→❝ ♣❤ ❜❛♥ ❝❤ ♥➠♥❣
✤➣
❦✐➳♥
❑❤♦❛ ❑❤♦❛ ❤❝ ❚
✣↕✐ ❤❝ ❈➛♥ ❚❤
♠ ✤✐➲✉
❦✐➺♥ ✤➸ ❤♦➔♥ ✈✐➺❝ ❤❝ ✈➔ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ ❝→❝ ♥➠♠
❈✉ ❝ ①✐♥ ❣ ❧ ➙♥ ✤➳♥ ❜↕♥ ❜➧ ✈➔ ♥❣ ♥❤ ♥❣ ❧✉
❤ ✈➔ ✤♥❣ ✈✐➯♥ ✈ ♥❤ ❦❤ ❦❤➠♥ ✤➸ ❤♦➔♥ ❧✉➟♥ →♥ ♥➔②✳
❍➔ ◆ ♥❣➔② ✶✵ ✶✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✷✵
❚❤ ❇➼❝❤ ❚❤↔♦
▲ ■ ❈❆▼ ✣❖❆◆
❚✐ ①✐♥ ❝❛♠ ✤♦❛♥ ❝ ➻♥❤ ♥➔② ✤❝ ❤✐➺♥ ❞
❤ ❞➝♥
❝ ●❙✳❚❙✳ ✣♦➔♥ ◆❤➟ ◗✉❛♥❣✱ ✳❚❙✳ ◆❣✉②➵♥ ❚❤➔♥❤ ❚✐➯♥ ✈➔ ❝→❝ ♥ ❞✉♥❣
❧✐➯♥ ❝❤ ✤❝ ❝ ❜ ❜➜ ❦ ❧✉➟♥ →♥ ♥➔♦✳ ❈ ❝❤ ✶ ❧➔ ♣❤➛♥
❧❝ ❦❤↔♦ ❧✐➺✉ ✈➟ ❧✐➺✉ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ ✈➔ ↔♥❤ ❤ ❝ ✤✐➺♥ ➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ ❧➯♥ ❤✐➺♥
✈➟♥ ❝❤✉②➸♥ ✤✐➺♥ ❈❤ ✷ ✈➔ ✸ ❧➔ ❦➳ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ ✈➲ ❤✐➺♥
❣✐❛♠ ❝➛♠ ❧
✈➔ ✈➟♥ ❝❤✉②➸♥ ✤✐➺♥
❝➜✉ ❝❤✐➲✉ ✤❝
❤✐➺♥ ❝ ❤❛✐ ② ❤ ❞➝♥ ●❙✳❚❙✳ ✣♦➔♥ ◆❤➟ ◗✉❛♥❣✱ ◆❣✉②➵♥
❚❤➔♥❤ ❚✐➯♥ ✈➔ ❝❣
❦➳
✣✐♥❤ ◆❤ ❚❤↔♦✳ ❈✉ ❝ ❝→❝
✈➲
♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ ❤✐➺♥
✈➟♥ ❝❤✉②➸♥ ✤✐➺♥
♣❡♥ ♥❛♥♦♦♥
✉➛♥ ✈➔ ♣❤❛ ↕♣ ❜➡♥❣ ❧ ✉②➳ ♣❤✐➳♠ ❤➔♠ ♠➟ ✤ ✤❝
❤✐➺♥ ❝
◆❣✉②➵♥ ❚❤➔♥❤ ❚✐➯♥✱ ❚❤❙✳ ❚ ✈➔ ●❙✳ ❘❛❥❡❡✈ ❆❤
✉❥❛✱ ✤↕✐ ❤❝ ♣♣❛❧❛✱ ❚❤ ✣✐➸♥✳
❍➔ ◆ ♥❣➔② ✶✵ ✶✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✷✵
❚❤ ❇➼❝❤ ❚❤↔♦
✐
▼❧
❉❛♥❤ ♠❝ ❝→❝ ❝❤ ✈✐➳
❉❛♥❤ ❤ ❤➻♥❤ ✈➩
❉❛♥❤ ❤ ❜↔♥❣
➛♥ ♠ ✤➛✉
❈❤ ✶
✶✳✶
❈➜✉❝❞❝❤➜❆❧●❛◆✴●❛◆✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
✶✳✶✳✶
✶✳✶✳✷
✶✳✶✳✸
✶✳✷
➟❧✐➺✉❣✈➔♣❡♥✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
✶✳✷✳✶
✶✳✷✳✷
✶✳✷✳✸
✶✳✷✳✹
✶✳✸
❚ ✤ ❧✐♥❤ ✤ ✤✐➺♥
❤✐➺✉
❈❤❣ ✷
➙♥ ❜ ✤✐➺♥ ♦♥❣ ❝➜✉
❞ ❝❤➜ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ ❆❧●❛◆✴●❛◆
✷✳✶
❍➔♠ ♥❣ ❜✐➳♥ ♣❤➙♥ ❝❤♦ ❝➜✉
✷✳✷
❈→❝
❣
✤✐➲✉ ❜✐➳♥
✷✳✸
❚ ♥➠♥❣ ❧ ✈ ♠ ❡❧❡❝ ✈ ❝♦♥
✷✳✹
❑➳
➼♥❤
✸✳✶
❑➳
❣✐
✸✳✷
❑➳
✈
❈❤ ✸ ❍✐➺♥ ♥❣ ✈➟♥ ❝❤✉②➸♥ ✤✐➺♥
❝➜✉ ❞ ❝❤➜ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ ❆❧●❛◆✴●❛◆
✸✳✷✳✶
✸✳✷✳✷
❈❤ ✹
♥❛♥♦♦♥ ❞↕♥❣ ❜✐➯♥ ➠♥❣ ❝ ♣❤❛
❍✐➺♥
✈
✹✳✶
✣➦❝
❝➜
✹✳✷
✣➦❝
✈
➛♥ ❦➳ ❧✉➟♥
❉❛♥❤❤❝❜❝ ❣✐↔
❚➔✐ ❧✐➺✉ ♠ ❦❤↔♦
iii
Danh mục các từ viết tắt
Tên
Khí điện tử hai chiều (two-dimensional electron gas)
Armchair penta-graphene nanoribbon
Hàm tự tương quan (Autocorrelation function)
Mất trật tự hợp kim (Alloy disorder)
