Về tư duy nghệ thuật của thơ Đường.

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<i>nvimssmrn'mmv^ </i>

C

u l g vdi nhieu each ti ep can
^jpn hpc mdi, each tiep can
van hpe tfl van hda dang ngay
cang te ra ed nhieu flu diem trong viec
kham pha nhflng sac thai van hda phong
phfl dflde the hien trong tae pham van
hpc; hay giai ma nhflng phfl hieu, bieu
tflpng van hda, ham an muon van ldp
nghia trdm tfch ngan nam trong van ban
van hpc cu the; hoac qua ldp be mat cua
ngdn ngfl tac pham, tren cd sd so sanh
hien thflc va lich sif, cd the di sau kham
pha ndi ham tam ly van hda va hat nhan
van hda tiem dn trong tac pham. Tfl dd'i
chieu tdng the tren nhieu binh dien,
nhieu gdc dp, nha nghien eflu ed the
danh gia het cai hay cai dep cua tac
pham van hpe va y nghia quan trpng cua
nd ddi vdi cudc sd'ng cua nhan loai.

Thd Dfldng vdi tu each la met trao lUu
van hpc phong phfl va ddc dao, la ket
qua sinh ddng cua thdi dai bflng nd van
hda manh me ddi Dfldng. Da cd biet bao
nha tham binh thd ca vdi nhieu each tiep
can khac nhau viet va If giai eai hay cai
dep cua rieng thd Dfldng, song cd le vdn
cdn chfla thda man vdi ngfldi dpc ngan
nam nay. Trong bai viet nay, chflng tdi

tfl gdc dp van hda hpc tim hieu eai hay

PGS.TS TRAN LE BAO
<i>Trudng Dgi hgc Sit phgm Hd Ngi </i>

eai dep cua thd Dfldng; tfl each tiep can
lien nganh, tren cd sd nhflng bai thd lau
nay van dflpc coi la thO Dfldng luat, di
sau vao If giai tfl duy nghe t h u a t ciia cac
nha thd ddi Dfldng.

Tfl duy nghe t h u a t la mpt loai hinh tfl
duy tham mi cua mpt cdng ddng (ke cd
cua mpt tac gia), dflpc sinh ra trong dieu
kien lich sfl cu the. Tfl duy nghe thuat
bao gdm ca npi dung va phfldng thflc
chiem linh cung nhfl each thflc the hien
hien thflc cudc sdng. Cd' nhien tfl duy
phai gan lien vdi ngdn ngfl, va khdng chi
ngdn ngfl, nd cdn ham chfla nhflng quan
niem triet hpc, tap tue tdn giao, phong
each dao dflc va hflng thfl tham mi..., trd
thanh san vat eua lieh sfl, cd the bien ddi
va phat trien tuy theo thdi dai. Tuy
nhien, trong trfldng ki lieh sif, tfl duy
nghe t h u a t cd tfnh dn dinh tfldng dd'i,
da ngflng tu lai va thdm t h a u vao tam li
van hda dan toe, cau t h a n h mpt loai vd
thflc tap the trong tdng sau cua ket cau
van hda dan tdc. Nd chang nhflng bao

Iflu nhflng gia tri van hda dan tdc ma
cdn cd sflc manh to ldn, chi phd'i tnic tiep
hoac gian tiep den tfl duy va hanh vi van
hda ciia mpi ngfldi sd'ng trong cac thdi
dai khac nhau.

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<i>Ve tif duy nghe thuat. </i>

1. Dac trflng d d u tien cua tfl duy n g h e
t h u a t thd Dfldng la sfl k e thfla nhflng tfl
duy t h a m mi cd d a i phfldng Ddng. Dd la
mdt k i e u tfl d u y mdi la, ddy c a m t i n h vdi
nhflng phfldng thflc da d a n g , a n h hfldng
den t o a n bd ddi sd'ng t a m h n h cflng nhfl
tfl duy cu a ca c d a n t dc phfldng Ddng .
Nhin c h u n g , tfl d u y t h d m my phfldng
Ddng CO bd'n dac trflng la tfnh cu t h e ,
tfnh tfldng trflng, tfnh t o a n dien va tfnh
t i n h cam. T u y n h i e n , d day chflng tdi Iflu
y tdi sfl ke thfla h a i dac trflng tfl duy
phfldng D d n g la tfnh cu t h e va t l a h
tfldng trflng t r e n g tfl duy thd Dfldng.

<i>1.1 Tinh cu the cua tii duy thdm my </i>
<i>trong thg Diidng. </i>

Tfl duy cu t h e la ldi tfl duy, dfla vad
ngdai h i n h ca biet, cu t h e cua sfl v a t h a y
sfl van ddng bien ddi cfla sfl v a t de n h a n
thflc sfl vat k h a c h q u a n . T r o n g qua t r i n h

tfl duy eu t h e nay. nhflng h i n h tfldng sfl
vat cu t h e dflpc h e t sflc cei trpng. Dac
diem cd b a n cua loai tfl duy n a y la dem
t a t ca nhflng cai phd bien, cai trflu tflpng,
nhflng q u a n n i e m . . . cd' g a n g c h u y e n hoa
t h a n h h i n h tflpng ca biet, cam tinh,
mfldn phfldng thflc dd'i chieu t n i c tiep
cua h i n h tfldng de bieu d a t tfl duy. Ldai
phfldng thflc tfl duy dflng h i n h tfldng
cam tfnh cu t h e ca biet de bieu hien
nhflng y n i e m ed tfnh phd q u a t , cd tfnh
q u a n niem, ve b a n c h a t la phfldng thflc
bieu d a t cua n g h e t h u a t , la phfldng thflc
the hien cai dep. .

