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nghien ciiu - Trao doi

<i><b>Tap chl Cpn^son </b></i>

<b>NHUfNG PHUONG PHAP TIEP CAN</b>

<b> T H 6 I</b>

<b> DAI </b>

<b>VA NHAN DIEN</b>

<b> T H 6 I</b>

<b> DAI NGAY NAY </b>

QUANG CAN

<i><b>Kien dinh muc tieu dpc lap ddn tpc vd chu nghia xa hpi, tiep tuc xdy </b></i>
<i><b>dung ddt nudc ta qud dp len chu nghia xa hpi doi mdi, hien dai, dam dd </b></i>
<i><b>bdn sdc ddn tpc Viet Nam, tien cdng thai dai. Nhan dien dung thai dai </b></i>
<i><b>khong chi cdy nghia quan trpng doi vdi cdch mang xd hpi chu nghia dViet </b></i>
<i><b>Nam md con cd y nghla quan trong doi vdi cdc trdo luu xd hpi chii nghia </b></i>
<i><b>the gidi the ky XXL </b></i>

<b>e </b>

E nhan dien cac thdi dai trong lich
su phat trien cua xa hdi loai ngudi
ciing nhu thdi dai ngay nay, can cd
mdt sd phuong phap tiep can khoa hoc,
cung cap do, theo nhiing gdc do khac nhau.
Tren co sd thdi dai ngay nay m(5i cd the giai
quyet dung nhiing van de co ban cua chu
<i>nghia xa hgi (CNXH). Vi the, vdn de nhgn </i>

<i>dien thai dgi ngdy nay duac dat ra a day </i>
<i>xudt phdt tit yeu cdu thuc tien cua CNXH </i>
<i>doi mdi, khdng chi nham tiep tuc khang </i>

dinh ma cdn nham lam rd them md hinh,
con dudng di len CNXH d nudc ta.

<i><b>Tdi nhat tri vdi phuong phdp tiep can </b></i>

<i><b>Kinh thdi kinh te - xd hpi de nhan dien thdi </b></i>

dai ngay nay. Can cii vao nhung ddng gdp
tich cue cua CNXH hien thuc vao su phat
trien cua xa hdi loai ngudi trong phan ldn
thdi gian cda the ky XX, cung nhiing thanh
tuu quan trgng trong cdng cugc cai each,
md cua, ddi mdi d mgt sd nudc xa hdi chu

nghia (XHCN) sau khdng hoang va khuynh
hudng lua chgn CNXH the ky XXI d mdt sd
<i>nudc, tiep tuc khang dinh thdi dai ngdy nay </i>

<i>Id thod dgi qud dp tit chil nghla tu bdn </i>
<i>(CNTB) len CNXH md diu bing cugc Cach </i>

mang Thang Mudi Nga vi dai.

Tuy nhien, trong nhan dien thdi dai ngay
nay, vdi phuong phap tiep can hinh thai
kinh te - xa hdi, cd mdt sd bieu hien chua
that hgp ly, can phan tich de hieu rd hon the
gidi ngay nay trong nhiing chuyen ddng Idn
dang ndi len va xu the phat trien cda chung.

<i>Mpt la, tuyet ddi hda phuong phap tiep can </i>

hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi, tham chi cho do la

"duy nhat khoa hoc", di tdi ky thi vdi nhung
phuong phap tiep can khac, nhat la phitong
phap tiep can dan tdc, qudc gia - dan tdc ma
tdi cho rang dd cung la mdt phuong phap
<i>tiep can khoa hgc d cap do thdi dai. Hai Id, </i>

Bp Quoc phong

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Nghien ciiu - Trao doi <b>T a p c h l C d n g s a n </b>

nhan manh vai trd cua quan he san xuat
(QHSX) trong mdi quan he vdi luc lugng
san xuat (LLSX), khdng lam rd vai trd
quyet dinh nhat cua LLSX trong hinh thai
kinh te - xa hgi, lien quan mdt phuong phap
tiep can khoa hgc nua cung d cap do thdi
dai la phuong phap tiep can su phat trien
danh dau thdi dai cua LLSX.

