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Thyc td la khi Lien Xd tan ra, so lugng
cac NGO d Lien bang Nga tang len mdt
each nhanh chdng, nam 1990 chi cd khoang
4000 td chuc, chii ydu la eac hiep bdi van
hoa, the thao, bdi tinh nguyen vdi quan ddi
va cae Quy boa binh, ddn nam 1996 da cd
khoang 58.000 td chuc dang ky hoat ddng
vdi nhidu loai hinh, ten ggi khac nhau va ddn
nay sd lugng cac NGO van tiep tuc tang len
nhu "na'm sau mua". Viec xuai hien ngay
cang nhidu NGO, mdt mat cd tac dyng tich
eye gdp phan cung ung cae djch vu va giai
quydt eac van dd xa hdi, dap iing nhu cau da
TS. Vien Khoa hoc td chuc Nha nudc - Bd Ndi vu
Trong bdi canh tmh hinh dd, nhai la
trudc dien bidn ciia cac cudc "each mang sac
mau" d cae nudc thudc Lien Xd cu, chinh
quydn ciia nguyen Tdng thdng Putin da cd
nhung didu chinh manh me trong viee quan
ly cac NGO, nhai la ddi vdi cac NGO nude
ngoai hoac cd ye'u td nudc ngoai. Chinh vi
vay, Luat Lien bang ngay 10 thang 01 nam
2006 vd nhung thay ddi trong mdt so luat
Lien bang Nga duge Duma Qudc gia thdng
qua ngay 23/12/2005 va Hdi ddng Lien bang
phe chuan ngay 27/12/2005 da cd nhung quy
djnh mdi ddi vdi boat ddng eiia NGO d Lien
bang Nga.
<b>1. Mot sd thay ddi quan trgng trong </b>
<b>cap dang ky va quan ly hoat dong ciia cac </b>
<i>1.1. Quy dinh chat che, cu the vd chi </i>
<i>tiet hon ve dieu kien ddng ky hogt dpng cua </i>
<i>cdc hiep hdi, td chuc phi chinh phu </i>
Didu 2 eiia Luat nay thay ddi va bd
sung mdt sd ndi dung ciia Luat Vd cac td
chuc hiep hdi. Theo dd, hd so dang ky boat
ddng ciia hiep hgi bao gdm:
1) Don dd nghj cd chu ky va hg ten day
dii ciia ngudi dai dien, noi sinh sd'ng va sd
dien thoai lien lac;
2) Didu le ciia hiep hdi duge sao thanh
ba ban;
3) Trich lye bien ban ciia dai hdi hoac
hdi nghj thanh lap, trong dd thdng bao vd
viee thanh lap hiep hdi, ve phe duyet didu le
va thdng tin vd cac co quan lanh dao, co
quan thanh - kidm tra;
4) Cac thdng tin vd nhung ngudi sang
lap;
<i><b>'HA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT SO 111200* </b></i>
5) Hd so nop thud nha nudc;
6) Thdng tin ve dja didm dat try sd lam
viec thudng xuyen ciia co quan lanh dao;
7) Bien ban dai hdi hoac hdi nghj thanh
lap ciia eac chi nhanh tryc thudc (ddi vdi cac
hiep hdi cd tinh chai qudc td, toan lien bang
hoac toan lien vimg);
8) Neu hiep hdi sir dung ten ngudi hoac
bidu tugng duge phap luat bao ve quydn sd
huu tri tue va ban quydn tac gia thi phai cd
tai lieu chirng thyc quydn duge phep sir
dung.
Trong dd, cac tai lieu tir myc 1 ddn 6
phai duge giao nop trong thdi ban 3 thang ke
tu ngay td chiic dai hdi hoac bdi nghj thanh
lap.
Co quan ciia chinh quydn hanh phap cac
cap cd thaim quydn cap dang ky cho cac
NGO theo pham vi lanh thd dang ky boat
ddng: toan lien bang, lien viing, viing hay co
sd.
