Tìm hiểu văn hoá trong dạy và học ngoại ngữ.
Bạn đang xem bản rút gọn của tài liệu. Xem và tải ngay bản đầy đủ của tài liệu tại đây (282.33 KB, 11 trang )
<span class='text_page_counter'>(1)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=1>
<b>LICH SLf- VAN HOA - XA HQI CHAU AU </b>
<b>TINH LIEN V^N HO^ TRONG D0Y Vfl HPC NGOei NGGT </b>
PGS. TS. Pham Thi Anh Nga
<i>Bai hpc Ngoai Ngir - Dgi hpc Hue </i>
<i>Dgy vd hgc ngogi ngu trong boi cdnh hien nay khong con don thudn la truyen dgt vd tiep </i>
<i>thu kidn thirc vi ngdn ngu nudc ngodi mgt cdch kho khan, mdy moc. Trong qua trinh do, cdc </i>
<i>yeu td vdn hod vd lien van hod ngdy cdng dugc quan tdm. Tuy nhien, hieu the ndo cho dimg </i>
<i>ve vi Iri ciia van hod vd lien vdn hod trong dgy va hgc ngogi ngif la viec khdng he dan gidn. </i>
<i>Bdi viet co gdng phdn tich vd lugn gidi ve mgt img xu khdn ngoan, hieu biet vd hieu qud, phe </i>
<i>phdn nhirng thdi do qud khich logi bd hoac tdn sitng vdn hod nude ngodi. </i>
Phap. Trong tinh hudng do, ung xir su pham
ed tinh lien van boa ehinh la tao dieu kien
cho hpc sinh thupc cac gia dinh nhap cu cd
1. Lien van hoa la gi?
<i>LL Lich su ra ddi ciia lien vdn hod </i>
Khai niem "lien van boa" dupc Hdi
ddng Chau Au djnh nghTa vao nam 1986 nhu
sau: "Neu gan eho tien td "inter" y nghTa trpn
ven eua nd, thi viec su dung tu
"interculturel" tat nhien bao ham eac y nghTa
tuong tac, trao ddi, pha bd rao can, quan he
hd tuong va doan ket. Neu ta nhin nhan tat
ca gia trj cua tu "culture", dieu dd ed nghTa la
ta nhin nhan nhung gia trj, nhtrng Idi sdng va
nhtrng hinh tupng bieu trung ma con ngudi,
la ca nhan hay cdng ddng xa hdi, dya vao
trong mdi quan he vdi nhung ke khae va
trong quan niem ve the gidi" (De Carlo
(1998) trich din, tr.41).
Nhung ngay tai Phap, "khai niem lien
van hoa" dupc biet den chua lau va mai din
nam 1975, yeu td lien van boa trong ITnh vyc
giao due mdi nd rd va dupc quan tam thich
dang, trudc tinh trang nhieu con em cua dan
nhap cu vao hpc trong cac trudng hpe d
the tu khang djnh dupc minh, ban sac ciia
chinh minh, khdng le thupc vao van boa
"chuan" Phap hay van boa gdc eiia bd me.
Sau do, each dat va giai quyet van de
dudi gdc dp lien van hoa lan rdng sang cac
ITnh vyc khae: khoa hpc quan ly, xi nghiep,
truyen thdng... va gan vdi xu hudng md cira.
Nam 1986, ehinh Louis Porcher la ngudi da
ed edng dau dua khai niem lien van hoa vao
trong ITnh vyc FLE (tieng Phap nhu mdt
ngoai ngir) tai Phap. Tuy nhien, theo
M.Abdallah-Preteeille (1996 (1986)), "lien
van boa la mdt sy lya chpn su pham chua dn
djnh, do do nd mang den eho chung ta nhung
nghi vin va sy ludng lu ban la nhting Idi giai
va sy khang djnh"
</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(2)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=2>
<i><b>'^inh lien oiiii hod. </b></i>
<b><sub>51 </sub></b>
<i><b>1.2. Mgt so nghien cuu, thdnh tuu dd </b></i>
<i><b>duac khiing dinh ve linh vuc lien vdn hod </b></i>
Trong sd rat nhieu thanh tuu eua cae
nha nghien ciru ITnh vyc lien van hoa, xin chi
neu d day mdt vai khia canh cd the van dung
it nhieu vao ldp hpc ngoai ngir.
<i>1.2.1. Tir phuang phdp so sdnh van hod </i>
<i>den phucmg phdp lien vdn hod (De </i>
<i>I'approche comparatiste (culturaliste) a </i>
<i>I dpproche interculturelle) </i>
Md hinh thuan tuy van boa ehu nghTa
(modele culturaliste) cd nguy eo nhdt kin
mpt ca nhan hay mpt nhdm ngudi trong
<i>nhtrng quan he nhan qua hay thuyet minh </i>
<i>dinh ve van hod (determinismes culturels), </i>
va nhu the, ddi dien vdi ke khae va trong y
thuc ve ke khae, thay vi thau hieu, ngudi ta
ehi dung lai d mue dp mieu ta, giai thich,
<i>tham ehi cdn dp dgt ngay ttr dau len ke khae </i>
mpt hinh anh hay mdt each img xu cd tinh
mac djnh. Da la ngudi Phap chang ban thi
"tat nhien" la phai van minh, ljch sy, phai
cao rao, dep de, saeh se va... giau cd, va ben
canh dd, vi la ngudi Phap nen anh ta (cd ta)
the nao ciing cd each hanh xu "thye dan",
"nudc ldn" va day ty tdn. Cach nhin nhan va
danh gia kieu dd the hien thdi quen djnh hinh
ddi tugng giao tiep hay ddi tugng nghien cuu
ngay tir khi chua tiep xuc, tim hieu, va day
djnh kien. Trai nguge ban vdi md hinh tren
la each tiep can lien van boa vdi nhung thao
<i>tae tu duy vd thdu hieu. nham tim each, qua </i>
quan sat va phan tich nhung eon ngudi, tuc
<i>le, img xu, thdi quen... cu the, 5;/>' nghiem va </i>
tu dd nhan ra nhtrng bieu hien cua mdt nen
<i>van boa. Dd la mdt qua trinh cd tinh chit </i>
<i>dgng va chu kien, d dd cai tdi chu the ddng </i>
mdt vai trd quan trpng trong viec ty xay
dyng y thuc ve ban than va ve ke khac.
