Nhân học phát triển: lý thuyết, phương pháp và kỹ thuật nghiên cứu điền dã

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<i>Tgp chi Ddn lgc hgc sd 4 - 2009 </i> 73

<b>DIEM SACH </b>

NHAN HOC PHAT TRIEN:

LY THUYET, PHlTOTVG PHAP

VA KY THUAT NGHIEN ClTU DIEN DA *

NGUYEN ANH TUAN

<i>Vii thap ky gin diy, trong tien trinh hdi /. Cdc phuong phdp dieu tra dien dd </i>
<i>nhap, nhan hgc phit triln la linh vuc dugc Irong nhdn hoc dugc trinh bi)' khi cd dgng, </i>
nhilu ngudi quan tam. Dap ung su quan tam dinh cho ddi tugng sinh vien, gdm 3 tilu muc:
eiia dde gii. Vien Khoa hoc xa hdi Viet Nam,

Dai su quin Phip tai Viet Nam da chuyen
<i>ngu vi xuat bin cudn sich "'Nhdn hpc phdt </i>

<i>trien: Ly thuyet, phuang phdp vd ky- tliucil </i>
<i>nghien cim dien da' eua .lean Pierre Olivier </i>

De Sardan. nghien ciru vien cao cap thude
Trung tam qudc gia nghiin euu khoa hgc
(CNRS), giao su tai Trudng eao cap khoa hgc
<i>xa hdi (EHBSS) a Marseille, Phip. Cudn .sich </i>
la tiip hgp bii viet da cdng bd bing tiing Phip
cua .lean Pierre Olivier De Sardan tu nam
2001 din nam 2003. Theo nhung ngudi tuyen
chgn, bien tap cudn sach niy hirdng tdi hai
muc dich: I) Gicii thilu nhung kinh nghiem
nghien ciru cua GS. .lean Pierre Olivier De

Sardan thdng qua nhflng bii viet dien hinh;
2) Vdi trai nghiem nghiin ciru v i giing day
cua minh, tic gii chia se ddi dieu ve phuong
phip nghiin euu xa hdi hgc v i nhan hgc. Day
cflng Ii ket qui trinh biy cua GS. Jean Pierre
Olivier De Sardan tai khda hgc mua he td
chirc d Tam Dio nim 2007.

<i>"Nhdn hoc phdt trien: Ly thuyet. </i>
<i>phuang phdp vd k\' tliiigl nghien ciiu dien </i>
<i>dd". nhu tua d l eua cudn saeh. gdm cd ba </i>

phiin ngi dung cd liln quan vdi nhau. eti
the gdm:

1.1. Mdt sd hudng dan cin ban: Bii
viet ni)' li tii lieu cua chuong trinh tap huin
phuong phip phdng van v i diln da, Jean
Pierre Olivier De Sardan dinh cho sinh vien
cao hgc trudng Abdou Moumouni v i
Abomey-Calavi. Ong ggi y mdt sd dieu can
chuan bj eho cudc dieu tra dien da, chia se
phuong phip tiln hinh phdng van. quan sit,
\ u Iy du lieu, ghi chep nhung thuat ngu
thucic ngdn ngu dia phircmg, hay trong ting
xii giua cac ddng nghiep v i cdng sir.

1.2. Mdt bin phic thao dilu dieu tra
tap the tic-n hanh tren nhieu dia ban:

Tie gia cho rang trong nghien ciru
nhin hgc, cudc dieu tra tip the - nhdm cae c i
nhan phdi hgp vdi nhau - cd mdt vai trd
quan trgng. Nd cd the eho ehung ta ca hdi eg
xit )'• ien trong qua trinh dien da. dit lai vin
de ngi .}n cuu ed chieu sau hon. nhin dien
van de rd ring hon. Iuu tam din nhflng vi du
nguge chieu, giup nha nghien ciru can trgng
hon trong viec thu thap du lieu... Theo dng,
can thiet phii tien hinh cic cudc dilu tra tap
the dan xen vdi dilu tra c i nhan eua nha
nhan hgc vcii nguyen tie: "Sau giai doan tap
thi ludn ludn phii cd mgt giai doan dilu tra

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<b>74 </b> <i>Nguyin Anh Tudn </i>

mang tinh ci nhan de di vao chieu sau va
quan sat tham dir". Ba tu' khda can bin nhat
dugc dng xie djnh la: "xung dot", "dau
trudng" va "nhdm chien luge".

1.3. Chinh sach dilu tra dien da - trinh
biy ve cae van de nhu quan sat tham du,
phdng van. nhflng ky thuat kiem ke, each thu
thip ngudn tii lieu chfl' viet; ddi chieu dfl'
lieu nhan hgc da thu thap dugc tu nhieu gde
do. Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan nhan manh
tam quan trgng eua su trao ddi gifl'a nha
nghiin euu va ngudi cap tin. Bdi cinh va do
tin cay, chat lugng thdng tin quyet djnh mue

do thinh cdng eua mdt nghien ctiu. Vi vay,
dng khuyen nha nhan hgc can cd cai nhin
phe phin ddi vdi cdng cu va phuong phip
nghiin euu minh ip dung.

<i>2. Nghien cicii ve ngn tham nhiing </i>
<i>Irong (tdi sdng thudng nhdt. Iricdng hap </i>
<i>nhdn vii'ii lip sinh vd nhim vien ihiii' quan </i>

Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan vi cdng
sir dua ra nhflng bai viet vi du cu the, phin
tich ve sir tham nhflng trong ddi sdng cua
nhan vien hd sinh va nhan vien thul quan.
Cudn sich eung cap hai bii vilt, bai vilt diu
cd sir tham gia eua Giorgio Blundo, cdng bd
nim 2001, bii viet thu' hai la cdng bd dgc lap
cua Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan.

