Tam giác tăng trưởng Inđônêxia - Malaixia - Xingapo: Những kinh nghiệm cho tam giác phát triển Việt Nam - Lào - Campuchia

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<b>TAM GIAC TANG</b>

<b> T R U 6 N G</b>

<b> INDONEXIA </b>

<b>-MALAIXIA - XINGAPO:</b>

<b> N H O M G</b>

<b> KINH NGHIEM </b>

<b>CHO TAM GIAC PHAT TRIEN </b>

<b>VIET NAM - LAO - CAMPUCHIA </b>

<b>NGUYEN THU MY* </b>

T

ara giac tang trfldng (grdwth
tri-angle - GT) la rapt each tiep can
hdp tac kinh te khu vUc radi cua ASEAN
va dUdc chinh thflc thfla nhan la rapt hinh
thflc hpi nhap kinh te khu vUc tai Hpi
nghi ThUdng dinh ASEAN lan thfl 4 hpp
tai Xingapd thang Gieng 1992. Tai Hpi
nghi nay, cac nhd lanh dao ASEAN da
thoa thuan thiet lap va thuc day hdp tac
<b>kinh te tieu vung gifla cac nfldc ASEAN </b>
va gifla cac thanh vien ASEAN vdi ben
ngoai. Nhflng thoa thuan nhu vay la mpt
hien tUdng mdi trdng hdp tac npi bp cua
ASEAN. Muc dich cua hinh thflc hdp tac
nay la da dang boa lien ket kinh te tieu
vung va gdp phan thuc day lien ket kinh
te tren binh dien toan khu vUc Hiep hpi.

Hdp tac phat trien dudi hinh thflc cac
tam, tfl giac tang trfldng se tao cd hpi cho
cac ben tham gia phat huy nhflng ldi the
so sanh cua minh va lam cho qua trinh

phan cdng lai lao dgng trong khu vUc trd
nen hdp ly hdn. Nhflng tam, tfl giac tang
trfldng hien cd cua ASEAN da trd thanh

dia ban dau tu hap dan ciia cac nha dau
tu nUdc ngodi. Nhd dd, cac nUdc ASEAN
da cd them ngudn vdn va cdng nghe can
thiet de day sU phat trien d cac dia
phUdng tham gia vad tam giac tang
trUdng ndi rieng, ca nUdc ndi chung

Ngoai ldi ich kinh te, cac tam, tfl giac
tang trfldng tren cdn tad dieu kien che
nhan dan cac nfldc trdng vflng tang cfldng
giao lflu vdi nhau. Tren cd sd dd, nhflng
tinh cam khu vUc se nay mdm va phat
trien. Chinh nhflng tinh cam nay mdi la
chat kee gan ket lau ben cac nUdc trong
khu vUc vdi nhau.

Bai viet nay se gdp phan cung ca'p rapt
so' kinh nghiem tfl viec nghien cflu qua
trinh xay dflng va phat trien tam giac tang
trfldng Inddnexia- Malaixia- Xingapo cho
viec trien khai tara giac phat trien
Campuchia - Lao - Viet Nam (CLV- DT)

<b>1. Qua trinh xay dUng va phat trien </b>
<b>ciia Tam giac t a n g trUdfng Indone xia </b>
<b>-Malai xia - Xingapo (IMS-GT) </b>

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<b>22 </b>

<i>Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 2/2010 </i>

IMS- GT la tam giac tang trUdng ddu
tien dUdc thanh lap d Ddng Nam a*^'. Tara
giac nay dUdc Xingapo chinh thflc de xua't
Ian dau tien vao thang 12 nara 1989 va
dUdc cac nha lanh dao Malaixia va
Inddnexia tan thanh vao thang 6/1990*-^'.

<b>1.1. Qua trinh thanh lap IMS-GT </b>

Thoa thuan xay dUng IMS - GT phat
trien nay bat ddu tfl 2 thoa thuan song
phfldng. Mpt ndi Xingapo vdi Riau; rapt
ndi Xingapo vdi Joho. Sau dd, chinh phu 3
nfldc thoa thuan thiet lap rapt khung hdp
tac tieu vung luc dau dfldc gpi la SIJORI.
Ban Ghi nhd ve hdp tac kinh te gifla ba
ben dfldc chinh thflc ky ket vao thang 12
nam 1994, danh dau sfl ra ddi cua
SIJORI.

Thang 5/1995, tinh Tay Sumatra chinh
thflc ndm trdng tam giac phat trien, tam
giac nay dfldc gpi la Tara giac tang trfldng

Inddnexia- Malaixia- Xingapo (IMS- GT).
Bang 1.