Xet ve lich sfl t h i ca T r u n g Qud'c, tfl
<i>nhflng tac p h d m xa xfla nhfl Kinh Thi, </i>

<i>Ly Tao cua K h u a t N g u y e n , che den H a n </i>

phfl, ngdn ngfl thd deu chiu a n h hfldng

<i>t n i c tiep tfl tfl duy cu t h e . T r o n g Kinh </i>

<i>Thi cd den h a n g chuc ten chim mudng, </i>

<i>cay ed, nfli sdng; den Ly Tao cua K h u a t </i>
N g u y e n ngfldi dpc lai tfldng chflng lac
<i>vao vfldn hoa t r a m thfl la; tiep den Hdn </i>

<i>phu t h i t i n h t r a n g xa hoa ngdn ngfl cu </i>

t h e tdi mflc phd trfldng n h a m ndi len cai
hoa le cua da't trdi. Nhflng den thd
Dfldng, hien tfldng ngdn ngfl cua tfl duy
cu t h e va xa h e a da k h d n g cdn nfla. Bad
<i>n h i e u ldai chim cu t h e t r d n g Kinh Thi </i>
chi cdn mdt ldai "dieu" k h a i q u a t trong
<i>thd Dfldng. Bad n h i e u ldai hda trdng Ly </i>

<i>Tao cua K h u a t Nguyen, n a y chi cdn mdt </i>

ldai "hda" - hda k h a i q u a t .

Ngdn ngfl thd Dfldng la ngdn ngfl
k h a i quat, ngdn ngfl y niem. Dieu n a y
mdt m a t do yeu cdu cfla dac diem tfl duy
thdi dai, mdt m a t dd yeu edu t h e leai cua
thd Dfldng l u a t vd'n ft tfl (56 hdac 20 tfl),
nen k h d n g t h e dflng nhidu ngdn ngfl cu
t h e m a p h a i dflng ngdn ngfl k h a i quat.
Nhflng phdng, hoa, tuyet, nguyet, sdn
thuy, dien vien la nhflng h i n h tfldng
ngdn ngfl k h a i q u a t t r a n n g a p trong thd
Dfldng.

Tuy n h i e n , b a n c h a t ngdn ngfl thd cdn
cdn tfnh bieu cdm de trflc tiep tac ddng,
kfch thi'ch vao giac q u a n ngudi dpc, vi
vay k h d n g t h e k h d n g cd tfnh cu t h e cfla

h i n h tUdng ngdn ngfl. Bdng cfl la ben
c a n h ngdn ngfl k h a i q u a t , t r o n g thd
Dfldng v a n edn nhflng ngdn ngfl cu t h e .
Dd la k h i cdn sfl v a t cd chflc n a n g ngfl
n g h i a cu the, k h d n g t h e t h a y the, budc
cac n h a thd p h a i liia chpn ngdn ngfl cu
t h e vi vay ben c a n h "dieu" (chim) k h a i
q u a t cdn cd h e a n g li (vang a n h ) , t h a n h
dieu (chim xanh) h a y a n h vfl (cen vet)

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rat cu the, mdi loai mdt chflc nang ngfl
nghia khac nhau. Hinh tflpng "anh vfl"
<i>trong bai thd Cung Td cua Chu Khanh </i>
Dfl la loai chim eu the, khdng the thay
the mdt loai chim nao khac vao day dfldc:

"Ham" tinh due thuyet cung trung sfl
Anh vfl tien ddu bat cam ngdn"

Vi sao nhflng cung nhan r a t mudn ndi
chuyen trong cung ma lai phai ngam
mieng? Bdi vi cd con anh vfl d trfldc mat.
Anh vu hay con vet la loai chim nghe
hieu va biet nhai lai tieng ngfldi vi vay
nhflng cung nhan khdng the va khdng
dam ndi ra chuyen trong cung. Cho dfl
khdng ndi ra nhflng ngfldi dpc cung ed
the hieu, chac chan khdng phai la nhflng
ldi ngdi ca nha vua, ma la nhflng ldi oan
gian cao dp. Neu nhfl hai eau ddu ndi ve

sfl giam cam the xac nhflng cung nhan
dep, thi hai cau cud'i vdi hinh dnh con
vet hieu va biet nhai tieng ngfldi, chang
khac nao "ten gian diep" cua nha vua
"xam xoi" ehi em cung nhan du ea mfldi
hai canh gid. Chdng len ndi dau the xac
hi giam cdm la ndi dau tinh than ludn hi
khd'ng che, vay bua cua ngfldi cung nfl.
Rd rang d day khdng mdt loai chim nao
khac thay the dflpc ehflc nang eiia mdt
cen vet lam dieu.

Mat khac, de dat dfldc tfnh cu the
ngdn ngfl thd Dfldng, dac biet la danh tfl,
thfldng phai ket hpp vdi nhflng danh tfl
khac thee quy luat cua tfl duy "dflng
minh dd vat", kieu nhfl dflng cae bd phan
cd the ngfldi de phan anh sfl vat nhfl:
Sdn dinh, sdn ddu, sdn mach, giang ddu,
giang VI, giang tam... Ben canh dd, danh
tfl thfldng di lien vdi nhflng tfnh tfl de
tao them mau sae tfnh chat cu the cho

sfl vat hien tfldng kieu nhfl: mi nhan,
h a n vfl, Ifldng phong, minh nguyet,
t h a n h tuyen, khdng sdn, bach van, hdng
diep, xich thdng, thien thu tuyet, van li
thuyen...

<i>Hai cau thd sau trong bai Tuyet cu </i>

cua Do Phu

"LUdng ca hoang li minh thuy lieu,

Nha't hang bach Id thudng thanh
thien"

(Hai cai oanh vang keu lieu biec,
Mdt hang cd trang vut trdi xanh)
chang nhflng la mdt minh chflng ve sfl
ket hpp hai hda gifla ngdn ngfl khai quat
va cu the, da tao ra bflc tranh thien
nhien tfldi dep ddy sflc sd'ng, phdng
khoang md rdng tfl mat da't tdi bau trdi
xanh, cd du mau sac tfldi sang cua hoang
li, bach Id, thuy lieu, t h a n h thien, cd am
thanh ed hoat ddng, lai mang dam tinh
ngfldi, ma cdn tham dam tinh yeu thien
nhien, yeu cupc sd'ng cua nha thd.