2.1. Nan tham nhflng thudng ngay, md
dau bang Idi dan nhap de vdn xua nay bj
nginh chinh trj hgc vi kinh te chinh tri thdng
trj. trd thinh van de nghien cuu nhan hgc
hap din ed du ea sd ve phuang phap luan va
khung Iy thuylt. Jean Pierre Olivier De
Sardan chgn lira each phan tieh nhflng lin
hieu hgc dan gian vl nan tham nhung la
nhfl'ng ldi phat bieu va tir ngu lgc ra tir eic

cudc phdng van vdi hai cap do dien ngdn
dugc xay dung xuat phit tu' each thire lap

luan va tu ngu.

Phan tich dien ngdn nan tham nhflng
chi ra 8 loai hinh die trung ma Jean Pierre
Olivier De Sardan ggi la nhung phat bilu
bien minh. tham nhflng nhu li : 1) Mdt sir
thu hdi; 2) Cich xir su dung mue; 3) Mdt
die an; 4) Ap lire xa hdi; 5) Sir tii phin
phdi; 6) Mdt su bat ehudc; 7) Thich thire; vi
8) Su vay mugn.

Nhung dd chua phai Ii dieh den ciia
bii viet, dng va cdng su tien tdi phan tich
cac trudng tu vung ed lien quan, cdn dugc
ggi la "dja hat ngu' nghia" gdm ed cac tu'
nhu: "an", "giao djch", "xin xd", "giao du
than mat", "cudng doat", "bi mat" dl truy
nguyen "gii dd ciia bilu tugng tham nhflng"
dl dem den eho ban dgc mgt kit luan so
sinh day Iy thu ve mdi quan he gifla "tham
nhung" va "ma thuat".

2.2. Nhan viln hd sinh vi nhan vien
thue quan. Nhung nen van hda nghi nghiep
dja phuong va nen van hda bin giiy quan
liiu tu nhan tai vung Tay Phi.

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<i>Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd 4 - 2009 </i> <b>₇₅</b>

cua nganh nhan hgc hien nay la sir tip trung

nghiin cuu nhieu han vao cic mdi quan he.
cic tuong tie. cic phuong thu'c trao ddi, eae
mdi liln he x i hdi hon li v i o cic pham tru
ha) nhung thugc tinh cua tic nhin.

<i>3. Ba Idi tiep can trong ngdnh nhdn </i>
<i>hgc ve sicphdl trien </i>

Bai viet nay cua Jean Pierre Olivier De
Sardan dugc dinh gii la bai viet cd gii trj ve
mat ly luan vdi mdt thii do phe phin v i tinh
than xiy dung nginh nhan hgc phit trien.
Theo dng, den nay ehung ta ed ba xu hudng
tilp can trong nganh nhan hgc phit trien.
Loai thu nhat dua tren nhung "thio dd ddi
vdi su dien ngdn ve phit trien". Nd cho phep
ngudi ta dua ra nhflng Idi khing djnh. chic
njch. ip dit m i khdng can quan tam den
nhflng sic thii tinh te. cflng nhu khdng he
ban tam din nhflng trudng hgp trii ngucic cd
the cd. Ngudi ta da thudng ehi liy ra tu
"dien ngdn" nhung cii luan diem cua minh.
Cii mi dng nhan dien tu nam 1990 din nay
trd nen khi phd bien vdi cac phuang phip
tiep can menh danh li "tham du" hay cich
tilp can tu dudi len theo anh hudng cua hau
hiln dai luan, hau eiu true luan.

Loai thir hai dng ggi li loai "dan tuy"
mang nhung miu sic rit khae nhau nhan

manh "phirong phap luan" hoic "y thire he"
nhung cluing mdt die diem binh vue mdt
each cd he thdng cic tri thirc va cic hoat
dgng dan gian. khi ning nhan thirc va hanh
dgng cua cu dan ban dja.

Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan phi phan
liai hudng tiep can trin cin trd vile nhan ra sir
da dang cua cic vj tri, cic Idi van hinh chien
Iircic cua cac tic nhan khic nhau. Ong d l xuat
ingt Idi tiep can thu ba. quan tam din sir dan

xen va su dj biet giua nhflng tie nhan ddi diu
nhau trong eic hoat ddng phit trien. Cich tiep
can nay dugc dng ggi Ii "Idi tiep can dan xen
cic Idgic xa hdi" cd die diem "khdng tdn thd
tuyet ddi su tuong tic m i sir dung nd nhu Ii
mdt nhin td phin tieh phu hgp vdi cic hien
tugng cd tim vdc Idn, bang cich tha) ddi cic
quy md". Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan dit
nilm tin nd se la "Idi v i o " de khim phi ra
chien luge cua cic tic nhan hay nhung eudng
che cua cic bdi cinh: dd li cich de den eic
thuc tien xa hdi cflng nhu cic quan nilm xa
hdi, phit hien ra eic hien tugng xa hdi mang
tinh thdi su nhat hien na)' ha)' nhflng hien
tugng mang tinh ciu true.

Ca nhan tdi cho ring cudn sich niy se
hoin thien v i thinh cdng hon neu cd thim

cdng viec hilu dinh cic bin djch. Viec
chu)'ln ngu cudn sach bo qua khau hieu dinh
gay ra mdt sd khd khin nhit djnh khi tilp
can bin dieh tiing Viet, die bilt li trong cic
thuit ngu chuyen nginh v i quan dilm eua
Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan khi trinh bay
vlehung.

<i>Nhin ehung, "Nhdn hoc plidl trien: Ly </i>

<i>lliiiyi'l. phu'img phdp vd ky lliiicit nghien cim </i>
<i>dii'ii dd' cua Jean Pierre Olivier De Sardan </i>

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