Vận dụng quan điểm của Hồ Chí Minh về độc lập dân tộc gắn liền với chủ nghĩa xã hội trong thời kỳ hội nhập quốc tế

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<b>SU" NGHIEP VA Tl/ Tl/^NG H 6 CHI MINH </b>

<b>VE </b>

<b>VAN DUNG QUAN DIEM CUA HO CHJ MINH </b>

<b>DOC LAP DAN TOC C A N U E N YOM CHO NCHJA XA HOI </b>

<b>f • • • </b>

<b>TRONG THGll KY HOI NHAP OUdC TE </b>

<b>DO DirC HINH* </b>

<i>•<\ </i>

<b>J f . . : </b>

<b>•'IT </b>

<i><b>li'.' </b></i>

<i>Dpc lap ddn tpc gdn lien voi chu nghTa xa hpi Id mpt quan diem Ion </i>
<i>trong tu tuong Ho Chi Minh. Ddy Id quan diem thong nhat, xuyen sudt, chi phdi </i>
<i>nhieu ITnh vuc khdcrnhau, trong do co ITnh vuc doi ngoai vd hoat dpng ngoai </i>
<i>giao. Khi nghien ciiu tu tuong doi ngoai cua Ho Chi Minh, chiing ta cdng thdy </i>
<i>rd quan diem dpc lap ddn tpc gdn lien voi chu nghTa xa hpi vira co tdm chi phoi </i>
<i>Ion lai vira co y nghTa gidi quyet cdc vdn de cu the vd dat hieu qua trong duong </i>
<i>loi doi ngoai vd hoqt dpng ngoai giao ciia Ddng, Nhd nuac ta. </i>

1. Trong thdi ky each mang dan tdc dan

chu, luan diem quan ti-png cua Nguyen Ai
Qudc - Hd Chi Minh: mudn ciiu nudc, giai
phdng ddng bao phai tien hanh cudc each
mang danh dudi thuc dan gianh lai ddc lap
cho dan tdc, da khang djnh rd chi vdi Idng yeu
nude, cam thii giac thi khdng the giai quyet
duge van de ddc lap dan tdc. Bang chung la
cac phong trao chdng Phap cua nhan dan, cac
sT phu yeu nudc, ke ca nhung vj vua yeu nude
va mdt bd phan quan lai ciia trieu Nguyen,
deu tiiat bai. Khi tiep xiic vdi khau hieu "Tu
do - Binh ding - Bac ai", Ngudi da hieu rang
cdn cd mdt the gidi khac, the gidi ciia chii
nghTa tiJ ban nhung van minh hon nhiing gi
dang dien ra d xii Ddng Duong. Va Ngudi

* Khu di tich Phii Chu tich

quylt djnh sang phuong Tay tim dudng ciiru
nudc. Hda minh ti-ong mdi trudng quin chiing
lao khd, hpc tap va ren luyen trong phong trao
cdng nhan cac nudc tu ban Au - My, Nguoi
nhan ra ring d Phap ciing cd ngudi ngheo nhu
ta, "tren ddi nay chi cd hai gidng ngudi: gidng
ngudi bde lot va gidng ngudi bj bde lot. Ma
ciing chi cd mdt mdi tinh hiru ai la that ma
thdi: tinh hiru ai vd san"'. Tir dd, Ngudi khang
djnh, each mang Viet Nam khdng the tach rdi
khdi each mang thi gidi: each mang thi gidi
nhu con chim cd hai canh, mdt canh la phong

<i>trao cdng nhan d chinh qudc va mdt canh \k </i>
phong trao each mang cua nhan dan cac nudc
thudc dja va phu thudc. Thanh lap Hpi lien
<i>hiep dan tdc thudc dja, ra bao Le Paria </i>
(Ngudi cimg khd) rdi thanh lap Hdi nhiing
ngudi Viet Nam yeu nudc tai Phap, tham gia

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<b>SU" NGHIEP VA TU" TLP^NG H 6 CHI MINH </b>