Them nfla, dac trflng tfl duy cu the
nguyen thuy da thflc day manh me nang
life tfl duy hinh tflpng va nang life nhan
thflc tham my cua cac dan tdc phfldng
Ddng, trong dd cd eac nha thd ddi Dfldng.
d mdt trinh dp nha't dinh, loai tfl duy nay
da quy dinh va coi trpng each thflc md
phdng sfl vat khach quan cua nghe thuat
phfldng Ddng; mat khac nd tao ra sfl
thdm thau, dan xen va tdng hdp gifla cac

loai hinh nghe t h u a t phfldng Ddng nhfl:
"thfl - hoa tfldng thdng" (tfldng thdng eua
thfl phap va hpi hoa), "thi - nhac - vfl
nha't the" (thd ca- am nhac- vfl dao gdm
mdt the), "thi trung hflu hoa, hoa trung

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<i>Ve tdduy nghe thuat. </i>

hflu thi" (trong thd cd bflc tranh, trong

<i>bflc tranh cd thd)... r.' </i>

<i>1.2. Tinh tiidng triing cua tii duy </i>
<i>thdm my trong thd Diidng. </i>

Tfl duy tfldng trflng la loai tfl duy
dflng mdt sfl vat nao dd de bieu dat mdt
sfl vat khac cd dac trflng tfldng tfl. Ve
ban chat tfldng trflng la "ta du", la mpt
loai hinh tfl duy mfldn sfl vat hien tfldng
da biet de so sanh, giai thfch sfl vat chfla
biet. Thdi vien cd, tat ca dd'i tfldng tfl
nhien dflpc con ngfldi sflng bai, ve bd'i
chat deu la vat tfldng trflng. Con ngi di
thdng qua quan he tfldng tfl cua vat nay
vdi vat khac de nhan biet sfl vat. Vi vay
tfldng trflng la mdt trong nhflng thao tac
cua tfl duy ra ddi r a t sdm giflp con ngfldi
nhan thflc, cung la phfldng phap rat sdm
cua nhan thflc tham my.

Tflpng trflng khdng phai la loai tfl duy
dpc hflu ciia thd Dfldng. Song do yeu cdu
cua tfl tfldng tham mi "y tai ngdn ngoai"
(y d ngoai ldi), "ngdn tan y bat tan" (ldi
het ma y khdng cflng) va yeu cdu cua
' the loai thd luat Dfldng nen thd Dfldng

cang cdn tfl duy tflpng trflng. Trdng thd
Dfldng, ngfldi ta ludn bat gap nhflng
uObi tfldng tfldng trflng, ham an nhieu
ldp nghia. De bieu dat con ngfldi, cac nha
thd cd thfldng dflng tfl nhien: nhfl sdng
nui (nhan gid nhao sdn tri gia nhao thuy
- ngfldi cd dflc nhan hpc theo nfli, ngfldi
cd dflc trf hpc theo nfldc); cay cd nhfl
tflng cue trflc mai, dieu thfl nhfl dai
bang, phfldng hoang, manh hd, en se...,
lai cd the dflng ca nhan vat, sfl kien, dia
danh de the hien. De chi thdi gian, cac
nha thd thfldng dflng cay cd, am thanh

ehl mfla vu, nhat nguyet nam thang chi
thdi gian tudn hoan...

Chang han bieu tfldng "dfldng lieu
<i>sac" (sac dfldng lieu) treng bai thd Khue </i>
<i>odn cua Vfldng Xfldng Linh: </i>

"Hdt kien mach ddu dfldng lieu sac,

Hdi giad phu te mich phong hdu"

(Nhac trdng ve lieu ben dfldng,
Phong hau nghi dai sui chang kiem chi),
da gdi ra bao ldp nghia cho ngfldi dpc
xfla nay. Dfldng lieu trfldc het tfldng
trflng cho ngfldi phu nfl mem yeu, tfldng
trflng cho mfla xuan, lai la vat gdi nhac
sfl chia li (khi chia tay ngfldi Trung Qud'c
cd phong tuc be canh lieu trao nhau). Lai
them "sac dfldng lieu" chi thdi gian tudn
hdan trdi chay, nhac nhd ngfldi thieu
phu dang "bat tri sdu" (khdng biet budn),
gid day dang canh "xuan xanh" nha't
dinh se den lflc "thu tan". Tudi xuan se
het, ddi ngfldi phdi pha nhfl mdt quy luat
khac nghiet cua tao h da, mdt t rd dfla
nghiet nga cfla thdi gian. Va "sdc" trong
triet hpc Phat giao la hien hflu dd'i lap
vdi "khdng" la hfl vd. Cai "sdc sdc khdng
khdng" kia bat day vang vpng nhfl tieng
ehudng hfl khdng oanh tinh ngfldi thieu
phu hay tran trpng dd'i vdi' hanh phflc
hien hflu ndi trdn the. Chinh vi vay ma
mdi chi "hot kien" - chdt nhin thay, cai
"sdc mau dfldng lidu" kia, da khien ngfldi
thieu phu bflng tinh. Cai "hd't kien" kia
nhfl mdt lan set xe toang tam man do
tfldng day had quang vinh hda vd'n lau

nay bung bit, che phu ngudi thieu phu,
nay dot ngdt bflng sang tinh ngp, thay
ddi han quan niem sd'ng: hd'i han vi
da bao chdng di kiem an phong hdu.
Khao khat hanh phflc that manh liet.

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nhflng sfl the hien t h a t kin dao va tinh
te chi qua cai thoang nhin mdu dfldng
lieu day bieu y tUpng trUng. Khdng can
nhieu ldi, chi qua hinh anh tUpng trUng
"dUdng lieu sdc" VUdng XUdng Linh
da ddn nen vad dd bad tU tudng, tinh
cam dam chat nhan van.

2. Song dieu dac biet nha't cua tU duy
thd Dudng la tU duy quan he

2.1 Tu duy quan he la leai tU duy sif
dung cac quan he de phan anh. chiem
linh hien thiic khach quan. Tu duy nay
lam nen cai dec dad cfla thd Dudng. Nha
nghien eflu Phan Ngpc da nhan dinh
chfnh xac ve loai tfl duy quan he nay:
"cai hay cua thd Dfldng la d each kham
pha hien thflc, li giai hien thflc. hay ndi
mdt each triet hpc, each chiem linh hien
thflc. Dd la each xac lap tfnh ddng nha't
cua nhflng hien tflpng ma giac quan cho
la dd'i lap nhau"'^'.

