Tư tưởng của C.Mác, Ph.Ăngghen và V.I.Lênin về chức năng, vai trò của tôn giáo qua một số tác phẩm kinh điển

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12 Nghien cuu Ton giao. So 10 - 2009

TU TUONG CUA C. MAC, PH. ANGGHEN VA

V.I. LENIN VE CHUfC NANG, VAI TRO CUA

TON GIAO QUA MOT SO TAC PHAM KINH DIEN

C

hu nghia Mac - Lenm ve tdn giao
the hien tren cac ngi dung nbu ve
ban chat, ngudn gd'c. tfnh chat, chuc nang
cua ton giao. phu'dng phap iing xii vdi tdn
giao. Xhiing quan diem nay den nay van
cd gia tri to Idn ddi vdi 'viec nghien ciiu
tdn giao va cdng tac tdn giao d nudc ta.
Bai viet nay phan tfch met sd ngi dung tU
tu'dng ciia C.Mac. Ph.Angghen va
V.I.Lenin ve chiic nang. vai tre cua tdn
giad du'dc trinh bay trdng mgt sd tac
pham kinh dien tieu bieu.

1. Chijfc n a n g d e n b u hvt ao

Mac va Angghen deu cho rang, triidc
het, ton giao cd chiic nang an lii, dii la
thu' "bii dap hii ao" trong menh de ndi
tieng "ten giad la thudc phien ciia nhan
dan": "Sii ngheo nan eiia tdn giao 'viia la

bieu hien cua sii ngheo nan hien thi/c vita

la St/ phdn khdng chdng sii ngheo nan 
hien thiic ay. Tdn giao la tieng thd dai
ciia chung sinh hi ap biic, la trai tim ciia
the gidi khcng cc trai tim, ciing gid'ng nhii
nd la tinh t h i n cua nhiing trat tii khdng
CO Linh than, Tdn giao la thud'c phien ciia 
nhan dan"'", Co mgt thdi gian dai, menh
de nay lai chi du'dc hieu: ten giao la riidu
tmh t h i n , la thud'c phien d i u dgc nhan
dan, la vdng hao quang t h i n t h a n h trong

NGI YEN KHAC DVC

cai bien khd ciia nhan dan. la nhiing bdng
hoa tifdng tifdng phu tren .xfch xieng thiic
te ciia hg.

Van de dat ra la lam sao de hieu difdc
thiic chat y nghia cau ndi ndi tieng nay
ciia C.Mac.

Trudc het c i n thay rang luan diem
nay khdng phai C.Mac la ngiidi dau tien
ma trifdc dd da cd mgt so nha khoa hgc
Phiidng Tay de cap den vdi y nghia tu'dng
tti (nhii Honbach. Heghen, Haind.
Baud...). Xhiing den C.Mac, cau ndi nay
trd thanh ndi tieng va nhieu ngu'di ngg
nhan C.Mac la ngiidi da neu len d i u tien.

Den nay van cd nhieu each hieu khac
nhau ve luan diem nay. Cd ngifdi cho
rang cau ndi dd hoan toan sai lam vi
khdng phu hdp vdi sii that lich sii. So
ngiidi khac lai quan niem chi cd hinh
thiic tdn giao thoai hda nao dd mdi la
thud'c phien chii khdng phai mgi tdn giao
ndi chung. Cd ngu'di trd ve tim hieu boi
canh lich sii khi xuat hien cau ndi dd ciia
C.Mac va cho rang; vao n h i i n g t h a p ki'

*. ThS.. Hoc vien Qiiiih tri-Hanh chinh Qudc gia Ho
Chi Minh.

1. C. Mac. Gdp phdn phe phdn triet hoc phdp quyen

ciia Heghen. Ldi ndi ddu. trong C. Mac-Ph. Angghen

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Nguy5n Khac Due. Tutirrhig ciia C. Mdc...

13

d i u ciia t h e ki XIX t h i d Phifdng Tay tif
"thudc p h i e n " chiia cd y n g h i a dgc h a i
nhif n g a y n a y m a chi la thif thud'c giam
dau t h o n g thifdng. Vi vay cau ndi dd ciia
C.Mac k h d n g m a n g b a t ki bdng d a n g len
an nao. Ngifdc lai cd y kien cho r i n g
chiing nao cdn tdn giao thi y n g h i a dgc
hai van cdn dd.

