Vài nét về Châu Thạch Lâm, tỉnh Cao Bằng thế kỷ XIX

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<b>VAI ]W:T V E C | I A U T H A C H L A M . </b>

<b>y v ^ </b>

<b>TIMI CAO BA]\G THE KV XIX </b>

N G U Y S N THI HAI*

T

rong lich sfl, chau Thach Lam ludn
ddng vai trd la trung tam cua tinh
Cao Bing. Chau Thach Lam ddi Ly - TrIn
la chau Thai Nguyen, den cuo'i the ky XV
mdi chfnh thflc mang ten la chau Thach
Lam. Nam 1834, Minh Mgnh ddi chau
Thach Lam lam huyen, ngay nam sau tach
thanh hai huygn Thach Lam, Thach An
thugc phu Hda An (1). Nam 1874, Tfl Dflc
tach mgt so' tdng xa cua hai huyen Thach
Lam, Thach An, lap them huyen Nguyen
Binh. Cudi the ky XIX, thflc dan Phap ddi
huyen thanh chau, tach tdng Phuc Hda
(chau Thach An) sap nhap vdi tdng Cach
Linh (chau Quang Uyen) lap thanh chau
Phuc Hda, ddng thdi tach cac tdng Phfl
Dung, Trung An, Ha Quang thugc chau
Thach Lam, sap nhap vdi tdng Thdng Nong
(chau Nguyen Binh) thanh lap chau Ha
Quang (nam 1893) (2). Nhfl vay, chau
Thach Lam trong the ky XIX da hi chia
tach nhieu Iin, nhflng cd ban pham •vi chau
Thach Lam trfldc nam 1834 v i n cdn dfldc
duy tri trong dia gidi cua cac chau Thach

Lam, Thach An, Ha Quang, Nguyen Binh
sau dd, va nd tfldng flng vdi dia gidi hanh

chfnh cua cac huyen Hda An, Thach An,
Thdng Ndng, thi xa Cao Bing, Nguyen
Binh, Ha Quang va mgt p h i n huyen Tra
Linh, Phuc Hda ngay nay.

Chau Thach Lam la viing dit sinh sdng
lau ddi va hen tuc cua nhdm cfl dan thugc
ngfl he Tay - Thai, chu yeu la tgc ngfldi Tay.
Trai qua qua tiinh hch sfl, viing dit Thach
Lam tiep nhan them ddng ngfldi Kinh tfl dfldi
xudi len, ddng ngfldi Hoa, Niing, Dao... d
Trung Qud'c sang. Sfl hda hdp ve cfl dan da
bien chau Thach Lam thanh trung tam giao
thoa va tiep bien van hda xudi ngfldc dien
hinh d khu vflc Ddng Bic.

1. To chife c h i n h t r i - xa hoi

To chflc xa hgi truyen tho'ng cao hdn ban d
vflng cac tgc ngfldi ngdn ngfl Tay - Thai la
mfldng. Mudng ra ddi xua't phat tfl nhu elu t i t
yeu ciia cac dieu kien sin xuit va tfl qua trinh
lich sfl phat trien xa hgi cua cac tgc ngfldi nay.
Qua trinh thiet lap mfldng gin hen vdi qua
trinh xac lap quyen thd'ng tri ban mfldng cua
cac tfl trfldng, thu Hnh. Hg la ngfldi cd cong
dlu trong viec khai pha dlt dai, thanh lap ban

mfldng nen hg dfldc quyen dieu khien mgi cong

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<b>46 </b> <i>Rghien curu Ljeh sJr. s6 4.2Q1Q </i>

viec chung, trd thanh ngUdi difng dlu, ddng
vai trd la thu Knh bg lac va dUdc quyen the tap
de dam bao quyen tho'ng tri cua ddng hg.

Tren cd sd phat trien cua che do rugng
d i t cong, cac t i n g Idp tho'ng tri gianh va
n i m quyen phan phdi rugng dit, trd thanh
chua da't d dia phUdng. Uy quyen cua hg
phu thugc vao quy mo cua mUdng rgng hay
hgp, cac mUdng canh nhau cd sU lg thugc
vao nhau, mUdng nhd lg thugc mUdng ldn,
tho tfl the life yeu t h i n phuc tho tfl the life
manh. Dieu dd tao thanh hai loai chua d i t
chu yeu: mgt la Quan chua (Chua cong) cai
quan mgt chau mfldng tfldng dfldng vdi mgt
chau; hai la Quing mfldng cai quan mgt
•vung tfldng dUdng vdi mgt tdng hoac mgt so'
xa. Trong mdi quan he vdi trieu dinh phong
kien, cac chua mUdng •vfla mang tfnh dgc
lap, •vfla lg thugc vi hg •vfla la chu mfldng,
vfla la "chflc sic" cua trieu dinh, hang nam
phai trieu cong.

<i>O ca'p chau, dflng d i u la mgt thd tfl dia </i>

phfldng cd the liic ldn, dUdc trieu dinh

<i>phong la phien t h i n . Theo Dgi Nam nhdt </i>

<i>thd'ng chi. ddi Le Hdng Dflc chau Thach </i>

Lam do "phien t h i n hg Be the tap; d i u ddi
<i>Gia Long v i n theo nhfl the" (3). Sach Cao </i>

<i>Bdng ky lUdc dfldc viet vao nam Thieu Tri </i>

thfl 5 (nam 1845) cung k h i n g dinh ring:
"Ban trieu d i u nhflng nam Gia Long, ten
hieu cac phu chau hay cdn theo ten cu, cac
viec dan sfl v l n do tho ti sai dat. Luc a'y,
trieu dinh mdi dflng, nen dflng "bit tri" de
ma cai tri, nhflng cung chi la kimi ma thoi"
(4). Nhfl vay, cho den thdi Gia Long, nha
nfldc mdi chi dat bg may cai tri cua minh
den cip tra'n, cdn tfl ca'p chau trd xuo'ng
v i n do cac tho tfl dia phfldng cai quan.
Dflng d i u chau luc nay la phien t h i n hg
Be, nam quyen tdi cao ve hanh phap, tfl
phap va quan sU. Cd the, mo hinh cai quan
chau Thach Lam cua hg Be se g i n gidrig

vdi mo hinh cua hg Nong d chau Bao Lac
ma PGS.TS Dam Thi Uyen da de cap den
trong luan an tien si sfl hgc nam 2000 (5).
Dflng d i u chau la Quan chua, giup viec cho
Quan chua la Tam quan (phu trach mat
hanh chfnh, ngi tri, ngoai giao, truyen Ignh

cua Quan chua den cac chflc dich khac, dfldc
quyen thay tri chau khi ving mat), Chiu
(phu trach cong vigc cu the tfl san xuit den
le tet, coi gifl kho va mgt thfl ky cho tri
chau), T u i n tdng (phu trach ve quan sfl),
Quan chieu (theo doi cong •vigc cua cac dan
tgc khong phai ngfldi Tay), ngoai ra cdn co td
chflc quan dgi va mo then.

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<b>Vai n ^ ve chau Thach Lam... </b> <b>47 </b>

Sfl tien bg cua Gia Long so vdi cac trieu dai
trfldc la •viec td chflc dieu tra lap sd dinh, sd
dien de quan ly rugng d i t va so'dinh trong cac
lang xa mgt each tho'ng n h i t va chat che. Cong
^ e c nay khong chi dfldc tien h a n h d •vflng ddng
bing ma cdn dfldc thiic hign nghiem chinh d
ãviing mien niii. HiĐn nay, Trung tam Lflu trfl
Qudc gia I cdn lflu 97 dia ba cua chau Thach
Lam nien dai Gia Long 4 (nam 1805). Cac vua
ddi sau tren cd sd dd tien h a n h chinh sfla, bd
sung va lap lai dia ba d Cao B i n g cho d l y du
hdn, chu yeu la vao n a m Minh Menh 13
(1832), Mmh Menh 21 (1840), cd mgt ft dia ba
mang nien dai Thieu Tri 5 (1844), Tfl Dflc 6
(1852). Dieu dd chflng td nha Nguyin da b i t
d i u cd chfnh sach n h i m can thiep tnic tiep
vao viec quan ly lang ban •vflng mien niii.

