Tiến triển trong hệ thống chính trị một số nước Mỹ La Tinh những năm gần đây và triển vọng

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<b>CHINH TRI - LUAT </b>

<b>TIEN TRIEN TRONG HE T H O N G C H I N H TRI </b>

<b>• • </b>

<b>M O T SO N U O C M Y LATINH</b>

<b> N H O N G</b>

<b> N A M </b>

<b>G A N D A Y V A TRIEN V O N G </b>

V

ao nhiing nam cudi the ky XX

va d i u the ky XXI, sii thay ddi

manh me va nhanh chdng tren

h i u he't cic mat ddi sd'ng xa hdi cua

cic nifdc My Latinh, da gianh difdc sii

quan tam sau sac cua dif luan qud'c te.

Trong dd, tren phifdng dien chinh tri,

viec cic ding canh t i ciia nhieu nifdc

trong khu viic gianh thang ldi trong

b i u cii, tif dd gianh quyen kiem soit

chinh quyen da dac biet thu hiit cdng

luan. Bai viet nay mud'n gdp mdt phan

nhd ly giii sii quan tam dd cua dif

luan thdng qua viec nhin nhan chinh

ddi tifdng, tren ba phifdng dien la bdi

cinh xua't hien, boat ddng trong thiic

tien va xu hifdng van ddng tie'p theo.

<b>1. Boi canh kinh te - xa hoi cac </b>

<i><b>n\idc My Latinh nhiJng n a m cuoi </b></i>

<b>the ky XX dau t h e ky XXI </b>

<b>Tuf sau cic cudc khiing being kinh te </b>

1973-1975 va 1980-1982 ciing nhu' sii

tic ddng va sifc ep ciia My va Quy Tien

te Qud'c te (IMF), hau he't cic nifdc

trong khu viic da i p dung md hinh

kinh te' chii nghia tuf do mdi hay cdn cd

ten goi khic la Ddng thuan

Washington vdi ndi dung cd b i n l i : (1)

tang ky luat tai chinh; ( 2) xic dinh lai

chi tieu cdng cdng; (3) thiic hien cai

cich thue; (4) tuf do hda t i i chinh; (5) i p

<b>Th.S. N g u y e n Thi Hanh </b>
<i>Vien Nghien citu Chau My </i>

dung ty gii hdi doii thd'ng nha't va cd

tinh canh tranh; (6) tuf do hda thufdng

mai; (7) giim rao cin ddi vdi cic boat

ddng dau tuf nufdc ngoai; (8) tif n h i n

hda; (9) bd dieu tiet thi trufdng; va (10)

bio d i m quyen sd hutu tif nhan.

Chap nhan phifdng i n p h i t trien

tren, bifdc dau cic nifdc khu viic da

thu dufdc mdt sd' ke't q u i nha't dinh:

tam thdi cd the ddi phd dufdc vdi

nhutng va'n de gay can nhuf ganh nang

nd nufdc ngoai. Nhieu nganh kinh te

ciing lay lai difdc siic sd'ng nhd difdc

tdi luyen hdn trong nen kinh te thi

trifdng. Bat dn xa hoi ciing tam thdi

difdc giii quye't. Tuy nhien, "ddn

thud'c" tif phifdng Bic nay ciing nhanh

chdng bdc Id nhiing ban che, nhiing

xung dot mdi. Ke't q u i l i , sau g i n 30

nam i p dung md hinh nay, ngoai

nhutng t h i n h tiiu ke tren, phan ldn

cic nufdc My Latinh deu lam vao

khiing h o i n g kinh te va xa hdi t r i m

trong. Dd l i :

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T h e e d a n h gia ciia Uy b a n Kinh te
My L a t i n h (CEPAL), tuf n a m 1981 den
n a m 2002 (21 n a m ) , t i n h t r u n g binh
c i k h u viic, n e n k i n h te lien tuc t a n g
trufdng a m vdi h d n 8 n a m . Mdt so nifdc
cd nen k i n h te t a n g trifdng am dai
n h a t la V e n e z u e l a 12 n a m , A r g e n t i n a

11 n a m , Bolivia va P e r u 10 n a m . Chi
cd h a i nifdc cd k i n h te t a n g trifdng am
n g i n nha't la Chile (3 n a m ) va Cdng
hda Dominica (4 n a m ) .

He thd'ng q u i n ly k e m va c b i n h
sach tif n h a n hda t r a n lan da d a n den
nhutng cudc k h i i n g h o i n g k i n h te - tai

cbinh lien tie'p d n h i e u nufdc: Brazil
n a m 1999-2000, A r g e n t i n a n a m
1998-2002, E c u a d o r n a m 1999-2002.
D i u tut triic tie'p nutdc ngoai lien tuc
g i i m : n a m 1999 d a t 79,7 ty U S D ,
n a m 2002 la 43,2 ty U S D , n a m 2003
la 32 ty U S D .