Cac nha thd Dfldng khdng ve sfl vat
ma tao ra cac quan he ddng nha't hda
gifla sfl vat nay vdi sfl vat khac, nhdm
dem lai eho ngfldi dpc sfl chiem hflu thfl
vi va cd dfldc hanh phuc nhd viec tfl
tham gia kham pha eac quan he treng
thd. Vi vay thfldng thflc thd Dfldng la
phai tim ra cac quan he ay; dpc thd
Dfldng khdng phai dpc bdng mdt ma dpc
bdng quan he. Cd the ndi day la dac
diem tfl duy eua thd Dfldng va cflng la cd
sd de khu biet eua ne vdi the b a i thd
khac trfldc va sau ddi Dfldng, rdng hdn la
khu biet ca vdi thd phfldng Ddng va
phfldng Tay.

Nguyen nhan cua hien tfldng tfl duy
quan he nay trfldc he't phai ke tdi triet
hpc cd dai Trung Qud'e, trong dd cd each

<b>58 </b>

nhan thflc tfl cac mat dd'i lap cua Lao Tii;
Id'i tfl duy dat dau bdng gifla cac hien
tfldng dd'i lap ciia Trang Tfl va dac biet d
quan niem am dfldng khi coi mpi sfl vat
deu la sfl thd'ng nha't ciia hai mat dd'i lap
la am va dfldng, la trong am cd dfldng
trong dfldng cd am... da anh hfldng sau
sac tdi each tfl duy cfla cac hpc gid Trung

Qud'e ngan nam. Vi vay ndi tfl duy thd
Dfldng la tfl duy quan he, ndi thd Dfldng
la tho cua cae mdi quan he, thd am
dfldng cung khdng ed gi la qua. Ben canh
dd ddi Dfldng la thdi dai khai phdng va
phuc hflng van hda, vfla ke thfla tfl duy
truyen thd'ng lai vfla tiep n h a n tfl duy
ngoai lai eua Phat giao - mdt thfl tdn
giao hoai nghi cao dp vao cai hflu hinh,
vao cai van hda do eon ngfldi sang tao ra.
Nd da triie tiep gdi ra "cai trdng khdng"
cua nghe t h u a t vdi ca phfldng thflc
truyen dat "vd ngdn", "tnic ehi truyen
tam" ddy chat am du va cflc ki cd dpng,
cflng da in dam dau an vao thd Dfldng.
Trong thdi dai nay, ca ba tfl tfldng Nho,
Dao, Phat cflng dflpc song hanh tuyen
truyen, da dem lai nhieu ddi mdi treng
quan niem, nhan thflc va ca tfl duy ve vfl
tru va nhan sinh cua ngfldi Trung Qud'c
ddi Dfldng.

Nguyen nhan thfl hai khdng kem
phdn quan trpng la yeu cdu cua hinh
thflc the loai thd Dfldng, dac biet thd
Dfldng luat vd'n la loai thd nhd be. Hien
thflc eude sd'ng vd'n rdng ldn, thien hinh
van trang lam sao cd the dung nap vao
mdt the thd nhd be, ma lai phai ndi len
dflpc nhflng van de rung ddng ldng ngfldi

ngan nam. thi khdng the chay theo Id'i
mieu ta. d day chi cd the gpi va each liia

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<i>Ve ta duy nghe thi^. </i>

chpn td't nhat la cac nha thd ddi Dudng
phai diing len cac mdi quan he. Tfl cac
md'i quan he nay, ngfldi dpc cd the kham
pha ra ban chat sau kin cua sfl vat hien
tfldng, cflng nhflng ky thfl cua nghe
thuat thd.

2.2 Tfl duy quan he nay da chi phd'i
toan bd td chflc nghe thuat thd Dfldng,
dac biet la thd Dfldng luat, tfl cap dp vi
<i>md de'n vi md. ., </i>

,, J. Ndi den td chflc nghe thuat thd Dfldng,
ngfldi ta hay ndi tdi tinh can dd'i. Tfrih
can dd'i nay dfldc the hien d niem, luat,
van, dd'i. Cd niem, luat, van, dd'i deu the
hien ro tfl duy quan he theo kieu "ket
cau song hanh dd'i xflng phi dd'i xflng",
vd'n la bieu hien cua md'i quan he cd ban
gifla am va dfldng. Sfl dan xen va chuyen
hda gifla thanh bang va trac, ca trong Id'i
gieo vdn, trong cac ddng thd va cau thd
da tad nen cau trflc chat che va tudn
hean tfl cau 1 den cau 8 rdi lai tfl cau 8
trd ve cau 1 nhfl met cau trflc toan ven

va chinh the trong qu an nie m tfl duy
Trung Hoa.

Ban chat cfla thd ca vd'n da gan lien
vdi tfnh a m nhac , eho nen thd Dfldng
cflng cd tfnh am nhac. Cac nha thd ddi
Dfldng lam thd de dpc va dpc cho nhau
nghe chfl khdng phai de xuat ban nhfl
ngay nay. Ma da dpc thi khdng the
khdng quan tam tdi tfnh nhac. Mac dfl
ngdn ngfl thd Dfldng khdng phdng phfl,
phdn ldn la ngdn ngfl khai quat, lai them
nhiing t i lay de tao nen tfnh nhac bi

l u y crnr Dl

thalih dieJ'lc?t h | p
vdi nhflng khoang trdng trong ddng thd

da tao thanh nhip dieu cd lflc reo rat, ed
lflc lang dpng, dem lai sflc cud'n hflt cfla
tfnh am nhac trong ldi thd Dfldng. Ngfldi
nghe tfl hien tflpng red rat cfla am thanh
cd the kham pha hien thflc met each mdi
me. Cai thanh khi cua nha thd dflpc the
hien treng thanh dieu, tiet tau cua bai
thd va dflpc cdng hfldng trdng ldng ddc
gia ngan nam. Ngfldi Trung Qud'c van cd
cau: "Ddng thanh tfldng flng ddng khi
tfldng cdu" la nhfl vay.

