Đôi nét về nghề dệt thủ công của người Thái Đỏ ở bản Non Xaạ, huyện Xaythani thành phố Viên Chăn

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<b>lULIEU </b>

<b>DAN TOC HOC </b>

<b>• • </b>

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DOI NET V£ NGHE DET THU CONG

CUA NGUOI THAI DO

O BAN NON XAA, HUYEN XAYTHANI,

THANH PHO VIEN CHAN

TRAN THI MAI U\N

1. Dat van de

Rgudi Thai Dd la mdt trong ba nhdm
Thai Idn hien dang sinh sdng tai Lao. Cung
nhu cac nhdm Thai khae trong ngii he Lao
-Thai (Khamphaeng Thipmountaly, 2003, tr.
45-51), ngudi Thai Dd tir lau da rat ndi tilng
vdi nghe det thu cdng. Nhiing san pham det
cua ho mang gia trj van hda va tham my cao,
the hien dam net ban sac tdc ngirdi. Ngudi
Thai hien dang sinh sdng d ban Non Xaa,
huyen Xaythani la mdt bd phan eiia nhdm
Thai nay.

van hda eua ngudi Thai Dd vdn la de

tai nghien ciru eiia kha nhieu hgc gia Lao.
Nhirng edng trinh nghien ciru eiia ho de cap
tong the den nhieu khia eanh van hda khae
nhau eiia ngudi Thai Dd. Lien quan din
nghe det thii edng cua hg, hai nha nghien
ciru la Khamphaeng Kettavong (1997) va
Outala Vanyuveth (2006) da ed nhirng
nghien ciru kha toan dien vl nghi det thu
cong tren cac ITnh vuc nhu hoa van, trang
phue va trang sii'c.

2. Sa lirgc ve ngudi Thai Dd d dja
ban nghien ciru

Ngudi Thai Dd trude khi den djnh eu
d ban Non Xaa vdn sinh sdng tai tinh Hiia

Phan mdt tinh giap vdi bien gidi Viet
-Lao. Ban Non Xaa (thude huyen Xaythani)
la mdt ban ngudi Thai each trung tam thu dd
Vien Chan khoang 18 - 19km. Cdng ddng
ngudi Thai cu tru trong ban gdm ba nhdm
Thai thude ngii- he Lao - Thai cua Lao la
Thai Trang, Thai Den va Thai Dd. Ca ban cd
670 hd; trong dd, ngudi Thai Trang cd 10
hd, ngudi Thai Den cd 624 hd va ngudi Thai
Dd ed 36 hd - chiem khoang hon 5% dan so
ca ban (Thdng tin do dng In Tha Phomsanit,
ban Non Xaa, huyen Xaythani, thanh phd
Vien Chan eung cap).

van hda eiia ngudi Thai d day va van
hda cua nhung nhdm Thai hien dang sinh
sdng tai tinh Hoa Binh va dge viing bien gidi
Viet - Lao thude cac tinh Thanh Hda, Nghe
An eiia Viet Nam ed mdt sd net tuong ddng.
Nghe det thii cdng ciia ngudi Thai Dd d Non
Xaa hien dang duge khdi phue va rat phat
trien. San pham det thii cdng khdng nhiing
mang lai ngudn thu nhap chinh cho cac hd
gia dinh ma cdn gdp phan Idn eho xuat khau,
dem lai ngudn thu dang ke.

3. Ve ten goi va xuat xir cua nhom
Thai Do

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<b>70 </b> <i>Trdn Thi Mai Lan </i>

<i>kiln cho rang ggi la Thdi Dd vi trong dam </i>
tang eiia hg, ngudi eon dau thudng mac
tang phue mau dd. Ngoai ra, trong nhirng
nghi le trgng the eiia dan tdc, hg rat hay su
dung mau dd tren trang phue, nhat la phu
nir. Gia thilt khae lai eho rang cd the nhdm
Thai nay xuit phat tir Trung Qude, qua Viet
Nam rdi mdi den Lao, hg di theo dudng
sdng Hdng (sdng cd mau nude do) nen mdi
cd ten ggi la Thai Dd. Ngudi Thai Dd d Lao
sinh sdng phan Idn d tinh Sam Nua - mdt
tinh giap tinh Thanh Hda cua Viet Nam qua

bien gidi Viet - Lao, tinh Hua Phan, Xieng
Khoang va rai rac d mdt sd noi khae. trong
dd ed viing ngoai d ciia thii dd Vien Chan.
Nhu'ng dgt di cu eiia hg dien ra le te vi muc
dich muu sinh.