Nd nifdc ngoai cua c i c nifdc k h u
viic t a n g n h a n h va d mufc cao nha't t h e
gidi: n a m 1985 la 300 ty U S D ; n a m
1996 - 653 ty U S D , n a m 1999 - 762 ty
USD, n a m 2004 con sd len tdi 760 ty
USD, gap n h i e u l a n ne'u so vdi kim
ngach xua't k h a u va nd da trd t h a n h
mdt trong nhiing v a t c i n ldn ddi vdi
sii p h i t t r i e n ciia cac nifdc k h u viic*".
Chi t i n h rieng n a m 2003, nd nufdc
ngoai ciia mdt sd' nifdc k h u viic gap
nhieu l i n so vdi kim ngach x u a t k h a u .
Vi du, nd nifdc ngoai ciia A r g e n t i n a la
145 ty USD, b a n g 438% kim ngach
xua't k h a u ; tufdng tuf ciia Brazil la 235
ty USD va 282%; Venezuela - 32 ty
USD va 120%; P e r u - 30 ty USD va
279%; Mexico - 140 ty USD va 79%;
Colombia - 38 ty U S D va 249%; Chile
- 41 ty U S D va 159%; Ecuador - 17 ty
USD va 234 %.*''

<i>Ve xd hoi, t i n h t r a n g p h i n hda giau </i>

ngheo va n a n ddi dien r a r a t gay gat.
My L a t i n h cd 227 t r i e u ngufdi ngheo,
chie'm 44%o t r o n g tdng so' hdn 500

trieu d a n , t r o n g dd 92 trieu ngifdi
sd'ng difdi mufc ngheo khd, 55 trieu
ngifdi suy d i n h difdng t r i m trong. Bat
b i n h d a n g ve t h u n h a p va p h a n chia
ciia c i i t r o n g xa hdi t a n g len trong
nhutng n a m 1990 va trd n e n t r i m
trong hdn t r o n g nhiing n a m d i u the
ky XXI. Ve v i n de n a y xin d a n mdt
vai sd' lieu: t a i A r g e n t i n a , t i n g ldp dia
chu chi chie'm 1,2% d a n sd'nhifng n a m
<i>trong tay hdn 50% da't c a n h t i c ; tai </i>
Mexico, t r o n g k h i 2 trieu ndng dan
k h d n g cd r u d n g thi cd k h o a n g 2.500
dai dien chii, mdi ngifdi cd tif 10.000
de'n 30.000 h a dat; hay, Brazil la nifdc
cd n e n k i n h te ldn n h a t My L a t i n h
nhifng lai la nufdc cd sii p h a n phdi t h u
n h a p tdi te nha't t h e gidi; Venezuela
da't nufdc cd dieu kien thien n h i e n ifu
dai nbufng v i n tdn tai mdt nghich ly,
qud'c gia n a y cd hdn 30 trieu h a da't
ndng nghiep m a p h i i n h a p k h a u de'n
70% lifdng thiic - thiic p h a m , 80% dat
c a n h t i c do 5% dai dien chu n i m giii,

la nifdc cd trii lifdng d a u md difng thif
s i u t h e gidi va difng thuf n a m ve s i n
lifdng k h a i t h i c nhifng 80% d a n sd lai
sd'ng d miic ngheo khd. Thiic t r a n g
n a y diing nhif giao sif David F e r r a n t i ,
Ciiu Phd Chii tich p h u t r a c h k h u viic
My L a t i n h va C a r i b b e a n cua Ngan
h a n g T h e gidi da cho r i n g : "Vdi t i n h
t r a n g 10%) sd ngufdi giau n h a t chiem
48% va ciing 10% sd ngufdi ngheo n h a t
chi chie'm 1,6% tdng t h u n h a p qud'c
dan, My L a t i n h la k h u viic b a t binh
d a n g ldn nha't t h e gidi". Tru:dc tinh
t r a n g dd, b i o c i o ciia Td chiic Lao
ddng t h e gidi n a m 2007 n h a n dinh:
"Rat n h i e u k h i n a n g My L a t i n h
-C a r i b b e a n se k h d n g t h e d a t dufdc Muc
tieu T h i e n nien ky la g i i m mot niia sd
ngufdi nghed v i o n a m 2015 do Lien
Hdp qud'c de ra".

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nhanh chdng. Theo so' lieu thd'ng ke,

ty le that nghiep chung ciia khu viic

tang cao, tuf 6% nam 1980 len 10,4%

nam 2000, duy tri mufc 10,3%) nam

2005 va 9,1% nam 2006. Khu vufc My

Latinh "ndi tieng" la ndi s i n xua't ma

tiiy nhieu nha't the' gidi v i ciing la

khu viic cd ty le ngifdi mii chii xep vae

hang cao tren the gidi vdi khoing tren

50 trieu ngifdi.