Armchair graphene nanoribbon
Nhám rào (Barrier roughness)
Nhám kết hợp (Combined roughness)
Lý thuyết phiếm hàm mật độ (Density functional theory)
Mật độ trạng thái (Density of state)
Transistor hiệu ứng trường (Field effect transistor)
Transistor hiệu ứng trường graphene (Graphene field effect
transistor)
Graphene nanoribbon
Transistor độ linh động điện tử cao (High electron mobility
transistor)
Transistor hiệu ứng trường cấu trúc dị chất (Heterojunction
field effect transistor)
Cấu trúc dị chất (Heterostructure)
Điốt phát quang (Light Emitting Diode)
Mật độ trạng thái riêng (Partial density of state)
Penta-graphene
Penta-graphene nanoribbon
Nhám phân cực (Polarization roughness)
Giếng lượng tử (Quantum well)
Sawtooth penta-graphene nanoribbon
Zigzag-armchair penta-graphene nanoribbon
Zigzag graphene nanoribbon
Zigzag penta-graphene nanoribbon
✐✈
❉❛♥❤ ❝❤ ❤➻♥❤ ✈➩
✶✳✶
❙ ♣ ①➳♣ ♥❣✉②➯♥
❝❤➾ ❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❝
✶✳✷
●✐↔♥ ✤ ✈ ✈➔
❆❧●❛◆✴●❛◆ ✶✶ ✳
✶✳✸
❙ ② ✤✐ ♠➟ ✤ ❦❤➼ ✤✐➺♥
❜➲❞➔②❆❧●❛◆ ✶✶ ✳ ✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
✶✳✹
▼ ❝➜✉
✶✳✺
❙ ❤➻♥❤
✶✳✻
❈➜✉
❛❤❛✐✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
✶✳✼
❛✮
♣❤❛ ❇
❇✲◆
❇✱ ◆ ❤♦➦❝ ✤ ♣❤❛
✶✳✽
❛✮ ❈➜✉
❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉✱ ❜✮ ■✲ ❝ ❆●◆❘ ✉➛♥ ✈➔ ❆●◆❘ ♣❤❛ ❇
✈
✶✳✾
✈➔
❛✮ ❈➜✉
❤ ❝→❝ ✈ ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉✱ ❜✮ ■✲ ❝ ❆●◆❘ ✉➛♥ ✈➔ ❆●◆❘
♣❤❛
❇✲◆ ✈
✈
✶✳✶✵ ❛✮ ❙ ✤ ❝➜✉ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❝ ✽✲ ●◆❘ ✈➔ ✹ ✈ ↕♣ ❤❛② ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉✱
❜✮ ▼ ❤➻♥❤ ❜ ❝ ✽✲ ●◆❘ ✤❝ ❤ ❜✐➯♥
❤②❞ ✽✼ ✳ ✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
✈ ❝ ●◆❘ ♣❤❛
✶✳✶✶ ❈➜✉
❝✱❞✮✈➔ ●◆❘✉➛♥✭❡✮ ✽✼ ✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
✈ ❝ ●◆❘ ♣❤❛
✶✳✶✷ ❈➜✉
❝✱❞✮✈➔ ●◆❘✉➛♥✭❡✮ ✽✼ ✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
♣❡♥ ✸✾ ✳
✶✳✶✸ ❈➜✉
✶✳✶✹ ❈→❝ ❝➜✉ ♣❡♥ ♥❛♥♦♦♥ ✺✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✶✳✶✺ ❙ ✤ ✈ ❤➻♥❤ ❤➔♥❤
✶✳✶✻ ▼ ❤➻♥❤ ❍❊▼❚ ●❛◆✳
✶✳✶✼ ▼ ❤➻♥❤ ❤✐➺✉
✷✳✶