Ciao sif T r a c T a n Binh'"' cho biet, viec

dong n h a t thud'c p h i e n vdi t o a n bg gia tri
tdn giao la each h i e u phd bien mgt thdi d
T r u n g Qud'c. K h d n g ft bgc gia T r u n g
Quoc dii tting coi m e n h de "thud'c phien"
nay lam b a n c h a t ciia ton giao. lay l u a n
diem nay cua Mac l a m d i n h nghia ve tdn
giao. X u a t p h a t tii each If giai nay. t h e m
vao do, ngiidi T r u n g Qud'c g i n day lai bi
bai bdi "chien t r a n h n h a phien", chd nen
cc ac cam vdi tii " n h a phien", lam cho gidi
hgc gia Trurig Qud'c t r o n g mgt thdi gian
khri dai cd m e t t h a i dg p h u d i n h doi vdi
ban c h a t va gia tri cua tdn giao, tiic la chi
tii y n g h i a tieu ciic de li giai dinh nghia
ton giiio. Thiic ra, t h u y e t "thud'c phien"
c h i n g q u a ciing chi la mgt loai cong n a n g
xa hgi cua tdn giao, nd k h a c vdi toan bg
ban c h a t tdn giao''".

Cbii tich Phiden Castdrd chd rang, xet
thee quan diem chfnh tri ten giad khdng
phai la thud'c phien hoac phifdng thudc dieu
ki. Nd cd the la thud'c phien heac phiidng
thud'c dieu ki tiiy thee ngiidi ta diing nd de
benh viic nhiing ke ap biic, bdc let hay de
bad ve nhiing ngifdi bi ap biic, bdc lot.

Khi p h a n tich cau ndi n a y c i n q u a n
Lam tdi y kien ciia S.V.Rojo, mgt ngiidi
mac xit Chile d nhOng n a m 1980. T r e n cd

sd n g h i e n ciiu r a t ki liidng "lich sii" m e n h
de t r e n , dng cd ldi giai thfch r a t t h u y e t
phuc: Ton giao la thud'c p h i e n "ciia" n h a n
d a n . chii k h d n g p h a i la "vdi" n h a n d a n va

d thdi diem ay "thud'c phien" van chifa cd
y n g h i a m a tiiy n h u hgay nay. nd la mgt
c h a t giam d a u m a cac t h i y thud'c v a n ke
ddn""'.

L u a n diem cua C.Mac cdi tdn giao la
thud'c p h i e n ciia n h a n d a n . ve s a u diidc
Lenin tiep t h u t n e t de. cei dd la hdn da
t a n g ciia q u a n niem mac xit ve ton giao"'.

Theo C. Mac. tdn giad k h o n g cbi cd
m a t tieu ciic m a cdn cc m a t tich ciic n h a t
dinh, vi nd k h d n g chi phdn dnh ngheo

ndn hien thi/c m a cdn chd'ng lgi ngheo 
ndn hien thi/c ay, nd la t r a i tim khi the

gidi k h d n g cd t r a i tim, la tieng thd dai
lam ngudi ngdai ndi dau kho, sii u a t b a n
de n a n g len so' p h a n moi con ngiidi. Dd
ton giao hi bong hoa gia diem t r a n g cho
xieng xich, nhifng cd nd v a n hdn la mgt
xa hgi cbi cd gong ciim va nguc toi""'.

P h . A n g g h e n . khi ndi ve vai trd cua dao

Cd Dd'c, dii viet; "Nhifng rdi dao Cd Dd'c
x u a t bien, nd thiic su' c h a p n h a n sii bao
dap va sii triing p h a t d the gidi ben kia,
da tao r a t h i e n diidng va dia nguc, va da
tim difdc ldi t h d a t difa nhiing ngifdi d a u
khd va ngiidi b a t h a n h tcf ddi sd'ng thd'ng
khd t r e n t r i n g i a n len t h i e n difdng v i n h
ciiu. Va t r o n g thiic te, chi cd b a n g hi
vgng vao sii den d a p d t h e gidi ben kia
mdi cc t h e n a n g tit sii tif bo t h e gidi t h e e
t h u y e t k h a c ki cua Phi-leng va chu n g h i a
c a m d u e l e n t h a n h m e t t r o n g n h i i n g