Nam 1820, M i n h M e n h ke tuc sfl nghiep

cua Gia Long. Ong d i n t a n g cfldng sfl kiem
soat cua chfnh quyen t r u n g fldng tdi ngi bg
cac tgc ngfldi t h i e u so' b i n g each tflng bfldc
xoa bd che do thd quan, thflc hign bien phap:
Ngfldi Kinh va ngUdi Thd cflng cai tri. Nam
1829, Minh Menh bai bd lg thd ty the tap d
cac t r i n B i c t h a n h ndi chung va Thach Lam
ndi rieng, dat chflc Thd tri chau, Tri huyen,
Huyen thfla, Lai muc "khdng cfl thd ty, hao
muc, cfl trong h a t ai la ngfldi cd t h a n h hem,
tai nang, c l n can vo'n dugc dan tin phuc thi
chgn cfl tau len, khong dfldc theo trfldc xflng
la tap quan" (8). N a m 1834, M m h Menh ddi
chau Thach Lam t h a n h huyen va den thang
3 nam 1835, b i t d l u dat chflc lflu quan d day.
Vua du r i n g : 'Tluyen, chau nao thd quan cdn
khuyet thi chgn l i y mgt •vien lflu quan bo
sung vao; cdn huyen, chau nao cd tho tri
huyen, thd tri chau, thd huyen thfla rdi thi
deu lflu lai d nguyen chflc, b i t t i t phai ddi bd,
chi mdi ndi dat them mgt chflc lflu quan, bd
lam tri huyen, tri chau, cdn nguyen tho quan
thi deu cho lflu q u a n hiep ddng lam •vigc" (9).
Nhfl vay, vdi chinh sach khon kheo "dat lflu

quan xen vdi tho quan de rang huge gifl gin
I i n nhau", Minh Menh da ap dat mo hinh
quan ly m a n g tfnh tho'ng n h i t len •viing bien
•vien xa xoi, t h u hep quyen life cua cac thd tfl
dia phfldng. Chfla mgt n h a vua nao trfldc

Minh Menh ap dung bien phap nay. Chinh
sach lflu quan da gay ra sfl b i t binh cua cac
thd ty cd the Iflc lau ddi d dia phUdng, tieu
bieu n h u thd ty Nong Van Van d Bao Lac.
Mac dfl trieu dinh da dap t i t cugc khdi nghia
cua Nong Van Van nhflng tren thflc te, cac
Thd ty v i n n i m quyen life. Chinh sach "lflu
quan" cua Minh Menh cdn gap phai sfl chd'ng
ddi cua cac quan lai ngfldi Kinh. Su khac biet
ve ngdn ngfl, phong tuc va khf h a u k h i c
nghiet, da iam cho quan lai ngUdi Kinh
-nhiing ngUdi dang chd bd nhiem hoac dang
dUdng chflc tfl ehdi khdng mud'n len. Hdn
nfla, trieu dinh d xa khdng the bao ve n h a n
dan, chd'ng lai cac vu roi loan va ngan chan
quan Trung Quoc t r a n vao nhfl cac thd tfl dia
phfldng. Do dd, nhflng •vua ke vi Minh Menh
da cho lap lai tinh t r a n g cu b i n g each dfla thd
ty vao trong bg may bao ve va cai tri •vflng
bien cfldng (10). Vigc cai tri dan cU •vflng bien
•vien giao cac n h a c i m quyen theo tap quan
dia phUdng la giai phap de •vfla td'n ft chi phi,
vfla dn dinh tinh hinh chinh tri, •vfla bao ve
dflgc ldi fch kinh te cua qud'c gia. Ban than
chinh quyen thugc dia Ddng Dfldng sau nay
ciing theo n h a Nguyen, duy tri sfl tdn tai cua
cac quan lai dia phfldng, n h i t la ddng doi thd
ty trong viec cai quan k h u vflc bien gidi phfa

Bic.

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<b>4S </b> <i><b>Rghien ciiru Ljeh sit. s6 4.2Q10 </b></i>

thon. Hign nay, chung ta chUa biet chfnh
xac khi nao trieu dinh trung Udng dat he
tho'ng quan ly hanh chfnh cip xa thon len
cac ban, mUdng d Thach Lam, chi biet
<i>trong Dii dia chi cua Nguyen Trai ch^p </i>
r i n g "chau Thach Lam cd 174 xa, 2 thon, 1
giap" (11). Den thdi Nguyen, can cfl vao ten
dia ba hien cd d ca hai thdi diem Gia Long,
<i>Minh Menh va cudii Ten lang xd Viet Nam </i>

<i>nda ddu the ky XIX (thugc cdc tinh tii Hd </i>
<i>Tinh trd ra) (12), chung ta cd the tho'ng ke </i>

tfldng doi dly du ddn vi hanh chfnh ca'p cd
sd d chau Thach Lam nhU bang 1.

<i>Cuo'i the ky XIX, theo Dong Khdnh dia </i>

<i>dii chi (13), cac ddn vi hanh chfnh cip cd sd </i>

d chau Thach Lam cu thay ddi nhU bang 2.

c a n cfl vao hai bang tho'ng ke tren,
chung ta nhan tha'y dfldi thdi Nguyen, ddn
vi hanh chfnh cudi cflng cua chau Thach
Lam chu yeu la ca'p xa (chiem 89,55% hoac
74,7%). Dieu dang chu y d day la sfl xuit

hien cua mgt sd' ddn •vi hanh chfnh mang
ten phd, phfldng (pho' Cao Binh, Lfldng Ma,
Muc Ma va phfldng Na Lfl vao dlu the ky
XIX va 13 phd vao cudi the ky XIX la An
Binh (Cao Binh cu), Muc Ma, Lfldng Ma,
<i>Tfl Chieng (Nfldc Hai hien nay), Tmh. Oa, </i>
Tra Linh, An Lai, Trung Thing, Bing Lau,
Nam Nang, Ang Md, Phu Bac, Na Lan).
Phd va phfldng la ddn •vi hanh chfnh dfldc

Bang 1: Ddn vi h a n h chinh cap cd sd chau Thach Lam nijfa dau the ky X K

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6

<i>D d n vi h a n h c h i n h c a p cof sd </i>
Xa

Thon
Phd
PhUdng
Trai
Dgng
T o n g c o n g

S o lifo(ng
120

8
3
1
1
1

<b>134 </b>

Ty le %
89,55

5,97
2,23
0,75
0,75
0,75

<b>100 </b>

Bang 2: Cac ddn vi h a n h chinh cap cd sd chau Thach Lam cuoi the ky XIX

STT
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9

Dofn v i h a n h c h i n h c a p ctf sdf
Xa

Thon
Pho
PhUdng
Trai
Dgng

Ap
Bang
Trang
T o n g c o n g

So liigfng

<b>136 </b>

8
13
0
16
5
1
2

1

<b>182 </b>

Ty le %

<b>74,7 </b>

4,4
7,1
0
8,8
2,7
0,6

1,1
0,6

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Vai n^t vd chau Thach Lam... 49

dat cho nhflng k h u d a n cfl l i y h o a t dgng
san x u i t va t r a o ddi h a n g hda iam nghe
sd'ng chfnh. H l u h e t cac pho' cfla Thach
Lam deu n i m dgc bien gidi Viet - T r u n g
cho phdp c h u n g t a doan dinh r i n g , thdi
Nguyen, c h a u T h a c h Lam la mgt trdng
nhflng t r u n g t a m k i n h te h a n g hda, trao
ddi budn b a n p h a t t r i e n gifla nfldc ta vdi
nha T h a n h t r e n dfldng bg. Phd' d day cd the
dfldc phien am tfl "Phjd" trong tieng Tay

dflng de chi ndi giao lflu buon b a n m a n g
tfnh ngoai thfldng. Mgt so' phd', phudng
hinh t h a n h g i n lien vdi viec ddng dd cua
trieu Mac nhU phd' Cao Binh, phudng Na
Lfl, hoac la t r i n t h a n h thdi Le - Trinh nhU
pho' Muc Ma, LUdng Ma. Nhflng phd',
phudng nay •vfla m a n g chflc n a n g kinh te,
•vfla m a n g chflc n a n g h a n h chfnh. So' phd'
cdn lai h i n h t h a n h vao gifla t h e ky XIX,
g i n lien vdi cac chg, t r u n g t a m budn b a n
trao ddi gifla Viet N a m va T r u n g Qud'c.
<i>Theo Hodng Viet nhdt thdng dU dia chi •viet </i>
vao nhflng n a m d i u the ky XIX, d p h d
Lfldng Ma "hai ben phd' deu la n h a cfla
ngfldi Hoa r i t t r u mat, chd b u a b a n toan
mat h a n g tfl T r u n g Qudc" hay phfa n a m
phd' Muc Ma cd chd Muc Ma, "chd b a n du
cac loai h a n g hda" (14).