▼ ❤➻♥❤ ♣❤❛ ✤✐➲✉ ❜✐➳♥ ❝➜✉ ❞ ❝❤➜ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ ❆❧✲
●❛◆✴●❛◆✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
✷✳✷
❍➔♠
✭❛✮ ✈➔ ❝→❝
♣❤➙♥ ❝ ❆❧●❛◆✴●❛◆ ✈ ♠➟ ✤ ✷❉❊●
✤ ❞♦♥♦
✝❆✱ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤
♣❤➙♥ ❝ ❧➛♥ ❧ ❧➔
❦ ❤✐➺✉
♠ ❤➻♥❤
✷✳✸
❍➔♠
❧❆❧ ❤❦✐♠
♠➟ ✤ ✤✐➺♥ ❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❝
L❞
♠➟ ✤ ✷❉❊● ❧➛♥ ❧ ❧➔
❤✐➺✉
❤➻♥❤
❤❤↕♥✈➔♠
✷✳✹
❍➻♥❤ ✭❛✮✱ ❤➔♠ ♦♥❣ ❝➜✉ ❞ ❝❤➜ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ ❆❧●❛◆✴●❛◆
✈✐ ❤➔♠ ❧ ❆❧
5 × 10
12
❝♠ −2
✱ ❦➼❝❤ ❝ ♣❤➙♥ ❜ ↕♣
✷❉❊● ✤➳♥
5 × 1018 ✈➔ 1019 ❝♠ −3✱ ✤❝ ❦ ❤✐➺✉
❤➔♠
❧ ❆❧
❤ ❦✐♠
❦➼❝❤ ❝ ♣❤➙♥ ❜
❝♠ −3
✝
❦❤✐ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤
❆ ✈➔ ✶✺✵ ❆ ✤❝ ❦ ❤✐➺✉
✤ ♥➨
✸✳✶
✝
✈ ♠ ❤➻♥❤
✣ ❧✐♥❤ ✤ ❦❤✐ ①➨
♥❤→♠ ❦➳ ❤ ✭❈❘✮ ✈➔
❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❝
❜✐➳♥ ❆❧●❛◆✴●❛◆ ❦❤✐ ❜✐➯♥ ✤ ♥❤→♠
Λ=70✝❆✳✣
❞ ❝❤➜ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ ❆❧●❛◆✴●❛◆ ❦❤✐ ♠➟ ✤ ✷❉❊●
❝♠ −2
✱ ♠➟ ✤ ❞♦♥♦
L❞ = 150 ✝❆ ✈➔ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤
❝ ✈ ❣✐→ ♠➟ ✤ ✤✐➺♥ ❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❝
5×1013❝♠−2✳ ✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
✸✳✷
✣ ❧✐♥❤ ✤ ❦❤✐ ①➨
♥❤→♠ ❦➳ ❤ ✭❈❘✮ ✈➔
N■
❝➜✉ ❞ ❝❤➜ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ ♣❤❛ ✤✐➲✉ ❜✐➳♥ ❆❧●❛◆✴●❛◆
✈❤➔♠❧❆❧
❝ ♣❤➙♥ ❜
L = 70 ✝❆ ❦❤✐ ❜✐➯♥ ✤ ♥❤→♠
✝
❆✳ ✣
♥❤ ❦➧♠
♣❤➙♥ ❝ ❆❧●❛◆✴●❛◆ ❦❤✐ ♠➟ ✤ ✷❉❊●
❝ ♣❤➙♥ ❜
L =70✝❆❀❛✱❜✱❝
❝♠−3✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
✸✳✸ ✣ ❧✐♥❤ ✤❣ ❦❤✐ ①➨ →♥ ①↕ ❜➜ ➟ ❤♣ ❦✐♠ ✭❆❉✮✱
♥❤→♠ ❦➳ ❤ ✭❈❘✮ ✈➔ ❝→❝
❝❤➜ ♣❤❛
N■ = 4 × 10
❝♠ −3
18
✱L❞ = 150 ❆✝ ✈➔ L = 70 ❆✳✝ ❈❤✐➲✉ ❝❛♦
♠➟ ✤ ✤✐➺♥ ➼❝❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❝
♥❤→♠
✼✼ ❑ ✶✶✺ ✳
✈ ❞ ❧✐➺✉ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ✤❝ ✤♦
✸✳✹
❤ ❦✐♠ ✭❆❉✮✱
①↕ ❜➜
✣ ❧✐♥❤ ✤ ❦❤✐ ①➨
❝→❝
♥❤→♠ ❦➳ ❤ ✭❈❘✮ ✈➔
✳✳✳✳✳ ✼✶
①↕
①↕ ✭❚♦ ✈ ♠ ❤➻♥❤
❤ ❤↕♥ ❝❤♦ ❝➜✉ ❆❧ 0.27●❛ 0.73◆✴●❛◆ ✭❝→❝ ✤ ❤ ❜➯♥ ✈➔ ❆❧◆✴●❛◆ ✭✤
❜➯♥ ♣❤↔✐✮✳ ❈→❝ ❦ ❤✐➺✉ ✈✉ ✤❝ ✤❡♥ ✈➔ ❝→❝ ❦ ❤✐➺✉ ✈✉ ❧➛♥ ❧
❧➔ ❞ ❧✐➺✉ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ✤♦ ✷✵
❑ ❝❤♦ ❝➜✉
✹✳✶
❆❧
0.27●❛
0.73◆✴●❛◆