Ngu'di Thai Dd di eu den Lao thudng
hay nhap vao eac ban eua ngudi Thai Trang

va cdng eu vdi hg. Theo nhung tai lieu ed
san thi hg den Lao each day khoang hai the
ky. Tuy nhien, nhung ngudi dan d day lai
eho rang td tien ciia hg da den dinh eu d Lao
each day khoang 400 nam. Hien nay, ngudi
Thai Do la mdt nhdm Thai chfnh thue trong
sd cac nhdm tdc ngudi thude ngu' he Lao
-Thai d Lao.

4. Mot so dac diem ciia ngudi Thai Dd

Ngudi Thai Dd d ban Non Xaa ed
nguon gdc tir mot nhdm Thai Dd d cae

tinh Hiia Phan va Sam Nua. Nhiing ngudi
Thai Dd dau tien chuyen den Non Xaa

each day khoang 1 4 - 1 5 nam (Theo dng
In Tha Phomsanit, ban Non Xaa, huyen

Xaythani. thanh phd Vien Chan). Tir khi

den day. hg da ed giao tiep van hda vdi

cac nhdm Thai sd tai, khien cho ban sac

ciia ngudi Thai Dd bi mai mdt rat nhieu,
nhat la van hda vat chit. Khi den Non

Xaa, ngudi ta khdng the tu phan biet dugc
dau la nha d va trang phue ciia ngudi Thai
Dd. Tuy vay, mdt sd dae diem van hda cd

tinh chit dac trung tdc ngudi van dugc

ngudi Thai Dd luu giir. ||

Diem ndi bat va de nhan thay nhat la
ngudi Thai Dd rat thfeh mac trang phue

mau dd vdi cap vay dd. Chiee vay cua hg
khi det xong thudng dugc can them mdt

<i>manh vai det theo ky thuat muk. Day la dac </i>
diem ma cac nhdm Thai khae khdng ed.

Nhin ehung, trang phue ciia ngudi Thai Dd
anh hudng cua ngudi Thai Trang nhieu

<i>hon; hg eiing khdng ddi khan pieu gidng </i>
nhu ngudi Thai Den. Ve hoa van, hinh

<i>tugng nag (dau rdng minh ran) tren san </i>
pham det ciia ngudi Thai Dd dugc ua

ehudng ban so vdi ngudi Thai Trang. Hinh
<i>anh nag vdn tugng trung eho Phat giao </i>

trong khi nhdm Thai Dd khdng theo Phat
giao nhieu va ciing khdng the hien miie do

siing bai dao Phat manh me nhu nhdm
Thai Trang. Su mau thuan nay den nay

dudng nhu van chua dugc giai thich mdt
each thau dao. Ngudi ta phdng doan rang:

ngudi Thai Dd vi sinh ke da dan dan nhap
vao cac lang eiia ngudi Thai Trang va cung
dan chiem ludn ca noi cu trii cua hg. Mac

dii chiu anh hudng va tiep thu nhirng dac
diem van hda eiia ngudi Thai Trang nhung

ngudi Thai Dd da nudi duong va luu giir
duge ehiing lau ben ban, trong khi ngudi

Thai Trang da danh mat ban sic van hda
duge the hien trong nhirng hoa van det eua

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Hinh thoi la mdt bieu tugng hoa van

rat phd bien tren san pham det eua cdng
dong ngudi Thai ndi ehung. O cac nhdm
Thai khae nhau, ngudi ta danh nhirng ten ggi
va y nghia khae nhau cho bieu tugng hoa
<i>van nay, ed nhdm ggi la kip, tugng trung eho </i>
<i>nhirng canh hoa, cd nhdm ggi la ludng ta, </i>
tugng trung cho khudn mat. Tuy nhien, d
ngu'di Thai Dd, bieu tugng hoa van nay xuat

hien tren chiec khan ma thay eung ddi tren
dau trong qua trinh hanh le cung saman lai
CO y nghTa de dudi ma du', xua di mgi do'
ban. xui xeo.

Ve tin ngudng, khae vdi cac nhdm
Thai Trang va Thai Den theo dao PhaL
thudng vao chiia tung kinh trong cac dip le,
Tet, ngay ram, mdng mdt, ngudi Thai Dd
noi bat vdi tin ngudng thd eiing td tien va
saman giao. Trong tat ca cac le cung, le vat
eung ciia hg ehi la ea; hg khdng bao gid
eiing thjt. Mdi nam, ngudi Thai Do d day
can 50 - 100kg ca de lam le ciing, Trong cac
le hoi, phu nu' Thai Dd thudng mac trang
phue do, danh trdng, danh ehieng miing hdi.
Ho cung gdi banh ehung vudng va an Tet am
lich gidng nhu ngudi Viet.