Trong thdi ban 30 ngay, ke tir khi nhan
bd so, cac CO quan ciia chinh quydn hanh
phap cd thaim quyen phai hoan thanh viec
ca'p dang ky hoac tu chdi ca'p dang ky cho
Cac hiep hdi, td chuc phi lgi nhuan se
khdng duge dang ky boat ddng trong nhung
trudng hgp sau:
1) Ndu didu le ciia hiep bdi, td chirc phi
lgi nhuan trai vdi Hidn phap Lien bang Nga
va phap luat Lien bang;
2) Ndu hd so dang ky khdng day dii eac
gia'y td can thidt theo quy djnh eiia phap luat
hoac hd so duge hinh thanh mdt each khdng
thoa dang hay do co quan khdng chinh dang
trinh len;
3) Ndu tu each ciia ngudi sang lap khdng
dap irng cac didu kien theo quy djnh ciia
phap luat;
4) Ndu cd mdt hiep hdi, td chitc phi lgi
nhuan da dang ky cd eiing ten ggi dang hoat
ddng tren pham vi lanh thd dd;
5) Ndu xet tha'y trong hd so ciia td chirc
trinh len cd nhung thdng tin thidu xac thyc;
6) Ndu ten ggi ciia hiep hdi, td ehiirc phi
lgi nhuan cd anh hudng ddn thuan phong my
tuc, tinh cam tdn giao, dan tdc.
Nhirng dd'i tugng sau day khdng duge la
sang lap vien, tham gia sang lap va thanh
vien ciia cae hiep hdi, cac td churc phi lgi
nhuan:
1) Cdng dan nudc ngoai hoac ngudi
khdng mang qudc tjch ma phap luat Lien
bang Nga quy djnh khdng duge phep sinh
sdng d Lien bang Nga;
2) Nhung ngudi bj phap luat Lien bang
Nga liet vao ddi tugng rira tidn, kidm tien
bang eon dudng bai hgp phap hoac nhan tai
trg eiia chii nghia khiing bd;
3) Cac td chuc hiep hdi bj dinh chi boat
ddng theo luat phap Lien bang Nga;
4) Nhung ngudi ma toa an da phan quyet
la ed da'u hieu boat ddng eye doan;
5) Cac td ehue phi chinh phii va td chiic
tdn giao ed dau hieu boat ddng qua khich,
eye doan;
6) Nhung ngudi da bi ban an eiia toa an
tuyen bd tude quydn ty do ...
Cac CO quan ciia ehinh quydn nha nudc
<i>1.2. Quy dinh ro rdng vd cu the thdm </i>
<i>quyen vd trdch nhiem thuc hien viec gidm </i>
<i>sdt vd kiem tra hogt ddng, nhdt Id ve </i>
<i>phuong dien tdi chinh cua cdc NGO </i>
da dang ky. Trong qua trinh thyc hien kidm
tra, CO quan nay cd quydn:
1) Chai van co quan lanh dao cae NGO
vd eac van ban chi dao, didu hanh;
2) Cir cae dai dien eiia minh can thiep
vao cac boat ddng didu hanh ciia NGO;
3) Tidn hanh kidm tra hang nam it nhai
la mdt lan boat ddng ciia NGO, trong dd cd
viec chi tieu tai chinh va sir dung cac ngudn
lye khac, can cu theo muc tieu va quy ehe
duge phe duyet;
4) Chai van va thu thap thdng tin vd boat
ddng kinh doanh - tai chinh ciia NGO d cac
CO quan thdng ke nha nudc, co quan hanh
phap Lien bang, co quan cd tham quydn
kiem tra va giam sat trong linh vyc thud va le
phi, cac CO quan kidm tra va giam sat nha
5) Trong trudng hgp phat hien thay NGO
vi pham Hidn phap va phap luat Lien bang
Nga hay cd nhung boat ddng trai vdi muc
tieu da dd ra thi eo quan cd thaim quydn ca'p
dang ky cd the canh cao bang van ban ddi
vdi CO quan lanh dao ciia td chirc va quy dinh
thdi gian bat bude phai khac phuc cac vi
pham dd la khdng qua 1 thang. Cac NGO cd
the khie'u nai len eo quan ca'p tren hoac khieu
kien ra tda an ddi vdi canh cao ciia co quan
ca'p dang ky.