1 - Ve bieu hien tuyet ddi hda phuong
phap tiep can hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi, tdi
cho rang khdng nen coi dd la "duy nhat
khoa hgc", ma chi la phuong phap khoa hgc
nhat, vao loai nhat. Bdi trong kho tang tri
tue cua loai ngudi, da cd va cdn phat trien
nhieu mdn khoa hgc de nhan thuc va cai tao
the gidi khach quan, the gidi con ngudi, ca
khoa hgc tu nhien va khoa hgc xa hgi. Dang
ta lay chd nghia Mac - Le-nin, tu tudng Hd
Chi Minh lam nen tang tu tudng va kim chi

nam cho hanh dgng, chd khdng cho rang
chd nghia Mac - Le -nin cd the thay the mgi
tri thiic khoa hoc.

<i>Dieu can lam rd la ve phuong phdp tiep </i>

<i>can ddn tpc, quoc gia - dan tpc trong moi </i>
<i>quan he vdi phuong phdp tiep can kmh thdi </i>
<i>kinh te - xd hpi, lien quan vdn de CNXH </i>
<i>mang hdn sdc ddn tpc Viet Nam. Ta hieu </i>

V V s
rang, mgi vat deu van ddng ddng thdi theo
thdi gian va trong khdng gian. Tiep can theo
hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi la tiep can theo
lich dai, la su phat trien ke tiep nhau theo
thdi gian cua xa hdi loai ngudi thdng qua su
van ddng va phat trien tu hinh thai kinh tl
-xa hdi nay sang hinh thai kinh te - -xa hgi
khac. Tiep can theo dan tdc, qudc gia - dan
tdc la tiep can theo ddng dai, la su phat trien
ddng thdi trong khdng gian cua xa hgi loai
ngudi thanh nhiing dan tgc, quoc gia - dan
tdc khac nhau. Hai qua trinh nay thdng nhat,
khdng the tach rdi. Hinh thai kinh tl - xa hgi

nao ciing tdn tai trong hien thuc cua mdi
dan tgc, qudc gia - dan tgc; va dan tgc, qudc
gia - dan tgc nao cung dugc ket cau theo
mgt hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi nhat dinh.

Phuong phap tiep can dan tgc, qudc gia
-dan tgc ddi hdi kien thiic cua nhieu mdn
khoa hgc, ca khoa hgc xa hgi va khoa hgc ttr
nhien. Lieu cd the hieu dugc xa hgi loai
ngudi, hieu dugc cac hinh thai kinh te - xa
hgi trong mdi dan tgc, qudc gia - dan tdc
neu khdng hieu nhiing van de ve cgng ddng
dan cu, ve dia ly - lanh thd tren do cdng
ddng dan cu san xuat, chinh phuc thien
nhien, sdng va chien dau trong dau tranh xa
hgi, dau tranh giai cap va dau tranh dan tdc,
tii do dan dan hinh thanh nen lich su cua
minh, truyen thdng cua minh va nhat la van
hda rieng cua minh.

<i>Dan tpc, quoc gia - ddn tpc lau ddi hon, </i>
<i>ben vimg hon cdc Kinh thdi kinh te - xd hpi, </i>

bdi cac hinh thai kinh te - xa hoi, vdi cac
giai cap dai bieu cho chung, da den va di