2. Vien truang Vien Nghien ciiu Tan giap the giai
(Trung Quo'c).

3. Trac Tan Binh. [J gidi Ton gido. NXB MN 2007. tr

19, 20. (Ngirdi dich: Tran NghTa Phuang).
4. Ve tdn gido, NXB KHXH, HN 1994,''t I, tr 239. 
5. V.I.Lenin. Ve thdi do ciia Ddng Cdng nhdn ddi

vdi tdn gido. Trong V.I.Lenin Toan tap. NXB Tien

bp Matxcm'a 1979, T 17, tr 524.

6. Vien Nghien ct'ru Ton giao va Tin nguang. Li ludn

ve Tf'ni gido vd chinh sdch ton gido a \ lei Nam.

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.14

Nghien cuu ion giao. i^o lu - /.Kjuy

nguyen tac dao diic cd ban cua ten giad
the gidi, mdi cd kha nang cuo'n hiit quan
chiing nhan dan bi ap biic"'".

Theo each nhin ciia cac nha kmh dien.
chtic nang quan trgng nhat ciia tdn giao
la chiic nang den bu hif ao. Triidc cuoc
song cd nhieu khd khan, may nii. bat
cong, tdn giad an ui, vd ve eon ngrfdi, xda
diu bdt ndi dau tran the, Sii den bii bif ao
cua ton giao, nhu'ng lai cd tac dung hien
thiic, bdi nhd cd nd ma con ngifdi trong
nhiing liic khd dau tuyet vgng nha't van
difdc an lii va van nudi mgt hi vgng vifdt
qua, ban che diidc nhiing hanh vi vd
nghia hoac tai hai cho ddng loai.

2. Vai t r o x a h o i ciia t o n giao

Khi phan tich va danh gia vai trd xa
hgi ciia ton giao, cac nha sang lap chii
nghia Mac - Lenin da neu ra each xem
xet van de tdn giao theo quan diem cu the
va xuat phat tii thiic te sinh dgng ciia
cuoc sdng. Vi the vai trd xa hgi ciia tdn
giao difdc C.Mac va Ph.Angghen nhin
nhan treng nhiing dieu kien lich sd nha't
dinh va trong nhiing hinh thai xa hdi cu

the. Treng bg Tii ban. C. Mac da chi ra
r i n g neu treng thdi cd Hy Lap chinh tri
ddng vai trd chii yeu thi trai lai trong thdi
ki Trung cd dao Kitd lai ddng vai trd chii
yeu. Theo C.Mac chi cd the c i t nghia
difdc dieu dd b i n g each phan tfch nhiing
dieu kien kinh te xa hgi. Ph.Angghen
cung ndi rd thdi Trung cd vai trd xa hgi
ciia tdn giao the hien d sii chi phdi cua nd
ddi vdl cac binh thiic khac ciia he tif
tifdng va sii tac dgng ciia nd ddi vdi cac
phong trao xa hgi chfnh tri. "nd huge cac
phong trao xa hgi va chinh tri phai mang
hinh thiic t h i n hgc". Ph.Angghen k h i n g
dmh vai trd ciia tdn giao trong cac cudc
khdi nghia ndng dan thdi Trung cd va vai

tre ciia cac cuoc cai each ton giao, nha't la
cudc cai each ciia giao hgi Can vanh ddi
vdi sii phat trien cua Chii nghia tii ban.
Dieu dd chiing td r i n g , dng da thiia nhan
trong nhiing dieu kien lich sii nha't dinh,
tdn giao ciing cd m a t tich eiic. va sii tac
dgng ciia nd doi vdi xa hgi ciing cd mgt
t i m quan trgng dang ke"".

C.Mac neu rd trong tac pham Gdp

phdn phe phdn triet hgc phdp quyen ciia 
Heghen. Lin ndi ddu: "Nha nifdc ay, xa

hgi ay san sinh ra tdn giao, tiic the gitdi

quan Idn ngiidc, vi ban than chiing la the 
gif% Ion ngiCgc. Tdn giao la If luan chung

ciia the gidi ay, la cifdng yeu bach khoa
cua nd. la logic diidi hinh thiic phd cap
ciia nd, la van de danh dii duy linh luan
cua nd, la nhiet tinh cua nd, la sii chuin y
ve mat dao diic ciia nd, la sii bd sung
trang nghiem eiia nd, la can cii phd bien
ma nd diia vao de an lii va bien hg..."'^'.