Cac CO quan kiem tra tai chinh Lien
bang, CO quan hanh phap Lien bang cd
quyen kiem tra va giam sat trong linh vyc
thud va le phi; co quan hanh phap Lien bang
ed thaim quyen thyc hien chuc nang ngan
chan cae khoan thu nhap bai hgp phap, rira
tien, ed duge bang con dudng phi phap va tai
trg ciia chii nghia khiing bd. Cd the can cu
vao cac vi pham ciia NGO dd ban hanh quyet
djnh dinh chi boat ddng ciia nd trudc thdi
ban da duge dang ky. Va khi mdt NGO bj
dinh chi hoat ddng thi cac bd phan, td chirc
hgp thanh va cae chi nhanh ciia nd ciing bi
dinh chi boat ddng.
Khie'u kien ciia cac NGO len tda an vd
viee bj dinh ehi boat ddng se duge Vien cdng
td xem xet theo luat djnh.
Cac CO quan cd thaim quydn cung ehu
trgng ddn viee giam sat va kidm tra mdi quan
he giua eac NGO trong nudc vdi cac NGO
nudc ngoai.
<i>1.3. Hgn che thdnh lap cdc NGO nudc </i>
<i>ngoai, cdc chi nhdnh cua chung trong cdc </i>
<i>td chuc hdnh chinh - lanh thd dgc biet </i>
<i>(khep kin) </i>
Dieu 1 ciia Luat nay bd sung quy djnh
eiia Luat vd Td chuc hanh chinh - lanh thd
dac biet (td chuc hanh chinh - lanh thd dac
biet la noi dat cac co sd hat nhan, cac nha
may phuc vy muc tieu an ninh, qudc
phdng,...) nhu sau: "Han che' viec thanh lap
va boat ddng tren lanh thd Lien bang Nga
cac td chuc ma nhung sang lap vien la ngudi
nudc ngoai hoac ngudi khdng mang qudc
tjch, cac NGO nudc ngoai, cac chi nhanh ciia
NGO nudc ngoai, cac td chirc cd sy dau tu
tai chinh ciia nudc ngoai".
Viec thanh lap va boat ddng ciia cac td
chirc cd vd'n dau tu ciia nudc ngoai d cac td
Trong pham vi cac don vj hanh chinh
-lanh thd dae biet khdng cho phep thanh lap
va boat ddng ciia cac td chuc ma thanh vien
sang lap la ngudi nudc ngoai hoac ngudi
khdng mang qudc tjch, cac td chuc nudc
ngoai, cac NGO nudc ngoai va cae chi nhanh
eiia chiing cung nhu boat ddng ciia cac td
chuc qudc td, trir cac trudng hgp da duge quy
djnh trong cac hiep udc qudc te ma Lien
bang Nga da ky kei.
<i><b>HA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT SO 111200* </b></i>
<i>1.4. Cdc dieu ludt quy dinh ve dieu </i>
<i>kien, trinh tu, thu tuc thdnh lap, hd sa xin </i>
<i>cdp ddng ky hogt ddng cua cdc NGO nudc </i>
<i>ngoai hoac cdc chi nhdnh hay ca quan dgi </i>
<i>dien cua cdc NGO nudc ngodi d Lien bang </i>
<i>Nga duac bd sung cu the, chi tiet vd chat </i>
<i>che han rdt nhieu so vdi cdc vdn bdn ludt </i>
<i>phdp dd ban hdnh </i>
Didu 3 ciia Luat nay bd sung mdt sd ngi
dung ciia Luat vd Cae td chuc phi lgi nhuan.
- Trich luc danh sach cac tu each phap
nhan nudc ngoai ciia dai nude xuai xu; hd so
thanh lap td chuc;
- Quyet djnh ciia co quan lanh dao td
chirc nay vd viec dat chi nhanh hoac dai
dien;
- Quydt djnh chi dinh ngudi lanh dao chi
nhanh hoac ngudi dai dien;
- Hd so trinh bay muc dich, nhiem vy
eiia ehi nhanh hgac dai dien;
- Tinh hinh tai chinh ciia td chuc nay d
nudc ngoai...