Tfnh can dd'i cua tfl duy thd Dfldng
the hien re ret trdng ca ndi dung va hinh
thflc dd'i eua thd. Dd la sfl the hien ddc
dao cua tfl duy quan he va la phfldng
tien hflu hieu phan anh hien thflc cua
cac nha thd ddi Dfldng.

Tfl duy Trung Qud'c vd'n cd sfl can dd'i
trong dien dat, nhflng chi den ddi Dfldng
mdi cd cau dd'i thd. Ndi nhfl nha nghien
eflu Phan Ngpc: "cau dd'i thd la dd nhu
cdu ndi tam, khdng cd d ddu ddi Han.
Cai nhu cdu thay niinh thd'ng nha't vdi
ngeai gidi ddi hdi mdt sfl the hien nghe
thuat ma neu khdng cd thi khdng the
nao bpc Id dfldc"'^'. Cau dd'i *iy^.iuyi| thd
Dfldng da la mpt minh c h f l n ^ ^ ^ f d che
tfl duy quan he eua cac y ^ ' ^ H i '^di
Dfldng. Cd leai dd'i hoan ehinh nhfl met
cap am dfldng can dd'i cfla cdng dd'i, cd
loai dd'i ngay trong mdi ddng thd vfla dd'i
xflng lai khdng dd'i xflng eua tieu dd'i,
cflng cd leai dd'i y ddng tren trflpt thdng
xud'ng ddng dfldi nhfl kieu dd'i Iflu thuy...
cd the nj(| hinh thflc cau dd'i thd trong

S I T ^ miff yPpng

nhaf eac ma t dd'i la p cua sfl vai nien

tflpng. Mac dfl thd Dfldng khdng dflng he

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thd'ng suy luan, song nhd cac kieu cau
ddi thd phong phfl da thuc day ngfldi dpc
phai suy luan.

Hai cau thd dd'i r a t chinh trong bai
"Thfldng Sdn tao hanh" (Di sdm d
Thfldng Sdn) eua Vi Trang lau nay dfldc
coi la "thdn cfl":

"Ke minh mao diem nguyet,

Nhan tfch ban kieu sflOng"

(Tieng ga gay, trang tren leu tranh;
Dau chan ngfldi in tren sfldng cdu gd).
De the hien "eai thdn" cua sfl kien di
that sdm, tac gia da sfl dung tai tinh cae
yeu td' dd'i: danh dd'i vdi danh, ngfldi dd'i
vdi vat, thdi tiet dd'i vdi thdi tiet, t h a t
can dd'i hoan chinh. Chi den khi ngfldi
dpc tham gia vao suy luan, dfla vao cac
quan he: tieng ga gay va trang la tin
hieu ehl thdi gian trdi cdn chfla sang.
Cflng vdi thdi gian la khdng gian da e
biet, khoanh khde dau chan ngfldi ddu
tien in d tren sfldng dpng dam dac nha't
ndi cdu gd; cai than cua sfl kien di that
sdm mdi hien ra. Rd rang tac gia chi gdi

thdng qua cac quan he dd'i l^p, song lai
thflc day ngifdi dpc phai tham gia suy luan
mdi cd hanh phflc ciia sfl kham pha. Nhfl
vay dpc thd Dfldng theo tfl duy quan he
khdng phai la dpc d cac ddng thd ma la
dpc gifla cac ddng thd de tim quan he.

Ve mat ngdn ngfl, cflng vi tfl duy
quan he tao ra sfl ddng nha't cac mat dd'i
lap, cflng vdi yeu edu nghiem ngat ciia
the loai, cho nen nhflng hfl tfl the hien
sfl ddng nha't hay thd'ng n h a t deu cd tdn
so' xuat hien cao. Dd la he hfl tfl cdng,
tfldng, dfl (nghia cua chflng dai loai la
cflng nhau). Va de ndi len sU thd'ng nhat

<b>60 </b>

ciia cai ddn n h a t vdi tdng the, thUdng
<i>ngUdi ta dung he hfl tii co, dpc , nha't... </i>
Hai cau thd ndi tieng cua Vfldng Bpt:

<b>"Lac ha dfl cd 16 te phi </b>

Thu thiiy cong trfldng thien n h a t sac"
(Canh cd bay vdi r a n g sa

<b>Nfldc thu cflng vdi trdi xa mpt mdu) </b>
<i>da la mpt minh chflng ve viec sd dung </i>
cd hieu qua cac he hfl tfl nay gdm "dfl",

"te", "cdng" va "nha't". Hai ddng thd cd
den bd'n hfl tfl. Ben canh dd la nhflng
hinh anh nhfl cd pham, cd thdn, cd van,
cd nguyet... van con dpng trong ldng
ngfldi dpc ngan nay, khi nd la tie'ng long
<b>ciia ca the tieu vfl tru mud'n hda vao dai </b>
<b>vfl tru. Ngflpc lai nhiing hfl tfl mang </b>
mau sdc chflng minh hay tao ra mpi bien
phap suy luan kieu nhfl: chi, hd, gia,
da... dfldng nhfl vang bdng trong cac bai
thd Dfldng luat. Bdi le quan niem cua tfl
duy quan he trong thd Dfldng la cdn sfl
ddng nha't trflc tie'p cac mat dd'i lap, chfl
khdng can chflng minh va suy luan.

3. Cau tfl nghe t h u a t . ..-,115 p

3.1 Cau tfl nghe t h u a t la each thflc td
chflc eua mdt tac pham nghe thuat, la
pham trfl tham my quan trpng ciia nghe
thuat. Nd la thfldc do cua chat Ifldng thi
ca, khi nd dem lai cho dpc gia nhflng
hflng thfl va hfldng thu thdm mi vd han,
cung la k h a t vpng cua thflc tien sang tao
nghe t h u a t d mdi nha thd.

