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Miia Xuan - Dat n u d e <b>Tpp chl C^ng sdn </b>
<b>LE BACH HONG </b>
<i><b>Viec chuyen sang nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xd hpi chu nghia </b></i>
<i><b>da mang lgi guang mat tuai sdng cho sir phdt trien todn dien eua dot nude. </b></i>
<i>* ">' A A </i>
<i><b>Cung vdi suphdt trien kinh teldsuldn mgnh khdng ngiing eua he thdng </b></i>
<i><b>an sinh xd hdi, dge biet Id ehinh sdch bdo hiem xd hpi (BHXH), bdo hiem </b></i>
<i>A * ' ' A </i>
<i><b>y te (BHYT) da phdt huy vai trd tru cdt trong he thdng an sinh xd hpi, gdp </b></i>
<i><b>phdn tieh cue vdo viee dn dinh xa hpi, thue hien mue tieu dan gidu, nude </b></i>
<i><b>mgnh, xd hpi cdng bang, ddn ehu, vdn minh. </b></i>
(moi quoc gia, tuy theo hoan canh hch
sii, trinh dp kinh te - xa hpi khae nhau
ma xay dung mpt he thong an sinh xa
hpi c6 pham vi doi tugng tham gia va hudng thu
khae nhau. Khai niem an sinh xa hpi (tir quen gpi
theo nghia Han - Viet va neu djch tir tieng Anh
hoac tieng Dijc "Social security - soziale
Sichemng" la bao dam xa hpi hay an loan xa hpi)
<i>CO the hieu mot each chung nhdt la subdo ve eua </i>
Can cii ban chat ciia an sinh xa hpi ciing nhu
pham vi hoat dpng cua ITnh vuc nay Uong nhilu
nam qua d Viet Nam, cd thi thay he thong an
sinh xa hpi bao gom 3 he thdng cau thanh sau:
<i><b>1 - He thdng uu ddi xd hdi </b></i>
He thdng nay hoan loan dua vao cac che dp
phiic lgi tir ngan sach nha nude. Ngudi nhan
dugc cac quyen lgi nay do Nha nude quy dinh va
khong ddi hdi sy ddng gdp hay dieu kien vat
chat ddi lai, ma dua vao su cong hien ciia hp doi
vdi dat nude nhu chien dau diing cam bao ve To
qudc, bao ve an ninh, Uat tu xa hdi, phdng,
chdng tpi pham... O nude ta, chinh sach thuang
binh, liet si va ngudi cd cdng vdi each mang la
chinh sach uu dai xa hpi, ludn dugc Dang va
Nha nude quan tam, cd y nghia chinh tri - xa hpi
va nhan van sau sac. Chinh sach uu dai ngudi c6
<b>* Thir truang, Tong Giam doc Bao hiem xa hpi Vi?t Nam </b>
MOia Xuan - Dat n u a c <b>T p p c h l C ^ n g s d n </b>
djnh chinh tri - xa hpi va phat trien kinh te - xa
hpi Uong thdi ky mdi.
<i>2 - He thdng bdo tra xd hdi </i>
He thdng nay cQng dya vao nguon ngan sach
nha nude la chinh. Day cOng la mpt kenh phan
ph6i lai thu nhap quoc dan cho timg nhdm doi
tugng gan vdi nhirng dieu kien nhat djnh hoac
trong nhung trudng hgp cap bach nhat dinh
nhiing khoan trg giup hoac ho trg bang hien vat
va bing tien, khdng xem xet den su d6ng g6p
Uudc d6 ma chi can kiem tra ve nhirng kho khan
va nhu ciu thiet yeu cua ngudi gap rui ro khi ban
than hp khdng tu lo dugc cupc sdng toi thieu
hay sue luc ciia hp khong thi vugt qua nhiing riii
ro do. Bao trg xa hpi dugc coi la "ludi dd cudi
cung" trong he thdng mang ludi an sinh xa hpi.
Hoat dpng bao trg xa hpi Uong nhung nam gan
day da thue hien tdt hai chirc nang ca ban: cuu
up va trp giiip phat triin.