Dang Xa hdi Phap, tranh tiiii cac dien dan va
bao chi td cao chii nghTa thuc dan tai cac
tiiudc dja d chau A, chau Phi va chau My
Latinh... va lin diu tien ngudi Viet Nam, dan
tdc Viet Nam cd "tiing keu" giiia chinh
<i>tivdng qudc te, dd la ban Yeu sdch cua nhdn </i>

<i>ddn An Nam gui din Hdi nghi Veexay (1919). </i>

<i>Day la hanh ddng can cd dh thi gidi bilt din </i>
xir An Nam, den dan tdc Viet Nam dang bj ap
<i>biic, dang khat khao giai phdng dh gianh ddc </i>
lap cho minh. Den khi dugc dpc So thao
"Luan cuong ve nhung van de dan tdc va vin
de thudc dja" cua V.I. Lenin, dang tren bao

<i>Nhdn dao, Nguyen Ai Qudc nhu bimg tinh: </i>

"Ngdi mdt minh trong budng ma tdi ndi to len
nhu dang ndi trudc quan chiing ddng dao:
"Hdi ddng bao bj dpa day dau khd! Day la cai

can thiet cho chimg ta, day la con dudng giai
phdng chiing ta!"^. Tir dd Ngudi khang djnh:
mudn ciiru nudc giai phdng ddng bao khdng
cd con dudng nao khac ngoai con dudng each
mang vd san, nghTa la phai dat phong trao
giai phdng dan tdc trong pham trii cua each
mang vd san, d cac nude thudc dja va phu
thudc thi nhiem vu dan tdc giai phdng vin
phai la nhiem vu hang dau... Nhu vay, quan
diem ddc lap dan tdc gan lien vdi chu nghTa
xa hdi (CNXH) dugc hinh thanh khdng chi
bang ly luan, hgc thuyet ma bing ca ket qua
cua nhiing hoat ddng thuc te, tdng kit thuc
tien va sir nhay ben cua mdt tu duy xuat
chiing. D I van dung va phat huy duge gia trj
ciia quan diem nay vao thuc tien each mang
Viet Nam thi nhit thilt phai cd chinh dang
ciia giai cip cdng nhan va phai dat dugc muc

tieu ciia mgi cudc each mang dd la: chinh
quyen each mang. Dang Cdng san Viet Nam
ra ddi nam 1930 da thu hiit dugc sir "img hd
Dang, di theo Dang" ciia toan the dan tdc.
Thang Tam nam 1945, nhan dan ta da gianh
dugc chinh quyen trong pham vi ca nudc.
Ngay 2 - 9 - 1945, tai Quang trudng Ba
Dinh, Chu tjch lam thdi Chinh phu Viet Nam
Dan chii Cdng hda - Hd Chi Minh da trinh
trpng tuyen bd vdi the gidi rang: "Nudc Viet
Nam cd quyen hudng tu do va ddc lap va sir

that da trd thanh mdt nudc tu do ddc lap".
Ciing chinh tir day, quan diem ddc lap dan
tdc gan lien vdi CNXH da dugc van dimg
vao thuc te each mang mdt each toan dien tir
muc tieu, phuang phap den van de tap hgp
lire lugng each mang, dac biet la trong chinh
sach ddi ngoai va hoat ddng ngoai giao cua
Nha nudc dan chu nhan dan non tre luc bay
gid. Giai doan 1945 - 1946 la giai doan het
siic dac biet trong ljch sir Viet Nam hien dai,
va cang dac biet ddi vdi chinh sach ddi ngoai
va hoat ddng ngoai giao cua Hd Chi Minh.
Day la giai doan cue ky phiic tap ddi hdi phai
vimg vang ve nguyen tic chien luge nhung
ddng thdi phai rit nhay ben, linh hoat, mIm
deo ve sach luge, vira cd tam nhin vira cd
kha nang quyet doan de tao thdi co va tan
dung mpi thdi co. Cac kit qua cua cdng tac
ddi ngoai va hoat ddng ngoai giao nhirng
nam 1945 - 1946 da trd thanh bai hpc xuyen
sudt cho cac giai doan sau nay. Bai hpc trudc
hit va quan trpng nhat chinh la van de ddc
lap dan tdc la van dl sdng cdn, phai dugc
xem la nguyen tac bit di bat djch. Ddc lap