Sfl phat trien cua IMS - GT do khu vflc
tfl nhan ddn dfldng va theo quy luat thi
trfldng. Cac chinh phu hd trd, khuyen
khich va tao thuan ldi cho ddng chay cua
hdng boa, dich vu, ddu tfl va con ngfldi.

De xflc tien va quan ly cac heat dpng
hdp tac trong IMS- GT, cac ben thara gia
da thoa thuan lap ra cac the che hdp tac
bao gdm:

<i>O cdp do qudc gia: thanh lap cd quan </i>

dieu phd'i quo'c gia bao gdm cac Bp trUdng
kinh te, ThUdng raai va cdng nghiep

<i>(j cap do Tam giac tdng trUdng: </i>
<i>+ Hpi nghi cap bp chung cd nhiem vu </i>

de xem xet sU tien bg va giai quyet cac va'n
de ve chinh sach

+ 6 Nhdm cdng tac ve cac Ilnh vUc cdng
nghiep, dich vu, nong nghiep, ha tang cd

<b>BANG 1: N H U N G CHI SO CO BAN VE TAM GL\C T A N G TRUING IMS, 1994 </b>

<b>Cac chi so </b>
Dien tich
(kin2)

Dan so'
(trieu ngfldi)
<b>GDP </b>

(trieu USD)
GNP tren dau
ngfldi (USD
Tang trUdng

<b>(%) </b>

<b>J o h o r </b>
18.914

2,3

4.338

2.192

6,3

<b>X i n g a p o </b>
641

2,9

70.200

24.245

10,1

<b>Riau a </b>
94.562

3,7

3.320

897b

12,1c

<b>Tay X u m a t d ra a </b>
49.778

4,2

2.836

675 b

9,4 c

<b>Tong cong </b>
163.895

<b>13,1 </b>

80.694

Ghi chu: a: Sdheu 1993 ; b: GDP tren dau ngUdi; c: td'c dp tang trUdng giai doan 1987-1991

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<i>Nguyen Thu My - Tam giac tdng trifdng Inddnexia - Malaixia - Xingapo... </i> <b>23 </b>

sd, p h a t t r i e n n g u d n n h a n lUc va du lich

+ Hpi nghi cac q u a n chflc cao cap hoat
dpng n h u cd q u a n lien lac gifla

+ Hpi nghi Bp trUdng c h u n g va Cac
Nhdra cdng tac

+ Hpi ddng k i n h d o a n h c h u n g cua k h u

<b>vUc tu n h a n </b>

<b>1.2. T i n h h i n h h d p t a c t r o n g T a m </b>
<b>g i a c t a n g t r U d n g I M S </b>

<i><b>1.2.1. Nhiing bien phdp thuc ddy </b></i>

<i><b>hap tdc ciia chinh phd 3 nUdc </b></i>

Su r a ddi cua I M S - GT da t h u c day hdn

nfla cac h d a t dpng hdp tac ca t r e n cd sd
song phfldng l a n da phfldng gifla
Inddnexia- Xingapo va M a l a i xia. N h a m

tao dieu kien t h u a n ldi cho cac b o a t dpng
hdp tac, c h i n h p h u cac nfldc t r e n da b a n

h a n h nhieu c h i n h s a c h q u a n trpng.

<i>Inddnexia: </i>

Ngay tfl trfldc khi I M S - GT dfldc t h a n h

lap, t r e n g n a m 1990, Inddnexia da b a n bd'
mdt chinh sach de t h u h u t ddu tU vao Ban
Tam. Theo c h i n h s a c h nay:

- Trong 5 n a m dau tien, cd p h a n cua
ngudi nudc ngoai cd t h e len tdi 100%,

nhUng s a u dd, 5% p h a i d a n h cho ngUdi

Inddnexia (neu cdng ty xua't k h a u 100%

san p h a m , se k h d n g bi r u t bdt t h e m p h a n
t r a m cd p h d n theo quy d i n h tren).

- Ddn gian hda cac t h u tuc dau tU.

Chinh quyen B a n T a m , chfl k h d n g phai

Cue dieu phd'i d a u tU qud'c gia (BKPM) d
Giacacta xem xet cac ddn d a u tU. Tuy

nhien, viec phe c h u a n dU a n d a u tU thupc

ve BKPM.

- Khu vUc t u n h a n cd the lap cac bat

dpng sdn cdng nghiep d Ban T a m .