Ph.Angghen da viet; "Trong tay bgn
giao si, chinh tri va luat hgc, ciing nhd
ta't ca nhuing khoa hgc khac. van chi la
nhiing nganh ciia khoa t h i n hgc. va
nhiing nguyen If thd'ng tri trong t h i n hgc
ciing diidc ap dung cho chfnh tri va luat
hgc. Nhiing giao If ciia giao hgi ddng thdi
ciing la nhiing dinh Ii chfnh tri, va nhiing
doan Kinh T h a n h ciing cd hieu liic trifdc
mgi tda an nhii la luat phap... Va sii
thdng tri tdi cao ay ciia t h i n hgc trong tat
ca cac linh viic boat dgng tinh t h i n ddng
thdi ciing la hau qua t a t yeu ciia cai vi tri

7. Ph. Angghen. Bdn ve lich sir dao Ca Ddc sa ki. 
trong C.Mac -Ph. Angghen. Toan tap, Nxb CTQG.

HN, 1995. tap 22. tr 687,

8. PCS. Nguyen Dure Sir. Mdc. Angghen. Lenin hdn

ve tdn gido. NXB Ton giao. HN 2001. tr 11 - 16.

9. C.Mac. Gdp phdn phe phdn trie! hoc phdp qiiven

ciia Heghen. Ldi ndi ddn. trong C.Mac - Ph.

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Nguyen Khac Dire. Tifticang ciia C. Mdc.

15

ma giao hgi d a chiem vdi tfnh each la sii
tdng hdp c h u n g n h a t va sii p h e c h u I n
c h u n g n h a t ciia che do p h o n g kien hien
tdn"'"".

O n g k h a n g d i n h ve vai trd ciia hgc
t h u y e t C a n v a n h vdi cac cudc each m a n g
tii san: "Vdi t i n h c h a t s i c xac dac biet
P h a p , C a n v a n h da lam ndi b a t t i n h c h a t
tu" s a n ciia cudc Cai each, da cdng hda hda
va d a n chii h d a n h a thd. T r d n g k h i cucc
cai each cua L u - t h e d Diic d a t h e a i hda va
da difa d a t niidc d e n chd dieu t a n t h i cuoc
cai each ciia C a n v a n h da trd t h a n h la cd
cho n h i i n g ngiidi cdng hda d Gidnevd, d
H a L a n va Xcc'tlen, da giai p h d n g Ha L a n
khdi ach thd'ng t r i ciia T a y B a n N h a va
ciia de che Difc, va da cung cap mgt bg ad

tif tiidng cho m a n thii h a i ciia cuoc each
m a n g tii s a n dien r a d Anh. 0 day. chii
n g h i a C a n v a n h td r a la mgt sii thiic nguy
t r a n g chd ldi ich cua giai cap tif san hdi
dd b a n g bg ao tdn giad, n e n ne khdng
difdc thira n h a n h d a n toan k h i each m a n g
1689 k e t thiic b i n g sii t h d a hiep giiia mgt
bg p h a n ciia quy tgc va giai cap tif s a n " " " .

Ndi tdi vai trd xa hgi ciia ton giao, cac
n h a s a n g lap chii n g h i a Mac - Lenin ciing
da lifu y den k h i a c a n h tdn giao la n h u
c i u ciia mgt bg p h a n n h a n dan, n h u c i u
ciia sii p h a t t r i e n xa hgi t r o n g n h i i n g thdi
ki lich sii n h a t d i n h . P h . A n g g h e n n e u ro:
"Chi cai viec la 250 n a m s a u k h i r a ddi,
dad Cd Dd'c da trd t h a n h mgt qud'c giac,
cung du chiing m m h r i n g nd la tdn giad
thich hdp vdl h o a n c i n h cua thdi dai.
T r d n g thdi ki T r u n g cd. dad Cd Ddc ciing
p h a t tne'n t h e e sii p h a t t r i e n ciia che dg
p h o n g kien m a trd t h a n h tdn giao phii
hdp vdi che dg ay, va cd mgt ton ti phong
kien tiidng ting. Va k h i t i n g ldp t h i d a n
r a ddi thi di giad Tin liinb, ddi lap vdi dao

T h i e n chiia p h o n g kien, p h a t trien triidc
h e t t r o n g n h i i n g ngiidi Anbi d mien n a m
nifdc P h a p , t r o n g thdi ki p h d n t h i n h n h a t
cua cac dd t h i d m i e n dd"'''^'.