Bdi c i n h kinh te - xa hdi cac nifdc

My Latinh nhif tren, da dan de'n viec

hinh thanh nhieu phong trao xa hdi

<i>rdng ldn nhif: Dien ddn Sao Paulo; </i>

<i>Hoi thao quoc te ''Cdc ddng chinh tri </i>

<i>vd mot xd hoi mdi". Hoi thao quoc te </i>

<i>thudng nien; Dien ddn Xd hoi the gidi </i>

<i>(WSF)... Dieu nay chifng td, nhu c i u </i>

bufc thiet ciia ddng d i o cic t i n g ldp

n h i n d i n ddi hdi phai cd suf thay ddi

v i nd ciing chinh la cd sd nen t i n g

quan trqng dan de'n nhutng tie'n trien

trong he thd'ng chinh tri cac nifdc khu

vufc nay. Dd la suf thang the ciia cac

dang canh t i tai 14 nufdc trong bau

cii, cimg vdi nd la h i n g loat chinh phu

canh t i dufdc t h a n h lap va dufng ra

dieu hanh da't nufdc, vdi viec ban hanh

difdng Idl chinh sach phat trien kinh

te, xa hdi tie'n bd cd nhieu diem mdi so

vdi chinh quyen trufdc dd. Day dufdc

xem nhif mdt "diem mdi" trong tinh

hinh chinh tri the gidi hien nay.

2. Nhiifng tien t r i e n mdfi t r o n g he

<i>t h o n g c h i n h tri cac iwiijc My L a t i n h </i>

<i>a)Thdng Icfi cua cdc ddng canh td trong </i>

<i>bdu cUgidnh kiem sodt chinh quyen </i>

Tuf cudi thap nien 90 ciia the' ky XX

den nay, cac liic lufdng c i n h t i d My

Latinh da bifdc vao giai doan phuc hdi

va gianh thang ldi trong cac cudc b i u

cii tdng thd'ng, hang loat chinh phii do

cic d i n g c i n h t i nam quyen da dufdc

thanh lap. Dd thiic suf l i mot trdng

nhutng budc p h i t trien mdi cua cac

nufdc My Latinh va nd da trd thanh

mot hien tufdng rat d i n g lufu y trong

bdi c i n h the gidi hien nay.

Khdi dau la thang ldi ciia dng H.

Chavez trong cudc bau cii tdng thd'ng

nam 1998 d Venezuela. Tie'p theo l i

thing ldi ciia cic ding cinh t i tai: Chile

nam 2000, Brazil nam 2002, Argentina

nam 2003, Panama va Uruguay nam

2004 va Bolivia nam 2005.

Dac biet, nam 2006 difdc coi la nam

ghi dam da'u an thanh cdng ciia trao

lufu cinh t i My Latinh vdi viec gianh

thang ldi cua nam lanh tu cinh t i : Sii

kien khdi dau gay chan ddng dif luan

qud'c te va cd y nghia ldn ddi vdi phong

trao nam 2006 la tai Bolivia, dng

Morales, ufng cii vien ciia ding Phong

t r i o di len chu nghia xa hdi (MAS)

gianh thang ldi trong cudc b i u cii tdng

thd'ng cudi nam 2005 va len nam quyen

tuf d i u nam 2006. Ong trd thanh vi

tdng thd'ng ngifdi da dd d i u tien trong

lich sii 180 nam ddc lap ciia Cdng hda

Bolivia.Thang ldi ciia dng la t h i n g ldi

ciia nhan dan lao ddng da'u tranh ddi

quyen dan sinh, dan chu, chd'ng ngheo

ddi va ba't cdng trong xa hdi;

Thang ldi quan trong tie'p theo ciia

liic lufdng c i n h t i My Latinh la tai

Chile, ba Bachelet, ufng cii vien cua

d i n g Xa hdi thudc Lien minh trung ta

da gianh thang ldi trong cuoc bau cii

tdng thd'ng Chile vdng hai ngay 15/1

va trd t h a n h nut tdng thd'ng d i u tien

trong lich suf qud'c gia Nam My nay;

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<i>(2002); tai Nicaragua, ngifdi diing dau </i>
d i n g M a t t r a n g i i i p h d n g d a n tdc
S a n d i n o (FSLN) dng O r t e g a d i e cii
tdng thd'ng ngay 5/11 va l i n h a m chufc
tdng thd'ng c h i n h thifc vao t h i n g 1
<i>n a m 2007; tcii Ecuador ufng cuf vien </i>
c a n h t i Correa t h u d c Lien m i n h D a t
nufdc gianh 70%o phie'u b i u va trd

t h a n h tdng thd'ng Ecuador ngay
<i>26/11; va tcti Venezuela, dng H. </i>
Chavez t i i dac cut n h i e m ky ba lien
tiep vdi t h i n g ldi v a n g ddi tai cudc
b a u cuf ngay 3/12.

N a m 2007, ciing la n a m cac d i n g
canh t i gianh t h e m t h a n g ldi d

<i>Guatemala, dng A. Colom, ufng cii vien </i>

ciia d i n g c i n h t i D o a n k e t Hy vong
Qud'c gia da gianh t h a n g ldi trong
vdng h a i cudc b a u cii tdng thd'ng vdi
52,77% phie'u b a u .