Ngodi ra, cac cdng ty dau tU vao Ban
T a m cdn dUdc hUdng cac Uu dai ddu t u
rdng rai nhU: k h d n g p h a i ddng t h u e n h a p
k h a u , t h u e gia tri gia t a n g , gia t h u e da't cd
t i n h c a n h t r a n h va dich vu "rapt cifa "giup
cac n h a ddu tU tiem n a n g ve trong qua
t r i n h lam ddn, p h e c h u a n dau tU, cac thii
tuc n h a p cU lac ddng

Ban T a m cung dfldc hfldng nhflng ldi
t h e tfl quy dinh mdi ve t h u e dat. Tfl
1/4/1995, cac n h a ddu tfl nfldc ngoai dap
flng dfldc cac yeu cdu ddu tfl binh thfldng
cd the t h u e da't trong 80 n a m . Cac ndi
khac luc ddu chi dfldc t h u e 30 n a m , sau dd
lam ddn t h u e t h e m 50 n a m . Nhflng quy
dinh mdi nay n h a m lam yen long cac nha
dau tfl dai b a n cua Xingapo*"". Ban Tara
va B i n t a n deu cd cac q u a n chflc cao cap

(Bp trfldng Habibie dd'i vdi Ban Tam, Bp

trfldng H a r t a r t o ddi vdi Bintan) dflng dau
n h a m dam bao cam ket chinh tri cao va
tao t h u a n ldi cung ca'p vdn cho xay dflng
ha t a n g cd sd.

Khdng chi d a n h flu dai cho cac nha dau
tfl vao Ban Tara, chinh p h u Inddnexia cdn

cpng tac c h a t che vdi chinh phii Xingapo
de p h a t t r i e n Ban T a m . Xingapo va

Inddnexia da cd nhflng hiep dinh song
phfldng ve cflng p h a t trien Riau va bao hp
dau tfl. Ca hai nfldc da tien h a n h cac

chuyen t h a r a xuc tien dau tfl tdi N h a t
b a n , cac N I E S va thiet lap mpt uy b a n ca'p

bp de dfl bao va tao t h u a n ldi cho sfl p h a t
trien cua Riau. Hai ben cdn lap ra mpt
Ban phdi hdp lam thdi. Ban nay bad gdm

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<b>24 </b> <i>Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 2/2010 </i>

trien kinh te Xingapd de giup dd cho cac
cdng ty dau tfl vao Riau. Hai ben cung nd
Iflc phi hdp va hai boa cac quy dinh va thu
tuc gifla Inddnexia va Xingapo

De thflc day cac boat dpng hdp tac,

Xingapd va Inddnexia da thoa thuan thiet
lap dfldng bay trflc tiep tfl Xingapo tdi 5
dia phfldng d Indonexia la Lombok,
Menado, Ujung Pandung, Solo, Padang.
Xingapo cung thiet lap lanh sfl d thu phu
Pekabaru ciia Riau de danh gia cac du an
va tang cUdng lien ket Xingapo - Riau.
NgUdc lai, Riau va Nam Xumatdra se lap
van phdng tai Xingapo

<i>Malaixia </i>

Su tham gia cua chinh phu Malaixia
vao IMS-GT khdng raanh rae nhu
Xingapo hoac Inddnexia. Dieu nay cd the
la do trong thUc te, da tdn tai rapt so' lien
<i>doanh gifla Xingapo va Malaixia d cap dp </i>
chinh thflc. Do vay, nhu cau ve cac sang
kien tfl chinh phii bj giara bdt. Tuy nhien,
Bp trUdng Cdng nghiep va Thudng mai
qudc te cua Malaixia Rafidad Aziz da keu
gpi khu vUc tu nhan cua Xingapo tien
hanh cac budc cu the hdn de xuc tien cac
du an hdp tac cdng nghiep cd tinh bd sung
cho nhau*"*'.

Chinh phu Malaixia cung dUa ra rapt
so'bien phap bao gdra ndi long cac

quy dinh, cac nguyen tdc dau tfl nfldc

ngoai tfl 1986 de khuyen khich dau tu vao
Joho. Ve phan rainh, chinh quyen bang
Joho da thuc day manh rae cac rad'i lien
ket gifla Xingapo va Joho ngay tfl trfloc
khi thiet lap IMS-GT thdng qua cac bien
phap sau:

* Tang so' lUdng ba't ddng san cdng
nghiep va cai thien cac tien ich cdng
nghiep de khuyen khich di chuyen cac cd
sd cdng nghiep tdi cac khu vUc ndng thdn.