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<i><b>SU" NGHIEP VA TIP Tl/^NG U6 CHi MINH </b></i>

dan tdc, chii quyen va toan ven lanh thd la
hdn da tang cua mpi chinh sach ddi ngoai va
hoat ddng ngoai giao ciia chiing ta. Trong hai

cudc khang chien chdng xam luge cua dan
tdc ta, quan diim nay cua Hd Chi Minh da
dugc van dung va phat huy cao dp trong mpi
hoat ddng, trong dd cd cdng tac ddi ngoai va
hoat ddng ngoai giao cua Dang va Nha nudc
ta. Dd la: viing vang vdi nguyen tie ddc lap
dan tdc, chu quyen, toan ven lanh thd va
thdng nhat Td qudc; eoi ddi ngoai va hoat
ddng ngoai giao la mdt mat tran de tap hgp
lire lugng qudc te, cd muc tieu rd rang, cd
chiln luge, sach luge, cd phuong phap va
budc di phii hgp; quan diem hda binh hiiu
nghj ludn ludn dugc nang cao va phat huy
trong mgi dieu kien, tinh hudng, eoi trgng ddi
thoai, tang cudng su hieu bilt lin nhau, tdn
trpng Igi ich ciia nhau, dac biet la cac gia tri
van hda ciia cac dan tdc khac; ddc lap, tu
chu, tin vao siic manh ciia dan tdc minh,
khdn kheo van dung nhiing kinh nghiem ciia
cha dng, ddng thdi nhay ben hpc hdi nhiing
bai hpc ciia the gidi; timg budc va khdng
ngimg nang dan cac quan he ngoai giao tir
cdng nhan va img hd lin nhau den quan he
hgp tac phat trien va hdi nhap qudc te.

Trong thdi ky nay, Chu tjch Hd Chi
Minh vira la ngudi diing diu Dang va Nha
nudc, vira la ngudi phu trach chinh sach
ddi ngoai va Bd Ngoai giao ciia nudc ta.
Ngudi la mdt nha ngoai giao Idn, uyen bac,

ljch thiep, rat gan giii, than ai va bao dung,
nhung ciing rat cuong quylt va manh me.
Tu tudng Hd Chi Minh ve cdng tac ddi

<b>28 </b>

ngoai va hoat ddng ngoai giao vin la nhihig
nguyen Iy, nguyen tic ca ban va la bai hpc
cho chiing ta hdm nay.

2. Nhiing nam diu till ky XXI, thi gidi c6
nhieu thay ddi. Su trdi day cua cac nIn kinh
te mdi, dien hinh la Trung Qudc cd anh
hudng khdng nhd den tinh hinh khu vuc v^
the gidi. Hang loat vin de Idn nhu djch benh,
mdi trudng, khiing bd, mau thuan sic tdc,
vin de nang lugng ciing nhu sir bimg nd cua
khoa hpc ky thuSt,... thuc sir da vugt ra khdi
tim kiem soat cua bit cii mdt qudc gia nao,
nd ddi hdi phai cd sir tham gia qudc te, phai
cd sir ddng thuan, cimg chia se nhirng khd
khan thach thiic, ciing nhu sir bao dam cimg
cd Igi cho mgi qudc gia. Khi khoang each
khdng gian va thdi gian khdng cdn la trd ng^i
hay uu the cua bat cii qudc gia nao, thi cdng
tac ddi ngoai va hoat ddng ngoai giao ti-d
thanh mdt ITnh vuc hit siic quan trpng, cd
lien quan va chi phdi den rit nhieu ITnh vuc
khac nhau, trong dd phai ke den nhiing van
de rat nhay cam nhu kinh tl, quan sir, chinh

trj va van hda - xa hdi. Trong dilu kien do,
viec van dung quan diim dpc lap dan tdc gin
lien vdi CNXH ciia Hd Chi Minh va nhung
kinh nghiem ngoai giao cua Ngudi vao
hoach djnh cac chinh sach ddi ngoai, hoat
ddng ngoai giao dl mang lai hieu qua cao
nhat la rit cin thilt.

