Tìm hiểu về vị thế của giai cấp công nhân Việt Nam hiện nay.

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<b>TRAO DOI </b>

<b>TIM HIEU VE VI THE CUA </b>

<b>(JIAI CAP CON« NHAN VIET NAM HIEN NAY </b>

<b>ThS DANG QUANG DINH </b>

T

rong nhung nam ddi mdi cimg vdi sir bien ddi
<i>to ldn tren tit ca cac mat eiia ddi sdng kinh te, </i>
chinh tri, van hda, xa hgi sir bien ddng ciia co cau xa
hpi - giai cap, tac ddng ciia kinh te tiii tiudng... GCCN
nude ta ciing ed nhirng tiiay ddi nhat djnh.

La giai cap cd sir menh ljch sir lanh dao each
mang Viet Nam, thdng qua dpi tien phong chien
dau la Dang Cdng san, vi vay, trong nhiing nam ddi
mdi, day manh CNH, HDH, Dang ta mdt mat ludn
khang dinh vai ti-d, vj the cua GCCN, mat khac
quan tam dac biet tdi viec bdi dudng GCCN tren
cac mat: nang cao giac ngd ehinh tii va ban lmh
chinh tri; nang cao tiinh dp van hoa va nghe nghiep
theo hudng tri thirc boa cdng nhan; bao dam thuc
thi phap luat lien quan den ddi sdng eiia GCCN...
Tai HNTU 6 (Khoa X), mdt lan nira Dang ta nhan
manh ve vai ft-d, vi tii cua GCCN ti-ong thdi ky mdi.
Tuy nhien, de danh gia dung vj the ciia GCCN d
nudc ta hien nay thi khdng ehi dimg lai d nhimg
quan diem co tinh djnh budng, chi dao ma can xuat
phat tii thuc te ddi sdng, tu vj ti-i, vai ti-d eua edng
nhan ti-ong xa hdi, ti-ong dd tap tiung ehu yeu d

nhimg khia canh sau:

<i>' Hpc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh </i>

<i>Tkr nhdt, vi the cua cdng nhdn trong s& hiru tu </i>
<i>lieu sdn xuat </i>

Dudi che do XHCN, tu lieu san xuat ehii yeu cua
xa hdi tiiudc sd hiiu toan dan, do Nha nudc dai dien
quan ly. Trong cac giai cap, ting lop co ban d nudc ta
hien nay, GCCN dugc coi la chu sd hiiu dich thuc
tiJ lieu san xuat, bdi day la giai cap san xuat cua cai
vat chat ehii yeu eho xa hdi. Tuy nhien, thuc te
nhimg nam qua cho tiiay, GCCN chua tiiirc sir
dugc nam quyen sd hiiu tu lieu san xuat chu yeu
eua xa hdi. Ngoai tiu sd cdng nhan tap tiung d cac
doanh nghiep nha nudc, tiii ve eo ban, nhiing cong
nhan khu vuc ngoai nha nudc khdng cd sd him tir
lieu san xuat hg la nhirng ngudi "lam thue" dich
thuc, ban siie lao ddng cho nha tu ban, cho cac chii
doanh nghiep tu nhan. Dieu nay da din din sir phan
biet doi xir ti-ong ndi bd GCCN.

Trong nhimg nam gan day, qua tiinh co phan hoa
doanh nghiep nha nudc da dugc diy nhanh. Chiing
ta deu y tiiiic rang, muc tieu ciia cd phin hoa ti-ong
CNXH la phuong tiiiic dat tdi sd hiiu dich tiiuc cua
cdng nhan ddi vdi tiJ lieu san xuit chii ylu. Tuy
nhien, tiiuc te cd phan hoa hien nay lai chua till hien
dugc dieu dd; da lam xuat hien mgt mau tiiuin moi

ti-ong van de sd hiiu Ur lieu san xuit ciia GCCN.
Trong cac nha may, xi nghiep dugc cd phin hoa, da

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<b>TRAO 001 </b>

so cong nhan khdng cd hoac cd rat it cd phieu. Do
ddi sdng kho khan nen cdng nhan ban sd cd phieu
nay cho mpt bd phan nhirng ngudi "cd tien" ben
ngoai dpi ngu cong nhan. Nhiing ngudi nam giir ty le
ed phieu ehi phoi da tiiao tiing sir van hanh ciia cac
nha may, xi nghiep. Cong nhan khi dd khdng cd cd
phan nen hg khong dugc tiiam du vao viec phan chia
lgi nhuan eung nhu eac quyet sach lien quan den sir
song cdn ciia nha may, xi nghiep va khdng tiJ quyet
dinh dugc viee lam, tiiu nhap eiia ban tiian. Qua trinh
d6 lam cho ngudi cdng nhan tii dja vi lam chu nha
may lai trd thanh nhimg ngudi "lam tiiue" tiiue sir. Vi
the cua GCCN cung vi tiie ma giam sut dang ke.