* Tang mflc dp san sang ve lao dpng
lanh nghe d Joho thdng qua cac cd sd va
cac chUdng trinh ddo tao mdi

* Nang cap ha tang van tai, dac biet la
dudng xa va cang.

* Hdp ly boa cac thu tuc hai quan, nang
cap va md rdng cac phUdng tien di cU va
hai quan, bad gdm ca viec dUa vao thflc
hien smart card (the nhanh) de lam thu
tuc di cU gifla Xingapo va Joho*^\

<i>Xingapo </i>

Nhflng thay ddi chinh sach cua
Xingapo da ddng gdp vao sU phat trien
cua IMS- GT. Tfl nam 1993, chinh phd da

co'gang xay dflng cac "canh ben ngoai" cho
nen kinh te Xingapo, bang viec khuyen
khich cac cdng ty dau tU ra hai ngoai, dac
biet la vao cac khu vUc gan va dang tang
trUdng nhanh nhU Joho va Riau. Chinh
phu Xingapo cung gia tang viec tuyen
dung cdng nhan nUdc ngoai va khuyen
khich chuyen cac nganh cdng nghiep tap
trung lao dgng ra nUdc ngoai. Mot so'
ngUdi Xingapo xem IMS-GT nhU la "budc
dem khdi dau" cho chien ludc khu vUc boa
cua dat nUdc vi nd cung cap cho cac cdng
ty Xingapo cd hpi de hieu mdi trUdng van
boa va kinh doanh d cac nUdc lan can

<b>1.2.2. ThUc trang phat trien trong </b>
<b>IMS-GT </b>

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<i>Nguyen Thu My - Tam giac tdng trifdng Inddnexia - Malaixia - Xingapo. </i> <i>IS </i>

m a n h me.

<i>a.Lien ket Xingapo- Riau </i>

Ddu t u cua Xingapo, ke ca cua cac
M N C s cd t r u sd d Xingapo la ngudn FDI
chinh d Ban T a m . H i e n cd hdn 400 n h a

may d Ban T a m , 70% cd lien q u a n tdi
Xingapo.

Cac t a p doan k i n h d o a n h Xingapo da
tich cUc hdp tac vdi cac d o a n h nghiep tU

n h a n Inddnexia de p h a t t r i e n h a t a n g cd
sd, ke ca b a t dpng s a n cdng nghiep va cac

k h u nghi dUdng d B a n Tara va B i n t a n .
Bang 2.

Nhd gia t a n g d a u tU, cd sd ha tdng d
Ban T a m da dfldc cai t h i e n r5 ret. San bay

qud'c te B a n T a m ( H a n g Nadim) da md

cifa vad 1995, vdi d u d n g chay 4000 m va

cd t h e tiep n h a n dUdc m a y bay 747. Cac ke
hoach xay dUng c a n g C h a u a de cai thien

cac dich vu cdngtdnd va giara sU p h u

thugc vao Xingapo da dUdc t h u c day.

N a n g lUc v a n c h u y e n b a n g t a u len tdi
150.000dwt.

Vae nara 1997, 6 chiec cau da dUdc xay

de ndi B a n Tara vdi cac dao R a r a p a n g va

Galang cua Inddnexia. NhU vay dien tich

de p h a t trien va cd sd du lich da dupc md
rdng. Khu vUc nay rdng hdn 1,15 lan

Xingapd. BIDA da d a u tU dd n a n g cap

dudng va cac du a n c u n g cap dien, nfldc.

Nam 2000, 570 k m dfldng da dfldc hdan
t h a n h .

Cung vdi viec ddu tU vae h a t a n g cd sd,

cac cdng ty Xingapo va cac M M C s cdn ddu
t u vao n h i e u dU a n cdng n g h i e p va du lich.

T i n h tdi n a m 2000, cd 4 du a n chu chd't la

Vudn cdng nghiep B a n Taraindo, B a t dpng

san Cong nghiep Bintan; Khu nghi dfldng
qudc te bai bien B i n t a n ; To hdp cdng
nghiep va hai dUdng K a r i m u n . Nhflng dfl

an nay t h u h u t 4 ty do la FDI va tao viec
lam cho hdn 100.000 ngUdi Inddnexia, dua

lai ngudn t h u 2,5 ty vao n a m 2000**''.