<i>1.2.2. Viec khdi phuc vai trd cua nhimg </i>
<i>hinh dnh mac dinh (Rehabilitation des </i>
<i>stereotypes) </i>
Trd lai vdi thi du ve hinh anh ngudi
Phap d tren, ed the ndi each nhin nhan va
danh gia dd se gay trd ngai dang ke trong
giao tiep va hieu biet ve ke khac. Ngudi ta
gpi dd la nhting hinh anh mac djnh
(stereotype), thudng dupe coi la rat nguy
hiem trong ITnh vyc lien van boa, va trong
mdt thdi gian dai rat nhieu nha nghien cuu
quan niem phai hoan toan loai bd chung. Tuy
nhien khdng the chdi cai la chung van hien
huu, va nhtrng hinh anh dd that tien dung
trong budc dau tiep xuc va nghien cuu, neu
ta biet dimg lai dung luc, chi su dung chung
nhu nhung cu lieu ban dau can kiem chimg.
Van de la sau dd ta phai vupt qua cai ngudng
ban dau dd de tim each thau hieu thye su ddi
tupng giao tiep hay nghien cuu. Trong chieu
hudng dd, mdt sd nha nghien cim da quan
niem mdt each sang sudt la can khdi phuc vai
trd cua cae hinh anh mac djnh trong giao tiep
va nghien cuu. R.Amossy (1997) khang
<i>djnh: 'Hinh anh mgc dinh cd sa do hod vd </i>
<i>xep logi that: nhung nhirng tien trinh do la </i>
<i>khdng the thieu dugc doi vai nhgn thirc. ngay </i>
<i>cd khi chiing ddn den mgt tinh trgng dan </i>
</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(3)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=3>
<b>52 </b>
<b>NGHIEN cQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (107).2009 </b><i>khich. Chimg ta cdn phdi chdp noi nhung gi </i>
<i>nhin thdy dugc vdi nhirng md hinh san cd di </i>
<i>cd thi hieu biet the gidi, du bdo va diiu </i>
<i>chinh img xir cita minh ". </i>
<i>1.2.3. Tu md hinh Idp ghep kiiu mozaic </i>
<i>den quan hi soi chiiu (Du modele mosaique </i>
<i>a la relation en miroir) </i>
Trong mdt thdi gian rat dai, ngudi ta
van hinh dung cae nin van hoa theo md hinh
lap ghep kieu mdzaie, theo dd, moi nin van
hoa la mdt thye the ed djnh, ddc lap, khdng
tuong tac vdi nhiing nen van hoa khac. Ngay
nay quan niem dd da ldi thdi va dang bj phe
phan. Cac nha nghien cuu nhu
M.Abdallah-Preteeille da chi ra ring, khdng mdt nin van
hoa nao cd the tdn tai ddc lap vdi nhtmg tilp
xuc, tac ddng hd tuong dien ra giira nd va
cac nen van boa khac, va nhung dilu dd luu
dau vet len nd, clu thanh chinh nd, djnh
nghTa nd, thdng qua nhtrng qua trinh mieu ta,
the hien Ian nhau giiia cac nin van boa. Mdi
quan he soi chilu lan nhau nhu qua mdt tim
guong soi dd tao nen mpt he hinh anh
(imagologie), vdi nhtmg each nhin qua lai, d
dd cd hinh anh vl ban than (auto-image) va
ve ke khac (hetero-image) cung tdn tai,
tuong ung vdi nhau va tac ddng len nhau.