✼✷
✈➔ ❆❧◆✴●❛◆ ✶✹✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
❛✮ ❈➜✉ ♠ ❝ ❝ ❙❙ ✤➣ ✤❝ ❤ ❜✐➯♥ ❤②❞
✈➔ ♣❤❛ ✶ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ✭❙✐✱ ◆✱
❝ ✈ ❜✮ ▼
❤➻♥❤ ❧✐♥❤
✼✻
❦✐➺♥❝❙❙✉➛♥❤♦➦❝♣❤❛ ✭❙✐✱◆✱
✳✳
✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
✹✳✷
❈➜✉
✈❣ ❝ ❙❙ ❙✐✲❙❙ ◆✲❙❙ ✈➔
❙❙✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
✹✳✸
▼➟✤ ✈➔♠➟✤ ❙❙
✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
◆✲❙❙ ✈➔ ◆❘✳
✹✳✹
✹✳✺
✽✵
✣ ■✭ ✮ ❝ ❙❙ ❙✐✲❙❙ ◆✲❙❙❘ ✈➔ ✽✶
T (E)
➲♥ ✉❛ ❙❙ ✈
➔ ✭❞✮
✹✳✻
❝ ❙❙ ❙✐✲
✳✳
✳✳
❝ ✭❛✮ ❙❙ ✭❜✮ ❙✐✲❙❙ ✭❝✮ ◆✲
✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
✽✸
❈➜✉ ✈ ✤✐➺♥ ❝ ✤✐➺♥ ❝ ♣❤↔✐ ✈➔ ♣❤ ➲♥
✶✳✵
❝ ❙❙ ❙✐✲❙❙ ◆✲❙❙ ✈➔
✳✳
✽✹
✼
✈✐✐✐
✹✳✼
❈➜✉ ❝ ✈♥❣ ✤✐➺♥ ❝ ✱ ✤✐➺♥ ❝ ♣❤↔✐
❝ ◆✲❙❙●◆❘ ↕✐ ❛✮ ✵✳✽ ✈➔ ❜✮ ✶✳✹ ✳ ♠➔✉ ✈
❦❤♦↔♥❣ ✤✐➺♥ ❦❤↔♦ ❝✮ ✈➔ ❞✮ ❚
❣✐→ ♥➠♥❣ ❧ ✤➦❝ ❜✐➺ ❣ ❝ ✤✐➺♥ ❝❤
✈✏✐✈❛❧✉❡✑❜➡♥❣✵✳✷✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
✹✳✽
❈➜✉ ✈ ✤✐➺♥ ❝ ✤✐➺♥ ❝ ♣❤↔✐ ✈➔ ♣❤ ➲♥
❛✮ ✵✳✺ ✈➔ ❜✮ ✵✳✾ ✳ ♠➔✉ ✈➔♥❣
❦❤♦↔♥❣ ✤✐➺♥ ❦❤↔♦ ❝✮ ✈➔ ❞✮ ❚
❣✐→ ♥➠♥❣ ❧ ✤➦❝ ❜✐➺ ♦♥❣ ❝ ✤✐➺♥
✈✏✐✈❛❧✉❡✑❜➡♥❣✵✳✷✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
✐①
❉❛♥❤ ❝❤ ❜↔♥❣
✶✳✶
❷♥❤❤❝❛➾
♦♥❣ ♥✐❡ ♥❤♠ ■■■ ✶✶ ✳
✶✳✷
❍➺ →♣ ✤✐➺♥ ❝ ●❛◆ ✈➔ ❆❧◆ ❝➜✉ ✇✉ ✤❝ ❞
➼♥❤
✹✳✶
✶✶ ✳ ✳✳✳✳✳
◆❤ ② ✤ ✈➲ ✤ ❞➔✐ ❧✐➯♥ ❦➳
❝❛♦♥ ❧➙♥ ❝➟♥✳ ❈❤✐➲✉ ❞➔✐ ✤❝
✹✳✷
●✐→
Ip✱Iv ✈➔
✛
✶
♥♠✤➛✉
❚♦♥❣ ❤✐ ✤↕✐ ♥❣➔② ♥❛②✱ ❝ ♥❣
✈➔ ❝ ↔♥❤ ❤ ♥❤➜ ✤➳♥ ♣❤→
❈ ♥❣❤➺ ❜→♥ ❞➝♥ ❧➔ ♥➲♥
❤❧♦➔✐♥❣ ❧➯♥✈♥❤ ②✤❣
✈➔
❝❤➼
♠ ✈❛✐
❝↔
❚ ✤➛✉
❝❤➜ ❜→♥ ❞➝♥ ❣❡❝♠❛♥✐ ✭●❡✮ ✈ ✤
❡ ✶ ✳ ▼↕❝❤ ❤ ❤ ✤➛✉
❤✐➺♥ ✈➔♦ ♥➠♠ ✶✾✻✶
♣❤ ✶✳✶✷ ❡ ✷ ✳ ❚ ♥➠♠ ✶✾✻✺✱
❤ ❜→♥ ❞➝♥✳ ❍✐➺♥ ♥❛②✱ ♣❤➛♥ ❧ ❝→❝ ♥❣➔♥❤ ❝ ♥❣❤✐➺♣ ❜→♥ ❞➝♥✱ ♠↕❝❤ ❤ ❤
❤♦➦❝ ♣✐♥ ✤✐➺♥ ✈➝♥ ❞ ♥
❙✐❧✐❝ ✈➔ ❣❡❝♠❛♥✐ ✤❝ ①❡♠ ♥❤ ❝→❝ ❝❤➜
❜→♥ ❞➝♥ ❤➺
♥❤✐➺ ✤ ♣❤ ❧➔ ✶✳✹✸ ❡ ✮ ✈➔ ✐♥❞✐✉♠ ♣❤♦ ✭■♥✱ ✤
✤ ♣❤ ❧➔ ✶✳✸✺ ❡ ✮ ✤❝ ❣✐
❤❛✐ ❝❤ ②➳✉ ✤❝
✈✐
✈➔ ♠↕❝❤ ❤ ❤ ◆❣♦➔✐ ✤
❝❛♦ ❣➜♣ ❧➛♥ ✈➔ ✈➟♥ ❝
✤ ✤✐➺♥
❉♦✤❝→❝ ❜
❞
❤✐➺✉
♥❤✐➵✉
✤→♥❤
✈➲ ❝
❤✐➺✉
❦➨♠ ❤
❈
✤➛✉
✷
●❛❆ ✭▼❊❙❋❊✮ ♥ ①✉➜ ✤➛✉ ❤➟♣ ♥✐➯♥ ✶✾✽✵ ❧➔ ✶✳✹ ✸ ✳ ◆❤✐➲✉ ♥ ❧❝ ✤➣
✤❝ ❤✐➺♥ ✤➸ ❝↔✐ ❤✐➺✉ ❜➡♥❣ ❝→❝ ♣❤ ♣❤→♣ ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉ ♥❤ ❣✐❛ ➠♥❣ ♠➟ ✤ ❝
❝❤♦ ❤✐➺✉ ●❛❆ ❧➔ ❦❤ ✤→♥❣ ❦➸✳
❈✉
✭✤
❦✛ ✱ ❝→❝ ❝❤➜ ❜→♥ ❞➝♥
❤➺ ❜❛
✈ ❝➜♠