Cac ly do dd co quan cd tham quydn tir
chdi cap dang ky hoat ddng cho cae ehi
nhanh hoac dai dien ciia cac NGO nudc
ngoai cung duge Luat nay quy djnh day dii
va chat ehe hon. Ben canh cac ly do bi tU
- Ndu mue tieu ciia viec lap chi nhanh
ciia NGO trai vdi Hidn phap va phap luat ciia
Lien bang Nga;
- Ndu viec lap chi nhanh eiia NGO de
doa ddi vdi ehii quydn qudc gia, ddc lap vd
ehinh tri, quydn bai kha xam pham lanh thd,
sy thdng nhai va toan ven qudc gia, truyen
thdng van boa va lgi ich dan tdc eiia Lien
bang Nga;
- Ndu da cd mdt chi nhanh nao dd cua
NGO nay duge cap dang ky trude day bj
dinh ehi boat ddng do vi pham nghiem trgng
Hidn phap va luat phap Lien bang Nga.
cac quy dinh vd tham quydn giam sat,
kidm tra va xir phat ddi vdi eac NGO cd yeu
td nudc ngoai hoac cac ehi nhanh, co quan
dai dien ciia eac td chUc nay eung duge bd
sung day dii, chi tidt va chat che hon. Dae
biet la eac van de lien quan ddn tai chinh, tin
dung nhu ngudn gdc va mue dich chi tieu tai
chinh ciia cac td chire nay d tren lanh thd
<b>2. Mot sd vain de dang chu y trong qua </b>
<b>trinh dir thao va ban hanh Luat </b>
Qua trinh soan thao va thdng qua Luat
mdi nay da gap phai sy chi trich eiia mdt sd
nha "dan chii" trong va ngoai nudc. Tir khia
canh luat phap qudc td, cac nha "dan chii"
khang djnh rang dy thao Luat "d hang
loat didu khoan tidp tyc mau thuan vdi luat
phap qudc td". Hg da vien dan Cdng ude
chau Au vd nhan quydn va eac quyen ty do
CO ban, Tuyen bd chung vd nhan quyen,
Hiep ude qudc td ve cac quydn chinh trj va
cdng dan. Cu the la Didu 20 Tuyen bd
chung, Didu 22 Cdng udc qudc td va Didu 11
Cdng udc chau Au, quy djnh vd quydn ty do
lap hdi ciia mdi ngudi.
mgi ngudi duge thanh lap va tham gia boat
ddng trong eac NGO khong bj cam doan va
khdng the bj ca'm doan, bdi vi didu dd mau
thuan vdi chinh Hidn phap Lien bang Nga.
Ve mdt sd han ehe boat ddng ciia cac NGO
neu trong Luat, thi ngay chinh trong nhung
van ban da duge dan ra cung da cd nhirng
quy djnh ban che tuong ty. Cy the la, Didu
29 Tuyen bd chung va Didu 22 Hiep udc
Lien quan den cac thii tuc can thidt dd
dang ky thanh lap NGO va viec kiem tra tai
chinh boat ddng eua cac td chuc nay theo
quy dinh ciia Luat da duge thdng qua, Bd
trudng S.V.Lavrov cho rang, cd the dan ra
eac quy djnh tuong ty trong luat phap quan
ly boat ddng ciia cac NGO d nhiing nudc dan
chii phat tridn.
Vd viec kiem tra tai chinh, theo luat eiia
nudc Phap, tai ca nhimg td chuc tdn giao va
"hiep hdi cdng ich" (phan Idn cac NGO duge
"qua tang va thua kế khi duge ngudi dirng
dau chinh quydn dja phuong cho phep sau
khi da kidm tra boat đng ciia td chuc.
Ngoai ra, nhirng hiep hdi nay cdn phai cam
kei dua vao dieu le eiia minh trach nhiem
trinh bao cao ngan quy theo bai ky yeu cau
nao eiia Bd Ndi vu va ehinh quydn dja
phuong. NGO cdn cd trach nhiem hang nam
nop cho chinh quyen bao cao ve hoat đng
tai ehinh ciia minh va cho phep dai dien cac
bd chu quan kidm tra try sd.