Lang xa T h a c h L a m the ky XIX d i i n ra
ddng thdi h a i qua t r i n h : nong thon hda va
do thi hda. Mgt so' k h u vflc vo'n dfldc coi la
pho', phudng bi ndng thdn hda trd t h a n h xa,
tieu bieu n h i t la phUdng Na Lfl. Na Lfl vdn
la mgt p h i n cua k i n h do n h a Mac, khi m i t
vai trd lich sfl, k i n h te h a n g hda d day d i n
tan Iui. Theo dia ba phfldng Na Lfl tai h a i
thdi diem Gia Long (1805) va Minh Menh
(1840), sd chu p h u c a n h giam tfl 51,52%
xudng 22,9%. C h u p h u c a n h giam ddng

nghia vdi •vigc q u a n h e m u a b a n rugng d i t
giam, cfl d a n b a n dia khdng lam nghe khac
(thu cdng nghiep, budn ban...) ma gan chat

vdi ddng rugng. Dieu dd cho t h i y phfldng
Na Lfl b i t d i u nong thdn hda trd lai, den
thdi Ddng K h a n h , nd h o a n toan trd t h a n h
mgt ddn vi h a n h chfnh san x u i t nong
nghiep t h u I n t u y va ddi lai la xa Na Lfl.
Trong khi dd, so' Iflgng pho' thdi Ddng
K h a n h lai t a n g len dot bien so vdi hdi d i u
the ky, x u i t h i e n t h e m 10 p h d mdi, dfl chfla
p h a i la phd' theo d u n g nghia, nhflng chflng
td mgt so' •vflng nhd cd •vi trf dia ly t h u a n ldi
cho p h a t trien thfldng nghiep da d i n dd thi
hda. Den d l u t h e ky XX, p h d khdng cdn tdn
tai la mgt ddn •vi h a n h chfnh c i p cd sd dgc
lap n g a n g h a n g vdi xa nhfl trUdc ma triic
thugc xa. Vf du xa An Lai, tdng An Lai, p h u
Hda An cd 16 b a n trong dd cd mgt pho'. Quy
mo phd' da t h u nhd, trd t h a n h mgt bg p h a n
cua xa. He thd'ng phd' cua chau Thach Lam
den day khdng cdn nfla ma chi cdn duy
<i>n h i t phd'An Lai dflgc ke trong Dia danh vd </i>

<i>tdi lieu liiu trd vi lang xd Bac Ky (15). Nhfl </i>

vay, cudi the ky XIX d l u XX, boat dgng
budn b a n d Thach Lam da sa sut, kdo theo
sfl ndng thon hda trd lai cua mgt sd •vflng.

Ben canh cac ddn •vi h a n h chfnh tren, d
Thach Lam cdn x u i t hien trai, dgng, i p ,
trang, bang... Day la ten ggi lang ban cua
cac tgc ngfldi Nung, Dao, Hoa, Mdng...
Nhflng lang b a n nay cd the mdi dfldc h i n h
t h a n h d nhflng ndi giap gianh gifla cac xa,
chfla dflgc sap n h a p vao xa nao, hoac dfldc
chfnh quyen t r u n g fldng gifl nguyen khi td
chflc h a n h chfnh va tfnh dd la mgt ddn •vi
t h u t h u e gio'ng nhfl xa, thon. Sfl tdn tai
song song nhieu ten ggi cua ddn vi h a n h
chfnh c i p cd sd thdi N g u y i n da chflng td
r i n g n h a nfldc tuy cd g i n g vdi tay xudng
cac lang xa, n i m l i y lang b a n d k h u •vflc
mien n u i nhflng v l n tdn trgng truyen
thdng va t a p q u a n lau ddi d dia phfldng.

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50 <i>Rghien curu Lich sir. s6 4.2Q10 </i>

1828, M i n h M e n h da thflc h i e n cugc cai td
bg may q u a n ly l a n g xa: lap ly trfldng t h a y
cho xa trfldng, mdi xa chi cd mgt ly trfldng
va tfly theo quy mo l a n g xa n e u so' dinh tfl
50 den 149 t h i d a t t h e m mgt phd ly, t r e n
150 dinh thi d a t t h e m 2 phd ly. Ly trfldng
va phd ly p h a i chgn trong so' nhflng ngfldi
"vat liic c l n can", p h a i do d a n l a n g b i u ra,
dugc p h u h u y e n xdt ky lai va b a m len t r i n
de c i p v a n b i n g , mgc t r i e n (16). Cugc cai to

nay dugc tien h a n h t r i e t de d k h u vUc phfa
B i c , ke ca d T h a c h L a m . Qua k h a o s a t 22
dia ba Minh M e n h cua T h a c h L a m cho biet
chflc ly trfldng da h o a n t o a n t h a y t h e xa
trudng, mdi xa chi cd mgt ly trUdng va cac
chflc nhfl hfldng muc, s i c muc, ta ba, cai
tong, khdng t h i y x u i t hien phd ly. Hai t i m
bia d Ngfldm Cai I, thugc xa Dai Lai, tdng
Tinh Oa (nay la xa N a m T u i n , h u y e n Hda
An) dfldc lap n a m T h a n h T h a i 4 (1892) ndi
ve viec hgp b a n xay t h a n h da, tfnh t o a n va
quyen gdp tien cdng thd cua cac chflc s i c
dia p h u d n g cho biet t e n mgt so' chflc trong
xa n h u ly trUdng, hUdng muc, doan trUdng,
ba hg, thd hao, s i c muc gia vien (17). NhU
vay, bg m a y cai tri c i p xa tdn tai song song
bg m a y q u a n ly cua chflc dich n h a nfldc va
bg m a y tii q u a n cua l a n g b a n . Dai dien cho
bg may q u a n ly l a n g xa la S i c muc, dUdc
quyen diem chf vao dia ba cflng vdi chflc
dich (xa trfldng/thdn trfldng/ phfldng
trfldng/ ly trfldng). Quyen life cua thd hao
tuy bi t h u hgp nhflng t r e n thflc te, hg v i n
la nhflng ngfldi cd quyen quyet dinh cdng
•viec c h u n g cua l a n g xa. Trong td chflc l a n g
ban, Muc lao ddng vai trd q u a n trgng trong
cac cong viec chung. Bia den Vua Le d
phfldng Na Lfl l a p n a m Gia Long thfl 12
(1813) cho t h i y chi cd Phfldng trfldng va
cac Muc lao mdi dfldc quyen quyet dinh ve

•viec lap h a u t h a n (18). Hien nay, d xa
Hoang T u n g (phfldng Na Lfl cu) v l n cdn
k h u r u g n g m a n h a n d a n ggi la rugng Ong

lao. Hoa ldi cua r u g n g n a y diidc dflng de hgi
lao a n ud'ng d den •vua Le t r o n g nhflng ngay
I i tet. Bia h a u l a p n a m T h a n h T h a i thfl 5
(1893) d c h u a P h d Cu (thugc p h d Muc Ma
xfla) cho tha'y Muc lao v?. mgt sd chflc dich
cu n h u Ciiu giap trUdng, Ciiu p h d t r u d n g . . .
n i m t r o n g bg m a y tU q u a n , cd vai trd quan
trgng t r o n g cdng viec cua pho' (19). Ve cd
b a n , tfnh tU t r j cua l a n g xa v i n dUdc bao
t o a n trUdc h e thd'ng h a n h chfnh do nha
nUdc a p d a t xuo'ng. NhUng c h u n g ta cung
c l n p h a i thfla n h a n r i n g , n h a Nguyen, tfl
s a u cai each cua M i n h M e n h da thiet lap
dfldc mgt bg m a y q u a n ly k h a chat che d
T h a c h L a m tfl ca'p c h a u den xa.