<i>Mpt la, ddc lap dan tpc gin liln vdi </i>

CNXH la mpt quan diim Idn cd tinh chit bao
quat va xuyen sudt, viec van dung vao cdng
tac ddi ngoai va hoat ddng ngoai giao trong
dilu kien hien nay la cin thilt va phai qu^

<b>TAP CHI LjCH SLP O A N G - S6 2/2010 </b>

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<b>SLP NGHIEP VA Tl/ Tl/^NG H 6 CHI MINH </b>

tinet that sau sic. Quan diim nay tiarde hit
khang djnh muc tieu va con dudng tit ylu
cua each mang nude ta, dudng ldi chiln luge,
sach luge va nhirng vin dl ca ban nhu ddc
lap dan tdc, chii quyen qudc gia, toan ven
lanh thd, mdt nudc Viet Nam thdng nhit.
Quan diem nay khdng gidi han viec tiiam gia
cac td chiic qudc te ciing nhu cac hoat ddng
ngoai giao, nhung khdng dupe lam phuang
hai den Igi ich ciia qudc gia dan tdc, khdng
dugc lam mat dn djnh chinh trj va xa hdi,

khdng dugc lam anh hudng din vai trd lanh
dao cua Dang va Nha nudc ciia dan, do dan,
vi dan. Hon 170 qudc gia cd quan he ngoai
giao, hon 200 qudc gia, vimg lanh thd cd
quan he thuong mai va hang tram td chiirc
qudc te se la co sd virng chac cho sir md rdng
khdng ngimg va sir phat trien ve chieu sau
ti-ong cac quan he qudc te cua Viet Nam.
<i>' Hai Id, ngoai giao la mdt mat tran. Sinh </i>

thdi, Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh thudng ndi:
ngoai giao la mdt mat tran khdng cd tieng
sung nhung khdng kem phan gay go va
quyet liet, can bd hoat ddng tren mat tran
ngoai giao phai cd lap trudng, quan diem
vung vang, phai cd ban ITnh va het siic linh
hoat, sang tao. Coi ngoai giao la mdt mat
tran ke ca trong dieu kien hda binh cd y
nghTa la dat ngoai giao ngang hang vdi cac
hoat ddng nha nudc khac nhu kinh te, chinh
trj, quan sir, van hda, xa hdi. Ngoai giao
phai nim trong mdt chinh the hoat ddng nha
nude, la mdt nhiem vu each mang thudng
xuyen, cd ddng gdp vao chien luge phat
triln each mang chung cua ca nude. Nhin

vao nhung bien cd ciia the gidi may chuc
nam gan day, chiing ta can thay rd, ngoai
giao ngay cang chiem giii vj tri quan trpng,
nd chi phdi cac ITnh vuc khac thdng qua viec

cung cap thdng tin, giai ma tinh thi "tao thdi
co" hoac vd hieu hda cac "thach thiic" cd
chieu hudng phat trien thanh thiic day cac
ITnh vuc dd phat trien. Do vay. Dang va Nha
nudc can dau tu cho viec nghien ciiu xay
dung nhiing chien luge ngoai giao khu vuc
hoac timg ddi tupng cu the ke ca trudc mat
va lau dai. Trong xu thi hdi nhap va toan
cau hda, ngoai giao da va dang phat huy
rdng rai kha nang va uu the ciia minh. Trong
dieu kien hien nay, ngoai giao nudc ta da cd
nhirng budc tien rat hieu qua, khdng ngimg
md rdng quan he vdi tat ca cac nudc, ddng
thdi phat trien cac quan he binh thudng
thanh cac "ddi tac kinh te", "ddi tac hgp tac
lau dai", "ddi tac chien luge"...

<i>Ba Id, dudng Idi ngoai giao cua Viet Nam </i>

la thdng nhat, trudc sau nhu mdt vi hda binh,
hiru nghj va doan ket giira cac dan tdc. Dan
tdc Viet Nam la dan tdc cd y chi quat cudng,
cd truyen thdng chdng ngoai xam rit oanh
liet, bat khuat va khdng bao gid chju that bai.
Hiep djnh Gioneva (1954) va Hiep djnh Pari
(1973) chinh la kit qua cua van hda khoan
dung va muc tieu hda binh cho dan tdc cua Hd
Chi Minh. Van dung nguyen tic hda binh,
hiru nghj va doan ket giira cac dan tdc trong
dieu kien hien nay la phai lam cho ban be va

nhan dan the gidi hieu truyen thdng van hda
tdt dep cua dan tdc ta, thay rd tinh yeu hda
binh ludn gan lien vdi ddc lap tu do cua dan