<i>T.Todorov khing djnh: "Hiiu biit nhung </i>
<i>ngudi khdc khdng chi dan gidn la mgt con </i>
<i>dudng CO the ddn din hiiu biet bdn thdn: no </i>
<i>Id con dudng duy nhdt"^. </i>
<i>1.2.4. Ren luyen vi su khdc biel </i>
<i>(Education a la difference, d I 'alterite) </i>
Chinh trong quan he soi chilu Ian nhau
ma chu thi "Tdi" y thuc dugc la minh khac
vdi "Ke khac" hay tha nhan (alter). Lien
quan den khai niem "khac biet" (alterite), Sartre
da phat trien quan niem vl y thirc ban than
(conscience de soi) cua Hegel va khing djnh:
<i>" Toi cdn din su trung gian cua Ke khdc di Id </i>
<i>cdi md tdi Id"^, "di dgt dugc mgt chdn ly ndo </i>
<i>do vi minh, tdi phdi thdng qua ngudi khdc. </i>
<i>Ke khdc la khdng thi thieu dugc cho su tdn </i>
<i>tgi cua tdi, doi vdi su hiiu biit ciia toi ve bdn </i>
<i>thdn cung nhu ddi vdi nhirng khia cgnh </i>
<i>khdc"\ </i>
Ke khac phai dugc xem la mpt chu thi
thye sy, la mdt con ngudi, vira gidng Tdi
nhung ddng thdi cung khac Tdi, la mpt
"alter ego" (cai tdi khac) cd thi dem ra ddi
chilu va ddi djch. M.Tardy khing djnh:
<i>"Dgo ly cita su khdc nhau khdng co nghTa Id </i>
<i>tim cdch hiiu mgt cdch trgn ven tdt cd nhung </i>
<i>gi la khdc nhau, ma la chdp nhgn rdng </i>
<i>chimg tdn tgi vd co khd nang chiu dung </i>
<i>dugc su tdn tgi cua chimg, du cho su tdn tgi </i>
<i><b>do la khong thi hiiu dugc, bdi vi no la </b></i>
<i><b>khong the hieu duffc"^. </b></i>
' "La connaissance des autres n'est pas simplement
une vo,e possible vers la connaissance de soi: elle est
<i>la seule '. {Nous et les aulres). </i>
<i>"[...] j ' a i besoin de la mediation d'Autrui pour etre </i>
<i>ce que je suis" (L 'Etre el le Neant). </i>
"[...] pour obtenir une verite quelconque sur moi, ii
faut que je passe par I'autre. L'autre est indispensable
a mon existence, aussi bien d'ailleurs qu'a la
<i>connaissance que j'ai de moi" {L'existentialisme est </i>
<i>un humanisme). </i>
<i>' "I'ethique de la difference, ce n'est pas chercher a </i>
</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(4)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=4>
<i><b>^ ' '^'I^'>*iulw(i.. </b></i>
<b>53 </b>
Trdng giao tilp va nhan thuc vl ke khac
va mpt nen van hoa khac, xu hudng thudng
gap la nhin nhan va phan xet ngoai gidi hoan
toan qua lang kinh, chuin mye eua ban than,
cua dan tdc minh, phan djnh sy dung sai mpt
each chii quan, bit kl sy tdn tai cua nhimg
<i>lang kinh chuIn muc khae. Cach ung xu Idy </i>
<i>ban thdn ldm trung tdm (egocentrique) va lay </i>
<i>ddn tgc minh ldm tnmg tdm (ethnocentrique) </i>
nhu the hoan tdan di ngupc lai quan dilm
lien van hda vl su khac biet.
<i>1.2.5. Tir nguyen tac "khoan dung" den </i>
<i>su ren luyen ve xung dot (Du principe de </i>
<i>"tolerance" a I 'education au conflit) </i>
Trudc sir khac biet nhu da ndi d tren,
ijng xu thudng dupc khuyen khich nen cd la
khoan dung ddi vdi ke khac, ddi lap vdi hai
thai dp qua khich la: (1) Sinh ngdai mdt
each cudng tin, va (2) Bai ngdai hay phu
nhan cai khac minh. Tat nhien dieu dd khdng
cd gi sai, nhung su khdan dung cung phai
dupc dat diing chd, neu khdng hau qua se vd
cung tai hai. T.Tcddrdv (1989) eanh bad:
<i>"Cd thi cdi md chimg la tudng la khoan </i>
<i>dung chi Id sir dimg dirng", "Khdng cdn Id su </i>
<i>chdp nhgn nhimg gid lri khdc nhau, md la </i>
<i>thdi do dimg dung trirdc nhirng gid tri, su </i>
<i>khudc tir budc vdo ben trong thi gidi cua ke </i>
<i>khdc: ke khdc khdng quay rdy gi tdi vi hg </i>
<i>khong ddng ke". Cung thed T.Todorov, sy </i>
<i>)_ ^m G ng chi la mat dire tinh nlu nhimg </i>
dd. img M su khoan dung la thye su vd
supp' •'• ''exis
<i>qu '/W' "prise" (M </i>
<i>Versu pedagogie I,. </i>
<i>meme incomprise,_ parce </i>
<b>llah-Pretceille trich dan trong </b>
<i>ilnirelle). </i>
hai, chang ban thdi quen ve trang phue, am
thuc, ve sinh eua ke khae, khac vdi chung ta.
<i>Ngupc lai, "khoan dung la khdng dimg chd </i>
<i>niu nhimg "ddi lugng" do Id nhimg phdng </i>
<i>hai nggt, hoac la, di lay mgt thi du xa han, </i>
<i>nhirng su hiin ti mgng ngudi d nhung cu </i>
<i>ddn Azteques: thdi do duy nhdt cd thi chdp </i>
<i>nhgn ddi vai hg la su kit dn (cho du su kit </i>
<i>dn dd khdng dgy bdo cho chiing ta biit lieu </i>
<i>chiing ta cd phdi can thiip di ngan chgn </i>
<i>nhimg hdnh dgng do hay khdng, vd phdi </i>
<i>ngan chgn nhu thi nao)". Cac phdng hoi </i>
ngat va sy hien te mang ngudi la dang len an,
<i>can cir vao nhtrng gid tri xuyin van hod </i>
(valeurs transeulturelles). Khdng the ndi nen
van hoa nay cao hem hay thap ban mdt nen
van hoa khac, ma ehi cd the khang djnh mdt
yeu td cu the cua mot nen van hoa nao dd
(ciia chung ta hay eua ke khac) hay mdt img
xu van boa nao dd la dang ket tdi hay dang
ngpi ca (T.Todorov 1986).
Mat khac, giao dep lien van hoa bao gid
cung dien ra trong mdt tinh hudng eu thi.