<i>N a m 2008, d Paragoay ufng cii vien </i>
cua Lien m i n h c a n h t i dng Ph. Lugo
da triing cuf tdng thd'ng gianh 4 1 %
phie'u b a u so vdi 3 1 % cua ufng cuf vien
d a n g B i o t h u c i m quyen tif hdn 60
n a m trifdc dd.

N a m 2009, cac d i n g c i n h t i My
L a t i n h tie'p tuc gianh t h i n g ldi tai El
Salvador - n h a bao Mauricio F u n e s ,
ufng cuf vien M a t t r a n G i i i phdng d a n
tdc F a r a b u n d o M a r t i - gianh t h a n g ldi
trong cudc b a n cii tdng thd'ng ngay 15
t h i n g 3, d i n h bai iing cuf vien canh

hutu Rodrigo Avila, ngifdi ciia Lien
m i n h D a n tdc cdng boa (ARENA), da
trd t h a n h mdt suf kien qud'c te, k h a n g
dinh sif tie'p tuc ciia xu t h e " t i hda" d
My L a t i n h .

Nhuf vay, chi t r o n g mdt thdi gian
n g i n (tif 1998 de'n nay) My L a t i n h da
cd 14 chinh phii c i n h t i dufdc t h a n h
lap - chiem hdn 1/3 sd' nufdc t r e n luc
dia chau My. Sii kien n a y l a m t h a y
ddi r a t ldn ddi vdi he thd'ng chinh tri
c i c nufdc - dd la viec c i c d i n g c i n h t i
len n a m quyen, dufng r a t h a n h lap

cbinh phii mdi va b a n b a n h nhieu
cbinh s i c h kinh te - xa hdi tie'n bd, bifdc
dau dat ke't q u i nha't dinh. Ddng thdi,
day la t h i n g ldi cd y nghia r a t quan
trong p h i n i n h niem tin va sii iing hd
ngay cang t a n g cua c i c t i n g ldp n h a n
dan ddi vdi difdng Idl ddc lap dan tdc,
dan chii va suf tie'n bd xa hdi ciia cac
d i n g c i n h t i My Latinh, ciing nhuf
d a n h da'u suf chuyen bie'n tich cufc va xu
the p h i t trien mdi cua k h u viic nay.

<i>b)Mgt so chinh sdch kinh te - xd hoi </i>
<i>vd ket qud biCdc ddu </i>

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4,5%o de'n 5,5%o. Lam phat giim tuf

8,3% trong nam 2008 xud'ng cdn 4,5%

trong nam 2009 do gii c i thi trifdng

qud'c te giam, nha't l i ddi vdi cic s i n

p h i m nguyen vat lieu, hang h o i thiet

yeu va tieu diing gia dinh. Nhd kich

thich p h i t trien kinh te v i day manh

cudc da'u tranh chd'ng ngheo ddi, ty le

ngufdi ngheo d My Latinh da giim tuf

44% nam 2002 xud'ng cdn 35,1% trong

nam 2008, ty le ngu'di cufc ngheo giim

cdn 12,7%, tif hdn 70 trieu ngifdi

xudng cdn 65 trieu ngifdi. Trong dd

Brazil, Chile, Ecuador la cic qud'c gia

dat difdc cic Muc tieu Thien nien ky

ve giim ty le ngifdi cufc nghee. Ty le

that nghiep trung binh c i khu vufc

dufdi 8%, xua't khau dat 715 ty USD

va dii trut ngoai te dat hdn 200 ty USD

- mufc cao nha't trong lich suf*^'. Tinh

hinh chinh tri cic nufdc dan dn dinh,

ddi sd'ng ngufdi dan dufdc cii thien

tifng bifdc. Dieu nay the hien:

<i>Triidc het Id Venezuela, chinh phii </i>

ciia Tdng thd'ng H. Chavez da thufc

hien hang loat c i i cich tie'n bd ve the

che, td chute trufng c i u dan y ve hien

phip, b i u qud'c hdi, thdng qua nhieu

dao luat cd ldi cho ngifdi lao ddng nhif

Luat danh c i , Luat thue, Luat thdng

tin va Luat dat dai. Dac biet, chinh

phii tie'n hanh qud'c hutu hda nganh

dau khi - nganh kinh te then chdt cila

qud'c gia bang cich, budc cic cdng ty

tuf nhan (trong nufdc va nifdc ngoai)

p h i i b i n it nha't 51% cd p h i n cho

cdng ty dau khi qud'c gia ciia Nha

nifdc. Ben canh dd, chinh phii thiic thi

nhieu cii cich xa hdi tien bd nhif: xda

nan mii chut trong nhan dan, xda ddi

giim ngheo, cii tao lai n h i d cho

ngifdi ngheo, nang cap ha t i n g cd sd,

xay diing them nhieu trifdng hoc mdi,

mien phi va cap nhieu s u i t hoc bdng

cho hoc sinh, sinh vien ngheo, day

manh viec thifc hien chifdng trinh y te

cdng ddng. Vdi viec thufc hien nhutng

chinh sich tren, trong tam nam Tdng

thd'ng H. Chavez cam quyen da thu

dufdc nhutng ke't qua d i n g khich le: ty

le ngheo ddi giam tif 48,6% xud'ng cdn

36%); ty le tang trufdng kinh te nam

2004 dat 18%, nam 2005-2006 dat 9%

- 10%, thu nhap thufc te ciia ngufdi lad

ddng da tang tdi 445%; ty le mu chut

trong dan sd'tuf 15 tudi trd len giam tuf

9,1% nam 1990 xud'ng 6% nam 2005'^'.