O n g cho r a n g tdn giao do con ngiidi
s a n g tad ra, b a n t h a n n h i i n g ngiidi nay
cam t h a y diidc n h u c i u c i n phai cc tdn
giao va hg h i e u difdc n h i i n g n h u c i u c i n
Cd tdn giad ciia q u i n chung"'".

P h . A n g g h e n cdn chi ro sii x u a t hien
cua dao Kito d La Ma cd dai da dap iing
yeu cau ciia q u i n chiing nd le va ap biic
mong mud'n difdc giai phdng, nhifng lai
k h o n g CO each nao giai p h d n g trong cuoc
sd'ng h i e n thiic. h d n niia cdn dap iing ca
sii h i n h t h a n h va p h a t t r i e n ciia b a n t h a n
de che cd tfnh c h a t t h e gidi t h i phai cd
mgt ton giao t h e gidi phii hdp vdi nd.
Theo P h . A n g g h e n , t r o n g thdi T r u n g cc
dad Kitd da td r a la mgt ton giao phii hdp
vdi thdi dai, phii hdp vdi che do b i e n
h a n h .

Ton giao la n h u c i u t i n h cam vo'n cd
t r o n g con ngifdi, dieu m a C. Mac da thifa
n h a n : "Neu t r o n g t r a i t i m con ngifdi, cc
mgt t i n h cam xa la vdi ta't ca so' con lai
cua cac loai dgng vat. mgt t i n h cam cii t a i
sinh lai mai dii cho vi t r i ciia con ngifdi d
dau, p h a i c h a n g diing t i n h cam dd la mgt
quy l u a t cd b a n cua b a n c h a t cdn ngifdi.

10. Ph.Angghen. Chien tranh ndng ddn d Difc. trong 
C.Mac - Ph.Angghen. Toan tap. N.xb CTQG, HN

1993, tap 7, tr 476.

11. Ph. Angghen. Liitvich Plioiabdc vd su cdo chung

ciiu triet hgc cd dien Difc. trong C. Mac - Ph.

Angghen. Toan tap, NXB CTQG, HN 1995. tap 21.
tr 447-448.

12. Ph. Angghen. Liitvich Plioiabdc vd sit cdo chung

ciia triet hoc cd dien Dire, trong C. Mac - Ph.

Angghen. Toan tap. Nxb CTQG. HN, 1995, tap 21
tr 446.

13. Ph. Angghen. Briiiw Sana vd dao Ca Dd'c khdi

•thiiy. trong C. Mac - Ph. Angghen. Toan tap, Nxb

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Nghien cuu ion giao. So lO - 2(yt/y

Theo c h u n g tdi. dd la Linh c a m t d n

gi.ao""''.

3. V a i t r d c h i n h t r i - x a h o i

Mac va A n g g h e n cho r a n g , tdn giao
thuoc kien triic thu'dng t i n g n h a m b i d ve
cd sd k i n h te - xa hgi. Ve b a n c h a t , t e n
giao la cdng cu m a giai c a p t h d n g t r i d i m g
de giii gin t r a t tii thd'ng t r i c u a m i n h . M a t
khac. d n h i i n g giai d o a n d a c biet. tdn giao
ciing du'dc n h a n d a n bi a p biic sii d u n g d e
tien b a n h cudc d a u t r a n h p h a n k h a n g .