Mdi eon ngudi lai mang trong minh nhiing
dac dilm Ijch su (ljch su dan tdc, Ijch sir
edng ddng, va ea ljch su ca nhan, nhiing Ijch
su nay it nhieu ed gin vdi nhtmg xung dot
ljch su eua nhan loai). Cd tinh lln tranh
nhimg xung dot, ddi diu, khdng nhle din
nhung dieu dd se chi la mdt "ehinh sach da
dieu", khdng dam nhin thang vao sy that,
khdng mudn nhan djnh v l sy khac biet va
khdng the img xu dung din. Thed F.Fduquet,
</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(5)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=5>
<b>54 </b>
<b>NGHIEN CUU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (107).2009 </b><i>cdc chu kien a the tuong tdc. Id cdch duv </i>
<i>nhdt de tu Idm gidu ban thdn. dieu do khong </i>
<i>cd nghia la biin tdt ca cdc cdch Idm. cdch </i>
<i>nghl cdch ton tgi khdc thdnh cua minh. md </i>
<i>thua nhgn nhirng phuong thirc do nhu nhimg </i>
<i>ldi gidi da dugc minh chimg. cimg co nhimg </i>
<i>gidi hgn vd hgn chi nhu nhirng phucmg thirc </i>
<i>cua ban thdn minh. thugc mgt ngir canh khdc </i>
<i>ngir canh cua chinh minh". </i>
(M.Abdallah-Preteeille 1996 (1986) trich din).
2. Tinh lien van hoa trong lop hoc
ngoai ngir
<i><b>2.1. Nhirng the hien ciia tinh lien vdn </b></i>
<i><b>hod trong Idp hgc ngogi ngir </b></i>
Viee van dung nhung nguyen tae lien
van hoa trong day va hpc ngoai ngii ed
nhung the hien nhu sau:
<i>2.1.1. .\ang lire ngon ngir. nang lire van </i>
<i>hod vd nang lire lien van hod </i>
Muc tieu da\ hpe la ren lu\ en cho ngudi
<i>hpe khdng chi nang luc ngdn ngir </i>
<i>(cdmpetences linguistiques) ma ca nang luc </i>
<i>van hod (cdmpetences culturelles), tham chi </i>
<i>la nang lire lien van hod (cdmpetences </i>
intereulturelles). Hpc ngoai ngii cung la tiep
can mpt nen \ an hoa mdi, hpc each nhan bilt
mpt mdi trudng thien nhien \ a xa hpi khac.
nhung img xu. quan niem va nhan djnh khac
\ d i minh \ a dan tpc minh. Nang lue van hoa
khdng cdn ddng khung trong nhtrng kien
thuc cd djnh ve van boa nudc ngoai. \ e dat
nudc Anh, Phap hay My va cdn ngudi Anh.
Phap, My nhu nhimg thuc the trim tupng, va
khdng don gian la so sanh mdt each may
mdc. thd thien giira van hoa nudc ngoai va
van boa me de, theo kieu so sanh thuan tuy
van hoa chu nghTa (comparatisme,
<i>culturalisme). Nd hudng den sy thdu hiiu </i>
nen van hoa mdi, mpt nen van boa (ciing nhu
<i>bao nen van hoa khae) ludn d trong ttgng </i>
<i>thdi dgng. giao thoa vd tuang tdc vdi cae </i>
nen van hoa khae. anh hudng hd tuong vdi
eac nen van boa khae.
<i>2.1.2. Su trai nghiem Hin van hod vd </i>
<i>tinh phi phdn </i>
Khdng dimg lai a chd hieu biet, tinh lien
van hoa trong ldp hpc ngoai ngtr cdn the hien
<i><b>a sy trai nghiem lien vein hod. a dd van boa </b></i>
nude ngoai (dat nudc, con ngudi, ngdn ngtr,
eac thdi quen. tue le...) khdng la "cai de
biet", ma edn la "ke khae" dat trong the giao
tiep. tuong tae vdi ngudi hpc. the hien qua
<i>(1) nang lire giao tiep. su dung ngoai ngtr </i>
dang hpc de giao tiep vdi ngudi ban ngir
cung nhu boat ddng nganh nghe phu hop vdi
quy tae img xu cua xa hdi va van boa nudc
<i>ngoai, \ a (2) nhiing cam nhgn. nhgn dinh, </i>
<i>phi phdn... ed tinh ehu kien (subjectif) eua </i>
ngudi hoc ddi vdi nhung yeu td thudc van
hoa nudc ngoai dd, trong the tuong quan vdi
\ a n hoa me de hay cdn gpi la van boa gdc.
Van boa nudc ngoai trong ldp hpc tieng
<i>Phap phai dupc hieu la van hod cua cgng </i>
<i><b>dong ndi tieng Phdp. nghTa la eua ea dat </b></i>
nude hinh lue giac (nudc Phap) lln cac nudc
khae tren hanh tinh thude cdng ddng Phap
ngu.
</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(6)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=6>
<i>>Tinli lien Dim hod. </i>
<b>55 </b>
Nang lye lien van hoa khdng ehi chii
trpng den mdi quan he giiia ngudi hpe vdi
van boa nude ngoai, ma ca mdi quan he giira
<i>ngudi hpe vdi vdn hod me de. Chinh trong </i>
tiep can vdi van hoa nude ngoai, van boa
dich (culture-cible) ma mdi ngudi y thuc ro
ret hon ve van hoa me de, van boa gdc
(culmre-souree) eua minh. Trong qua trinh
hpc ngoai ngtr, nhtmg hieu biet va trai
nghiem ve van boa nudc ngoai gdp phan
cung cd, lam phong phu them eho nhung
hieu biet va trai nghiem ve van boa me de, va
ngupc lai. Hai nen van hoa do cd the xem
nhu dupe dat trong the tuang quan soi chieu
lan nhau (relation en miroir).