Thanh tiiu ndi bat nha't trong mifdi

nam qua cua chinh phu nhuf ciiu Phd

Tdng thd'ng Venezuela V. Rangel

k h i n g dinh: "La cufu h i n g trieu ngufdi

d i n khdi cudc sd'ng b i n han".

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hdi "khdng cd ngufdi ddi" cua chinh
phii Brazil da trd cap 325 t r i e u USD
h a n g t h i n g cho 45 t r i e u ngufdi t r o n g
tdng so 186 t r i e u d a n nufdc nay. Day
la chifdng t r i n h trd cap xa hdi ldn
nha't t h e gidi giiip h a n g t r i e u t r e em
ngheo cd dieu k i e n difdc de'n trifdng va
dufdc c h a m sdc y te '^'. Ngoai ra, chinh
p h u r a t chii t r o n g c h i n h s i c h p h a t
t r i e n k i n h te b e n vutng di ddi vdi dn
dinh xa hdi.

Khi t i i dac cuf n h i e m ky thuf h a i ,
Tdng thd'ng L u l a D a Silva c a m ke't: se
tiep tuc thufc h i e n mdt sd' c h i n h sach
ma t r o n g n h i e m ky thuf nha't da d a t
ke't q u i td't va c i n thiic day t a n g
cifdng d a u tuf h d n niia cho l i n h vufc xa
hdi, tao t h e m viec l a m , day m a n h
giao due, y te, b i o h i e m xa hdi, cat
g i i m t h u e di lien vdi k i e m soat l a m
phat, c i i c i c h h a n h c h i n h tao mdi
trifdng d i u tif h i p d a n , tich cufc
chd'ng t h a m n h i i n g . K h d n g l a u s a u
k h i b a t d a u n h i e m ky thuf h a i , Tdng

thd'ng L u l a D a Silva c u n g vdi Ndi c i c
ciia m i n h da dufa r a : "Chufdng t r i n h
thiic day t a n g trifdng", vdi h a n g Idat
cac bien p h i p n h a m g i i i quye't v a n
de n g a n k h d n g de t i n h t r a n g n e n
k i n h te t a n g trufdng q u i ndng. Ddng
thdi, C h i n h phii Brazil ciing t a n g d i u
tuf p h a t t r i e n h a t i n g giao t h d n g nhif
khdi phuc va p h a t t r i e n cac t u y e n
difdng bd va difdng s i t , g i i m t h u e ,
hien dai h o i n g a n h s i n x u i t n a n g
lufdng t r o n g nufdc n h a m t r i n h t i n h
t r a n g thie'u n a n g lufdng t r o n g s i n
xua't. N g u d n vd'n dii chi cho chufdng
t r i n h n a y k h o i n g 500 ty Real tufdng

<i>dxiOng k h o i n g 250 ty U S D t r o n g bd'n </i>

n a m . Vdi n h i i n g c h i n h s a c h t r e n , ty
le t a n g trifdng c u a B r a z i l k h a lien tuc
t r o n g nhutng n a m q u a : n a m 2006 la
2,8%; n a m 2007 - 4,5%; n a m 2008 -^
5,3%. Do cudc k h i i n g h o i n g k i n h te
toan c i u n e n dii b i o t a n g trifdng

k i n h te n a m 2009 cua Brazil chi cdn
2,7%, den n a m 2010 lai len 3,9%,
n a m 2011 len 4 , 1 % .

<i>Tai Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, </i>

<i>Nicaragua, Chile, cac chinh p h u canh </i>

t i dufdc t h a n h lap deu ddng loat b a n
h a n h va thiic hien nhutng chinh sach
c i i c i c h mdi dem lai ldi ich cho ngifdi
lao ddng, chii t r q n g muc tieu p h a t
t r i e n k i n h te ben vutng.