Ngoai 4 du a n ldn t r e n , gifla Xingapo

va Indonexia cdn cd mot so' dfl a n nhfl Dfl
an cung cap nfldc cho Xingapo, Dfl an ca'p

k h i ga tfl nhien, dfl a n cung ca'p thflc
p h a m cho Xingapo

<b>b. L i e n k e t k i n h t e X i n g a p o - J o h o </b>

Xingapo va Joho dfldc ndi vdi n h a u

b a n g con hai t u y e n dUdng bp, pha va
dudng sat. Joho la dd'i tac mau dich ldn

thfl ba cua Xingapo sau My, N h a t , chiem
1/ 2 tdng budn ban cua nfldc nay vdi
Malaixia va 60% dau t u trUc tiep cua

Xingapo d Malaixia.

Dau t u ciia Xingapo vao Joho len tdi 85
ty RM vdi 662 dU a n che tao H a u het cac

h a n g Xingapo la cac cdng ty vfla va nhd.

Joho cung la ngudn cung cap Idn khach du

lich dudng bp tfl Malaixia tdi Xingapd.

Ngfldc lai, Xingapd la mpt cifa ngo cho

khach du lich vao Malaixia b a n g dudng

bp. N a m 2000, 2 trieu k h a c h da vao Joho

tfl Xingapo, trong so' dd so' khach ngfldi
<i>Xingapo chiem 70%. Vdi viec xay dflng </i>

dfldng cao tdc Bac - N a m cua Malaixia,

J o h o da trd t h a n h cifa ngd chd ngUdi

Xingapo di t h d m k h a p b a n dao Ma lai.
Theo thdng ke cua cac diera kiem t r a l u a t

n h a p c a n h , t r u n g b i n h radi t h a n g cd

800.000 ngUdi Xingapo, di q u a dUdng bp

tdi Joho*'^'.

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26 <i>Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 2/2010 </i>

BANG 2: c A c DU A N DAU TU DU" AN HA T A N G CHUNG G I U A XINGAPO
vA INDONEXIA d TINH RL\U

<i>Dvtan </i>

Khu nghi ditSng quoc te'bai bien Bintan

To hdp bien Karimun

Du a n nude nggt Bintan

Bat dgng san Cong nghiep Karimun
Bat dgng san cong nghiep Bintan
Lang cong nghiep Ban T a m

Lang Hanh chinh (Executive village)

T r i e u d o la My
2.000

1.000
950
600
350
350
60

boat ddng du lich va hdp tac kinh te gifla
hai ben, rapt tuyen dfldng bp thfl hai ndi
Xingapo va Joho da dfldc chinh phu
Xingapo va Tap doan Renong hdp tac xay
dflng.

Tfl 7/1999, cac phUdng tien kiem tra di
dan d diera kiera tra Woodlands da dUdc
trang bi thiet bi kiem tra hien dai de dara
bao kiera soat bien gidi chat che. Vao luc

khai trUdng diem kiem tra radi nay da cd
118.000 ngudi bao gdm lai xe van tai, lai d
td va nhflng ngfldi khac di qua.

Tfl nam 1967-1999, ngfldi Xingapo di
qua dudng bp cd the sif dung hp chieu ban
che ciia Xingapo (SRP) hoac ho chieu qud'c
te, nhung tfl sau 1999, SRP cua Xingapo
dUdc thay bdng the Smartcard.

Ve phan rainh, Chinh phu Malaixia
cung xuc tien nhieu hoat dgng nhdm thuc
day lien ket kinh te gifla Joho va Xingapo.
Mpt trong nhflng boat dpng dd la ke hoach
xay dflng Cdng qudc te phia nara bao gdra
mpt chiec cau mdi dai 1,5 kra cd kha nang
cho 200.000 xe di qua mdi ngay va nd'i
dudng cao td'c ciia Xingapo vdi dudng cao

<i>Nguon: AFTA Monitor {1994) </i>

td'c Bac- Nara cua Malaixia.

Cung nhu Ban Tam, Joho la ngudn
cung cap nudc nggt quan trgng cho
Xingapo. Moi ngay tieu bang nay cung cap
cho Xingapo 214 trieu ga Ion nUdc thd,
dap flng hdn mot nifa nhu cau ve nUdc cua
Xingapo**^'. NgUdc lai, mdi ngay Joho mua
trung binh 37 trieu galon nUdc da qua xif

ly tfl Xingapo cho nha may nfldc d Joho.

<i>c. Lien kit givCa Inddnexia vd </i>

<i>Malaixia </i>

Mdi lien ket gifla Joho va Riau cdn ban
che do thieu kha nang bd sung cho nhau
ve kinh te gifla hai khu vUc nay. Cho tdi
gdn day, mdi cbi cd vai dU an ldn nhU dU
an nhU:

- Cong vien cdng nghiep Padang rong
616 ha d Tay Xuraatdra do Cong ty Joho
va chinh quyen tinh Tay Xuma tdra hdp
tac xay dUng vao nam 1997. Chi phi dau
tu khoang 225 trieu RM.