V V r
dan trong su trudng tdn cua dan tgc, qudc

gia - dan tgc. Ciing chinh nhung hinh thai
kinh te - xa hgi ay voi giai cap dai bieu cho
chung - do vai trd lich su trong dan tdc - da
lam nen su trudng tdn cua dan tgc, qudc
gia - dan tgc va in dam dau an cua minh

trong do. Cai trudng tdn ay - tieu bieu la

<i>vdn hoa - la cdi rieng cua mdi dan toe va </i>

lam nen su khac biet giiia dan tgc nay vdi
dan tgc khac. Nd dugc tich liiy dan tu ddi
trudc sang ddi sau, trd thanh mgt ngudn Iuc
ca ve Unh than va vat chat ma mgi hinh thai
kinh te - xa hgi khi mdi ra ddi trong long
dan tgc deu phai dua vao de tdn tai va phat
trien va dua dan tgc tien len theo quy luat
cua thdi dai (duong nhien cd dau an cua giai
cap lanh dao dai bieu cho dan tgc).

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Nghien ciiu - Trao doi <b>T a p chl C d n g s a n </b>

Dan tdc, qudc gia - dan tdc la ca sd cho
su ra ddi va phat trien cua cac hinh thai
<i>kinh te - xa hgi, dan tdi nhiing mo Kinh khdc </i>

<i>nhau cua ciing mpt Kinh thdi kinh ti - xd hpi </i>
<i>vdi quy luat chung cua Kinh thdi kinh ti - xd </i>
<i>hpi do trong nhiing ddn tpc, quoc gia - ddn </i>
<i>tpc CO nhiing dieu kien vd hodn cdnh khdc </i>
<i>nhau. Day la quy luat cda cdc thai dai. </i>

<i>O chau Au, giai cap tu san each mang da </i>

la ngudi giai phdng dan tdc khdi che do
phong kien cat cu, hinh thanh dan tdc tu

<i>san. Bdi the, ndi thai dgi CNTB cdng chinh </i>

<i>Id thai dai ddn tpc tu sdn. Chd nghia tu ban </i>

da an sau trong ldng nhieu dan tgc, qudc
<i>gia - dan tdc, va da Kinh thdnh nhiing mo </i>

<i>Kinh khdc nhau ciia CNTB, nhu CNTB Tay </i>

Au, CNTB BIC My, CNTB chau A. Cdn cd
nhung md hinh khac niia cda CNTB nhu da
biet. Thdi dai dan tdc tu san da dugc md ra
va khdng it ngudi mac-xit mdt thdi da cho
rang ndi dan tgc la dan tdc tu san.

<i>Dieu dd cung cd nghia la, tren ca sd ciia </i>

<i>nhiing ddn tpc, quoc gia - ddn tpc khdc </i>
<i>nhau, tat yeu sinh ra vd phdt trien nhiing mo </i>
<i>Kinh khdc nhau cda cdng Kmh thdi kinh </i>
<i>te-xd hpi te-xd hpi chu nghia vdi quy luat chung </i>
<i>cua CNXH. Tile ring trong mdt thdi gian </i>

tuong ddi dai, dieu do da khdng dugc nhan
thiic dung muc; cd khuynh hudng nhan
manh quy luat phd bien cua CNXH, ddng
nhat quy luat phd bien cua CNXH vdi md
hinh dac thu Lien Xd, canh giac vdi nhiing
su lua chon khac cd the khdng phai la
XHCN. Tuy nhien, do ddi hdi cua thuc tien

va phu hgp quy luat, da cd nhiing su tim tdi
khd khan mgt sd md hinh khac cua CNXH
phu hgp dieu kien, hoan canh rieng cua mdi
dan tdc, khdng gidng md hinh cda Lien Xd.
Khdng phai don gian ma nhieu ngudi
cdng san Trung Qudc de xudng "xay dung