Vi du, t a i Bolivia, Tdng thd'ng
Morales thufc h i e n n h i e u c i i each
chinh tri, k i n h te q u a n trong n h a m
xda bd ngheo ddi, b a t cdng, xay diing
mot xa hdi d a n chu, cdng b a n g va tie'n
bd tie'p tuc da'u t r a n h b i o ve chii
quyen va quyen tii quye't d a n tdc nhif:
tie'n h a n h qud'c hutu hda n g a n h n a n g
lufdng, c i i each l u a t da't dai, td chifc
b i u cuf qud'c hdi lap hien n h a m soan
t h i o hien p h a p mdi, md rdng quyen
cho thd d a n (ngay 7/2/2009, Hien
p h a p mdi cua Bolivia difdc b a n h a n h ,
day la suf kien cd y n g h i a vi nd la b a n
hien p h i p d i u t i e n dufdc n h a n dan
t h d n g qua, t r o n g cudc trifng cau dan y
ngay 25/1/2009);

Tai N i c a r a g u a , C h i n h p h u cua
Tdng thd'ng D. Ortega, trd lai n i m
quyen s a u 16 n a m ( t h i n g 1/2007), da
t a p t r u n g thiic day cac chinh s i c h

p h i t t r i e n k i n h te n h a m xda bd ngheo
ddi, b a t b i n h d i n g xa hdi vi ty le
ngifdi ngheo chie'm 50% d a n so, do vay
cudc chie'n chd'ng ngheo ddi la qudc
s i c h Ifu tien h a n g d a u . T h a n g 5/2007,
Chinh p h u da p h i t ddng chufdng t r i n h
chd'ng ngheo ddi vdi sd' quy b a n d i u la
150 t r i e u USD, tie'n h i n h trong n a m
n a m , n h i m giiip k h o i n g 750.000 gia
d i n h khd k h a n d c i c v u n g ndng thdn
t h o i t khdi c i n h ngheo. Trong dd,
n h i e m vu xda n a n m u chut difdc dac
biet coi trong.

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vdi nhutng chinh sich kinh te - xa hdi

nhif tren, cho de'n nay cii dufdc ldn

nha't la ngifdi dan cim tha'y "difdc lam

ngifdi", ho cd quyen cdng dan de ciing

nhau hdp sufc xay diing va cii thien

cudc sd'ng ciia minh tren moi phifdng

dien. Chinh vi vay, ho san sang tham

gia vao cic cudc da'u tranh de b i o ve

t h i n h q u i cii cich ciia chinh phii va

tie'p tuc thiic day tie'n trinh dd.

Tuy nhien, trong thdi gian tdi cic ding

cinh t i cim quyen d My Latinh van cdn

gap nhieu khd khan va thich thifc:

1) Cic lien minh cam quyen d cac

nifdc gdm nhieu liic lifdng vdi cic

khuynh hifdng chinh tri k h i c nhau

nen chifa thiic sii ben vutng.

2) Nhutng van de dan tdc, dan sinh,

dan chii, dan quyen va khiing hoing

kinh te, xa hdi da tich tu qua nhieu

thap ky, khdng de dang giii quye't mdt

sdm mot chieu. Trong khi dd, nhu ciu

va ddi hdi ciia q u i n chiing n h i n dan la

biic thiet - dd la sifc ep rat ldn cho cac

ding canh t i dang cim quyen. Hdn

nufa, d nhiing mute do k h i c nhau, van

de ngheo ddi, t h i t nghiep, tham nhiing

va b i t binh dang van ludn tdn tai nhifc

nhdi tai nhieu nifdc - day la nguy cd

tiem tang ddi vdi suf dn dinh ciia cic

the che chinh tri vifa mdi thanh lap do

cac ding c i n h t i lanh dao.

3) Sif chd'ng ddi ciia cic liic lifdng

ddi lap cdn rat manh - dieu nay the

hien trifdc bet qua ty le phie'u b i u

(khoing tren difdi 40%) cho cic ifng

cii vien ddi lap trong cic cudc b i u cuf

tdng thd'ng d cic nifdc vifa qua. Mat

khic, cac d i n g canh ta gianh chinh

quyen deu thdng qua con difdng tuyen

cii dan chii, tuf do trong khudn khd

ciia che do dan chii tif s i n . Cic liic

lifdng canh hiiu, b i o thii, difdc sii hd

trd ciia My va cic the life ben ngoai

ciing se de d i n g sii dung cdng cu nay

de giinh lai chinh quyen neu cic

chinh phii c i n h t i khdng d i p ufng

difdc yeu cau ldi ich ciia dai da sd tang

ldp nhan dan. Dieu nay thufc te da xay

ra: treng cuoc bau cii nam 1989 tai

Nicaragua, chinh phii each mang da

khdng g i i n h difdc thang ldi; t h i n g

2/2002 tai Venezuela, dien ra cudc dio

chinh chd'ng Tdng thd'ng H. Chavez va

dng da bi bat giam; hay suf kien t h i n g

12/2007, Tdng thd'ng H. Chavez that

bai trong cudc trifng c i u dan y khi

thdng qua Hien phap siia ddi,... la

nhiing bai hoc thufc te dat gia. Dac biet,

trong cudc b i u cii tdng thd'ng tai Chile

t h i n g 1 nam 2009 vifa qua, ufng cii vien

ciia ding c i n h hutu ddi lap - mdt ty phii

theo phe bio thii - dng Sebastian

Pinera giinh dufdc 51,6% sd' phieu iing

hd trong vdng b i u cuf tdng thd'ng thif

hai dien ra ngay 17/1 va da gianh chie'n

thang, cham duft hai thap ky cim

quyen ciia phe trung ta. Cdn iing cii

vien thudc lien minh c i m quyen hien

nay ciia chinh phii Chile, dng Eduardo

Frei da phii thifa nhan that bai khi chi

gianh difdc 48,3 % sd'phieu iing hd. Vdi

ket q u i nay, dng Pinera da chinh thufc

tuyen the nham chiic va nam quyen

tdng thd'ng Chile vao ngay 11/3/2010,

thay the chinh quyen do ba Michelle

Bachelet dufng diu.