Dieu dac biet la cd nhieu nha thd ddi
Dfldng cung viet ve mpt de tai nhfl: sdn
thiiy dien vien, bien tai, chien tranh,
cung nfl, chinh phu... song mdi bai lai cd

<b>mpt each thflc the hifin dpc dfeo khac </b>
nhau. Dieu nay la do cau tfl mdi bai

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<i>Ve tdduy nghe thuat... </i>

khac n h a u . Dd la each s a n g tao t r o n g
qua t r i n h k h a m p h a va t h e hien cudc
sd'ng cfla mdi n h a thd, l a m n e n sflc h a p
dan va sfl trfldng tdn cfla thd Dfldng .
Ddng gdp eho sflc h a p d a n va trfldng tdn
ay khdng t h e k h d n g ndi tdi tfl duy q u a n
he xac lap tfnh ddng nha't cac m a t ddi
lap - m e t loai tfl duy sinh r a t r o n g ddi
Dfldng.

Cau tfl (cdn gpi la tfl thd) la each
k h a m p h a va t h e hien cudc sd'ng m e t
each ddc dao nha't cfla tflng n h a thd
trdng tflng bai thd. G a n n g h i a vdi cau tfl
thd, mi hpc T r u n g Qud'e cd k h a i niem "y
canh" h a y "y c a n h n g h e t h u a t " "cdnh gidi
nghe t h u a t " . Dd la sfl k e t hdp hai hda
gifla tfl tfldng t i n h cam chfl q u a n cua tac
gia vdi mdi trfldng c a n h v a t k h a c h q u a n
tao t h a n h h i n h tfldng m a n g h a m nghia
phong phu, klicu gdi tri tfldng tfldng cua
ddc gid. Nhfl vay eau tfl va y c a n h deu
phai dflng tdi t h a e tac tfl duy va dac biet
d day la " sU k e t hdp hai hda gifla tfl
tfldng t i n h cam chu q u a n cua tac gia vdi

mdi trfldng c a n h v a t k h a c h quan", mdt
kieu tfl duy q u a n he lam nen cai ddc dao
treng cau tfl cua thd Dfldng.

Tren cd sd md'i q u a n he cd b a n cua
triet hpc am dfldng, cac n h a thd Dfldng
da tad dflng vd v a n cae mdi q u a n he t h e
hien tfl thd. T i e u bieu nha't la q u a n he
gifla ngfldi vdi ngfldi bad gdm t r a m md'i
quan he c h d n g chit, gifla ngfldi vdi v a t
va gifla vat vdi vat, nhflng v a t d day van
la de t h a y t h e cen ngfldi, chu yeu la
quan he gifla con ngfldi vdi t h i e n n h i e n
gifla tinh va c a n h . O day cdn Iflu y n h a
nghien eflu Nhfl T h a n h n h a n m a n h leai
quan he ddc hflu cua thd Dfldng la q u a n

he ddng n h a t gifla eac mat, cac hien
tfldng m a giac q u a n che la ddi lap. Nhfl
vay tim h i e u tfl thd Dfldng thflc c h a t la
p h a t hien cac q u a n he. tim hieu va li giai
cac ldp y n g h i a cua cac q u a n he ay.

3.2 Xet tfl gdc dp cfla tfl duy q u a n he,
p h a t t r i e n k i e n giai ve tfl thd Dfldng cfla
n h a n g h i e n eflu P h a n Ngpc , ta cd t h e
t h a y each thflc cau tfl cua thd Dfl dng
l u a t theo ba k i e u q u a n he cd b a n . Mdt la
ddng nha't gifla cac m a t ddi lap, h a i la
dflng m a t n a y ndi m a t kia t r e n cd sd hai

m a t dd'i lap, b a la tad r a cac cdnh h u d n g
n g h e t h u a t .

a. Kieu cau tfl thfl nha't la ddng n h a t
cac m a t dd'i lap, tieu bieu t r o n g nhflng
bai thd: T h u hflng (Dd Phfl), De dd t h a n h
n a m t r a n g (Thdi Hp), X u a n tfl (Lf Bach),
Lflng Tay h a n h (Trdn Dao)... trong
nhflng bai thd nay cd dfl loai ddng nha't
gifla ngfldi va c a n h , gifla q u a khfl va
hicn tai m a t va cdn, gifla sd'ng va chet...

C h a n g h a n bai X u a n tfl cua Lf Bach
da t h e hien cao dp cua nhflng ddng n h a t
nay:

Yen thdo nhfl bi'ch ty

Tdn t a n g de luc

Dfldng q u a n hoai quy n h a t

Thi t h i e p d e a n trfldng thi

X u a n p h o n g b a t tfldng thflc

H a sfl n h a p la vi.

<i>Dich thd </i>

Cd Yen nhfl sdi td x a n h

D a u Tdn x a n h n g a t r u c a n h s u m sue

Khi c h a n g t u d n g nhd ngay ve

Chfnh la k h i t h i e p t a i te t r e n g ldng

Gid x u a n d a u biet chi cflng

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Cd sao len ldi vao trong man la

Ndi tdi tfl thd xuan la ndi tdi sfl md
ddu cua nam, sfl doan tu cua mpi ngfldi
va hanh phuc Ifla ddi.

Hai cau md ddu la sfl ddng nhat cua
thdi gian mfla xuan va dd'i lap ve khdng
gian xa each gifla da't Yen va dat Tan.
Dflng sfl phat trien khac nhau ciia cay
ed'i trong thdi diem mfla xuan de the hien
sfl xa each qua ldn ve khdng gian, cung la
de gidi thieu sfl each trd qua ldn ciia ddi
Ifla ke chinh phu ngfldi ehinh phu.

Hai cau tiep la met cap Iflu thfly dd'i
the hien ndi nhd thfldng thfldng tnic ndi
Cdn tim cfla ddi Ifla xa each kia. dfldng
nhfl cd thdn giao each cam. cfl chang ndi
bien tai nhd ngay ve la thiep ndi que nha

dau den dflt rudt. Va ngfldi dpc lai thay
sfl ddng nha't ve tam trang treng sfl dd'i
lap ve khdang each khdng gian.