Ngu6n tai chinh cua he thong nay rit da dang
<i>3 - He thdng bdo hiim xd hgi </i>
He tiiSng bao hilm xa hpi se bao dam quyen
lgi cho ngudi lao dpng Uen co sd ddng g6p cua
ngudi lao dpng va ngudi sir dung lao dpng. Theo
phuong thue do, ngudi lao dpng phai c6 d6ng
gop vao quy BHXH mdi dugc quyen lgi BHXH.
Con m6i quan he giiia muc d6ng va quyIn lgi
dugc hudng lai chiu su rang bupc cua cac
nguyen tic nhu: nguyen tic doan ket tuong up
chia se nil ro (till hien d chinh sach BHYT, che
dp 6m dau, tiiai san, tai nan lao dpng va benh
nghi nghiep...), nguyen tic tuong quan giua
dong va hudng co sy can thiep nhd each thue
phan phdi lai mang tinh xa hpi (che dp huu tri,
tu tult).
<i>Bdn chdt cua BHXH Id su bdo ddm bu ddp </i>
<i>mdt phdn hoac thay thi thu nhap cua ngudi lao </i>
<i>ddng khi ho hi gidm hoac mdi thu nhap do dm </i>
<i>dau, thai sdn, lai nan lao ddng, benh nghe </i>
<i>nghiep, thdt nghiep, hit tudi lao ddng hoge chet </i>
<i>tren ca sd dong gop vdo quy BHXH do Nhd nude </i>
Con thye chit cua BHYT la chl dp kham
chira benh nam trong chinh sach BHXH, nhung
do lich su hinh thanh va phat trien d nude ta co
sy khae biet va theo thoi quen nen chiing ta
<i>thudng gpi la chinh sach BHYT. Bdo hiim y te </i>
<i>Id Kinh thue bdo hiim mang tinh cong ddng chia </i>
<i>se sdu sdc duac dp dung trong Unh vuc kham </i>
<i>ehda benh vd chdm sdc siie khde cho moi ngudi, </i>
<i>khdng vi muc dich loi nhuan, do Nhd nude td </i>
<i>chue thue Men vd ede ddi tuang cd trdch^ nhiem </i>
<i>tham gia theo quy dinh cua Luat Bdo hiem y te. </i>
(Luat nay da dupe Quoc hpi khoa XII, ky hpp
thu 4 thong qua ngay 14-11-2008 va co hieu lye
thi hanh tir ngay 1-7-2009).
He thing an sinh xa hpi la mpt he thong long
hop g6m nhilu chl dp, chinh sach ma Uong d6
m6i chl dp, chinh sach diu c6 vai u6, chiic nang
va pham vi hoat dpng rieng, mang tinh ket hpp
nham tao ra mpt mang ludi an sinh xa hpi rpng
khip, bao Uum toan bp dan cu ciia mpt quoc gia.
He thing nay co muc tieu bao ve mpi thanh vien
Uudc nhung rui ro va giir gin cupc song ciia hp
vdi nhung bien phap thich hpp hay nhirng quyIn
lgi hop ly trudc nhirng biln dpng bat thudng xay
ra hay trong nhirng hoan canh va dieu kien dac
<i>biet. Tuy nhien, trong he thdng an sinh xd hdi thi </i>
<i>he thdng BHXH giir vai trd tru cot, bin vdng </i>
<i>Thd nhdt, thue hien ehinh sdch BHXH, BHYT </i>
<i>nhdm dn dinh cudc sdng nguai lao ddng, trg </i>
<i>giiip ngudi lao ddng khi gap rdi ro: dm dau, tai </i>
<i>nan lao ddng - benh nghe nghiep, thdt nghiep... </i>
<i>sdm trd lgi trgng thdi sice khde ban ddu cdng </i>
<i>nhu sdm ed viec Idm... </i>
Theo phuong thue BHXH, BHYT, ngudi lao
dpng khi c6 viec lam va khoe manh se dong gop
mpt phin tien luong, thu nhap vao quy du
Miia Xuan - Dat n u o c <b>Tpp chl C^ng sdn </b>
phdng. Quy nay ho Up ngudi lao dpng khi dm
dau, tai nan, luc sinh de va cham soc con cai, khi
khong lam viec, luc gia ca de duy tri va dn dinh
cupc song cua ngudi lao dpng va gia dinh hp. Do