- Lien doanh vUdn cdng nghiep thfl hai
d Dumai, tinh Riau.

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<i>Nguyen Thu My - Tam giac tdng trudng Inddnexia - Malaixia - Xingapo... </i> <i><b>11 </b></i>

P a s i r G u d a n g Ban T a m , P a s i r G u d a n g
-T a n j u n g P i n a n g (thupc B i n t a n ) .

Ngodi ra, M a l a i x i a cdn ddu tfl vao
<i>trdng cp ddu d N a m X u m a t d r a va Riau. </i>

<b>2. M o t s o k i n h n g h i e m tif thUc t e x a y </b>

<b>dUng A S E A N G T s c h o v i e c t r i e n k h a i </b>
<b>x a y d U n g T a m g i a c p h a t t r i e n V i e t </b>
<b>N a m - L a o - C a m p u c h i a (CLV- DT) </b>

Nghien cflu q u a t r i n h h i n h t h a n h va

p h a t t r i e n c u a t a m giac t a n g trfldng

Inddnexia- M a l a i x i a - Xingapo cd t h e r u t
r a nhieu k i n h n g h i e m hflu ich ddi vdi viec

trien k h a i CLV-DT. De dara bao t h a n h

cdng cho mpt tara giac t a n g trfldng thi sfl

gan can ve dia ly, y chi c h i n h tri ciia cac
n h a l a n h dad, t i n h c a m l a n g gieng gdn gui

la chfla dii. Ngoai nhflng n h a n to'tren, cdn

can tdi mpt loat n h a n to' k h a c nhfl:

1) Viec q u a lai t r e n cac dfldng bien gidi

qud'c gia p h a i de d a n g tiep c a n ddi vdi

<b>nhau, tdt nhat la p h a i md cifa chd n h a u . </b>
<b>Dieu nay ddi hdi cac nUdc t h a n h vien </b>

t h a m gia vao t a m giac t a n g trUdng bdt

n h a y cam ve chii q u y e n quo'c gia. Hien

nay, vdi viec xay dUng t h a n h cdng Cpng

ddng ASEAN vao n a m 2015, cac tara giac

t a n g t r u d n g cua A SEAN ndi chung,

CLV-DT ndi rieng, d a n g cd thera rapt dieu kien

t h u a n ldi de p h a t t r i e n t r d n g nhflng n a m

sdp tdi.

<i>2) P h a i cd it nha't rapt t r u n g t a m m a n h </i>

cd k h a n a n g p h a t trien nhflng hieu qua

<b>lan toa ve m a u dich va d a u tU ddi vdi cac </b>

k h u vUc t h a m gia tara giac. Mot trong

nhflng n g u y e n n h a n t h a n h cdng cua I M S

-GT c h i n h la cd dfldc Xingapd vdi tfl each la

t r u n g tara nhfl vay.

<i>3) Cac ben thara gia p h a i cd q u a n he bd </i>

sung cac ngudn Iflc cho n h a u . Sfl t h a n h
cong cua IMS-GT cho tha'y k h a n a n g bd
sung ngudn Iflc cho n h a u la n h a n t o ' q u a n
trpng n h a t de dam bao t h a n h cong cho
mpt GT. Ngay trong IMS-GT, nhflng k h u
vUc cd k h a n a n g bd s u n g nhieu nha't cho
n h a u la nhflng k h u vflc p h a t trien n h a n h

nha't. Lien ket k i n h te gifla Xingapo
-Riau, gifla Xingapo- Joho raanh hdn lien
ket gifla Riau va J e h o . Bdi vi k h a n a n g bd
sung lan cho n h a u gifla Xingapo vdi Riau
va Joho ldn hdn k h a n a n g bd sung cho
n h a u gifla Riau va Joho.

<i>4) Khu vflc tfl n h a n p h a i la dpng Iflc </i>

trong tara giac t a n g trfldng. De thuc day
k h u vflc tfl n h a n t h a m gia vao p h a t trien
tieu vflng, r a t can tfl do boa mau dich, lao
dpng va tfl ban

<i>5) Ha t a n g cd sd phai p h a t trien td't. </i>

<i>6) Cac mdi q u a n he van hda xa hpi la </i>

<b>cac n h a n to dau tien cho viec thiet lap mpt </b>

GT t h a n h cdng.