Hai cau cudi la sfl ddng nha't ngfldi
chmh phu vdi gid xuan de rdi lai dd'i lap
vdi gid xuan. Lan gid xuan da gpi len
hanh phflc Ifla doi trong long ngfldi
chinh phu. Gid xuan cung tfl de dn ao
chang ai ngan nd'i. nhfl ndi ldng ngfldi
chinh phu khdn ngudi nhd thfldng da
diet ke ehinh phu ndi Ifl thfl. Nhflng lan
gid xuan khdng quen biet kia chui vao
man cflng lam ngfldi chinh phu giat
minh canh giac. Cau cud'i la mdt cau hdi
cua ngfldi chmh phu - hei gid hay tfl hdi
minh de rdi khdng dinh sfl kien trinh
trong trang cua ngfldi chinh phu.

Rd rang thdng qua viec ddng nha't cac
mat dd'i lap Lf Bach da tao dflng dfldc
mpt tfl thd trong sang va dam tinh ngfldi.

b. Kieu cau tfl thfl hai la dung mat
nay ndi mat kia tren cd sd hai mat dd'i
lap. Ben canh nhflng tfl thd ddng nha't
cac mat ddi lap, cac nha thd Dfldng cdn
hay dflng ddng ndi tinh nhfl "Dieu minh
gidn" (Vfldng Duy), dung mdng ndi thflc
nhfl "Xuan oan" (Kim Xfldng Tfl), dung

canh ndi tinh la mpt quan he cd ban va
phd bien cua thd Dfldng, tieu bieu nhfl
"Hoang hac lau td'ng Manh Hao Nhien
chi Quang Lang" (Li Bach)...

Hai cau thd cud'i trong bai "Hoang hac
lau td'ng Manh Hao Nhien chi Quang
Lang" cua Lf Bach viet:

"Cd pham vien dnh bfch khdng tan,
Duy kien Trfldng Giang thien te Iflu"
(Bdng budm da k h u a t bdu khdng,
Trdng theo chi thay ddng sdng lflng trdi).
Hai eau thd nay hdu nhfl chi ed cdnh.
Nhflng trong cai cdnh kia da the hien
chan chfla tinh cua nha thd hp Lf trong
eudc dfla tien nay thdng qua hai nhan tfl
la "cd" va "duy". Trong bai thd "Dieu
minh gian" (Khe chim keu) ciia Vfldng
Duy - nha thd Phat, tfl thd chu yeu dfldc
tao nen nhd quan he dung dpng ta tinh
that tinh te. Yen tinh dfldc nha thd mieu
ta ngay cang tang tien. Ddu tien la sfl
yen tinh eiia "ngfldi nhan" trong dem
vang nghe dfldc ca "tieng ddng" cfla hoa
que nhe rdi. Yen tinh dflpc nang len de'n
trinh dp tuyet dd'i tdi mflc ngpn nfli vao
mfla xuan cung nhfl nhoe tan bien vao
dat trd i - "xuan sdn khdng". Yen t inh
cflng lam cho anh tra ng vfla Ide sang

da hi chuyen ddi chflc nang thanh sflc
manh cua am thanh khien cho chim nfli
kinh hai va cud'i cflng la khe nui cang

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<i>Ve tif duy nghe thuat. </i>

yen tinh hdn khi tieng chim keu dem
vang len, lai tdt lim di, de rdi tra lai cho
ndi day sfl yen tinh cang dam dac hdn,
cung nhfl trong dem den chi cdn mdt anh
Ifl Ide len rdi lai tat chi lam cho mdu den
ciia dem them dam dac hdn ma thdi. Ca
bai thd la chfl "tinh" tuyet dd'i cua Thien
dfldc the hien bang nhan td'"ddng" dd'i lap.

c. Kieu cau tfl thfl ba la dflng len cac
"canh hud'ng" ham chfla ddy mau thudn.
Rat nhieu bai thd Dfldng khdng he cd
canh de the hien tinh, cflng chdng tha'y
cd sfl ddng nha't cac mat dd'i lap, ma chi
tha'y nha thd dflng len nhflng canh
hud'ng dac biet vdi nhflng quan he phi
logic. Cdn ngfldi se dfldc "ddn ngp" khi
rdi vao nhflng canh hud'ng nay. Kieu cau
tfl nay rat gdn vdi "cdng an Thien". Dd la
each dflng hinh thflc ldi day de dfla ra
phep tu tap trflc tiep cua cac thien sfl vi
dai ddi Dfldng, giflp eac de tfl cua minh
den ngp trflc tiep, be qua nhieu khau
trung gian. Legic cua cdng an Thien la

Idgic cua cai ph i li . Ne be gay nhflng
chuan mflc quen thupc cfla le phdi thdng
thfldng, pha tan tang bang vinh eflu cua
"If tfnh phd thdng", de rdi sau dd, khi can
bang dfldc tren nhflng manh vd nay la sfl
den ngd. Nhflng bai thd tieu bieu cho
kieu cau tfl nay la: Dang U Chau dai ca
(Trdn Tii Ngang), Hdi hfldng ngdu thfl
(Ha Tri Chfldng), Dp Tang Can (Gid
Dao), Tan gia nfldng (Vfldng Kien)...
Trong canh hud'ng Trdn Tfl Ngang dflng
tren Dai U Chau nhin trfldc, nhin sau
chang thay ai, ngam trdi dat ma rdi le.
Cd cam nhan dfldc sfl trdng vang vd cflng
gifla thdi gian va khdng gian cfla mdt ca

the nhd nhoi trong dai vfl tru bao la, mdi
tha'y het dflpc ndi dau cd ddc tuyet ddi
cua nha thd. Hdi hfldng ngdu thfl lai la
mdt cdnh hud'ng dac biet khac eua Ha
Tri Chfldng. Tinh hud'ng dae biet nay
da tao nen net ddc dao "ngu bi fl hai"
(gifi cai bi vao cai hai) ciia bai thd. Hdn
tam mfldi nam mdi ve que, ban be, hp
hang cflng trang Ifla khdng cdn nen nha
thd vd'n la "chfl" lai bi bien thanh
"khach" trfldc nhflng chau be tfldi cfldi
ma "xa la". Nu cfldi cang hdn nhien ma
ngay thd cua nhflng chau be lai cang lam
cho ndi budn, that vpng cua nha thd cang

tang len trong tinh hud'ng den sflng sd
nay. Va Dp Tang Can lai la mdt khoanh
khac dd'n ngp khi rdi Tinh Chau ndi Iflu
trfl da mfldi nam. Mfldi nam lam khach
Tinh Chau, long khdng ngudi nhd que
nha. Nhflng hdm nay qua ben Tang Can,
nhin lai Tinh chau da thanh cd' hfldng.
That bat ngd, tfldng nhfl phi If nhflng
nghi ki lai thi tha'y rat hpp If. Tat ca la
nhflng canh hud'ng dac biet nay deu dfla
theo quy luat bat ngd den mflc phi legic
cua tfl duy quan he.