T r d n g tac p h a m I^ut vich Phoi O bdc vd

si/ cdo chung cua triet hgc cd dien Ddc,

Ph.Angghen n e u rd mdi giai c a p thd'ng t r i
deu su' d u n g tdn giao p h u hdp vdi m i n h
de duy tri dia vi t h d n g t r i : qu5' tgc dia c h u
su' d u n g dao Tin L a n h chinh thdng; t u
san tii do c h u n g h i a va c a p tien sii d u n g
chii nghia d u y li. O n g ciing chd r a n g dad
Cd Dd'c d a trd t h a n h v a t sd hiiu dgc q u y e n
cua cac giai c a p t h d n g t r i . "Tinh k h d n g
the tieu diet dugc c u a di giao T i n L a n h la
phu hop vdi tfnh vd dich c u a giai c a p t h i
drin d a n g len; khi giai c a p t h i d a n l y d a
dii Idn m a n h . t h i cudc d a u t r a n h ciia nd
chdng qui tgc p h o n g k i e n . m g t cugc d a u
t r a n h v.an h o a n t o a n cd t i n h c h a t d i a
phu'dng. bat d a u cd q u y md d a n tgc...

Xhu vay la d a o Cd Dd'c d a d a t tdi giai
doan cudi c u n g c u a nd. D a o ay k h d n g cdn
du k h i n a n g de tiep t u c du'dc d u n g l a m
nguy t r a n g t u tu'dng cho n h i i n g hoai b a o
cua b a t cii m g t giai c a p t i e n bg n a o dd; nd
ngay cang trd t h a n h v a t sd h d u dgc
quyen cua cac giai c a p thd'ng t r i . chiing
d u n g nd lam phu'dng tien cai tri ddn gian
n h i m d a n a p cac giai c a p ldp du'di. Hdn

niia, mdi giai c a p t h d n g t r i d e u sii d u n g
ton giao p h u h d p vdi m i n h ; q u y tgc d i a
chu sii d u n g d d n g T e n h a y d a o T i n L a n h
cbinh thd'ng; bgn tu' s a n t u do chii n g h i a

va c a p tien sii d u n g c h u n g h i a duy
If:..."""".

L e n i n , t r o n g t a c p h a m Thdi do cua cdc

giai cap ud cdc ddng phdi ddi u(9i tdn gido 
vd gido h(5i n e u rd; "Mudn d u y t r i n h a n

d a n diidi c h e do nd le t i n h t h i n , t h i giao
hdi p h a i lien m i n h c h a t c h e nha't vdi bgn
T r a m d e n : d a y la y kien c u a bgn dia chii

d a m a n v a ciia bgn b a o ngiidc cd 16 diidc
p h a t b i e u r a q u a ciia m i e n g
Puriskevfch. T h i i a cac n g a i . cac ngai l i m roi.

-bgn t u s a n p h a n each m a n g cai lai qua
ciia m i e n g Ca-ra-u-ld'p: vdi n h i i n g phifdng
p h a p n h u v a y . cac ngai chi l a m difdc cai
viec la t a c h n h a n d a n h e a n t o a n khdi tdn
g i a o . . . C b i cd h a n h d g n g n h i i vay chung
mdi cd t h e Ida p h i n h dugc. dii chi la mgt
bg p h a n . n h i i n g cdng n h a n lac h a u va
n h a t la n h i i n g ngiidi tieu tii s a n va nong
d a n . c h u n g mdi cd t h e g i u p dd mgt giao
hgi ddi mdi de nd h d a n t h a n h "sif m a n g to
Idn va t h a n h t h i n " e u a m i n h la duy tri
c h e do nd le t i n h t h i n ddi vdi q u i n chiing
n h a n dan""'''.

Ve cd b a n . l u a n d e t r e n d a y ciia chii
n g h i a M a c t h a t k h d p h a n p h a n bac va

den n a y nd v a n cdn n g u y e n gia t r i . Sau
d a y la h a i c a u trich d a n tieu bieu:

" T r o n g cai ggi la n h a nudc Cd Ddc giao.

cai cd y n g h i a thiic sii k h d n g phai la con

ngddi m a la sii tha him ciia nd. Xgifdi duy

n h a t cd y n g h i a . ddc vua. la mgt con

ngu'di k h a c b i e t m g t e a c h d a c t h u vdi t a t

14. Tap chi Nghien cUu Tdn gido. so 4-2000. tr 52. 
15. Ph. .Angghen. L/Jr vich Piimahdc vd su cdo cluing

cua triet hoc cd dien Difc. trong C. Mac - Ph.