vay, hoat dpng BHXH, BHYT, mpt mat, ddi hoi
tinh Uach nhiem cao cua tung ngudi lao dpng doi
vdi ban than minh, vdi gia dinh va doi vdi cpng
dong, xa hpi theo phuong cham "minh vi mpi
ngudi, mpi ngudi vi minh" thong qua quyen va
nghia vu; mat khae, the hien su gan ket Uach
Ngudi sii dung lao dpng ciing phai c6 Uach
nhiem dong gop BHXH, BHYT cho ngudi lao
dpng. Neu theo nhin nhan ban dau, viec dong
gop BHXH, BHYT cho ngudi lao dpng c6 the se
lam tang chi phi san xuat, giam lgi nhuan ciia
doanh nghiep. Nhung thye chat, ve lau dai,
phuong thue BHXH, BHYT da ehuyin giao
Uach nhiem bao ve ngudi lao dpng khi gap rui ro
ve phia xa hpi, nil ro duge dieu tiet Uen pham vi
toan xa hpi, giiip eho chu su dung lao dpng bdt
nhung kho khan, lo lang ve nguon lao dpng eiia
doanh nghiep, yen tam to ehiic san xuat, kinh
doanh. Doi vdi nude ta, nguon lao dpng vdi trinh
dp ehuyen mon eao, ngudi lao dpng c6 miic thu
nhap d muc binh quan chung loan xa hpi la chii
yeu thi bien phap dieu tiet thu nhap mang tinh
cpng dong la rat can tiiilt. Thye tl cho thIy,
nhieu doanh nghiep hoat dpng Uong Unh vyc ehi
bien thuy san, hai san; da giay; del may...
su-dung nhieu lao dpng, nhit la doanh nghiep eo
nhieu lao dpng nii deu rat coi Upng ehinh sach
BHXH, BHYT de bao ve va duy tri ngudn lao
ddng ciia doanh nghiep minh.
Trong hoat dpng BHXH, BHYT, Nha nude
xa hdi, giiip Nha nude dieu tiet moi quan he giira
ehinh saeh kinh te va xa hdi Uen phuong dien vl
mo, bao dam eho nen kinh te lien tue phat trien
va giii gin on dinh xa hpi trong tung thdi ky ciing
nhu uong sudt qua trinh.
Chinh saeh BHYT vdi muc tieu tiiyc hien
BHYT toan dan da tao dieu kien cho mpi ngudi
dan giam bdt ganh nang chi phi khi kham chua
benh do dm dau, tai nan, tao sy binh dang uong
kham ehira benh BHYT.
<i>Thu hai, thue hien tdt chinh sdch BHXH, </i>
<i>BHYT, nhdt Id che do huu tri, gdp phdn dn djnh </i>
<i>cudc sdng cua ngudi lao dgng khi hit tudi lao </i>
<i>ddng hoge khdng cdn khd ndng lao ddng. </i>
Theo quy djnh eua Luat Bao hiem xa hpi,
ngudi lao ddng tham gia dong BIDCH rir 20 nam
<i>tia Ien khi het mdi lao dpng hoac mat sue lao </i>
dpng thi dugc hudng luong huu hoac up cap
M u a Xuan - Da't n u a c <b><sub>T p p c h l C ^ n g s d n </sub></b>
<i>tuang lai Theo phuong thirc lap quy, ngudi lao </i>
dpng, trudc hit phai cd Uaeh nhiem vdi ban than
uong viee ddng g6p lap quy BHXH, danh dum
cho mai sau, Uanh tinh Uang day loan bp ganh
nang chi tra cho thi he mai sau. Mat khae, vdi
viec lap quy BHXH da gin kit dugc trach nhiem
cua cac the he kl tilp trong cung ehinh sach
BHXH. Chinh syphat trien vdi tie dp nhanh ciia
nin kinh tl nude ta ciia thi he duong thdi theo
Uuyen thdng "con hon cha" gop phin eai thien
r5 net muc sdng ciia ngudi vl huu da co dong
g6p mpt phin trudc day. Vi vay, nguon quy
BHXH dugc Nha nude bao hp va phat trien can
doi ben vung se la co sd de cai thien khong
ngirng cac ehi dp BHXH ndi ehung va ddi song
ciia ngudi nghi huu ndi rieng.