Ngfldi T a y - N u n g so'ng dinh cfl thanh
cac b a n l a n g tfldng ddi sdm. Qua viec tho'ng
ke ten b a n d c h a u T h a c h L a m thdi Nguyin
<i>trong Dia danh vd tdi lieu liiu trd vi lang </i>

<i>xd Bac Ky (20), t a t h i y cac b a n cd dia danh </i>

m a n g tien to' "Na" chiem ty le cao n h i t la
22,52%, s a u dd den "Lung" chiem 16,29%.
Dieu dd cho t h i y dia •vflc cfl trfl cua ban

l a n g la nhflng ndi •vflng da't t h i p , ven song,
ven sudi, t r o n g cac t h u n g liing. Dd la dieu
kien tfl n h i e n thuEln ldi cho h o a t dgng sinh
h o a t va s a n xua't cua cfl d a n nong nghiep
trdng lua nfldc.

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<b>Vai n^t ve chau Thach Lam... </b> 51

trong p h a m •vi cai q u a n cua minh. Dflng
d l u b a n la trfldng b a n h a y cdn ggi la cdc
ban. Trudng b a n do d a n b i u r a nhUng
trUdc het ngUdi dd p h a i thugc ddng hg ldn,
c6 uy tin, s a u dd mdi la ngUdi cd tU each
dao dflc td't, gidi iam an, cd k h a n a n g dieu
h a n h cong •vigc. Trfldng b a n ddng vai trd
nhfl t h u linh cua cgng ddng cfl dan, ddn do'c
mgi ngfldi thflc h i e n nhflng quy fldc chung,
p h a n phdi d i t c a n h tac, giai quyet cac vu
t r a n h c h i p d i t dai, td chflc cac h o a t dgng
chung cua b a n nhfl thd cung thd cdng, iam
dfldng, t u sfla ngudn nfldc ...

Ban d chau T h a c h Lam phd bien dflgc
c i u t h a n h tfl nhflng gia dinh p h u quyen
thugc cac ddng hg k h a c n h a u . Ban nhd
cung cd 2 - 3 hg, b a n ldn cung t r e n dfldi 10
hg, nhflng b a n nao cung cd 1 hoac 2 ddng
hg ldn chiem flu the, cd uy tfn va a n h
hfldng ldn tdi cac q u a n h e xa hgi trong ban.
Do thfldng la nhflng ddng hg cd cong k h a i

pha d i t dai, lap b a n va dfldng nhien rugng
d i t td't thfldng n i m trong tay hg. Vf du nhfl
d Ban Chap, xa Na Lfl, tdng H a Dam (xa
Hoang Tung, h u y e n Hda An) ddng hg Bfli
la 16n nha't, so' r u g n g d k h u •vflc nay h l u het
la cua hg Bfli, cd nhflng k h u rugng ldn tdi 9
m i u , chu yeu t a p t r u n g d ndi da't td't, b i n g
p h i n g , g i n ngudn nfldc.

Trong lich sfl, T h a c h Lam la ndi cd
nhieu ddng hg ngfldi Kinh len sinh so'ng,
lau d i n hda n h a p vdi ngfldi Tay va tfl n h a n
la ngfldi Tay gd'c Kinh d B i c Ninh, Nam
Dinh, T h a n h Hda... Vf du gia p h a ddng hg
Hoang d Lam Sdn, Hdng Viet ghi ro "ngay
xfla td q u a n d l a n g Gia Mieu t r a n g , thugc
huyen Td'ng Sdn, p h u H a Trung, t r i n
Thanh Hoa... H a i vi tfldng hg Hoang p h u n g
menh vua Le len Cao B i n g d a n h dgp n h a
Mac; d a n h t h i n g dfldc vua Le phong d i t d
Phuc T a n g iam t h a i a'p, cho l i y dan 7 xa
xung q u a n h v u n g t h a i a'p iam, binh dinh

canh dien va phuc dich, •vinh t h a n g tfldc
Phuc Q u a n Cong, chflc Tdng t r i n Cao
B i n g " (21). H a y ddng hg Le d Na Gifldng,
xa Phflc T a n g cung lflu truyen ong td la Le
Vinh Tai, la ngfldi T h a n h Hda theo Le Ldi
khdi nghia chd'ng Minh gianh t h i n g lgi,
dfldc phong iam Thfla tfldng, dat p h u tai

B i c Ninh. N a m 1430, ong dfldc lenh theo
•vua Le T h a i To len d a n h Be K h i c Thieu rdi
sau dd dfldc lenh d lai tra'n gifl vflng Cao
B i n g . Tren h o a n h phi cua ddng hg Le cdn
k h i c "Nguyen tfl B i c Ninh phfl ngfl gia"
(22)... Nhflng ddng hg nay da td chflc khai
pha vflng d i t hoang, di dan lap t h a n h ban
mdi. Luc b a n d l u , mdi b a n cd the chi cd
mgt hg hoac tuygt dai da so' nhflng ngfldi
cflng mgt hg sinh sd'ng. Song, qua nhflng
bien dgng lich sfl nhfl sfl kien Nflng Trf
Cao (the ky XI), vua Le Thai To dfla q u a n
len d a n h Be K h i c Thieu (the ky XV), n h a
Mac ddng do d Cao B i n g va n h a Le - Trinh
dem q u a n tieu diet n h a Mac (the ky XVI
-XVII), cU d a n d •vflng nay ft nhieu bi xao
tron. Sfl d a n xen gifla cac ddng hg trong
mgt b a n dien r a m a n h me. Vf du d b a n Na
Lfl cd den hdn 10 ddng hg: Le, Bfli, Nguyin,
Lo, Giap, Dfldng... nhflng dong n h i t va cd
uy tfn nha't la hg P h a m va hg Hoang. To
chflc ddng hg d Thach Lam khdng m a n h
nhfl mien xudi, nhflng vigc t a p hdp cac
t h a n h •vien trong hg thfldng dfldc td chflc
deu dan vao ngay 3-3 Am lich h a n g nam.
Mdi gia dinh cfl mgt ngfldi, lap t h a n h mgt
doan di d i p mg td va mg trong hg, sau dd
cflng n h a u a n udng, on lai t r u y e n thdng.

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<b>52 </b> <i><b>Rghien curu Ljeh si^. s6 4.2010 </b></i>

ching chit Iin nhau, tao thanh cdng ddng
cU dan tUdng dd'i doan ket va thd'ng nha't.

<b>2. Kinh te va v a n hoa </b>

Nen kinh te chu dao cua Thach Lam la
ndng nghiep. Huyen thoai ve sU ra ddi cua
nghe ndng lua nUdc d Thach Lam dUdc phan
anh qua truyen thuyet 'Tu Ludng Quan".
Truyen thuyet ke ring, Slao Cai la thuy td
cua ngUdi Tay, thiy ben bd suoi cd thfl cd
xanh, nhan tring an dfldc lien dem ve ca'y
xudng bai bun. Sau dd, Bao Ludng nghi ra
each khuay da't vdi nfldc, rdi gieo hat dd
xudng thanh ma, nhd ma dem ciy. Nhflng
hoat dgng dd hien nay cdn lflu lai trong
nhieu dia danh cua chau Thach Lam nhfl
Na Nien, Na Vai, Na Md, Na Lodng, Vd
Ma,... Theo GS. Trin Qudc VUdng "nghe
nong trdng lua nUdc ta ra ddi d vflng thung
lung tfl Van Nam - Quy Chau den Tay Bic,
Viet Bac, •vung "cai noi" eua cac dan tgc noi
tieng Tay - Thai" (23).