<i>2.1.4. Su dung mgt cdch cdn trgng </i>
<i>nhii'ng hinh dnh mdc dinh </i>
<i>Ddi vdi nhung hinh dnh mac dinh </i>
(stereotypes), xuat phat tu tinh tien dung,
tinh hap dan va gia trj tham khao eua chung
trong bude dau tiep can vdi mdt ngudi khac,
mdt nen van boa khac, can thiet phai dua
chiing vao Idp hpe ngoai ngtr nhung vdi thai
dp that sy can trpng, su dung dung chd va
khai thac hpp ly. Chi khi ngudi hpe cd kha
nang vupt qua eai nguong ban dau do va
kiem chimg, phan tich eu the timg eon
ngudi, timg su vat hien tupng cu the de thau
hieu, thi mdi tiep can dupe vdi ban chat, va
khi dd viee su dung hinh anh mac djnh mdi
thye sy hieu qua. Nhung hinh anh mac djnh
nay vua cd the la ve ke khac
(hetero-stereotype) vira cd the la ve ban than
(autd-stereotype), va cd the tich eye (steredtype
positif) hoac tieu eye (stereotype negatif). 0
day can dam bao tinh khach quan, tranh xu
hudng xem minh va dan tpc minh la trung
tam (egdcentrisme, ethndcentrisme). nhung
ddng thdi cung phai van dung chii kien
(subjeetivite) trong nhin nhan va thau hieu,
img xu.
<i>2.1.5. Tinh lien vdn hod trong mgi ngi </i>
<i>dung, tngi mdn hgc </i>
<i>Tinh lien van boa cd the dupc the hien </i>
<i>trong mgi ngi dung, mgi mdn hgc, tu mdn </i>
thuc hanh tieng vdi eac ky nang
nghe-ndi-dpe-viet (giao vien phai biet ket hpp nang
luc giad tiep vdi y thue, sy the nghiem va
trai nghiem ve lien van boa eua ngudi hpc),
den nhirng mdn hpc thien ve ly thuyet thudc
cac bd mdn giad hpc phap, ly thuyet tieng,
hay eac mdn thye hanh djch, ngdai ngir
chuyen nganh, va dac biet la bp mdn van hda
va van hpc. Mdi ngdn ngu, mdi nen van hda
cd nhtmg quy luat, chuan mue ciia minh, cd
diem gidng nhung cting cd diem khac, tham
ehi ddi lap so vdi mdt ngdn ngii van hoa
khac. Viec tiep can ngoai ngii trong day va
hpe d mpi khia canh, gdc dp can tuan thu
tinh khac biet nay, va can khoi gpi cbo ngudi
hpe y thue trong nhan thirc va trai nghiem
ddi vdi ngoai ngu dang hpc. 0 cap dai hpc,
ndi dung lien van boa chua nhIt thilt phai
tach rieng thanh mdt mdn hpc dpc lap, ma
theo tdi, hieu qua va khdn ngoan hon ca la
nen Idng ghep, dan xen nhiing khia canh lien
van hoa vao tung ngde ngach, giai doan,
tung ndi dung chi tiet eua chuong trinh, tirng
thao tac len ldp cua giao vien.
</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(7)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=7>
<b>56 </b>
<b>NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (107).2009 </b>Mdt the hien khac khdng kem phan thu
vj cua tinh lien van hoa trong ldp hpc ngoai
<i>ngti la sy hien dien cua ngoai ngir thir hai </i>
trong chuong trinh hpe. 0 nhieu nudc
phuong Tay, ngoai ngu thu hai cdn dupc dua
vao giang day tu bac trung hpc, va dupe xem
nhu mpt lpi the trong viec van dung tinh lien
van boa vao day va hpc, trong mpt tinh
<i>hudng dupc gpi la da ngogi ngir </i>
(plurilinguisme en langues etrangeres).
Trong dao tao d bac dai hpc ve nganh ngoai
ngij eua chung ta hien nay, mdn ngoai ngtr
hai nay ciing dang la mdt mdn hpc bat budc,
nhung cd the ndi nd chua dupe khai thae
dung muc ve tuong quan giiia ngoai ngii mpt
va ngoai ngtr hai, gitra ngdn ngti me de va
ngoai ngu hai. Tat nhien khi tiep can vdi
ngoai ngtr thu hai, ngudi hpe vua thua hudng
nhung thuan Ipi tu viec tiep thu ngoai ngtr
thu nhat dien ra trudc do, hoac bat dau trudc
dd va dien ra ddng thdi, nhung ddng thdi
cung nhan, chju nhiing run rui, lech lae do
anh hudng eua ehinh ngoai ngtr thu nhat nay.
Day cung la mpt mang de tai nghien cim thu
hut rat nhieu sinh vien va giao vien ngoai
ngti, vdi nhung hien tupng thudng dupc gpi
la giao thoa ngdn ngir hay van boa
(interferences linguistiques ou culturelles),
mdt van de da lam tdn khdng biet bao nhieu
la tam huyet, but myc tu vai thap nien trudc.
Tuy cd nhting run rui nhu the, nhung viec
hpe ngoai ngtr thir hai van la uu the va la
dieu kien tdt nhat giup ngudi hpc cang tham
nhap vao nhan thirc va trai nghiem ve ngoai
ngtr thu nhat va thu hai. cung nhu ve ngdn
ngtr me de cua minh.