Cd' nhien de tim hieu het cai hay cai
dep cua thd Dfldng cdn phai quan tam
tdi nhieu yeu to' nghe thuat khac ca ben
trong va ben ngoai tac pham de cd each
tiep can tdng the, lien nganh. Song tim
hieu thd Dfldng tfl gdc dp van hda, dac
biet la tfl tfl duy quan he la mdt van de
ed tfnh then chd't va If thu hfla hen cd
the dem lai nhflng kien giai mdi. Tfl duy
quan he da anh hfldng manh me va sau
sac tdi qua trinh sang tad nghe thuat
cua thd Dfldng va da trd thanh mdt kieu

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tfl duy doe hflu cua ddi Dfldng. Cflng vdi
nhflng ma van hda k hac, kieu tfl duy
quan he nay da dem lai cho nen van hpc
Trung Qud'c va van hpc the -gidi ngpn

nfli thd Dfldng sflng sflng hdn ngan nam
nay.

Trong thdi h a u hien dai hdm nay, ne'u
nhfl chu nghia hau hien dai phfldng Tay
hien ra nhfl sfl tfl huy cua nen van hda
chau Au cfl, nhfl sfl tfl bd qua khfl vi dai
cfla minh thi chu nghia hau hien dai
phfldng Ddng lai la sfl gidi phdng va sfl
trd ve vdi chfnh ban than minh, trong
tam hdn minh. Tfl duy phfldng Tay hi
han che bdi cap dp If tfnh va thflc dung
khdng the nao hieu va chap nhan dflpc
tfl duy "logic sieu If", "tfl duy gifla nhflng
ddng chfl", "cai logic sd'ng tfl nhien" cua
phfldng Ddng. Cai logic sd'ng tfl nhien
trong tam hdn mdi eon ngfldi phfldng
Ddng, cd the ket hpp nhflng mat dd'i lap
theo each ciia minh, dflng chflng nhfl
nhflng ma so' ma chi nhflng ngfldi cd
cflng mdt kieu tam hdn, mpt kieu tfl duy
mdi hieu dflpc. Va tfl duy quan he vdi cac
cap ddi am - dfldng , ban chat - hien
tflpng, ki hieu - y nghia... van edn in
dam trong trong tam thflc cac dan toe,
cae nen van hda phfldng Ddng se cd tac
dung bd khuyet che tfl duy li tinh lanh
lflng trdng tam thflc van hda phfldng
Tay dang reu ra. Ve nguyen tdc ed the
dem legic phflOn^Ddng than bf nay gifi

vao cac san pham hau hien dai ciia van
hda dai chflng rdi xuat cang sang thi
trfldng phfl-dng Tay. Cdn ngfldi phfldng
Tay vdn da mat di tam thflc tfl nhien,
trdng qua trinh tieu thu san pham hau
hien dai phfldng Ddng, se hap thu nhflng

Idgic phfldng Ddng tham nhudn trong dd
va se dan tfl cai tao tfl ben trong theo
nep tfl duy va nep sd'ng phfldng Ddng. Ve
mpt y nghia nao dd, chii nghia hau hien
dai phfldng Ddng, trong dd cd tfl duy
quan he, tfl duy sdng tfl nhien phfldng
Ddng da cd chflc nang eflu the ca the gidi
phfldng Tay dang chuyen tfl "van hda"
sd'ng sang "van minh" chet, bang each
dat vao tam hdn con ngfldi phfldng Tay y
chf va Idgic ciia phfldng Ddng. Phai
chang day cung la sflc manh ciia van hda
mem phfldng Ddng.

CHU THICH: <i><b>'.'.H': </b></i>

<i>(1), (2) Phan Ngpc: Cdi hay ciia thd </i>
<i>Diidng - Cdch gidi thich vdn hgc bdng </i>
<i>ngon ngd hgc. Nxb Tre, 1995, tr 116. tr </i>

139)

<i>. ; l (>[} •>;;•:) i l l i t Q </i>

<b>TIT LifiU THAM KHAO CHINH </b>

<i>1. Trdn Le Bdo: "Nghien cdu gidng </i>
<i>dgy vdn hgc Trung Qudc td md vdn hda", </i>
<i>tr.387-396 trong "Mgt sd vdn di ve li ludn </i>
<i>vd lich sd vdn hgc", Nxb DHQG HN 2002 </i>

<i>2. Trdn Le Bao: Y cdnh nghe thudt </i>
<i>trong thd cd Trung Qudc, tap chi Nghien </i>
eflu Trung Qudc sd2(60) - 2005

<i>3. Tran Le Bao: Gidi md vdn hda trong </i>
<i>tdc phdm vdn hgc (khao sat tfl van hoc </i>
Trung Qudc), sd 2(90) - 2009

<i>4. S, Kernev: Chu nghia hdu hien dgi </i>
<i>phUcfng Tdy vd ch u ng hia h du hie n dgi </i>
<i>phiidng Ddng. Van hda Nghe An i49 </i>

25-5-2009

<i>5. Nhfl Thanh: Thd tim hieu tU thd cua </i>
<i>thd Dudng, tap chf Van hec 1-1982 </i>

<i>6. Nguyin Khdc Phi, Trdn Dinh Sfl; Ve </i>
<i>thi phdp thd Diidng, Nxb Da Ndng 1997 </i>

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