Rugng da't la cd sd dau tien cho sfl phat
trien ndng nghiep. Ban diu, rugng da't la
cua chung ban lang (na cua hang mfldng,
dan so kin bjodc). Cung vdi sfl phat trien
cua xa hgi, sd hflu tfl nhan ve rugng da't

d i n xua't hien. Den d l u the ky XIX, sd hflu
tfl nhan da hoan toan chiem Uu the d chau
Thach Lam. Liy tdng Ha Dam lam vf du,
can cfl vao 13 dia ba tai hai thdi diem cua
mgt sd'xa, phfldng edn dfldc lflu gifl, ta thiy
mfle do phan bd' rugng da't cdng tfl nhfl
bang 3.

Theo bang tren, sd hflu tfl d tdng Ha
Dam chiem ty le r i t cao (95,23% va 91,8%),
trong dd cd nhieu xa, phfldng hoan toan la
tu hflu nhu Na Lfl, Kim Giap, Phuc Cd. Ty
le nay cao hdn nhieu so vdi trung binh cua
<i>ea nfldc luc bay gid. Theo Si hoan tu tri luc </i>
cua Nguyin Cdng Tiep, d i t tU hflu chiem
tren 80% dien tfch canh tac ca nUdc. Dieu

dd cho thiy, cd sd kinh te cua cU dan trong
lang ban Thach Lam khong phai la rugng
da't cong ma chfnh la rugng da't thugc
quyen sd hflu cua gia dinh. Tu hflu phat
trien manh thfldng cho phdp chiing ta hen
tfldng den sfl hflng thinh cua kinh te hang
hda. Dieu dd chi dflng vdi cac lang xa d ddng
bing, cdn d mien mii thi khong ddn gian nhfl
the. Rugng d i t tU nhieu cd the do mua ban
nhUng ciing cd the do cac gia dinh tU khai
pha cac thung lung, bai bdi, canh tac lau
d i n bien thanh sd hflu tfl nhan, n h i t la d
nhflng vflng xa trung tam, dieu kien di lai

khd khan. Thflc te cho tha'y, cd nhflng
lung rgng nhflng thugc quyen sd hflu tfl
nhan lau ddi cua 1 hoac 2 gia dinh cd cong
khai pha d l u tien. VI du Lung Tan thugc
xa Gia Bing, tdng Ha Dam, chau Thach
Lam (nay thugc xa Minh Tam, huyen
Nguyen Binh) rgng 3,5ha thugc quyen sd
hflu lau ddi cua 2 gia dinh ngfldi Dao den
khai pha tfl the'ky XVII - XVIII (32).

Chau Thach Lam la •vung tap trung
nhieu canh ddng rgng, tuy chat lfldng dit
chi thugc hang 2, 3 nhflng cd ngudn nfldc
tudi ddi dao, thuan ldi cho trdng trgt. Theo

<i>Ddng Khdnh dia dU chi, phu Hda An (chau </i>

Thach Lam) cd rugng da't cac hang theo sd
gdc la 16484 m l u 2 sao 12 thudc, nhUng
hien mdi khai khan dUdc 9787 m i u 7 sao 7
thudc 5 ta'c (33). Vdi quy da't dd, Thach Lam
tu lau da trd thanh vUa lua cua Cao Bing.
Ngoai cay lua nUdc, ddng bao cdn trdng cac
loai cay hoa mau, lam nUdng riy, khai thae
cac san vat tu nhien cua rflng nhU gd, may,
song, nfla... hay cac loai thiic pham thfldng
ngay nhfl mang, hoa qua, na'm, rau rflng...

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<b>Vai n^^ ve chau Thach Lam. </b> <b>52 </b>

<b>B a n g 3: Tinh h i n h r u o n g dat chau Thach Lam qua hai thcKi diem 1805 va 1840 </b>

<b>T«n xa, </b>
<b>plmdng </b>

<i><b>m Lff (24) </b></i>

<i><b>m Dkm (25) </b></i>

Kim Giap (26)
Xuan An (27)
VuTuy^n(28)
Gia B^g (29)
Phiic Co (30)
Cii Son (31)
<b>T6ng </b>

<b>Gia Long 4 (1805) </b>

<b>Tu di^n </b>
Sd luong
(mSu.sio.
thudc.tic)
344.7.0.3
115.4.7.6
40.6.14.3
173.8.1.1
166.3.13.1
28.6.12.4
8.5.0.0

868.2.3.8
Tile
(%)
100
85,16
100
97,57
94,87
100
100
<b>95,23 </b>
<b>Quan di^n </b>
Sd luong
(mSu.sio.
thudc.tic)
0
20.1.1.8
0
4.3.5.5
9.0.0.0
0
0
<b>29.1.1.8 </b>

<b>Ti le (%) </b>

<b>0 </b>
14,84
<b>0 </b>
2,43

5,13
<b>0 </b>
<b>0 </b>
<b>4,77 </b>

<b>Minh M6nh 21 (1840) </b>

<b>Tudi^n </b>
Sd luong
(mSu.sao.
thudc.tic)
347.1.13.3
117.47.6
40.6.14.3
175.8.1.1
28.6.12.4
115.6.0.1
825.4.3.8
Tile
(%)
99,6
88,2
100
97,5
100
68,7
<b>91,8 </b>
<b>Quan di^n </b>
Sd luong
(mSu.sJio.

thudc.tic)
0.5.2.0
15.7.1.8
0
4.3.5.5
0
52.6.3.2
<b>69.1.12.5 </b>

Ti le (%)

0,4
11,8
0
2,5
0
31,3
<b>8,2 </b>

luc ndng n h a n . S a n p h l m lam r a h l u n h u
chi de phuc vu cho cugc sd'ng gia dinh,
mang tfnh tU cung tii c i p . Ddi khi, nhflng
san p h l m nay cung dfldc m a n g r a trao doi
d cac chd. Tuy n h i e n cung cd mgt so' lang
nghe ndi tieng nhfl det thd c i m , iam chum
vai d Nfldc Hai, n g h e r e n d Lung C h u n g (xa
Hdng Viet)... D l u t h e ky XIX, h e thdng chd
lang m a n g tfnh lien vung da h i n h t h a n h d
Thach Lam. Chd hgp t h e e phien, cfl 5 ngay
mgt phien:

<i>"Hdng Cdp tdp Hdng Lung </i>

<i>Hdng Lung vung long Hdng Seng </i>

<i>Hdng Seng teng Nd Gidng </i>

<i>Nd Gidng khoang Hdng Bd </i>

<i>Hdng Bd md td Hdng Cdp" </i>

Dich la:

Nfldc Hai tiep den N a m N h u n g

Nam N h u n g v u n g xuo'ng Cao Binh

Cao Binh ddn Na G i a n g

Na Giang n g a n g Md S i t

Md s a t trd ve Nfldc Hai).

Theo dd, chg N a Giang hgp ngay 1, ngay
6; chd Md S i t hgp ngay 2, ngay 7; chg Nfldc
Hai hgp ngay 3, ngay 8; chd Nam N h u n g
hgp ngay 4, ngay 9; chd Cao Binh hgp ngay
5 ngay 10. Cae chd nay each n h a u khoang
hdn 10km va cfl l l n lUdt nhU vay, trong ca
t h a n g tao t h a n h mgt vdng khdp kin, ngUdi

dan ludn cd dieu kien t h a m dii vao boat
dgng trao ddi h a n g hda. Hg den chd khong
chi de m u a ban ma cdn de giao lUu van
hda, md rgng mdi q u a n he va sU hieu biet
cua minh. Chfnh chd lien •vflng cung da tao
dieu kien cho qua t r i n h hda hdp tgc ngfldi d
Thach Lam ndi rieng va Cao B i n g ndi
chung d i i n ra m a n h me.