<i>2.2. Nhiing nguy co cdn dgc biet luu y </i>
<i>2.2.1. Khoan dung vd doi ddu (tolerance </i>
<i>et conflit) </i>
Trudc thye te xa hdi ehau Au rat khac
xa hdi Viet Nam, vdi nhtrng tap tyc, thdi
quen, chuan myc img xu cung khac, sinh
vien can cd thai dp khoan dung chap nhan
cai khac. Tuy nhien, ben canh do, can ren
<i>luyen nang lire phdn tich vd phi phdn nhiing </i>
<i>mat hay can hpc tap cung nhu nhting mat dd </i>
khdng nen than thanh boa va hpc ddi. Thdi
quen img xu, nhung hien tupng xa hdi,
nhung thue te dupc de cap trong sach giao
khoa hay phim anh, saeh bao... cd the la
nhirng co hpi de sinh vien tiep can va tap phe
<i>phan, cd nhting nhan xet cd tinh chu kiin </i>
<i>rieng, dya tren nhung gid tri xuyin vdn hod </i>
(valeurs transeulturelles) ve dung sai thien
ac, mac du nhiing gia trj cd tinh chuan myc
nay ed the tuy tung nen van hoa ma cd
nhung diem khac. Tinh hudng Idp hpc ngoai
ngu cung la mpt tinh hudng gap go, tilp xuc,
giao tiep lien van boa vdi day du cac dac
trung cua giao tiep lien van hoa thye sy, d dd
ngudi hpc la "cai tdi" dip xuc vdi "ke khac"
la ngdn ngu, van hoa, van hpc... nudc ngoai,
va thay giao ddng vai trd trung gian, trg thu,
va td chuc. That vay, mdi ngudi hpc cd
quyen cam nhan, trai nghiem va phe phan
vdi tu each la dai dien cho van hoa me de
cua minh, trong tiep xuc, giao thoa vdi mpt
</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(8)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=8>
<i>^inli lien luin hod. </i>
<b><sub>57 </sub></b>
<i>the chit ddng, ed thdi do dimg muc ddi vdi </i>
<i>vdn hod nudc ngodi, tranh xu hudng than </i>
thanh boa, ly tudng hoa van hoa Phap, My
hay Anh va sa vao can benh mac cam va
sung bai nhirng gi la ngoai lai.
<i>2.2.2. Tiip nhdn vdn hod vd bdn sdc vdn </i>
<i>hod (Acculturation et identite culturelle) </i>
Trudc ngdn ngir va van boa nudc ngoai,
khdng rieng gi ngudi hpc ma ca thay cd giao
cung de roi vao mdt trang thai bat an, mac
cam, cho rang ngdn ngu: va van hoa me de
thua sut ngdn ngtr va van boa nudc ngoai, va
tir dd cd tu tudng va thai dp vpng ngdai. Xu
hudng nay hdan tdan dung vdi quan niem
cho rang cac nen van hoa cd the dupc sip
xep thanh mdt thang gia tri, ed nhung nin
van hoa cao ban va cd nhtrng nen van hoa
thap ban, va van hoa Anh, Phap, My... dupe
xem la cao ban van hoa Viet Nam. Cudc
sdng d cac nudc Anh, My, Phap trd nen
nhiing thien dudng mo udc, noi mpi eai deu
dep de tuyet vdi. Sy mo mdng day ao tudng
dd vd tinh sa vao quan niem lae hau da bj cac
nha nghien cuu lien van boa phe phan, bdi
thye sy khdng the cd van boa cao hay van
hoa thap ma giira cae nen van hoa chi cd
khac nhau hay gidng nhau, ve mat nay hay
mat khac. Tuy nhien, mdi con ngudi cdn
dupc cac nha nghien cuu lien van boa xem la
mdt "ngudi lai van hoa" (metis culturel), va
ban sac van boa cua mdi ca nhan dugc hinh
thanh dan dan qua qua trinh trai nghiem, tiep
xuc va tuong tac. Hpc ngoai ngtr khdng chi
la tiep thu mdt cdng cu ngdn ngir khae vdi
tieng me de, ma cdn hpc each hieu ke khae,
hieu img xir eua ke khac, va ban than ed thi
cd each img xu khac. Dd la mot qua trinh
tiep nhan, the hien qua nhan thuc va trai
nghiem van boa. Nhung tiep nhan den mirc
nao la hop ly, dau la gidi ban cudi cung cd
the chap nhan dupc cua nhiing anh hudng tu
van hoa nudc ngoai? Lam sao de tranh can
benh malinchismo (qua ua chudng phuong
Tay) ve van boa ma Todorov da canh bao?
Khdng it ngudi sau mdt thdi gian hpe ngoai
ngtr trong img xir da td ra "Tay ban ca Tay",
hoac theo each ndi cua ngudi Phap la "Phap
ban ca ngudi Phap", "bao hoang hon ca
vua".
d day, can phan biet gitra hpc cho bilt
de giai ma vdi hpe de the hien hay lam. Ban
ITnh eua mdi eon ngudi la d eho du tilp xuc
vdi nhieu nen van boa khac, nhieu ngudi
thudc cac sac tpc khac, du it nhieu cd nhiing
anh hudng trong nhan thuc, hieu biet va img
xir, nhung van cdn chu ddng giir dupc nhiing
gi la tu chat, la ban sac van hoa rieng. Hpe
de hieu biet, de khdng ngp nhan trudc ngdn
ngtr khdng ldi cua ddi tupng giad tilp la
ngudi Anh, Phap hay My la cin thilt, nhung
hpe de ed the nhun vai, de ting xu kilu Phap
phai la lya chpn rieng cua mdi ngudi, khdng
the la yeu cau, chuan muc chung dupe. Va
tat nhien, trong giao tiep vdi ngudi nudc
ngoai, dieu can tinh te tranh va vap ban ea la
nhting cam ky trong img xu hay hdi thoai:
hdi tudi phu nir, hdi muc luong hay thu nhap
</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(9)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=9>
<b>58 </b>
<b>NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (107).2009 </b><i>2.3, Tinh lien vdn hod trong dgy vd hpc </i>
<i>vdn hpc </i>
Neu Idp hpe ngoai ngtr cd the la mpt
tinh hudng lien van hoa thye su, thi nhirng gi
dien ra trong gid hpe van hpc nudc ngoai cd
the la the hien ro ret va dae trung nhat eua
tinh lien van boa nay. Ndi chung, giao tiep
lien van boa cd the dien ra trye tiep qua giao
ldi, ddi thoai, nhung cung ed the gian tiep
qua trung gian eua nhung vat hay san pham
nhu thu tu, phim anh, sach bao, truyen thanh,
truyen hinh... Theo M. Abdallah-Pretceille
va L.Porcher, tae pham van hpe (hay trich
doan tac pham) "the hien mdt the loai vd tan
<i>cua bai tap nhan tao ve sy gap gd vdi Ke </i>
khac: gap gd dudi dang uy quyen, that vay,
nhung dau sao cting la gap gd" *".