CNXH mang dac sic Trung Qudc". Cac luc
lugng canh ta d My La-tinh da ndi den
"CNXH d My La-tinh", CNXH cda thi ky
XXI. Tuyen bd Sao Pao-ld dugc thdng qua
tai cude gap lln thu X cac dang cdng san va
cdng nhan qudc te dien ra d Bra-xin (thang
12-2008), da nhln manh "khdng cd mgt md
hinh cda CNXH chuan muc duy nhat".
Dang cd nhung su lua chon nhung md hinh
khac cda CNXH, d nhung nudc da trai qua
CNXH md hinh cu, d nhung nudc dang phat
trien va ca d nhiing nudc phat trien. Duong
nhien cdn phai tinh den nhung nhan td khac
niia cho mdt su lua chgn khdn ngoan; chd
nghia dan tdc cue doan khdng bao gid dua
den mdt chien luge dung dan. Nhung dan
tdc, qudc gia - dan tdc van la mdt trong
nhiing nhan td ca ban gdp phan quyet dinh
van menh cda CNXH d mdi nudc trong
cugc trudng chinh thang tram trong ldng
dan tdc sudt chieu dai mdt thdi dai hch su.
Bien chiing la d chd, nhd vay tinh doan ket
qudc te cda CNXH mdi thuc su dugc cdng

cd va tang cudng.

Tu may dieu neu tren, tdi de nghi, gan
lien vdi nhan dien thdi dai qua do tir CNTB
<i>len CNXH la thai dgi qud dp tit ddn tpc tu </i>

<i>sdn len ddn tpc XHCN. Trong Tuyen ngon </i>
<i>cua Ddng Cpng sdn, C.Mac va </i>

Ph.Ang-ghen da ndi den "giai cap cdng nhan trd
thanh dan tgc, nhung dan tdc d day khdng
phai hieu theo nghia tu san". Vay la dan tdc
<i>gi, neu khdng phai la dan tpc XHCN. </i>

Phuong phap tiep can dan tgc, qudc gia
-dan tdc da hi ky thi mdt thdi gian dai, bi coi
la khuynh hudng dan tdc chu nghia, la chu
nghia dan tgc tu san. Nhung cang ngay
chung ta cang thay rang, tiep can thdi dai
theo dan tdc, qudc gia - dan tdc gan lien vdi
tiip can thdi dai theo hinh thai kinh te

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Nghien ciiru - Trao doi <b>T p p c h i C d n g s d n </b>

xa hgi, tim hieu sau nhiing van de cua dan
tdc, qudc gia - dan tgc quan trpng nhudng
nao trong viec tim hieu lich su loai ngudi,
tim hieu nhiing hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi da
trai qua trong xa hdi loai ngudi, tim hieu the
gi(3i duong dai. Cung la de tim tdi con

dudng di len CNXH d mdi nudc ndi rieng.

Ndi xay dung CNXH d nudc ta lieu cd
the bd qua, coi nhe nhiing van de ve con
ngudi Viet Nam, dat nudc Viet Nam, lich su
Viet Nam, truyen thdng va dac biet la van
hda Viet Nam hay khdng? Theo tdi CNXH

<i>mang bdn sdc ddn tpc Viet Nam, dd la dieu </i>

quan trong ma chung ta phai tiep can va
nhan thuc. Dieu nay can the hien ngay trong
<i>Viec giai quyet moi quan he giita dpc lap </i>

<i>ddn tpc vd CNXH. Xem lai Cuang linh 1991 </i>

cd the thay van de dan tdc, qudc gia - dan
tgc da dugc de cap trong Bai hgc thu nhit
nhung chi neu "Ddc lap dan tgc la dilu kien
tien quyet de xay dung chu nghia xa hgi".
Theo tdi can phai nhan manh rang: Dgc lap
dan tgc la tien de, la dieu kien tien quyet, va
la CO sd de xay dung CNXH. Ddc lap dan
tdc cung la ca sd de xay dung CNXH va
bao dam cho chu nghia xa hgi; khdng cd
dgc lap dan tgc thi xay dung CNXH d dau,
tren ca sd nao. Hon niia cdn can phai lam
rd, trong moi giai doan cda each mang, dgc
lap dan tdc phai ludn ludn dat len hang dau,
vi dgc lap dan tgc la tien de va la dieu kien

tien quyet. Chinh nha mac-xit Nguyin Ai
Qudc - Hd Chi Minh da rat sdm coi dan tgc
la "dgng luc to Itin cua dat nudc". Vay vi
sao khdng phat dgng cai dgng luc to Idn ly
dl xay dung CNXH? Tit nhien, nlu coi diy
la chu nghia dan tgc thi chic khdng phai la
chu nghia dan tgc tu san ma chi cd thi la
chu nghia dan toe XHCN d thdi dai qua do
tu dan tdc tu san din dan tdc XHCN - mdt