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54 <i>Rghien curu Ljeh sir. s6 4.2Q1Q </i>

Kinh d dfldi xudi len buon ban. Vi du d thi
t r i n Nfldc Hai hien nay, cfl dan chu yeu la
ngfldi Tay gdc Kinh tfl Bic Ninh, Thanh
Hda, Nam Dinh... va ngfldi gdc Hoa. Hg
den tap trung buon ban va sinh song d day
tfl sdm nen hdi d l u the ky XIX da hinh
thanh chg a'p tfl chieng Nfldc Hai (Nfldc
Hai tfl chi'nh i p thi) (34). Hoac phd Lfldng
Ma diu the ky XDC, "hai ben phd deu la
nha cfla ngfldi Hoa r i t trfl mat... d l u pho'
cd chd, v l i ngay mgt phien, ngfldi Kinh,
Thd, Hoa, Nflng tu tap buon ban ddng due"
(35). Cfl dan Thach Lam ban cac s i n phlm
nong nghiep nhfl gao, trau, bd, ngfla, ga,
vit, cac san p h l m thu cong... va mua ve
nhflng dd dflng thiet yeu nhfl dd phuc •vu
cung te, le hgi,... Dieu nay the hien ro qua
bai hat ddng dao cua tre em Tay:

<i>"Long liia khai lao </i>

<i>Khai dp ckdo Long Chu </i>

<i>Khai mu Quy Rin </i>

<i>Khai pin Nd Gidng </i>

<i>Khai mdc vdng Hdng Bd" </i>

Dich la:

Xuo'ng thuyen di chd ban thud'c la
Ban ap chao chd Long Chau
Ban ldn d Que Lam

Ban bun chd Na Giang
Ban bfldi Hang Bd (36)

Cac chd nay thu hut ra't dong ngfldi.
Diu the ky XX, mgt si quan ngfldi Phap da
tho'ng ke so' ngfldi den chd trong khu vflc
Thach Lam nhfl sau: chd Nfldc Hai co 500
ngudi, chg Cao Binh la 800, chd Nam
Nhung la 1200, chd Md S i t la 400, chg
Trung Thing la 400, chd Tinh Oa la 200,
chg Na Giang la 200 (37). Nhflng con sd
nay xac nhan sfl phat trien cua thfldng
nghiep d chau Thach Lam the ky XIX.

Tren cd sd phat trien kinh te nong
nghiep ket hdp vdi thu cong va thUdng
nghiep, cU dan Thach Lam da xay diing cho
minh mgt nen van hda rieng, mang dac
trUng tgc ngUdi va vung mien. Cung nhu
nhflng •vflng ngfldi Tay khac, cac ban d
chau Thach Lam dfl cd lich sfl lau ddi hay
mdi lap, bao gid cung cd mieu thd thd cong
do ngfldi lap ban dflng len. Thd cong cua
ngfldi Tay cd chflc nang gin gio'ng thanh
hoang lang cua ngfldi Kinh d mien xudi. Dd
la vi t h i n bao ve, che chd cho dan lang dfldc
an cfl lac nghiep. Trfldng ban la ngfldi chiu
trach nhiem phan cong cac gia dinh cham
nom mieu thd cong. Vao nhflng ngay Ii tet,
gia dinh nao cung den t h i p hfldng, xin phfl
hg cho gia dinh. Thay mat cfl dan trong
ban, trfldng ban hoac ngUdi gia cd uy tfn
trong ban dflng ra cung te vao dip dlu
nam, le ha dien, thflgng dien... hoac khi
trong lang xay ra dich benh... de ciu mong
sfl an binh, thinh •vfldng cho nhan dan. Do
dd, mieu thd cong thfldng g i n lien vdi Ii hgi
elu mfla, hgi long tdng cua dan ban. Viec
thd cung tho cdng cflng vdi nhflng sinh hoat
van hda tinh t h i n da Jang da trd thanh
chit keo g i n ket cgng dong cfl dan trong
ban, khong phan biet ddng hg, ngfldi den
trfldc hay ngfldi den sau.

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<i>Vai n^l vi chau Thach Ldm... </i> 55

vdi sii kien n h a Mac va •viec trieu Le
<i>-Trinh m a n g q u a n dgp n h a Mac. Trong Cao </i>

<i>Bdng tgp chi nhdt tap. Be H u y n h da chia </i>

ngfldi Thd (ngfldi Tay) t h a n h bo'n loai la
Thd ty (con c h a u cong t h i n trieu Le dflgc
phan phong the t a p cai q u a n d day), P h u
Dao (ngfldi Tay b a n dja dfldc trieu dinh
phdng lam p h u dao), Thd trfldc (dan Tay
ban dja) va Bien Thd (ngfldi d dfldi ddng
b i n g hoac di viec vua, di day hgc ma tdi,
dan tfl xfl den budn b a n cflng con chau be
toi nha Mac, nhflng ngfldi phd giup Tay
Sdn an trf d day...) (38). Nhieu ddng hg Tay
d •vung Thach L a m deu cd lien q u a n vdi hg
gdc d mien xudi. Bd la cd sd q u a n trgng cho
qua trinh giao thoa va tiep bien v a n hda d
chau Thach Lam.

Vi tieng Viet va tieng Tay thugc hai
nhdm ngdn ngfl k h a c n h a u n e n trong qua
trinh cgng cfl ngfldi d a n p h a i hgc tieng ndi
cua nhau. Do dd, t i n h t r a n g sfl d u n g song
ngfl, pha tieng va sfl d u n g phfldng ngfl
vung xudi d Thach Lam da sdm phd bien,
tieu bieu n h i t la vung Na Lfl (nay thugc xa
Hoang Tung, h u y e n Hda An). N h a n dan dia

<i>phfldng v i n ggi la "Keo pha Nd Lii'. Cfl dan </i>
Na Lfl chu yeu gd'c d N a m Dinh va T h a n h
Hda theo Le - Trinh len dgp Mac (the ky
XVII) rdi d lai, ve sau da Tay hda, dia
phfldng hda theo kieu "Kinh gia hda Tho'.
Hg ndi "tr" t h a n h "t", d i u "nga" tlianh d i u
"nang" va dflng tieng Tay them vao cau
<i>tieng Viet. Vf du nhfl ndi "mdy ddt con trdu </i>

<i>trdng xudng ben cho tao" t h a n h "Mdy d'dt </i>
<i>con tdu tdng xudng sodc cho tao" (sodc (Tay) </i>

= ben (Viet)). Theo c d G S . T r i n Qude Vflgng

<i>"ddn Nd Lii nay dd Id ngUdi Tdy nhiing vdn </i>
<i>' dung khd nhiiu tii Viet cd' (39). </i>

Cflng vdi qua t r i n h dd, chfl Nom Tay
x u i t hign, g i n lien vdi vai trd cua n h a Mac
the ky XVI-XVII. Cac n h a nghien cflu cho
biet, xet theo q u a n h e ngudn gd'c hinh

t h a n h , cd the p h a n loai chfl Nom Tay t h a n h
hai loai ldn la loai vay mfldn va loai tfl tao,
trong dd loai vay mfldn cd hai trfldng hgp la
vay mfldn tfl v a n ban H a n hay H a n - Viet va
vay mflgn tfl van ban Ndm Vigt (40). Sfl ra
ddi cua chfl Ndm Tay khdng chi xua't p h a t tfl
n h u c i u cua nhflng tri thflc ban dia raa cdn
dap flng dfldc yeu c i u cua nhiing tri thflc

mien xuei len ceng tac va sinh sd'ng d day
trong nhflng the ky trfldc.

Thong qua hieu biet ve ngon ngfl, chfl
viet, ngfldi ta b i t d l u hgc phong tuc tap
quan cua nhau, hgc nhflng bai ddng dao, h a t
ru, eau ca ndi ve kinh nghiem san xuit, ke
nhiing cau truyen cd cho nhau nghe. Hien
nay, chiing ta t h i y ra't nhieu truyen cd
khuyet danh cua ngfldi Viet dUde dich ra
<i>tieng Tay va ngUge lai nhU "Phgm Tdi - Ngge </i>

<i>Hoa". "Thgch Sanh", "Liiu Binh - DUdng </i>
<i>Le"... Dac biet co't truyen va mdtip nhan vat </i>

eiing cd nhiing ndt tfldng ddng the hien kha
<i>ro ndt nhfl truyen thuyet "Pu Ludng Qudn" </i>
<i>cua ngfldi Tay va "Con Rong Chdu Tien" cua </i>
ngfldi Viet, hdac truyen thuyet nd t h i n Ndng
D i e Thai cua ngfldi Tay va truyen nd t h i n
An Dfldng Vfldng cua ngfldi Vigt...