<i>7) Mflc dp cam ket chinh tri cao dd'i vdi </i>

k h a i niem GT cua cac ben t h a m gia. Cam
ket chinh tri la tuyet ddi can thiet de dam

bao k h u n g the che cho hdp tac gifla chinh
quyen t r u n g Udng va dia phUdng, k h u vUc

t u n h a n va dan cU sd'ng trong t a m giac

<i>8) Hdp tac trdng GT p h a i la hdp tac </i>

cung t h d n g . IMS-GT da gdp p h a n quyet

dinh vao viec t h u c ddy dau tU vao cd sd ha
t a n g va p h a t trien ngudn lUc t u nhien va

p h a t t r i e n cac n g a n h cdng - thUOng

nghiep h u d n g vao x u a t k h a u . Nhd dd, cac

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28 <i>Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 2/2010 </i>

cau kinh te, tao viec lara, phat trien ky
nang va chuyen giao cdng nghe gifla mdi
ben tham gia.

Tuy nhien, tac dpng tdi Riau la ldn hdn.
Tfl nara 1989, cac mdi lien ket kinh te vdi

Xingapo va Malaixia da chuyen hoa nen
kinh te Riau. Hieu qua nay the hien qua
cac chi so' phat trien kinh te va gia tang
dan so'. Sfl phat trien cung lan sang cac
hdn dao khac trong tinh. Dfldc khich le bdi
cac ket qua tham gia vao IMS-GT,
Inddnexia da quyet dinh khdng chi tham
gia vao cac tam giac tang trfldng khac cua
ASEAN ma cdn thiet lap tam giac tang
trfldng vdi cac ddi tac ngoai khu vflc, trfldc
bet la vdi Australia.

Tham gia vao IMS-GT, bang Joho cua
Malaixia da dUdc ldi ldn tfl sU dau tU cao
cua Xingapo va cac nUdc Ddng a. Su tang
trUdng va phat trien kinh te nhanh chdng
ciia Xingapo vdi tfl each la mpt true van
tai va lien lac qudc te quan trpng da lan
tea tdi Joho. Joho dang trd thanh trung
tam tang trUdng quan trpng cua raien
Nam Malaixia khi lien ket vdi sflc manh
kinh te npi dia. Mac du khong the ndi
rang sU phat trien cua Joho hien nay la
tham gia vao IMS -GT (vi cac luc lUdng thi
trUdng da thuc day cac radl lien ket nay tfl
trfldc khi tara giac dfldc thanh lap), nhflng
IMS- GT da ddng gdp them vao sfl nang
dpng cua tieu bang nay.

IMS- GT da tao cd hgi cho Xingapo day

raanh dau tU ra ben ngoai de day nhanh
qua trinh tai cd ca'u cdng nghiep tfl cac
nganh tap trung lao dpng sang cac nganh
cdng nghiep va dich vu cd gia tri gia tang
<i>cao va tap trung tU ban. Viec ddu tU ra </i>

ben ngoai da giup Xingapo khac phuc tinh
trang thieu da't, lao dgng, giam chi phi san
xuat va duy tri kha nang canh tranh qud'c
te cho cac nganh cdng nghiep tap trung
lao dpng cua Xingapo. Dau tU ra ben ngoai
cung lam gia tang nhu cau ve hang hoa, tU
ban, cac nguyen lieu dau vao trung gian
va cac chflc nang dich vu cua Xingapo,
tang cUdng vai trd cua Xingapo vdi tU each
la rapt true cua khu vUc. IMS-GT dara bao
sU tiep can cua Xingapo tdi cac ngudn lUc
chu chdt nhu nUdc ngpt, cac tien ich giai
tri va sang tao. Tuy nhien, khi so sanh
viec phan phoi ldi ich hdp tdc trong
IMS-GT, Malaixia dUdng nhu It thu dUdc ldi
hdn. Cd le vi vay, Kuala Lurapua khdng
that nhiet tinh thara gia vao IMS- GT. Uu
tien trong hdp tac tieu vung cua hp dUdc
danh chi IMT-GT va EAGA.

Mac du dfldc Igi nhieu tfl viec thara gia
vao IMS- GT, khong it ngUdi Inddnexia
van khdng hai long ve sU phan phd'i ldi Ich
trong tara giac tang trUdng nay. Hp cho

rang Xingapo dUdc Idi nhieu nha't tfl
IMS-GT. Theo hp, viec phat trien nhflng nganh
cdng nghiep khong dfla tren tai nguyen va
hudng ra xua't khau vdi mdt ham lUdng
nhap khau cad chi dUa tdi gia tri gia tang
npi dia nhd va it lien ket vdi kinh te
Inddnexia va Malaixia.