<i>chu nghia dan tdc hai hda voi chii nghia </i>
qudc te, vdi muc tieu xay dung CNXH. Dd
<i>chinh la chu nghia yeu nudc gan \6i CNXH </i>
thanh chu nghia yeu nudc XHCN.

2 - Ve bieu hien nhan manh vai tro cua
QHSX trong mdi quan he vdi LLSX ma
khdng chu y lam rd vai trd quyet dinh nhat
cua LLSX. Phai chang dieu nay da dan den,
d CNXH md hinh cii, viec ap dat mgt sd
hinh thiic cua QHSX khdng phu hgp, di
trudc LLSX, can trd, tham chi pha hoai su
phat trien cua LLSX.

Day khdng chi la mgt luan diem trong ly
luan mac-xit ve hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi ma
<i>thuc su la mpt cdch tiep can khdc, tiep can </i>

<i>thai dgi theo trinh dp phdt trien ddnh ddu </i>
<i>thai dgi cda LLSX, nhu da neu tren. Thdi dai </i>

do da, do sat,... van minh ndng nghiep - lao
dgng ca bap; van minh cdng nghiep - lao
dgng may mdc; van minh tri tue - lao ddng
tri dc, da dirge xac dinh la nhu vay.

Nhiing thanh tuu danh dau thdi dai, bit
dau tii cugc each mang khoa hgc - cdng
nghe hien dai nua sau the ky XX, da dan
dan dugc xac nhan la mgt ky nguyen mdi,
mgt nen van minh mdi cua nhan loai da bat
dau: ky nguyen thdng tin, van minh hau
cdng nghiep, van minh tri tue. Lieu cd su
than trgng chang khi chi ndi xa hgi hau
cdng nghiep, each mang khoa hgc - cdng
nghe hien dai, kinh te tri thiic, nhieu lam la
<i>ky nguyen thdng tin,... chtra mudn ndi vdn </i>

<i>minh tri tue. </i>

Trong van minh tri tue, loai ngudi
chuyen dan sang lao dgng tri dc la chinh,
tiic la khoa hgc dan dan trd thanh LLSX
true tiep. Tat yeu tri thuc trd thanh cdng
nhan - cdng nhan hda, va cdng nhan trd
thanh tri thuc - tri thiic hda, hinh thanh din

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Ngiuen cuu - Trao ddi <i><b>T a p chl C d n g san </b></i>

mdt giai cap cdng nhan mdi, giai clp cdng

<i>nhan tri thuc, giai cdp cong nhan hien dgi. </i>

Tiep can theo trinh do phat triln danh
dau thdi dai cua LLSX la mgt phuong phap
tiep can tii lau, da dugc coi la rit khoa hgc,
bdi nd tiep can nhan td quylt dinh nblt
trong su phat trien cua xa hdi loai ngudi.
Phuang phap tiip can nay khdng tach rdi
phuong phap tiip can hinh thai kinh tl - xa
hdi, bdi LLSX phat huy vai trd quylt dinh
cua nd thdng qua cac hinh thai kinh tl - xa
hgi ke tiep nhau va la ddng luc chu ylu
trong su van ddng va phat trien cda cac hinh
thai kinh te - xa hdi. Cdn QHSX chi cd tinh
ddc lap tuong ddi, cd tac dung trd lai tich
cue hay tieu cue ddi vdi LLSX, nhung
LLSX ludn ludn va cudi cung md lay dudng
di cua nd.