<i>Thir hai. vi the trong td ehire lao ddng xd hdi </i>

Dudi che do XHCN, GCCN va ngudi lao dpng
noi chung dugc phan cong lao dpng phii hgp vdi
nang lire ciia minh. Tuy nhien, hien nay co mpt bp
phan khong nhd cdng nhan bj mat viec lam sau
qua trinh giai the, sap nhap, pha san doanh nghiep,
hp phai til kiem viec lam de nudi song ban than va
gia dinh, do do viec tranh chap viec lam giira cong
nhan vdi eac giai cap, tang Idp khac da xay ra
thudng xuyen.

Trong nhieu nha may, xi nghiep ngoai nha nudc,
quan he lao ddng da cd tiiay ddi dang ke. Tinh chat
cudng hire, ep buoc, bdc lot da dien ra kha phiic tap.
Hien tirgng cac chii doanh nghiep tu nhan bdc lot
cong nhan bang nhieu hinh tiiirc nhu lam tiiem ca,
tiiem gid, lam viec ti-ong nhimg moi tiudng lao
dpng dpc hai,... da anh hudng nghiem trpng tdi sire
khoe va kha nang tai san xuat sire lao ddng, vi pham
quyen dugc phan cong lao ddng hgp ly cua ngudi
cong nhan. Cu the, mpt sd doanh nghiep ap dung eo
che lam luong tiieo san pham, vdi dinh mirc lao
dpng qua cao, cdng nhan phai tang cudng dp lao
dpng, keo dai tiidi gian lam viec tii 1 den ti-en 2 gid
mdi hoan thanh dugc dtnh mirc lao dpng. Do vay,
neu tinh ca nam, nhieu edng nhan phai lam them
gid binh quan tdi 500 - 600 gid, ti-ong khi do Bp

Luat lao ddng quy djnh sd gid lam tiiem khong
duge vugt qua 200 gid/nam.

<i>Thic ba, vi thi trong phdn phdi ciia cdi xd hdi </i>

Neu tiiira nhan rang, d nudc ta, GCCN la giai
cap eo ban ciia xa hpi, la giai cap san xuat cua cai
vat chat ehu yeu, sd hiiu tiJ lieu san xuat chii yeu
eiia xa hdi, tiii GCCN cung la giai cap dugc phan
phoi cua eai xa hdi mpt each day du nhat. Tuy
nhien, trong tiiuc te, viec phan phdi ciia cai, phiic Igi
xa hpi cho giai cap nay lai rat tiiap. Mac dii tiidng

qua nhieu hinh thiie phan phoi khac nhau, nhu:
phan phoi tiieo lao dpng, phan phoi theo miic d6ng
gop, phan phoi thong qua cac chinh sach xa hpi
(bao hiem xa hpi, chinh sach viec lam, chinh sach
<i>xoa doi giam ngheo, chinh sach ciiu trg xa hpi...)..., </i>
nhung tinh trang phan phoi bat hgp ly va khong
cdng bang dang la noi birc xuc ldn. Tien luong,
khoan thu nhap chinh cua ngudi cdng nhan hien
nay rat tiiap, ehua du de tai san xuat sire lao dpng,
CO sir chenh lech dang ke giira cac nganh nghe va
tiianh phan kinh te khae nhau.

Theo dieu tia, co tdi 36,7% cdng nhan duge hoi,
ti-a ldi CO thu nhap binh quan dudi I tiieu
dong/tiiang, ehi cd 23,8% cdng nhan co thu nhap
binh quan ti-en 1,5 trieu dong/thang. 0 cac doanh
nghiep dan doanh cd tdi 45,9% cdng nhan co mirc
thu nhap tmng binh dudi 1 trieu dong/thang. Dac
biet hien nay van cdn 1,3% eong nhan co mirc thu
nhap binh quan dudi 300 ngan dong/thang. Do vay,
CO tdi 42,8% cdng nhan dugc hoi, ti-a ldi thu nhap
khong dam bao eugc song binh thudng eua ban
than va gia dinh'. Mat khae, he thong tien luong toi
tiiieu ehu yeu dugc ap diing ti-ong khu vuc kinh te
nha nudc, che do luong nay it cd tac dung doi vdi
nhiing ngudi lao dpng thupc khu vuc ngoai nha
nudc. Cd nhiing noi cong nhan c6n nhan luong
tiieo kieu "ban phat", hien tirgng cup luong, cham
ti-a luong, phat luong tuy tien... gay nen nhung birc
xiic ldn ti-ong cong nhan.

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<b>TRAO 001 </b>

<i>Jln'r tu. ve cdc qinin aia ngic&i edng nhdn </i>

Trong \ iec tiiiic hien cac chinh sach xa hdi ddi
vdi cdng nhan. vi tiie lam ehu cua cdng nhan ciing
khong dugc coi trgng. 0 rat nhieu nha maj'. xi
nghiep (ehii yeu la khu vuc ngoai nha nudc), bien
urgng khong dong bao hiem lao ddng. bao hiem xa
hpi. cat tien tiiuong.... da trd tiianh pho bien.