♥❤ ❣❛❧❧✐✉♠ ♥✐ ✭●❛◆✱ ✤ ✈ ❝➜♠ ♥❤✐➺ ✤ ♣❤ ❧➔ ✸✳✹✺ ❡ ✮
✈➔
❝❛ ✭❙✐❈✱ ✤ ✈❣ ❝➜♠
❙✐❈✮ ❤✐➺♥ ♥❤ ➼♥❤ ♥➠♥❣ ✈ ✉ ❤ ✤❝ ♥❤✐➲✉
♥❤✐➺ ✤ ♣❤ ✸✳✷✺ ❡ ❝❤♦ ✹❍✲
➙♠✳ ❈→❝
❜→♥ ❞➝♥ ♥✐ ♥❤ ■■■ ❜❛♦ ❣ ❣❛❧❧✐✉♠ ♥✐ ✭●❛◆✮✱ ♥❤ ♥✐ ✭❆❧◆✮✱
✐♥❞✐✉♠ ♥✐ ✭■♥◆✮ ✈➔ ❤ ❦✐♠ ❝ ❝❤ ●❛◆ ✈➔ ❆❧◆ ✤➲✉ ❧➔ ❝❤➜ ❜→♥ ❞➝♥
✤ ✈❝➜♠
❦❤✐■♥◆❝✤ ✈❝➜♠
❡ ✮✳ ❈→❝
❜ ✤✐➺♥ ●❛◆
✭❍❊▼❚✮ ❞
❝➜✉
✈ ❦❤➼ ✤✐➺♥ ❤❛✐ ❝❤✐➲✉ ✭✷❉❊●✮ ❝ ✤ ❧✐♥❤ ✤ ❝❛♦ ✈➔ ♠➟ ✤ ❤↕ ❧ ✣✐➲✉
♥➔② ❝❤♦ ② ❍❊▼❚ ●❛◆ ♣❤ ❤ ❤ ✈ ❝→❝
❝❛♦✳ ◆❣♦➔✐ ❍❊▼❚ ●❛◆ ❝
✤➳ ❙✐❈ ✈➔ ❦✐♠ ❝ ❚❤➯♠ ✈➔♦ ✤ ❍❊▼❚ ●❛◆ ✤❝ ♥✉
❝ ❝❤✐ ♣❤➼
❞➝♥ ♥✐ ♥❤ ■■■ ✤❝ ❞
❜❝ ♥❣➢♥✱ ❝ ❧➔ ❞✐♦❞❡ ♣❤→ ♠➔✉ ①❛♥❤ ❧❛♠ ✭▲❊❉✮✳ ❙ ♣❤→ ♥
♥❤❛♥❤ ❝❤ ❝ ♥❣➔♥❤ ❝ ♥❣❤✐➺♣ ▲❊❉ ①❛♥❤ ❞ ●❛◆
✶✾✾✵ ❝ ✤➞② ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ ✈➔ ♣❤→
◆❤✐➲✉ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ ✈➲ ❝→❝
❞ ❝❤➜ ✭❍❋❊❚✮ ✤❝ ❤✐➺♥✱
♥➯♥ ♣❤ ❜✐➳♥ ♥❤➜ ❝❤♦ ❝→❝
✈➔ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ →♣ ✤✐➺♥ ❆❧●❛◆✴●❛◆ ✈➔ ■♥❆❧◆✴●❛◆✱ ❝➜✉
❝ ♠➟ ✤ ✷❉❊● ❝❛♦ ✈ ✤ ❧✐♥❤ ✤ ❝❛♦ ❤ ✤→♥❣ ❦➸
◆❣➔② ♥❛②✱ ❝➜✉
❧➽♥❤ ✈ ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉ ❞♦ ♥❤ ❧
✈ ❜→♥ ❞➝♥✱ ➲♥ ❤➻♥❤ ✈➺
✈ ♥➠♥❣ ❧ ✈ ♣✐♥ ♠➦ ❞✐♦❞❡ ♣❤→
❧➽♥❤ ✈ ②
◆❤✐➲✉ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ ❝❤♦ ②✱ ✤ ❞➝♥ ✤✐➺♥ ✈➔ ❝❤➜
✈ ❤➺
❜→♥ ❞➝♥ ❤❛② ✤✐ ✤→♥❣ ❦➸
♥❣♦➔✐ ✾✱ ✶✵ ✳ ❍ ♥ ❝➜✉
✈✐➺ ▼ ♥❤ ✤➦❝ ✤ ❧➔ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ ✤✐➺♥ ♣❤ ❤✉❝ ✈➔♦ ❤
✈➟ ❧✐➺✉ ✈➔ ❝➜✉ ❝ ✈➟ ❧✐➺✉✱ ✤➦❝ ❜✐➺ ❧➔ ❝→❝ ❝➜✉
❝➜✉
❞ ❝❤➜ ❜→♥ ❞➝♥ ❧➔ ♠ ❝❤ ✤➲ ❤➜♣ ❞➝♥
✤↕✐
♥❤❣
❦✛
❍✐➺✉
▼❣❖✱ ❆❧❆ ■♥◆✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ▼➦❝ ❞ ✤➣ ❝ ♠
♣❤➙♥ ❝ ❧➯♥ ❝→❝
❝
❝↔ ❝→❝
❝❤ ①➨ ✤➳♥
❝❤➜ ❜→♥ ❞➝♥
❝→❝❤
◆❣♦➔✐
❝❤✉②➸♥ ✤✐➺♥
❈→❝ ❝❤➜ ❜→♥ ❞➝♥ ♥✐ ♥❤ ■■■ ❜❛♦ ❣ ●❛◆✱ ■♥◆✱ ❆❧◆
❞❝❤➜❝❝❤✤❝
✤✐➺♥
✷✵ ✳ ❈→❝ ❝➜✉ ♥➔② ❝ ✤
✭✵✳✼ ❡ ✱ ■♥◆✮ ✤➳♥ ✤➳♥ ✈ ❝
❝❤➜ ❜→♥ ❞➝♥ ♥❤ ■■■✲ ✈➔ ■■✲■
●❛◆ ✈➔ ❆❧◆ ✈ ❝➜✉
●❛◆✱ ❆❧●❛◆✴●❛◆✱ ■♥●❛◆✴●❛◆✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❝
❧✐♥❤ ✤ ✤✐➺♥
❈ ✈ ❝→❝ ❝➜✉
✤❛♥❣ ✉ ❤ ✤❝ ♥❤✐➲✉
❤❛✐ ❞↕♥❣
❝❤➻✳ ❚❤❛♥ ❝❤➻ ✤❝ ♣❤→ ❤✐➺♥
❈ ♥❣✉②➯♥✱ ❧➔ ♠ ✈➟ ❧✐➺✉ ❜❛♦ ❣ ♥❤✐➲✉ ❧ ♥❣✉②➯♥
✭✷❉✮ ✤❝ ①➳♣
❧✐➯♥ ❦➳ ✈➔ ❝ ♠
❝❤➜ ❞➝♥ ✤✐➺♥
❤ ❜➲ ♠➦ ❦✐♠ ❧♦↕✐ ✈➔♦ ♥➠♠ ✶✾✼✵✳ ❇➡♥❣
♣❤❛
✹
❤ ❤➻♥❤ ✐➳♣ ❝❛ ❝❛❜♦♥ ❧➔ ❇✉❝❦♠✐♥ ❋✉❧❧❡ ✤❝ ♣❤→ ❤✐➺♥ ✈➔♦ ♥➠♠ ✶✾✽✹ ❜
❘✐❝❤❛❞ ❙♠❛❧❧❡② ✈➔ ❝ ✷✸ ✳ ❚✐➳♣ ✱ ♥❛♥♦ ❝❛♦♥ ♠