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<i>Nguyen Thu My - Tam giac tdng trudng Inddnexia - Malaixia - Xingapo... </i> 29

ky n a n g . Ve p h a n m i n h , Xingapo, cung cd
nhflng q u a n ngai ve tac dpng cua sU gia
t a n g ddu t u h u d n g r a ben ngoai ddi vdi cd
cau cdng n g h i e p hoac ve "Id h d n g "trong
nen t a n g cdng n g h i e p cua Xingapo. Mpt so'
cdng ty nhd va vfla lo m a t cd hpi lam a n do
cac k h a c h b a n g ldn c h u y e n r a nfldc ngodi.

<i>9) De dara bao t h a n h cdng cho rapt t a m </i>

giac t a n g trfldng, c h i n h p h u mdi nfldc
t h a m gia c a n nd Iflc de cd dfldc sfl ddng
t h u a n xa hpi. K i n h n g h i e m cua Ban T a m
trong IMS - GT nhdc nhd dieu nay.

IMS - GT gdp p h a n tao n e n gifla cac
vflng, cac b a n g d Inddnexia va Malaixia.

M a u t h u d n n a y s i n h tfl sfl e n g a i r d n g viec
cac chinh phii t a p t r u n g n g u d n lUc cho cac

<b>khu vUc t r o n g t a r a giac p h a t t r i e n cd the </b>

lam thiet h a i tdi cac v u n g , cac b a n g khac.
<i>Mpt so ngUdi b Inddnexia da d a t v a n de ve </i>

t i n h hUu ich va cdng b a n g ciia viec chi tieu
ldn cho h a t a n g cd sd d Riau. Theo bp, viec
dau t u n h u vay chi dUa lai ldi ich cho gidi

chdp bu Inddnexia va gidi k i n h doanh
Xingapo. Cdn neu ddu tU cho cac k h u vUc

khac se dera lai Idi Ich c h u yeu che ngUdi
Inddnexia.

Trong bd'i c a n h n h u vay, c h i n h p h u cac

nfldc t h a m gia vao cac G T s c a n nd Iflc de
tao r a sfl ddng t h u a n xa hpi ve sU c a n
thiet t h a r a gia vao GT c u n g n b u sU can

thiet p h a i t a p t r u n g cac n g u d n lUc p h a t
trien cho cac dia phUdng t h a r a gia vad

hdp tac tieu vflng. Ldi ich ciia viec t a p
t r u n g n g u d n lUc qud'c gia t r o n g mot thdi
gian nha't d i n h la t a o r a dUdc rapt cUc

t a n g trUdng radi. S a u khi h i n h t h a n h , cUc

t a n g t r u d n g dd p h a t h u y tac ddng lan toa

tdi cac k h u vUc x u n g q u a n h , t a o nen

nhflng lan sdng d a u tU va ddng thUdng
mai mdi cho cac k h u vUc ngoai vi cua tara
giac t a n g trUdng./.

<b>C H U T H I C H </b>

1. Tam giac nay dUdc biet dudi cac ten khac
nhau nhif SIJORI (ket hdp hai chfl dau
trong ten eua cae ben tham gia:
Singapore, Johor; Riau ) theo each goi cua
Bo trifdng Bp Khoa hpc cong nghe
Indonexia Habibie) hoac JSR-GT (Tam
giac tang trUdng Johor- ingapore - Riau),
hoac Nusa-Tiga, mpt thuat ngfl do Thu
hien Johor dung, hoac IMS - GT (Tam
giac tang trUdng Indonexia Xingapo
-Malaixia).

<i>2. Singapore Straits Times Weekly Edition, 5 </i>
June 1990.

3. Indonesia - Malaysia - Singapore Growth

Triangle, xem tai

/>

scape/0606.pdf.-4. Singapore Straits Times Edition, 27 May
1995. P.18.

5. Kumar, Sree 1994, "Johor - Singapo- Riau
Growth Triangle: A model of Subregional'
Cooperation. P. 180.

6. Dan theo: Chia Slow Yue, Director, ISEAS
(Singapore): Indonesia -

Malaysia-Singapore Growth Triangle.

<i></i>
<i>www.cpu.gv.hk/english/documents/confer-ence / e-synchia.rtf (Outline of presentation). </i>

7. Nhflng so' lieu ve quan he kinh te, du lich
gifla Xingapo va Jo ho, Malaixia dUde de
cap d day, dSn theo bai cua TS.Chia Siou
You. Bai da dan.

</div>

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