<i>Thu ba, thue hien chinh sdch BHXH, BHYT </i>
<i>gdp phdn dn dinh vd ndng cao chdt luong lao </i>
<i>ddng, bdo ddm su binh ddng vi vi thi xd hoi cua </i>
<i>ngudi lao ddng trong cae thdnh phdn kinh ti </i>
<i>khde nhau, thiic day sdn xudt phdt triin. </i>
Chinh sach BHXH, BHYT hoat dpng dya
Uen nguyen tac co ban "dong - hudng" da tao ra
budc dot pha quan trpng ve sy binh dang cua
ngudi lao dpng vl chinh sach BHXH, BHYT.
Khi dd, mpi ngudi lao dpng lam viec d cac thanh
phan kinh te, cac nganh nghe, dia ban khae
Ngudi lao dpng tham gia BHXH, BHYT khi
6m dau se dugc kham chira benh va dupe quy
BHYT chi Ua phin ldn ehi phi; dugc nhan tien
Up d p khi dm dau khdng di lam dupe, duge
nghi cham con dm; khi thai san duge nghi kham
thai, dugc nghi khi sinh de va nudi con, dupe
<i>nhan trg d p khi sinh con va ixg cap thai san; khi </i>
bi tai nan lao dpng hoac benh nghe nghiep se
dugc nhan phin Up d p do giam kha nang lao
dpng do tai nan, benh nghe nghiep gay ra. Ngoai
ra, ngudi lao dpng eon dupe nghi duong sue va
phue h6i sue khoe sau khi 6m dau, sinh de hay
diiu tri thuong tat nhIm nang cao the lye. Khi
ngudi lao dpng mat viec lam se dugc hudng Up
cap that nghiep va duge gidi thieu viec lam hoac
gui di hpc nghe de e6 co hpi tim kiem viee lam
mdi. Vdi nhung quyen lgi ciia ngudi lao dpng
khi tham gia BHXH, BHYT da g6p phin thu hut
ngu6n lao dpng vao nen san xuat xa hpi, giu gin
Sy an tam cua ngudi lao dpng cung nhu viec
bao ve siic lao dpng ciia hp thong qua chinh sach
BHXH, BHYT da trd thanh mpt chinh saeh tiiu
hut ngu6n lao dpng vao nen san xuat xa hpi, bao
dam sy 6n djnh va thiic day san xuat phat trien.
<i>Thu tu, BHXH, BHYT Id mot cdng cu ddc luc </i>
<i>cua Nhd nude, gdp phdn vdo viec phdn phdi lgi </i>
<i>thu nhap qudc ddn mot each eong bdng, hap ly </i>
<i>giira cdc tdng lap ddn cu, ddng thdi gidm chi cho </i>
<i>ngdn sdch nhd nude, bdo ddm an sinh xd hdi ben </i>
<i>vdng. </i>
<i>Tren thj trudng lao dpng, "tien luong Id gid </i>
<i>cd siic lao ddng " dupe hinh thanh ty phat can cii </i>
vao quan he cung eau, vao chat luong lao dpng
cung nhu cac dieu kien khung ma trong do Nha
nude chl d6ng vai u6 quan ly thong qua nhirng
quy dinh ve miic luong toi thieu va nhirng dieu
M u a Xuan - Dat n u a c <b>Tpp chl C^ng sdn </b>
thu nhap, Nha nude se tien hanh phan phdi lai
tiiong qua chinh saeh BHXH, BHYT. Khi dd,
ngudi c6 nang lye hon, nhan dugc tien luong cao
<i>hon se dong gdp nhieu hon cho xa hpi de tig </i>
giup nhung ngudi "yeu the" hon Uong xa hpi.
Mpt bp phan lao dpng khae do gap phai rui ro
uong eupc sdng nhu ve siic khde, ve nang lye, ve
hoan canh gia dinh... cd viec lam va thu nhap
thap hon se nhan dugc eae quyen lgi BHXH,
BHYT de duy tri eupc sdng. Ben canh dd, che
dp huu tri, tu tuat vdi nguyen tac tuong d6ng
giira miic dong va muc hudng da khuyen khich
ngudi lao dpng khi lam viec cd thu nhap cao va
dong gop d muc cao, vdi thdi gian dai thi sau
nay se dugc hudng tien lirong huu vdi muc eao,
an tam nghi ngoi khi tuoi gia.