❝❤✐➲✉ ✤❝ ■✐❥✐♠❛ ♣❤→ ❤✐➺♥ ✤➛✉ ♥➠♠ ✶✾✾✵ ✷✹ ✳ ✣➦❝ ✤✐➸♠ ❝❤✉♥❣ ❝ ❝❤➻✱
❢✉❧❧❡ ✈➔ ♥❛♥♦ ❝❛♦♥ ❧➔ ①➳♣ ❞↕♥❣ ❧❝ ❣✐→❝ ❝ ❝→❝ ♥❣✉
②➯♥ ❝❛♦♥✳ ❚ ♠ ❧ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❝❛♦♥ ❧✐➯♥ ❦➳ ❤➻♥❤ ❧ ❣
✐→❝✱ ♥❣ ❝ ✉ ✤❝ ♠ ❜❛ ❞↕♥❣ ❤➻♥❤ ♥➔②✿ ①➳♣ ❝❤ ❧➯♥ ♥❤❛✉
✤➸ ↕♦ ❝❤➻✱ ❝✉ ✤➸ ♥❛♥♦ ❝❛♦♥ ✤ ❤➔♥❤ ❤♦➦❝ ✤❛ ❤❛② ✉ ♠ ❜
✤➸ ♠ ❢✉❧❧❡
◆❣❤✐➯♥ ❝✉ ❝❤✉②➯♥ ✈➲ ❣ ♠ ✈➟ ❧✐➺✉ ❤❛✐ ❝❤✐➲✉ ✭✷❉✮ ❜❛♦ ❣
❝→❝ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❝❛♦♥ ♠↕♥❣ ❧ ❣✐→❝ ❤♦➔♥ ❜➢ ✤➛✉ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✹ ✷✺ ✳
✣➦❝ ➼♥❤ ✤→♥❣ ❝❤ ♥❤➜ ❝ ❣ ✤➙② ❧➔ ❧♦↕✐
❜✐➳✈✤❝❝❧✤✤➔♥❤✈➔✤❞➝♥♥❤✐➺✈
♠ ♥❤➜ ✤❝
❝➜✉
✴❣✱ ❣
❤❛✐ ❝❤✐➲✉ ✈➔ ❞✐➺♥ ❤ ❜➲ ♠➦ ❧ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ✷✻✼✺ ♠ 2
❝❤➜ ✈➟ ❧ ✤❝ ✤→♦✳ ❑❤ ❣✐ ♥❤ ❜❛ ❝❤✐➲✉✱ ❝↔
❝→❝ ♥❣✉②➯♥
❣ ❧➔ ❝→❝ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❜➲ ♠➦ ❧➔ ❝❤ ❝
❣✐❛ ✈➔♦
❝→❝ ♣❤↔♥
❤ ❤❝ ✈➔ ❝→❝
♥❤❛✉✳ ✣✐➲✉ ♥➔②
✐➸♥ ✈
❦❤→❝
❧ ❝❤♦ ✈✐➺❝ ② ✤ ❝→❝ ✤➦❝ ❝ ❣ ❚ ♥❤✐➲✉ ♥➠♠ ♥❤✐➲✉
♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ ❧ ✉②➳ ✈➔ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❝❤♦ ❣ ✤➣ ✤❝ ❤✐➺♥✳ ❈
✈➔
✈✐➺❝ ❤ ❣ ✤ ❧ ✤❛ ❧ ❤❛② ❣ ♥❛♥♦♦♥ ✤➳ ❦✐♠
❧♦↕✐ ✤➣ ✤❝ ❤✐➺♥ ✷✻✱ ✷✼✱ ✷✽ ✳ ❈→❝ ❝❤➜ ✤✐➺♥ ❤ ❤❝✱
✤✐➺♥ ❤ ❝ ❣ ❝ ✤❝ ①❡♠ ①➨ ✷✾✱ ✸✵✱ ✸✶ ✳ ◆❣♦➔✐
✈➟
❧✐➺✉ ❞
❣❛♣❤❡♥❡ ✤➸ ❝❤✉②➸♥ ✤ ♥➠♥❣ ❧ ♠➦ ✉❛♥❣ ① ✤✐➺♥ ❝ ♣✐♥
❧✐ ✤✐➺♥ ❧ ❝ ♥❤ ❝→❝ ❝↔♠ ❜✐➳♥ ✤✐➺♥ ❤ ✈➔ ❤❝ ✤➣ ✤❝
♣❤➙♥ ❤ ✸✷✱ ✸✸✱ ✸✹ ✳
▼➦❝❞❣❝❝→❝ ❝❤➜✈➟❧✈➔❤❤❝➺✈ ♥❤✐➯♥ ❣ ❧➔ ♠ ✈➟
❧✐➺✉ ❦❤ ❝ ✈❣ ❝➜♠✱ ❣➙② ❦❤ ❦❤➠♥ ❝❤♦ ✈✐➺❝ ❣ ❤✐➺✉ ✈➔
❞
❝→❝ ❜ ✤✐➺♥ ❦❤→❝✳ ✣➸ ❣✐↔✐
➳ ✈➜♥ ✤➲ ♥➔②✱ ❝→❝ ✈➟ ❧✐➺✉ ❤❛✐ ❝❤✐➲✉ ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉ ♥❤ ❚▼❉ ✭ ♠❡
❞✐❝❤❛❧❝♦❣❡♥✐❞❡ ● ✭❣②♥❡✮✱ ●❉ ✭❣ ✳ ✳ ✤➣ ✈➔ ✤❛♥❣ ✤❝ ♣❤→
◆❤ ✈➟ ❧✐➺✉ ♥➔② ❝ ✤ ✈ ❝➜♠ ❧✐♥❤ ❤♦↕ ❝ ♥❤ ♠
❝❤➜ ✈➟ ❧✱ ❤ ❤❝ ❝
❞ ❝❤♦ ❜ ✤✐➺♥ ❝ ♥❣❤➺ ❤ ❤❝✱
❤✐➺♥ ♠
❝ ♥❣❤➺ ② ✸✺✱ ✸✻✱ ✸✼✱ ✸✽ ✳
✺
◆➠♠ ✷✵✶✺✱ ♠ ❞↕♥❣ ❤ ❤➻♥❤ ♠✐ ❝❛ ❝❛❜♦♥ ✤❝ ❞ ✤♦→♥ ❜ ❤❛♥❣
✈➔❝✱❣❧➔♣❡♥✳❡♥✭✮ ❤✐➺♥ ✤❝
❤❝ ✈➔ ✤ ❤❝ ♥❣❛② ❝↔ ❦❤✐ ♥❤✐➺ ✤ ✤↕ ✶✵✵✵ ❑✳ ❚❤➯♠ ✈➔♦ ✤ ♣❡♥
❤❛✐ ❝❤✐➲✉ ❝ ✤ ✈ ❝➜♠ ➳♣ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ✸✳✷✺ ❡ ✱ ❝❛♦ ❤ ✈ ❝→❝ ❞↕♥❣ ❤➻♥❤ ❦❤→❝ ❝
❝❛♦♥ ✸✾ ✳ ❡♥ ❤✐➺♥ ♥❤✐➲✉ ➼♥❤ ❝❤➜ ✤✐➺♥✱
✤❝ ✤→♦ ✹✵
♥❤✐➺ ✈➔
❤②❞❤❝
❧➔♠ ❣✐↔♠ ✤
❧♦↕✐ ❝❤✉②➸♥ ➳♣ ❝ ➸ ❧➔♠
❝ ✤→♥❣ ❦➸