Mpt dae trung khac cua van hpc, la nen
van hpe nao cung vua thupc ve toan nhan
loai, vira gan vdi mdt nen van boa eu the, noi
nd dupe san sinh ra. Ve van de nay,
T.Todorov (1086) da trich dan khai niem
"van hpc phd quat" (Weltiiteratur) eua
Goethe, theo dd van hpc vua cd khia canh
phd quat vira cd khia canh rieng biet. Cac tac
gia deu gan vdi mdt nen van hoa cu thi,
nhung ddng thdi cung thudc ve di san van
hoa ehung eua toan nhan loai. Trong Idp hpe
ngoai ngii, viee tiep can van hpc nudc ngoai
va cac tac pham eua nd ed the dien ra mpt
<i>each true tiip, khae ban vdi cac tu lieu thuc </i>
"[...] represente un genre inepuisable pour I'exercice
artificiel de la rencontre AVEC I'Autre; rencontre par
procuration certes, mais rencontre tout de meme"
<i>(Edvcation el communication inlerculwrelle). </i>
(document authentique) thudng ed vj tri
thdng trj trong phuong phap giao tiep, vdn
dupc san sinh ra cho mpt tinh hudng ngoai
cudc sdng (de gidi thieu san pham, tang sue
mua, de thdng tin, rao vat...) khi dua vao ldp
hpe thi ngudi hpc phai gia bd, ddng vai, dien
kjch... trong mpt tinh hudng giao tiep gia
djnh hay ddng vai (eommunication simulee).
Ngupc lai, viec dpc hay tiep nhan tac pham
van hpe trong nha trudng hay trong eude
sdng hang ngay khdng vupt ra ngoai dy doan
cua eac tae gia, va tinh hudng dd hoan toan
<i>la tinh hudng thuc, cd giao tiep, chia se, </i>
ddng cam... va la mpt phuang thuc ren luyen
ve tiep xuc lien van boa.
That vay, van hpc la mpt bieu hien dae
biet eua van boa. Theo each phan loai eua
R.Galisson (1998) ve van boa trong nha
<i>trudng, van hpc sir thudc ve vdn hod-y niem </i>
<i>(culture-vision) hay van boa bac hpe, dupc </i>
<i>truyen dat thdng qua Iri tui (Tesprit), theo </i>
phuang phap suy dien (deductive), trong khi
tac pham van hpe hay trich doan cua nd
<i>thudc ve vdn hod-hdnh dgng {culture-action) </i>
hay van boa thdng dung, hoae la van boa
<i>nhan loai hpe, dupc xay dung thdng qua ca </i>
<i>thi {le corps) theo phuong phap quy nap </i>
(inductive). Hpe van hpc chinh la van dung
tri tue cung nhu ca con ngudi (co the) cua
minh de giao tiep va cam nhan.
Trudc tac pham van hpc hay trich doan,
ngudi hpe khdng can phai xoa bd gdc gac,
ban sae van boa eua minh, khdng can "nhap
vai", "gia djnh" minh la ngudi ban ngu de
</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(10)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=10>
<i>'Jinli lien Dim had. </i>
<b>59 </b>
the dien ra mdt each ty nhien tu gdc dp rieng
san cd eiia ngudi hpc: dpc, tim hieu y nghTa,
phan tich cau chu, phep lap ngdn, cam nhan
ve mat am thanh, nhac dieu cua tae pham
van hpc vdi gdc nhin rieng, cd chu kien, va
cd nhting nd lue rieng de vupt qua rao can
ngdn ngtr va den vdi tac pham.
<b>Ket luan </b>
Nd lyc van dung tinh lien van boa vao
day va hpe ngoai ngtr can linh boat, khdn
kheo va dae biet ddi hdi y thue thudng xuyen
cua mdi mdt giao vien ngoai ngu thude tat ca
cac bd mdn trong cac thao tac len Idp eua
minh, tir dd dan dat ngudi hpe tien hanh mdt
quy trinh hpc dap ung vdi nhiing yeu eau cua
tinh lien van boa, nhan thue va trai nghiem
ngdn ngti va van hoa nude ngoai trong tuong
quan vdi ngdn ngu va van hoa me de, va
dupc giao vien hd trp vdi tu each la ngudi
trung gian. 0 bac dai hpe, lien van hda
khdng nhat thiet phai la mdt mdn hpc dpc
lap, nhung nd ed the hien dien khap ndi va
mpi luc, gan lien vdi phuang phap len Idp
ciia thay va phuong phap hpc tap cua trd,
trong tung ndi dung cua chuang trinh. Cung
cin tranh nhirng thai dp qua khich trong tiep
can van hda, nhung lech lac nhan thuc va
img xu cd nguy ca lam phuong hai den ban
sac van hoa cua chinh minh.