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56 <i>Rghien curu Ljeh sir. s6 4.2Q1Q </i>

la rugng den, rugng chfla, san pham de
phuc vu •vigc cung te, td chflc le hgi. Rugng
dd dfldc giao cho mgt so' gia dinh hoac mgt
hg trong ban cay ciy, truyen tfl ddi nay
sang ddi khac. Nam 1803, sau khi len ngdi,
vua Gia Long da cho sfla sang va cham lo

•viec thd cung cac den mieu cua nha Le,
trong dd cd mieu Le Thai To (den Vua Le) d
phfldng Na Lfl. Theo dd, trieu dinh cho liy
56 ngfldi dan cua phfldng Na Lfl sung vao
lam phuc dich cho den (41). San phlm hoa
ldi do hg iam ra se dfldc nop cho den de lo
vigc cung te hang nam cung nhfl •viec td
chflc Ii hgi. Sau nay, rugng den dfldc giao
cho hg Pham canh tac (42). Hay d chua
Giang Dgng thugc xa Nhflgng Ban (nay la
Hdng Viet, Hda An), ddng hg Ma truyen ddi
trdng nom va dfldc cay ciy rugng cua chfla
de lo Ii vat cung te (43). Dd chfnh la cd sd
kinh te gdp p h l n cung co' thfldng xuyen cac
sinh hoat cgng ddng cua dan ban.

Trong so'nhflng ngoi chfla tren, hign nay
chi cdn chua Giang Dgng gifl lai dfldc nhieu
tflgng thd, chan den, bat hfldng tfl diu the
ky XIX, tham chf la sdm hdn. Dfla vao so'
tfldng hien cdn va ldi ke cua cu ba Ma Thi
La, chung ta cd the tai hien lai each bd' trf
ban thd xfla. Tren be cao nhit, cd ngai may,
trong dat mgt pho tfldng da nhd cd hinh hai
ngfldi dm nhau (hien nay da mit, chi cdn
ngai may) dfldc thd theo truyen thuyet cua
dia phfldng. Be ldn thfl hai thd tam pho
tfldng Phat nhd b i n g gd, cao khoang 40cm,
trong dd cd 6 pho tfldng Phat Tam The, hai
pho tfldng cdn lai cd hinh Van Thfl Bd Tat

va Phd Hien Bd Tat, la hien than ve trf tug
va dflc hanh cua Phat. Be ldn thfl ba dat
nam pho tfldng Dao giao iam bing dit,
hien chi cd tfldng Ngge Hoang la h l u nhfl
cdn nguyen vgn. Ven hai vach la nhieu
tfldng nhd, trong dd cd tfldng Tam phu cong
ddng va tfldng Mg Piit. Ban thd Me Pflt

dfldc dat d hai ben gian hau cung, ndi thd
Mlu. Tfldng cd hinh dang mgt ba me be
con. Day la ndi ma ngfldi dan dia phfldng
hay den iam Ii ciu tfl hoac khi con cai o'm
dau, khd nuoi. Chfla Giang Dgng (De Dodng)
la sii hda hdp cfla Phat giao, Dao giao, thd
Miu, thd vat hnh... gio'ng nhfl mgt so' ngoi
chfla ma ta thfldng thiy nhUng nd mang tfnh
dia phUdng ro n6t, the hien qua tUdng Mg Put
(Put la nfl thly Cling chi cd d ngfldi Tay
-Niing). Hinh anh Me Pflt hoac Mg Hoa (Me
Bjodc) cd ta'm long nhan ai, tfl bi hi xa, cflu do
chiing sinh cua ngfldi Tay cung chfnh la Phat
Ba Quan Am cua ngfldi Kinh.

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<b>Vai n a vd chau Thach Lam... </b> <b>57 </b>

Quan tinh cflng den lam le bai yet. Ngay hom
ay Ii vat den hfldng, khdng biet bao nhieu ma
ke, hoac cd bay r a cac trd ehdi nhfl danh cd
danh bac, budi chieu thi con giai con gai tifng
dan tflng lu, mdi lu fldc 4-8-9 ngfldi, chia ra

tflng doi dem n h a u xuo'ng rugng ngdi ndi
chuygn, n6m qua c i u , h a t doi dap. Den tdi
d i t nhau vao trong lang sd ngu trg. Ngay
hom a'y trong lang ngfldi nao mdi dfldc nhieu
khach den n h a ngu trg thi la ngfldi td't, cung
flng an ud'ng r i t la tfl te ma chu n h a n khong
chiu l i y tien. (Hom i y cd nha phai md ldn
mdi du dai Idiach)" (44). Do dd, I i hgi, du hgi
den chua, hgi e l u mfla hay hgi chd deu trd
thanh mei day hen hg, g i n ket cgng ddng cfl
dan tfl pham •vi hgp (mgt ban) den pham •vi
rgng ldn hdn (mgt vumg, mgt xfl gdm nhieu
ban). Qua dd, sfl giao thoa va tiep bien van
hda gifla cac tgc ngfldi d T h a c h Lam ngay
cang sau dam hdn.

Nhfl vay, cac v u a d i u trieu Nguyen da
thong qua viec lap sd dinh, sd dien de q u a n
ly kinh te, d a n cfl chau Thach L a m ndi
rieng, cac chau, h u y e n mien n u i ndi chung
mgt each chat che va triic tiep tdi t a n ca'p
xa. Sau dd, cac v u a N g u y i n , n h i t la Minh
Menh da tien h a n h cai each bg may h a n h
chfnh, dat "lflu q u a n " tdi t a n c i p huyen

n h i m h a n che quyen life cfla cac thd tfl d
dia phfldng va t a n g cfldng hieu life q u a n ly
cua chfnh quyen t r u n g fldng. Song y dinh
thflc hign chfnh sach "lflu quan" n h i m
tflng bfldc loai trfl t h d q u a n the t a p tdn tai

tfl nhieu the ky cua v u a Minh Mgnh dfl cd
t h a n trgng, mem deo, chuyen tfl tho tfl,
chau muc den thd quan, roi lflu quan van
td r a chfla phfl hgp va da bi loai trfl. Cud'i
cflng, cac vua ke •vi v i n p h a i bao lflu che do
thd quan. Bg may q u a n ly c i p cd sd cua n h a
N g u y i n d Thach Lam m a n g tinh tfl tri cao.
Ben canh he thd'ng q u a n ly h a n h chfnh cua
n h a nfldc v i n tdn t a i he thd'ng tfl quan cua
dia phfldng, m a trong dd, quyen Iflc thflc te
v i n thugc ve cac thd tfl. Ben canh nhflng
chfnh sach q u a n ly ve m a t chfnh tri - xa
hgi, n h a N g u y i n cdn cd chfnh sach p h a t
trien k i n h te d Thach Lam nhfl d l y m a n h
k h a i hoang, md rgng thdng thfldng tren
dfldng bg... Dieu dd da gdp p h i n iam cho
lang xa chau Thach Lam bien ddi ddng thdi
theo hai xu hfldng t r a i ngfldc nhau; mgt la
qua trinh ndng thdn hda trd lai cua mgt so'
phd', phfldng da m i t d i n vai trd hch sfl, kinh
te; va hai la sfl dd thi hda cua mgt so' xa, ban
d k h u •vflc cd dieu kien t h u a n ldi phat trien
budn ban, giao lUu xudi ngUdc.

<i><b>CHU THICH </b></i>

<i>(1). Quoc sfl quan trieu Nguyin. Dgi Nam nhdt </i>

<i>thdng chi, tap IV. Nxb. ThuAn H6a, Hue, 1992, tr. </i>

403-404.

<i>(2). Be Huynh. Cao Bang tgp chi nhat tap. Tu </i>
li?u Tha vi?n tinh Cao Bang, 1921, tr. 66.