Vi the, trong khi khang dinh thdi dai
ngay nay la thdi dai qua do tu CNTB len
<i>CNXH, thi cung phai khang dinh thai dgi </i>

<i>ngdy nay la thai dgi qud dp tit vdn minh </i>
<i>cong nghiep len vdn minh tri tue, ket hap </i>
<i>chat che giira vdn minh tri tue vdi vdn minh </i>
<i>cong nghiep. Cung cd nghia la xay dung </i>

<i>CNXH phdi la xdy dung CNXH hien dgi; </i>

<i>xdy dung CNXH mang bdn sdc ddn tpc Viet </i>
<i>Nam phdi la xdy dmg CNXH hien dai a Viet </i>
<i>Nam. Phai cd tu duy hien dai ve CNXH phu </i>

hgp dieu kien Viet Nam.

Phat trien LLSX theo hu(5ng hien dai,
cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, xay dung
kinh te tri thiic,... da dugc de cap dan tu Dai
hdi VII va cac Dai hdi tiep theo cua Dang,
nhung trinh do phat trien danh dau thdi dai
cua LLSX chua dugc coi la mgt each tiep
can d cap do thdi dai.

<i>Cai rat quan trgng can riit ra la xdc dinh </i>

<i>vai trd ldnh dgo cdch mang XHCN, nhan </i>
<i>vgt tmng tam cua cdch mgng XHCN la giai </i>
<i>cap cong nhdn, nhung khong phdi la giai </i>

<i>cdp cong nhdn trong vdn minh cong nghiep </i>
<i>thdi Mdc md la giai cdp cong nhdn trong </i>
<i>vdn minh tri tue, giai cdp cong nhdn lao </i>
<i>dpng CO tri thitc, giai cdp cong nhdn hien </i>
<i>dgi, la LLSX hien dgi dgi bieu cho phucrng </i>
<i>thuc sdn xudt mdi. </i>

Tu duy mdi ve giai cap cdng nhan phai
dugc dua vao cugc sdng hien thuc. Dang da
cd nghi quyet ve xay dung giai cap cdng

nhan, lai da cd nghi quyet ve xay dung ddi
ngu tri thdc, tdi rat ddng tinh. Tdi hieu hai
cai dd la mdt nhiem vu, la mdt qua trinh
cdng nhan hda tri thuc va tri thiic hda cdng
nhan, tiing budc xay dimg giai cap cdng
nhan hien dai d nudc ta.

Hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi; dan tdc, qudc
gia - dan tdc; LLSX phat trien danh dau thdi
dai - ba cai do tdn tai hiiu ca trong mdt the
thdng nhat cda mdt su vat - thdi dai. Dieu
dd ddi hdi ba phuang phap tiep can
tuong iing.

Ket hgp chat che ket luan cda ca ba
phuong phap tiep can dd mdi phan anh
<i>dung thdi dgi ngdy nay la thdi dgi qud dp tic </i>

<i>CNTB len CNXH; Id thdi dgi qud dp tit ddn </i>
<i>tpc tu sdn len ddn tpc XHCN; la thdi dgi </i>
<i>qud dp tit vdn minh cong nghiep len vdn </i>
<i>minh tri tue. </i>

Trong giai doan hien nay cda thdi dai
ngay nay, chac chan phai di sau lam rd
nhung dac diem cda giai doan hien nay va
budc quanh co cda CNXH. Song, chinh
trong tinh hinh dd, ciing rat can lam rd hon,
nhan dien dung ca mdt thdi dai lich su mdi
da dugc md ra tu the ky trudc va van dang

tiep dien; giu vung dinh huiing cho viec giai
quyet thanh cdng nhung giai phap dat ra
trong budc quanh co ay cda CNXH; kien
dinh va sang tao tren con dudng di tdi
dich.a

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