<b>Tai lieu tham khao </b>
I. Abdallah-Pretceille Martine, 1996
<i>(1986), Vers une pedagogie interculturelle, </i>
Anthrdpos, Paris 222 tr.
2. Abdallah-Pretceille Martine, 1999,
<i>L 'education interculturelle, Cdlleetidn Que </i>
Sais-Je, PUF Paris, 126 tr.
3. Abdallah-Pretceille Martine, Pdrcher
<i>Lduis, 1996, Education et communication </i>
<i>interculturelle, PUF I'Educateur, Paris, 192 </i>
<b>U. </b>
<i>4. Amdssy Ruth, ..., 1997, Stereotypes </i>
<i>et cliches. Langue. discours, societe, Nathan </i>
Universite, 128 tr.
5. De Carid Maddalena, 1998,
<i>L 'interculturel, Cle International, 125 tr. </i>
<i>6. Galison Robert, 1991, De /a langue d </i>
<i>la culture par les mots, Cle International, </i>
191 tr.
<i>7. Galison Robert, 1998, Le "Frangais </i>
<i>langue etrangere montera-t-il dans le train </i>
<i>en marche de la "Didactique scolaire"? in </i>
ELA, Revue de Didactoldgie des
langues-eultures, sd 111, tr. 265-286.
<i>8. Pham Thj Anh Nga, 1997, Le calcul </i>
<i>du sens dans la communication </i>
<i>interculturelle. La rencontre entre Frangais </i>
<i>et Vietnamiens, Luan van DEA (Hudng dan </i>
khoa hpc: GS. Bemard Gardin), DH Rouen,
96 tr.
<i>9. Pham Thj Anh Nga, 2000, "Ces </i>
<i>interactions qui ne vont pas de soi". Etude </i>
<i>des gloses metacommunicationnelles sur la </i>
<i>rencontre Frangais-Vietnamiens dans des </i>
</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(11)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=11>
<b>60 </b>
<b>NGHIEN CLfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°8 (107).2009 </b>Luan an Tien sT (Hudng dan khoa hpc: GS.
Bernard Gardin), DH Rouen, 374 tr.
<i>10. Pham Thj Anh Nga, 2001, Cdc </i>
<i>stereotype trong giao tiip lien vdn hod, Bao </i>
cao tdng ket de tai Nghien cim Khoa hpc cap
trudng, Trudng DH Su pham Hue, 54 tr.
11. Pham Thj Anh Nga, 2002,
<i>Perspectives intereulturelles dans la </i>
<i>formation des enseignants du FLE et pour </i>
<i>une meilleure strategic d'apprentissage des </i>
<i>eleves-etudiants, Ky yeu Hpi thao khu vyc </i>
Ddng Nam A ve Giang day tieng Phap
(Phnom Penh Campuchia), tr. 175179
-
perspectives-interculturelles-dans-la.html
<i>12. Pham Thj Anh Nga, 2005, Ranh gidi </i>
<i>vd tinh lien thdng trong dgy vd hgc ngoai </i>
<i>ngir. Van dung cdc khdi niem "interaction ", </i>
<i>interculturalite" va " interdisciplinariti </i>
<i>vdo dgy vd hgc ngogi ngir, Thdng bao Khoa </i>
hgc, DH Ngoai ngtr Hul sd 1/2005,
tr.l05-112
ranh-gii-v-tnh-lin-thng-trong-dv-v-hc.html
<i>13. Pham Thj Anh Nga, 2006, Dinh </i>
<i>hudng trong giao tiip vd nghiin ciru liin vdn </i>
<i>hod (1), Tap chi Van boa nghe thuat (Bd </i>
VHTT), sd ll(269)/2006, tr. 1015
-
mt-s-nh-hng-trong-giao-tip-v-nghin-cu.html
<i>14. Pham Thj Anh Nga, 2006. Dinh </i>
<i>hudng trong giao tiip vd nghien ciru Hen vdn </i>
<i>hod (2), Tap chi Van hoa nghe thuat (Bd </i>
VHTT) sd 12(270)/2006, tr. 1215
-
mt-s-nh-hng-trong-giao-tip-v-nghin-cu.html
<i>15. Pham Thj Anh Nga, 2006. Tuang </i>
<i>quan giira vdn hod-vdn hgc vd ngon ngd: </i>
<i>Mgt so img dung trong dgy/hgc cdc ky ndng </i>
<i>thuc hdnh tiing Phdp, Thdng bao Khoa hpc </i>
DH Ngoai ngu Hul sd 2/2006, tr. 115-120
tng-quan-gia-vn-ho-vn-he-v-ngn-ng.html
<i>16. Porcher Louis, 1995, Le frangais </i>
<i>langue etrangere - Emergence et </i>
<i>enseignement d'une discipline, NXB. </i>
Hachette Education, 97 tr.
<i>17. Todorov Tzvetan, 1986 "Le </i>
<i>croisement des cultures'', Le croisement des </i>
<i>cultures. Communication , sd 43, tr. 5-24. </i>
<i>18. Todorov Tzvetan, 1989, Nous et les </i>
<i>autres, Seuil, 452 tr. </i>
<i>19. Tdn Dien Phong, 1999, Tim hiiu sir </i>
<i>sai lich ngir nghia cita ngudi thu ngdn trong </i>
<i>giao xuyen vdn hod. Tap chi Ngdn ngir sd </i>
7/1999, tr. 26-29.
<i>20. Zarate Genevieve, 1983, D'une </i>
<i>culture d rautre, LE FRANGAIS DANS LE </i>
MONDE, sd 181, thang 11-12/1983,
Hachette/ Larousse.
21. Zarate Genevieve, 1993,
<i>Representations de I'etranger et didactique </i>
</div>
<!--links-->