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vufc. Day cumg se la mdt trong nhutng
t h i c h thufc ldn ddi vdi chinh quyen
canh t i trong thdi gian tdi.

De vufdt q u a nhutng khd k h a n va
t h i c h thufc, trufdc he't, c i c d i n g c i n h
t i c i m q u y e n c i n tim r a nhiing
phifdng s i c h h i e u q u i t r o n g viec p h a t
t r i e n k i n h te - xa hdi, b i o d i m dn
dinh, cdng b a n g xa hdi, chd'ng ddi
ngheo, va t h u hiit sii iing hd cua c i c
t i n g Idp tie'n bd t r o n g xa hdi, ke c i
trong c i n h hutu, va c i c Iiic lufdng ddi
lap k h a c . Dac biet, dieu cd t i n h chat
q u a n t r o n g nha't la c a n h t i ndi day
can k h a c phuc t i n h t r a n g p h a n t i n ,
loai bd nhutng k h u y n h hifdng, nbiing
tif tifdng k h i c n h a u t r o n g chinh phii
lien m i n h cam quyen, hifdng tdi t h a n h
lap mot chinh d i n g thd'ng n h a t t h a t
sii vi ldi ich ciia t o a n dan, cd dii n a n g
liic t a p hdp liic lifdng va l a n h dao
phong trao, q u i n ly va p h a t t r i e n

k i n h te - xa hdi.

<i><b>3. M o t v a i dvt b a o t r i e n v o n g </b></i>

Sii xua't hien, p h a t t r i e n va len cam
quyen cua cac d i n g c i n h t i My
L a t i n h g i n day la mdt n h a n td' mdi,
k h d n g nhutng tao r a sii t h a y ddi bifdc
d a u cd y n g h i a t r o n g he thd'ng chinh
tri t a i cac nufdc nay, m a cdn gdp p h i n
thiic day xu t h e hda binh, hdp t i c va
p h a t t r i e n d k h u vufc va t r e n t h e gidi,
ddng thdi, l a m suy g i i m t h e "ddc tdn"
ciia My d ngay k h u vufc "san sau"
t r u y e n thd'ng.

Do liic lifdng t h a m gia r a t da dang,
vdi n h i e u k h u y n h hifdng va ldi ich
khac n h a u , cimg vdi suf chd'ng p h i
quye't liet tuf p h i a ddi lap trong va
n g o i i nifdc, viec giii vutng va p h i t h u y
nhiing t h a n h q u i da d a t difdc la
n h i e m vu he't sufc n a n g ne d a n g d a t r a
cho c i c c h i n h q u y e n c i n h t i My
L a t i n h . Vdi t i n h h i n h thufc te nhuf
t r e n , gidi n g h i e n ciiu cho r i n g , xu

hifdng cua c i c nufdc n a y n a m 2010 va
t r o n g thdi gian tdi se theo hai kich
b i n sau:

<i>ThU nhat, mdt sd' chinh phii canh </i>

t i tie'p tuc di theo con difdng "chu
nghia xa hdi t h e ky XXI", dai dien la
Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador - cac
chinh phii c a n h t i cap tien. Song,
thiic chat "chu n g h i a xa hdi t h e ky
XXI" d c i c nufdc n a y khdng gidng vdi
chu n g h i a xa hdi d Lien Xd va cac
nufdc Ddng Au trufdc day, m a nd xua't
p h i t tif thufc te cua My L a t i n h . "Chu
nghia xa hdi t h e ky XXI" d My L a t i n h ,
lay tif tifdng c h u n g h i a Mac Lenin l a m
n e n t i n g , ke't hdp vdi tif tifdng ciia
ngifdi a n h h i m g g i i i phdng Simon
Bolivar, tuf tufdng tie'n bd k h i c d k h u
vufc va tif tifdng n h a n dao Thien chua
giao lam n e n t i n g va kim chi n a m cho
moi h a n h ddng, vdi muc tieu hifdng
tdi sii binh dang, cdng b a n g xa hdi va
xda bd ngheo ddi; chd'ng lai sii can
thiep ciia tuf b i n dia phifdng va tif b i n
nifdc ngoai t r o n g nhutng van de k i n h
te q u a n t r o n g ciia qud'c gia (trong dd
tuf tifdng chd'ng My ve n h i e u van de
r a t gay gat); xay dufng n e n k i n h te tbi
trifdng m a n g m a u sac "xa hdi chu
nghia", t r o n g dd n h a nifdc giii vai trd
chu dao t r o n g n e n k i n h te nhieu

t h a n h p h a n (nha nufdc, tuf b i n nifdc
ngoai, hdp tac xa va d o a n h nghiep vifa
va nhd), chii t r o n g viec tai p h a n bd
t h u n h a p va phiic ldi xa hdi.