❧ ❝❧❝❤♦
❧✈➔❤❤❝✈
❧✉②➳✈➔❝❤♦②❝❤❝
❝→❝
❧➽♥❤ ✈ ✤✐➺♥
❚ ♣❡♥ ♥❣
♥❛♥♦♦♥ ✭❘✮ ✈ ❞↕♥❣ ❜✐➯♥ ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉✳ ❑❤↔♦
❜ ❧♦↕✐
❝❤♦ ②✱ ❝→❝ ❝➜✉
▼ ❝
✤➣
❝➜✉
❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉ ❤♦➦❝ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝
❉ ✈➔♦ ✤ ❞➝♥ ✤✐➺♥✱ ♥❣
❝❤➜ ❞➝♥ ✤✐➺♥✱ ❝❤➜ ❜→♥ ❞➝♥ ✈➔ ❝❤➜ ❝→❝❤ ✤✐➺♥✳ ❑❤✐ ❦❤↔♦ ✤➦❝ ❝ ✈➟ ❧✐➺✉✱
❞➝♥ ✤✐➺♥ ❤❛② ❤ ❧➔ ✤➦❝ ✈➟♥ ❝❤✉②➸♥ ✤✐➺♥ ❧➔ ♠ ♥❤ ✈➜♥ ✤➲ ❝➛♥ ✤❝ ①❡♠ ①➨
▲ ✉②➳ ✈➟♥ ❝❤✉②➸♥ ✤✐➺♥ ✤❝ ①➙②
❞ ❤❛✐ ✤✐➸♠ ❧➔ ❞ ❤✐➺♥ ❦❤✉②➳❝❤ ❤♦➦❝ ❞ ❤✐➺♥
✤↕♥ ✤↕♦✳
✤✐➸♠ ✤➛✉✱ ❞ ✤✐➺♥ ✤❝ ❦❤✐
✈➟ ❧✐➺✉ ✤❝ →♣
♥❣❤➽❛ ❧➔
❣➙② ❞
❚ ❦❤✐ ✤ ♠ ❤➻♥❤ ❝
❧↕✐ ❝❤♦ ② ✤✐➺♥ →♣ ❤➻♥❤
❞ ❞♦ ✤ ❧ ✤✐➺♥
✤❝ ①→❝ ✤ ❜ ❝→❝ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ❜✐➯♥ ❝ ❜➲ ♠➦ ♠➝✉ ❦❤↔♦ ❞ ✤✐➺♥
♠ ✤✐➺♥ ❦❤ ✤ ♥❤➜ ❤➺✳ ✣ ✈ ❝→❝ ❤➺
✤✐➸♠
✤➛✉ ❧➜② ❧ ✉②➳ ❉ ❤➻♥❤ ❧✉➟♥ ❑✉❜♦ ✈➔ ♣❤ ❇♦❧❛♥♥ ❧➔♠
♥➲♥ ❈→❝ ❤➺ ♠ ❤➻♥❤ ❝ ❧↕✐ ❞ ❧ ✉②➳ ✈➟♥ ❝❤✉②➸♥ ▲❛♥❞❛✉❡
❤✐➺♥
❚♦♥❣ ♠ ❤➻♥❤ ❉❞❡✱ ❝→❝ ✤✐➺♥
❤♦➦❝ ✈ ♠↕♥❣
❉ ❝ ❝❤♦ ➡♥❣ ❝→❝ ✤✐➺♥
❧ ❜➜ ❦✳ ✣✐➲✉ ♥➔② ❦❤ ♣❤ ❤ ✈
❝ ❝→❝ ❣✐→
❝
✈➟ ❞➝♥ ✤➲✉ ✤ ❣ ✈➔♦
✤✐➺♥ ❝→❝ ❧ ✈ ✤✐➺♥
❦❤➼ ✤✐➺♥
♥❤ ❦❤➼ ❧ ❦❤✐ ✤ ✈ ♠ ❤➻♥❤
♣❤➙♥ ❜ ❋❡ ✕ ❉✐
❚ ♠ ❤➻♥❤ ❉ ❝→❝ ✤✐➺♥
❤✉ ❤↕♥ ✈➔ ✤✐➺♥
♠↕♥❣✱ ❞❛♦ ✤ ♠↕♥❣✱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❑❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤ ✈➔ ❣✐❛♥
❝❤↕♠ ✤❝ ❣ ❧➔
✣ ❞➝♥ ❤❛
❝ ❝→❝ ✤✐➺♥
✈
n ❧➔
✤✐➺♥
❣✐❛♥ ❤ ♣❤ ✈➔
❚❤❡♦ ♠ ❤➻♥❤ ❉ ❦❤✐ ♥❤✐➺ ✤
❝❤✉②➸♥ ✤ ♠↕♥❤ ❤✱ ❧➔♠ ❣✐↔♠
✈➔ ✤✐➺♥
✈➟ ❞➝♥✱ ❞♦ ✤ ♥❤✐➺ ✤ ✈➟ ❞➝♥ ♠ ❤➻♥❤ ♥➔②✱ ✤ ✤➦❝
❞ ✕ ✤✐➺♥ →♣ ❦❤ ➳♥
❣✐↔✐ ❤ ✤❝ ✤✐➺♥
▲ ❤✉②➳ ❙♦♠♠❡❢❡❧❞ ♠
❝→❝ ✤✐➺♥
❋❡ ✕ ❉✐ ▲ ✉②➳ ❙♦♠♠❡❞ ①→❝ ✤
❝❤♦ ②✱ ✤ ❞➝♥ ❦❤ ❝❤➾ ♣❤ ❤✉❝ ✈➔♦
♣❤ ❤✉❝ ✈➔♦ ❝→❝ ②➳✉
①↕ ↔♥❤ ❤ ✤➳♥ ✤ ❞➝♥ ❝➛♥ ✤❝ ①❡♠ ①➨
❞➝♥ ❦❤
❚♦♥❣ ♠ ❤➻♥❤ ✤✐➺♥
✉➛♥ ❤♦➔♥✳ ❍➔♠ ❝❛ ✤✐➺♥
✈➔ ❧➔ ❝❤ ❝❤➟♣ ➳♥ ➼♥❤ ❝ ❝→❝ ♣❤➥♥❣✳ ➟②✱ ♠
❤♦➔♥ ❧
◆❣❝ ❧↕✐✱ ♠
✤✐➺♥
✤✐➺♥ ❞➝♥ ❣➙② ✤✐➺♥ ❈ ❝→❝ ❤
❝ ♠➦ ❝ ❝→❝ ♥❣✉②➯♥
✤✐➺♥
❧➔♠ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ①➯ ❞❤ ❦❤ ✈ ❝➙♥ ❜➡♥❣ ✈➔ ♣❤→ ✈
♥❤ ♥❣✉ ✤✐➸♥ ❤➻♥❤ ❣➙②
❣➛♥
❞♦✱ ♥❣
✤✐➺♥
①✉➜ ❤✐➺♥ ❦❤✐ ❝
↔♥❤ ❤♥❣ ❝ ❦❤ ❧ ❤✐➺✉ ❞ ✈➔
❝❛♦✱ ✤✐➺♥
♥❤❛♥❤✳ ✣➙② ❧➔ ❝ ✤➸
❝❛♦✿ ❝❤✉②➸♥
✣➸ ♥➙♥❣ ❝❛♦ ❝ ✤ ① ❧ ❝ ❧✐♥❤ ❦✐➺♥✱
❤↕ ✈➔ ❣✐↔♠ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❝→❝❤ ➲♥ ❞ ✤✐➺♥✳ ❉♦ ✤✐➺♥
♠↕❝❤ ✤✐➺♥ ✈ ✈➟♥ ❝