So lieu tiiong ke dudi da>- ve so doanh nghiep cd
dong BHXR BHYT. kinh phi cong doan cho ngudi
lao dpng tren ca nudc cho tiiay":

<i>{Tyle%j </i>

Khu vuc DNNN
Khu v-uc DN
naoaj nha nuoc
Khu Mjc CO von
dau tunuDC ngoai

Nam 2001
95.57
10,49
75,48

Nam 2002

99.03
10.65
80,98

Nam 2003
99,34
22.08
87,09

0 kliu \xrc doanh nghiep ngoai nha nudc. sd cong
nhan dugc dong BHXH. BHYT rat tiiap. Dieu nay
phan anh tiiiic te la khong chi vi tri ciia ngudi cdng
nhan khong dugc coi trpng ma cac chu doanh nghiep
ar nhan da khong tiiuc tiii dimg Bp Luat lao dpng. 0
khu \irc ngoai nha nudc. tv' le cdng nhan khong dugc
ky ket hgp dong lao ddng rat cao. Tham chi nhieu tiioa
tiiuan ti-ong hgp ddng lao ddng cdn mang tinh hinh
tiiirc. chung chung. ca biet d mpt so doanh nghiep,
mpt so npi dung hai ben tiioa tiiuan cdn trai vdi quy
dinh cua Bp Luat lao dpng. Nhieu tiioa udc lao dpng
tap tiie. mpt trong nhirng cdng cti phap ly quan trpng
de bao ve quyea lgi ieh hgp phap, chinh dang cua
cdng nhaa chua dugc tiiuc hien diy du. Theo sd lieu
tiiong ke. nam 2005. ca nudc cd khoang 90% sd
doanli ngliiep nlia nudc da kv' tiioa udc lao dpng tap
tiie. trir mpt sd doanh nghiep dang lam an tiiua 16. hoac
dang chd sap xep lai. C6n ddi vdi khu virc doanh
nghiep ngoai nha nudc t\' le nay chi khoang 30- 40%^

Do ddi song khd khan, nhat la d khu vuc ngoai

nha nudc. cong nhan kh6ng co co hpi tiep xiic vdi
cac dich vu xa hpi. hoac phai tiJ 'Triet tieu" cac nhu

<i>ciu tiiam chi la tdi tiiieu trong eugc sdng ciia minh </i>
Khao sat cho tiiay, sd cdng nhan khdng cd bao dpc.
khdng ed tivi, tiiieu tiidng tin,... chiem ty le rat ldn
Tinh trang tiiat hpc ti-ong con em cac gia dinh cdng
nhan dang cd xu hudng tang len. Cdng nhan van bj
coi la nhiing ngudi "lao ddng chan tay" ti-ong xa hgi.
Tai cac khu cdng nghiep. khu che xuat ehi co tii
2% - 7% cdng nhan dugc tiiue nha d do Nha nudc,
doanh nghiep xay dung, cdn hon 90% cong nhan
chua dugc eac doanh nghiep, dia phuong tao dieu
kien ve nha d, nen phai tiiue nha d cua nhan dan. Noi
d rat chat hep, khdng dam bao ve sinh, an toan.... anh
hudng tiuc tiep tdi siic khoe va ddi sdng ciia cdng
nhan. Tir do cung nay sinh cac te nan xa hpi tac dpng
xau tdi cong nhan va trat tiJ an toan xa hpi.

Nhu vay, xet ti-en tit ea cac lmh vuc co ban ciia
nen san xuat d nudc ta hien nay, vj tiie cua GCCN
<i>deu cd sir giam siit dang ke. E>k GCCN lam tron </i>
dugc sir menh ljch sir ve vang, ti-d tiianh giai cap lanh
dao siJ nghiep each mang, can phai quan tam tdi viec
nang cao vi tiie eua giai cap nay. Muon vay, mpt mat
chung ta tiiuc hien diing sii ehi dao ciia E)ang va
quan ly ciia Nha nudc, mat khac can phai tiiiic diy,
tao dieu kien mgi mat cho GCCN tu vuon len, tu
hoan tiiien minh de dap iing tdt hon yeu cau, nhiem
vu ctia tiidi kj' mdi.

1. Theo TS Duong Van Sao (Vien Cong nhan va
<i>Cong doan Viet Nam): Bdo cdo tinh hinh va xu hu&ng </i>

<i>bien ddng ciia giai cap edng nhdn Viet Nam trong nhiing </i>
<i>nam ddi m&i, 11-2007 </i>

<i>2. Tong cue tiiong ke: Thicc trgng doanh n^iep qua </i>

<i>kit qua diiu tra nam 2002. 2003, 2004, NXB Thing ke, </i>

H 2005.tr. 89-91

3. Theo: TS Duong Van Sao (Vien Cdng nhan va
<i>Cong doan Viet Nam): Bdo cdo vi thuc trgng gbi cdp </i>

<i>cdng niidn Viet Nam, 2005, tr. 41. </i>

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<!--links-->
<a href=''> 2005.tr.</a>