<i>Thit hai, mdt sd' chinh phii tiep tuc </i>

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<span class='text_page_counter'>(9)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=9>

khu vufc. Dai dien la Brazil, Uruguay,

Chile, Nicaragua va Argentina - cac

chinh phii c i n h t i dn hda. Song, thufc

chat cic chinh phii canh t i theo xu

hifdng nay van ap dung cic chinh

sich tii do mdi va ting hd tuf s i n qud'c

gia va khu vufc nhifng cd dieu chinh.

Theo nhan dinh chung, nam 2010

<i>va thdi gian tie'p theo, cdc chinh </i>

<i>quyen canh td My Latinh se bUdc vdo </i>

<i>giai doan ddy xdo dpng vd cd xu </i>

<i>hiidng suy ye'u, mac dii dang nam </i>

quyen tai 14 qud'c gia. Tinh hinh nay

x u i t hien d g i n nhif ta't c i cac nifdc cd

ding cinh t i nam quyen, cho du dd la

xu hifdng canh t i dn hda hay xu

hifdng canh t i ca'p tie'n. Vi du:

<i>Tai Chile, lien minh trung t i giiia </i>

ding xa hdi va Dan chu Thien chiia giio

da gap rat nhieu khd khan trong viec

thiic thi ddi mdi bd miy lanh dao; thufc

hien Chufdng trinh cii td he thd'ng giad

thdng cdng cdng tai Santiago khdng dufdc

sii ling hd ciia nhan dan; suf that vong

ciia gidi tre ddi vdi ding cim quyen ciing

nhif khdng the ldi keo difdc Ding Cdng

sin tham gia vao cudc chdi chinh tri da

lam suy ye'u ding cim quyen, trifdc suf

trdi day manh me ciia cinh hutu dn hda.

Dac biet, trong cudc b i u cii tdng thd'ng

thang 1/2010, dai dien ciia ding canh

hifu ddi lap da gianh chien thang trufdc

ifng cii vien canh t i v i bifdc len vii dai

chinh tri sau hai thap ky that bai lien

tiep - dd ciing la bai hoc dat gii cho liic

lifdng cinh t i Chile;

<i>Tqi Venezuela, dng Chavez da khdng </i>

gianh difdc thang ldi trong cudc trifng

ciu dan y siia ddi hien phap nam 2007,

tie'p den nam 2009, lan sdng p h i n ddi

difdng Idl cua d i n g cim quyen ngay

mdt tang, nha't la t i n g ldp trung lifu;

<i>Tqi Brazil, theo ke't q u i ciia trufng </i>

c i u dan y ve ufng cii vien tdng thdng

nam 2010, ngifdi dang gianh suf ung

ho la dng Jose Serra thudc d i n g Dan

chii xa hoi chii khdng p h i i iing cuf

vien ciia d i n g c i m quyen.

Nhuf vay, suf tdn tai va p h i t trien

ciia hai xu hufdng tren trong thdi gian

tdi v i n la mot trong nhutng "diem

ndng" ma duf luan trong va ngoai khu

viic tiep tuc quan t i m theo ddi •

<i>Tdi lieu tham khdo: </i>

1. Tap chi "Chau My Ngay nay" cac n a m tCf
2003-2009

2. Tap chi Cong san cac n a m tii 2006-2009
3. Hoc vien Chinh tri Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh,

Thong tin nhiing van de Ly l u a n cac so' nam
2006 .,:. , ,
4. Bao N h a n d a n t h a n g 12/2006 '''' ' '' ''
5. Robert J. Alexander, L a t i n American Politics

and Government, New York, 1995.

6. K e n n e t h F. J o h n s o n , Political Forces in Latin
America, New york 1968.

7. Xem:
;
;

; BBC.com; CNN.com;

REUTERS.com;

X T - ^ • '

<i>N e w s . v n a n e t . v n i , ;' . •' ':' </i>

<i>Chil thich: </i>

<i><b>_{; n ,) n : f}</b></i>

1) So lieu trong bao cao chinh thiic ve tinh hinh
kinh te My L a t i n h - C a r i b b e a n ciia iiy ban
<i>Kinh te My L a t i n h - C a r i b b e a n ciia LHQ til </i>
1 9 9 6 - 2 0 0 7 .

2) Trao lUu canh t a d My L a t i n h hien nay va
"chii nghia xa hoi t h e ky XXI" 6 Venezuela,

trich theo

spx

</div>

<!--links-->
<a href=' /><a href=''> ; </a>
<a href=''>; </a>
<a href=''>;</a>
<a href=''> BBC.com;</a>
<a href=''> CNN.com; </a>
<a href=''>REUTERS.com; </a>
cải cách hệ thống ngân hàng một số nước châu Á sau khủng hoảng tài chính - tiền tệ

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