Angghen. Toan tap. NXB CTQG. IIN 1995. tap 21.
tr 447 - 449.

16. V.I. Lennin. Tlicd dp cua cdc giai cap vd ciia cdc

ddng phdi ddi vdi tdn gido vd gido hoi. trong

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Nguyen Khac Due. Tiriudng ciia C. M

ac

17

ca mgi ngifdi khac, hdn n u a cdn la ingt
Cdn ngu'di du'dc tdn giao lam cho trd nen
t h i e n g lieng. triic tiep g a n vdi t h i e n gidi,
vdi C h u a " " ' ' .

"Tat ca cac giai cap a]3 biic deu c i n den
hai chiic n a n g xa hgi, de giii gin nen
thdng tri cua ininb: chifc n a n g dao p h u va
chiic n a n g giao si. Dao phii p h a i dep t a n
sti p h a n k h a n g va sii cam p h a n ciia
nhiing ngiidi bi ap biic. Giad si p h a i an lii
nbting ngiidi hi a p biic, vach r a cho hg
t h a y trien vgng...""''*',

Tuy n h i e n , ton giao ciing difdc n h a n
dan hi ap bifc sii d u n g de tien h a n h cugc

dau t r a n h p h a n khang"'", Thi du tieu
bieu cho van de n a y la viec Ph.Angghen
so s a n h p h o n g t r a o cdng n h a n hien dai
vdi lich sii cua Cd Doc giao sd ki. Ong da
chi re t r d n g thdi ki lich sti co dai "nhu cau
dau t r a n h va ddc tin tdn giao k h o n g k h a c
n h a u ve can ban".

T r o n g tac p h a m Chien tranh nong ddn

g Ddc, ong Viet: "Vdi b a n dich kinh t h a n h .

L u t h e da dem lai cho phong trao binh
dan moL vu k h i m a n h me. Thdng qua
kinh Lhanh. dng ta da dem dad Cd Dd'c
k h i e m idn cua n b t i n g the ki d i u tien dci
lap vdi dao Cd Dd'c da phdng kien hda
thdi dng ta. d e m biic t r a n h met xa hgi
chifa be biet den ton ti t r a t tii p h o n g kien

r a t phrfc t a p va gia tao doi lap vdi mgt xa
hgi phong kien d a n g t a n ra. Xoiiti' dan da
sii d u n g vii k h i do ve mgi m a t de chong

lai cac vifdng cong. quy tgc va t a n g lii"''''".

X h u vay. t h o n g q u a mgt so tac p h a m
k m h dieii Lieu bieu, C.Mac, Ph.Angghen
va V.I.Lenin cho tha'y ton gi.io cd tac dgng
tich ciic n h a t d i n h trong xa hgi. Xd an ui,

dgng vien con ngifdi trifdc cugc song cdn
nhieu kho k h a n bat trac. Ton giao la n h u
c i u tinh t h i n cua mgt bg p h a n n h a n dan.
Doi vdi giai cap thd'ng tri. c h u n g luon
ludn sif d u n g ton giao de bao ve. duy tri
dia vi va ldi ich cua m i n h . Thiic te cac ong
chifa nhin n h a n d i y du ve chifc n a n g
nhieu m a t ciia tdn giao, ciing nhif cac
khia canh van boa, dao difc, t a m li, v.v...
ciia ton giao. Tuy n h i e n khong vi vay ma
p h u n h a n n h i i n g n g h i e n ciiu cua cac ong
ve chtic n a n g ton giao. nhu' the la k h o n g
d u n g vdi sii t h a i lich sif./.

17. C.Mdc - Ph.Angghen. Todn tdp. NXB CTQG. 
MN 1995. T l.lr544.

18. V.l. Lenin. Su phd sdn ciia Qudc te IL trong V.l. 
Lenm. Toitn tap. NXB lien bo Matxcova. 1980. T
26. tr 293.

19. Do Quang Mirng. Vdn de ton gido trong cdch

iiiaiig \ tet Nam Li ludn vd thifc tien. Nxb Cl'QG HN

2005. tr 135 - 140.

20. Ph. Angghen. Chidn tranh ndng ddn d Difc. trong 
C. Mac - Ph. Angghen. Toan tap. Nxb CIQG. HN

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