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<b>SLP NGHIEP VA T l / Tl/^NG H 6 C H I MINH </b>

tdc ta. van hda Viet Nam la mdt nen van hda
chiia diy gia trj nhan van, hda hieu, mdt nen
van hda yeu thuong con ngudi, ludn lay con
ngudi lam trpng tam de ling xir vdi tu nhien,
xa hdi va vdi chinh con ngudi. Lam tdt dieu
nay, chiing ta se cd nhieu ban be hon, niem tin
qudc te ddi vdi chiing ta se cao hon, va tieng
ndi cua Viet Nam tren trudng qudc te ciing se
cd tam anh hudng Idn hon.

<i>Bon la, nhan thiic rd gia trj tinh than ciia </i>

ngoai giao Viet Nam va nghe thuat ngoai
giao Hd Chi Minh. Trong cudc diu tranh
gianh ddc lap dan tdc va trong sir nghiep xay
dimg Td qudc, chiing ta da xay dung dugc
nhiing mdi quan he qudc te cue ky quy bau.
Chiing ta cd ddng chi gin bd lau dai, lang
gieng than thiet, cd ban be d khap nam chau
cimg sat canh trong nhirng liic gian nan nhat.
Cd the ndi, gia trj tinh than cua ngoai giao
Viet Nam la gia trj chinh nghTa va nhan dao.
Ngay nay, trong hgp tac phat trien, chiing ta
van mong mudn mdt sir "hgp tac thanh that"

cimg cd Igi va tdn trgng lan nhau, khdng Igi
dung hgp tac de pha hoai, lat dd va "dien
bien hda binh". Trong dieu kien hien nay, de
xir ly dugc tinh the nhieu phiic tap va ngay
cang cd tinh dan xen ddi hdi nhiing ngudi
lam ngoai giao phai cd su linh hoat va tinh te,
cd ban ITnh chinh trj cao, cd nghiep vu,
chuyen mdn gidi va dac biet phai cd sir am
hieu sau sac ve van hda chang nhirng cua dan
tdc minh ma ca cua ddi tac la cac qudc gia,
dan tdc khac. Cd nhu vay mdi lam chu dugc
tinh the va xir Iy duge theo nguyen tac "DT
bat bien, iing van bien" ciia Chu tjch Hd Chi

Minh. Sang tao la mdt nguyen tic ciia sir tilnl
bd va phat triln. Khi ndi din van dung 1]^
luan hay hpc hdi kinh nghiem, Chii tjch Ho
Chi Minh ludn nhic "phai sang tao". Mudn
cd nhiing nha ngoai giao tai ba, mudn cd
nhiing chuyen gia hoat ddng quan ly nha
nudc vl ddi ngoai nhat djnh phai khuyen
khich va nudi dudng sir sang tao trong cdng
tac ddi ngoai va hoat ddng ngoai giao.

Nhin lai chang dudng 80 nam qua, dudi
sir lanh dao cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam,
sir nghiep each mang cua Dang va nhan dan
ta da dat nhirng thanh tuu to Idn. Viet Nam tii
mdt nudc thudc dja da trd thanh mdt qudc
gia ddc lap cd chu quyen, tir mdt nudc ngheo

nan, lac hau da vuon minh trd thanh mpt
qudc gia dang phat trien manh me. Dac bi?t
trong nhiing nam ddi mdi, ciing vdi kinh te
khdng ngimg tang trudng la vai trd qudc tl
cua Viet Nam khdng ngimg md rdng, giao
thuong ngay cang di vao chieu sau va ben
virng. Tat ca nhung thanh tuu dd khdng tach
khdi dudng ldi diing din cua Dang va dac
biet la quan diem ddc lap dan tdc gan lien vdi
CNXH cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh.

<i>1. Ho Chi Minh Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2000, </i>
T.I,tr.266

2.5d'J,T.10,tr.l27.

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