❦❤✐ ❞❤ ❝❤✉②➸♥ ❣✐ ❤❛✐
❝❤➳ ❦❤✐ ① ❧ ✈ ❝ ✤ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ✶✵ ●❍③✳
◗✉➣♥❣ ✤ ❤✐➺✉ ❞ ❝ ❞ ✤✐➺♥
❜➡♥❣ ❝❤✐➲✉ ❞➔✐ ❦➯♥❤
❦❤♦↔♥❣ ✶✽✵ ♥♠✳ ❙♦ ✈ ❝→❝
❜➻♥❤ ✭
♣❤
❝➔♥❣ ♥❤
❝❤✉②➸♥ ✤ ❇♦❧ ❑❤✐ ❦➼❝❤ ❝ ❧✐♥❤ ❦✐➺♥
❝❤♦
✭❦❤♦↔♥❣ ✈➔✐ ❝❤ ♥♠✮✱ ✤✐➺♥
❧➯♥✳ ❑❤✐ ✤ ❦❤ →♣ ❞ ✤❝ ♣❤
♠➔✤❝♠
❝ ❝→❝ ✤✐➺♥
✈➔✐ ❝❤ ♥❛♥♦ ♠➨ ✤➦❝
❝ ✤✐➺♥
❝
✽
❝→❝ ❤✐➺✉ ♥❣ ✤✐➺♥ ❞✉♥❣ ❣➙② ♥➯♥ ❤✐➺♥ ❝❤➢♥ ❈♦✉❧♦♠❜✳
❝→❝ ❤↕ ↔✐ ❞✐ ❝❤✉②➸♥ ✈ ✈➟♥ ❝ ✤↕♥ ✤↕♦ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ✶✳✹
➻ ✈➟②✱ ❦❤✐ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ ➼♥❤ ❝❤➜ ✤✐➺♥ ❝❛ ✈➟ ❧✐➺✉✱ ✤ ❞➝♥✱ ✤ ❧✐♥❤ ✤ ✈➔
✤➦❝ ❞ ✕ ✤✐➺♥ →♣ ❧➔ ♥❤ ✤➦❝ ❝ ♠ ❧✐➯♥ ❤➺ ❝❤➦ ❝❤➩ ✈➔ ❝➛♥ ✤❝ ❦❤↔♦ ✤➸ ❤♦➔♥ ♥❣
❤✐➯♥ ❝ ✈➔ ✤ ✈➔♦ ❞ ✹✼✱ ✹✽✱ ✹✾✱ ✺✵✱ ✺✶✱ ✺✷ ✳
❚ ♥❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❤ ❝❤♦ ②✱ ↔♥❤ ❤ ❝ ❤✐➺✉ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ ✤➳♥
✈➟♥ ❝❤✉②➸♥ ✤✐➺♥
♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ ❝❤✐
❝→❝ ❤➺ ❝❤✐➲✉✱ ❝ ❧➔ ❤➺ ❤❛✐ ❝❤✐➲✉✱ ❝➛♥ ✤❝
❤✐➺♥
◆❣♦➔✐
②➸♥ ✤✐➺♥ ❝ ✈➟ ❧✐➺✉ ♠
✈➟♥ ❝❤✉
❞ ❣ ❝ ❧➔ ♣❡♥ ♥❛♥♦♦♥ ❝➛♥ ✤❝ ❦❤↔♦ ♠
❝→❝❤ ✤➛② ✤ ❤ ➻ ✈➟②✱ ❝→❝ ✈➜♥ ✤➲ ♥❤ ❝➜✉ ❞ ❝❤➜ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ ❝❤➜
✤✐➺♥ ❤➺ ❝❤✐➲✉ ❝ ①❡♠ ①➨ ↔♥❤ ❤ ❝ ✤✐➺♥ ❤ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ ✤➦❝
❝➜✉ ✈➔ ❝❤➜ ✈➟♥ ❝❤✉②➸♥ ✤✐➺♥
♣❡♥ ♥❛♥♦♦♥
✤❝ ❜➔② ❧✉➟♥ →♥ ♥➔②✳
✣➸ ❣✐↔✐ ➳ ❝→❝ ✈➜♥ ✤➲ ✤➦
♥❤ ♥ ❞✉♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝
✤❝
❤✐➺♥✿
✶✳ ❚❣ ✉❛♥ ✈➲ ✈➟ ❧✐➺✉ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝
❈➜✉
❈→❝
❞ ❝❤➜ ♣❤➙♥ ❝
❜→♥ ❞➝♥ ❝ ❤❛✐ ❤❛② ♥❤✐➲✉ ❧♦↕✐ ♥❣✉②➯♥
❦❤ ✤ ①
❤✐➺♥ ❤❛✐ ❝→❝❤ ➢♣ ①➳♣ ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉ ❝ ❝→❝ ❧ ♥❣✉②➯♥
♥❣❝ ♥❤❛✉✱ ✈
❞❝
❝➜✉
❝→❝ ❤ ♥➔②✳ ➼ ❞ ♥❤ ✈ ❝❤➜ ❜→♥ ❞➝♥ ❤❛✐ ❧♦↕✐ ♥❣✉②➯♥
✇✉
①➳♣ ❝ ❝→❝ ❧ ♥❣✉②➯♥ ❝ ♥❣✉
❇ ♥❣❝ ♥❤❛✉ ❞❝
✭✵✵✵✶✮ ✈➔ ✭✵✵✵
❦❤✤① ✤♣❤➙♥❝ ✤❝①→❝✤
◆❣♦➔✐
❤ ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉✳ ❚➼♥❤ ❝❤➜ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ ❝ ♣❤ ✉❝ ✈➔♦ ✤➳ ♥✉ ✈➔ ♥❤✐➲✉ ②➳✉
❦❤→❝✳ ❑❤✐ ♥✉ ❝➜✉ ❞ ❝❤➜
♣❤➙♥ ❝ ❞➝♥ ✤➳♥
♣❤➙♥ ❝ ♥➔② ♣❤ ✉❝ ✈➔♦ ♥❤✐➲✉ ②➳✉ ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉ ❝ ♠➝✉ ♥✉
❝❤➜ ♣❤➙♥ ❝ ❤➸ ❤✐➺♥ ❦❤→