<i>(3). Dgi Nam nhdt thdng chi, tap IV, sdd, tr. 403. </i>
<i>(4). Ph^m An Phu. Cao Bang ki lUOc. Tki li?u </i>
Thu vi?n tinh Cao Bang, 1845, tr. 29.

<i>(5). Dam Thi Uyen. Huyen Qudng Hda (tinh Cao </i>

<i>Bdng) tii khi thdnh lap den gida thi'ky XIX, hukn </i>

an Tien sT Lich sfl, 2000. Ma so: 5.03.15, tr. 132.

<i>(6). Nguyen HQu Cung. Cao Bdng thUc luc, Ban </i>
dich tai Vi$n Sfl hoc, 1810. tr. 48-49.

<i>(7). Mong To T r i n , Cao Bang thd hien Hit </i>

<i>phuang danh, ban sao chQ Nho do ong Mong Van </i>

<i>Biit h xa Phong Chau, huy$n Trung Khanh cung </i>
ca'p, 1955, tr. 118.

<i>(8). Quoc sfl quan trieu Nguyen. Dgi Nam thUc </i>

<i>luc, tap II. Nxb. Giao dt^c. Ha Noi, 2004, tr. 682. </i>

<i>(9). Quoc sfl quan trieu Nguyen. Dgi Nam thUc </i>

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<span class='text_page_counter'>(14)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=14>

<b>5S </b>

<i><b>Rghien curu Ljeh si!r. s6 4.2Q1Q </b></i>

<i>(10). Emmanuel Poisson. Quan vd lgi d miin </i>

<i>Bdc Viet Nam - mdt bp mdy hdnh chinh trUdc thd </i>
<i>thdch (1802 - 1918), Nxb. Da Nang, 2006, tr. 99. </i>

<i>(11). Du dia chi trong Nguyen Trdi todn tap, </i>
Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hgi. Ha Noi, 1976, tr. 240.

<i>(12). Vi^n Nghien cflu Han Nom. Tin lang xd </i>

<i>Viet Nam ddu thi' ky XIX, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi. </i>

Ha Noi, 1982, tr. 93-94.

<i>(13). Dong Khdnh dia dU chi, t^p 1. Nxb. The </i>
gidi. Ha Noi, 2003, tr. 666-667, 674-675, 681.

<i>(14). Le Quang Dinh. Hodng Vict nhdt thd'ng dU </i>

<i>dia chi, Nxb. Thuan H6a, Hue, 2005, tr. 500-502. </i>

(15). Vli Minh HUdng, Nguyin Van Nguyen,
<i>Philippe Papin. Dia danh vd tdi lieu liiu trd vi </i>

<i>lang xd Bdc Ky, Nxb. The gidi, 1999, tr. 167-208. </i>

<i>(16).- Dgi Nam thUc luc, tkp II, sdd, tr. 754. </i>

<i>(17). Trinh Nang Chung, Dao Quy Canh. Bdo </i>

<i>cdo Khdo cd hpc Cao Bdng ndm 2003. Vi^n Khao </i>

co hoc, 2004, tr. 18.

<i>(18). Bia Din Vua Le, xa Hoang Tung, huyfn </i>
Hoa An, tinh Cao Bang.

<i>(19). Tu lieu Hdn Ndm din chiia Cao Bdng, tai </i>
lieu Bao tang Tdng hdp tinh Cao Bang.

<i>(20). Dia danh vd tdi lieu liiu trd vi Idng xd </i>
Bac/(Ty, sdd, tr. 167-195.

(21). Gia pha ho Hoang cl Lam Sdn, xa Hong
Vi?t, huyen Hoa An, Cao Bang do ong Hoang
Trieu An cung ca'p.

(22). Tu lieu ong Le Duy Ke, 82 tudi, x6m Na
Giudng, xa Hong Vi^t, huy^n Hoa An, Cao Bang.

<i>(23). T r i n Qudc VU(?ng. Cao Bang dUdi cdi nhin </i>

<i>ddn gian vi sU giao thoa vdn hda Tdy - Viet, trong </i>
<i>Vdn hoa ddn gian Cao Bdng, Hoi van ngh$ Cao </i>

Bang, 1993, tr. 55.

<i>(24). Dia bg phUdng Nd Ld, Gia Long 4, KH </i>

<i>DB.130; Dia bg phudng Nd Ld, Minh Menh 21, </i>
KH: DB.131. Trung t a m LUu trQ Qudc gia I.

<i>(25). Dia bg xd Hd Ddm, Gia Long 4, KH: </i>
<i>DB180; Dia bg xd Hd Ddm, Minh Menh 21, KH: </i>
DB. 181. Trung tam LUu trfl Qudc gia I.

<i>(26). Dia bg xd Kim Gidp, Gia Long 4, KH: </i>
<i>DB.141; Dia bg xd Kim Gidp, Minh Menh 21, KH: </i>
142. Trung tam LUu trfl Qudc gia I.

<i>(27). Dia bg xd Xudn An, Gia Long 4, KH: </i>
<i>DB.329; Dia bg xd Xudn An, Minh Menh 21, KH: </i>
DB.330. Trung t a m LUu trfl Qudc gia I.

<i>(28). Dia bg xd Mgnh Tuyin, Gia Long 4, </i>
KH:DB. 254. Trung t a m LUu trfl Qudc gia I.

<i>(29). Dia bg xd Gia Bang, Gia Long 4, KH: </i>
<i>DB.172; Dia bg xd Gia Bdng, Minh Minh 21, KH: </i>
DB.173. Trung tam LUu trfl Qudc gia I.

<i>(30). Dia bg xd Phuc Ca, Gia Long 4, KH: </i>
DB.200. Trung tam LUu trii Qudc gia I.

<i>(31). Dia bg xd Cii Son, Minh Menh 21, KH: </i>
DB.165, Trung tam LUu trfl Qudc gia I.

(32). Tu lieu do ong DUdng Mac Say, xa Minh
Tam, huy$n Nguyen Binh cung ca'p

<i>(33). Dong Khdnh dia dUchi, tap 1, sdd, tr. 661. </i>

<i>(34). Tin lang xd Viet Nam ddu thi' ky XIX </i>

<i>(thudc cdc tinh tii Hd Tinh trd ra), sdd, tr. 95. </i>

<i>(35). Hodng Viit nhdt thdng dU dia chi, add, tr. 500. </i>

<i>(36). Hoang Thi Canh. Dong dao Tdy. Nxb. Vftn </i>
h6a Dan toe. Ha Noi, 1992, tr. 58.

<i>(37). Paul Marabail. La Haute region du </i>

<i>Tonkin et officier colonial: Cercle de Cao Bdng </i>

(Vung cao Bac ky va vien chiic thuoc dia: hat Cao
Bang), Paris, 1908, tr. 182.

<i>(38). Be Huynh, Cao Bang tgp chi nhdt tap, </i>
Thu vi$n Vi?n Dan toe hoc, KH: TLd 271, tr. 1-2.

<i>(39). T r i n Qudc Vuqfng, Cao Bang diidi cdi nhin </i>

<i>ddn gian vi sU giao hda vdn hoa Tdy - Viet, trong </i>
<i>Vdn hda ddn gian Cao Bang, Nxb. Hoi Van ngh? </i>

Cao Bang, 1993, tr. 59.

<i>(40). Cung v a n LUdc, Vdn bdn vd vdn td Ndm </i>

<i>Tdy - Niing Cao Biing - thdnh tUu vdn hda ddn tdc </i>
<i>trong lich sd, trong Vdn hda ddn gian Cao Bang, </i>

Nxb. Hoi v a n nghe Cao Bang, 1993, tr. 78.

<i>(41). Qudc sfl quan trieu Nguyin. Dgi Nam thdc </i>

<i>luc, tap I. Nxb. Giao dvic, Ha Noi, 2004, tr. 574. </i>

(42). Tu li?u do ong Hoang Van Bach (75 tudi)
thuoc lang Den - Hoang Tung - Hoa An cung ca'p

(43) Tu lieu do ba Ma Thi La (71 tudi) cl De
Do6ng, xa Hdng Vi^t, huy?n Hoa An cung ca'p.

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