Bao hiem xa hpi, BHYT deu dugc thye hien
theo nguyen tac dong - hudng, ed nghia la ngudi
<i>1- Ve eong tdc ban hdnh vdn bdn quy phgm </i>
<i>phdp lugt </i>
Chinh phii va cae bp chire nang sdm ban
hanh eae van ban hudng dan thye hien mdt so
quy dinh con chua ro va eo nhieu vudng mic
Uong tiiye hien BHXH bit bupc, BHXH ty
nguyen va bao hiem that nghiep, cu the:
- Mpt so npi dung con vudng mac do hudng
dan chua ro nhir giai quyet tinh hudng BHXH
ddi vdi trudng hpp doanh nghiep sau ed phin
hoa tiep tue xep hang doanh nghiep; xae dinh
muc thu nhap hang thang; Uaeh nhiem nuoi
dudng doi vdi than nhan hudng che dp tu mil dl
giai quyet tuat hang thang, tuat mpt lln; hudng
dan thii tue, trach nhiem trong viec giai quylt
che dp doi vdi benh binh hoac eong nhan vien
chiic hudng Up cap mat sure lao ddng ddng thdi
la thuong binh...
- Mdt sd ndi dung chua cd van ban hudng din
nhir quy dinh viec giam dinh miic suy giam kha
nang lao dpng ciia ngudi lao ddng de hudng try
cap tai nan lao dpng - benh nghe nghiep long
hpp; khen thudng ddi vdi don vi su dung lao
ddng lam tdt c6ng tac an toan ve sinh lao dpng
theo quy djnh tai khoan 2 Dieu 133 Luat Bao
hiem xa hdi; thye hien BHXH ddi vdi ngudi
tham gia BHXH tu nguyen sau chuyen sang
tham gia BHXH bat bupc...
- Mdt sd van ban chua siia ddi, bd sung npi
dung cho phu hpp vdi quy djnh ciia Luat nhir
van ban hudng dan kham, chira benh ngoai tru;
danh muc cac benh can nghi viec de chiia tri dai
ngay; hudng dan khai bao, dieu Ua, lap bien ban
tai nan lao ddng; hd so va quy trinh giam dinh y
khoa cho ngudi tham gia BHXH; quy dinh viec
lap bien ban tai nan giao thdng cho ngudi tham
gia BHXH bj tai nan Uen dudng di lam viec...
<i>2 - Ve che tdi bdo ddm viec thue thi phdp lugt </i>
<i>BHXH, BHYT </i>
<i>- Cu the hda va quy dinh ro Uach nhiem d6i </i>
vdi cac CO quan quan ly nha nude, cac nganh c6
hen quan Uong viee phdi hpp, kiem Ua, giam
sat, phat hien va xii ly cac vi pham ve thue hien
chinh sach BHXH, BHYT; ddng thdi cai each
<i>thu tue, trinh ty xit phat sao clio don gian, thuan </i>
<i>t A </i>
<i>- Nang muc phat va bd sung mnh thue truy to </i>
trudc phap luat ddi vdi cac hanh vi vi pham phap
luat ve ddng BHXH.
<i>3 - Ve thue hien BHXH tu nguyen </i>
De thu hut dugc nhieu doi tugng tham gia
BHXH ty nguyen, cac bd, nganh, chinh quyen
dja phuong, td chue doan the cac cap theo chirc
nang cua minh ph6i hpp vdi Bao hiem xa hpi
Viet Nam td chue tdt cdng tac myen truyen, van
dpng ngudi dan tham gia BHXH ty nguyen vdi
mue tieu on djnh ddi sdng nhan dan, thye hien
tot chinh sach an sinh xa hdi cua Dang va Nha
nude; ddng thdi nghien cuu chinh sach hd up
cua Nha nude vdi quy BHXH ty nguyen hoac ho
<i>tig mdt sd ddi tugng khd khan nhu ngudi ngheo, </i>
ngudi can ngheo... de hp cd kha nang tham gia
BHXH ty nguyen. •