Theo luat ciia Israel, cac NGO cd the bi
chai van thdng tin vd tai chinh bai
ky thdi diem nao. Tai Israel co quan ca'p
phep boat ddng, tuy tinh hinh cd toan quyen
td chirc thanh tra va didu tra boat ddng
(khdng chi boat ddng tai chinh) ciia NGO.
Che do kiem tra ddi vdi NGO do nhung
ngudi duge ggi la "dai ly nudc ngoai" d Hoa
Ky tren co sd Luat ve Dang ky boat ddng
ciia cac dai ly nudc ngoai nam 1938 cdn gat
gao hon nua. Vai trd chii chdi d day tham chi
Ve thii tue dang ky thanh lap NGO, theo
Bd trudng S.V.Lavrov, cac quy djnh ciia Luat
Nga mdi duge thdng qua khdng tham gi so
vdi sy eye nhgc eiia viec dang ky boat ddng
ciia NGO d My. Tham chi ndu bd qua Luat
nam 1938, ma chi theo luat ve Cac cdng ty
phi thuong mai bang New York, thi bai ky
mdt NGO nao, de cd the nhan duge giay
phep boat ddng, can tuan thii "bat ky didu
kien nao" (khdng neu cy thd) ciia co quan
cap phep. Khi dang ky tai cac co quan thud
ngudi lap ra NGO phai ke khai theo mau
1023 bao gdm 240 cau hdi da phan khdng
lien quan gi ddn tai chinh. Tai ca nhung eau
bdi dd that sy da "bdc tran" toan bd khuynh
budng tu tudng va co ca'u tai chinh ciia NGO.
Cdn ndu ndi dy Luat ciia Nga cd "xu
hudng tu chdi dang ky va xoa bd cac
<i><b>HA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT SO 11/200* </b></i>
NGO mdt each vd can cu", thi chinh day lai
la phan gan gui nhai ciia dy thao Luat Nga
vdi thyc tidn luat phap cac ndn dan chii phat
tridn. Chang ban, d Phap, nhung NGO "duge
3. Suy nghi bude dau ve viec hoan
thien he thdng phap luat quan ly hgi, td
chuc phi chinh phii d nudc ta hien nay
Thdng qua vice tim hieu cac quy djnh
ciia luat phap Lien bang Nga vd quan ly cac
NGO, cho tha'y viee nghien ciru hoan thien
he thdng phap luat ve td chirc va boat ddng
Xay dyng va hoan thien he thdng phap
luat quan ly eac hdi. td chirc phi chinh phii
phai tren co sd nhan thuc rd sy hinh thanh va
phat trien ciia cac td chuc xa hdi dan su d
nudc ta la mdt tai ydu khaeh quan trong didu
kien phat trien ndn kinh te thi trudng djnh
hudng xa hdi ehii nghia, hdi nhap kinh td
qudc td va hoan thien Nha nude phap quydn
xa hdi chii nghia. Ddng thdi, cac quy djnh
ciia phap luat vd td chuc va boat ddng cua
cac td ehUc xa hdi dan su can phai bao dam
sy hai hda, tuong thich vdi hinh thirc td chirc
ciia Nha nudc, phii hgp vdi he thdng the che
phap luat va didu kien chinh trj - xa hdi eiia
dai nudc cung nhu quan he qudc td trong
tung giai doan Ijeh sir nhai djnh.
He thdng phap luat quan ly cac td chuc
xa hdi dan sy phai dam bao ket hgp hai hda
giua quan ly ciia Nha nudc bang phap luat
vdi tinh ty ehii, ty quan eiia cae td chii'c xa
hdi dan sy; nang cao trach nhiem giai trinh,
thyc hien cdng khai, minh bach, nhai la ve
va'n dd kinh phi va muc tieu boat ddng, ve
huy ddng va sir dung eac ngudn tai trg tir
nude ngoai cua cae td chire xa hgi dan sy tao