Trong dam cudi, cd dau ngudi Thai
Do thudng mac bd trang phue dd cui lay

trude ban thd td tien nha chdng. Day ciing
la bg trang phue ma ngudi con dau thudng
mac trong ngay gia dinh td ehuc le com
mdi vao thang 5 am lich hang nam. Sau
khi mac bd trang phue nay, ed dau den ban
thd gia tien mdi td tien ve du le. tiep dd, tu
minh lay nhung bd lua nep dem di dap,
xay, gia thanh gao de nau com mdi (Dang

Nghiem Van va cdng su, 1988). Day la dae

diem van hda rat gidng vdi nhdm Thai d
huyen Mai Chau, tinh Hda Binh cua Viet
Nam. Tuy nhien, ngudi Thai Dd d ban Non
Xaa dimg ea nudng, cdn ngudi Thai Mai
Chau lai diing ea mudi chua dd chin de
ciing trong le com mdi.

Trong dam tang ciia ngudi Thai Dd,

ngudi eon dau thudng mac ao dai mau dd.
De td chirc le cung cho ngudi cheL gia dinh
con trai thudng cung trau, gia dinh con gai
va eon re ciing bd hoac gia dinh con trai
Cling bd va gia dinh con re eung Ion. Ciing
nhu ngudi Thai Den, ngudi Thai Do d ban
Non Xaa thudng ehdn ngudi chet nhung
ngudi Thai Trang lai thieu xac chet va dua
tro xuong vao chiia de ehdn gidng nhu

phong tue ciia ngudi Lao.

5. Nghe det thu cong cua ngudi Thai

Do d Non Xaa hien nay

Hien nay, ngudi Thai Dd d ban Non
Xaa sdng ehu yeu dua vao ngudn thu nhap
til' nghi det thii cdng. Quy trinh ehe bien, se
sgi, nhugm sgi thii edng ed truyen khdng

con nira. Ngudn nguyen lieu chfnh de det
hien nay la sgi cdng nghiep va ta tam duge
ehl biln sin. Hg cd the dl dang mua nhting
san pham sgi to tam nhieu mau sac ciia Lao,
Trung Qude va Thai Lan tren thi trudng
Vien Chan. Ngudi dan d day cdn cho biet:
chit lugng to tam nhap ngoai deu tdt nhu
nhau nhung gia ta tam ciia Thai Lan re ban
nen nhung san phim ciia hg dimg to tim cua

Thai Lan nhieu hon.

san phim chfnh ciia nhirng phu nu
<i>Thai Dd d day la vay va pha biang - iam </i>

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<b>72 </b> <i>Trdn Thi Mai Lan </i>
nam gidi va phu nir Lao thudng diing de

phu len vai va quanh than theo cac each
khae nhau.

Nhirng phu nir Thai Dd d Non Xaa
thudng tap trung lai vdi nhau theo tirng
nhdm de det. Nhu'ng phu nu- tre thudng det
thue nhieu hon. phu nir diing tudi it det thue
ma ehu yeu det nhirng san pham de diing
trong gia dinh hg. Cd mdt vai ngudi chii
diing ra thue det va giao dich true tiep vdi

cac thuong nhan. Cac thuong nhan tieu thu
va xuat khau san pham det phan Idn la ngudi
Lao. Ngoai ra, dang ehii y la mot thuong
nhan ngudi Thai Dd d tinh Hiia Phan. Chi da
thanh lap mdt cdng ty kinh doanh san pham
det thii cdng cd chi nhanh d rit nhilu nai.
Cdng ty nay chii truo'ng trg gia cho viec
trdng bdng sgi va trdng dau nudi tim; thue

nhung chuyen gia tir Vien Chan din cae ban
CO nghe det thii edng, trong dd cd ban Non
Xaa de hudng dan ky thuat. ddng thdi tap
hgp thu mua nhung san pham det eiia hg.
Ngudi ehu Idn nhat d Non Xaa cd tir 15 din
20 khung det. thu hiit va tao viec lam cho
phan Idn cac phu nir tre ngudi Thai Dd din
til' tinh Hiia Phan. Hg san xuit ed sir chuyen
mon hda rd rang. Cd nhung ngudi chuyen

det than vay. nhting ngudi khae chuyen det
cap vay. hai phan nay dugc rap lai vdi nhau
nhd chiec may khau, mdt bd phan khae lai
<i>chuyen 6etpha biang... </i>

Nhin ehung, san pham det ciia ngudi

Thai Dd chira dung nhilu hoa van hon so
vdi san pham det ciia ngudi Thai Den va

Thai Trang nhung hien nay. hoa van dugc sii'
dung tren vai det eiia hg khdng edn mang

tfnh truyen thdng ciia ngirdi Thai Dd nua ma

da bi biln ddi rit nhilu. Ban than nhieu
ngudi thg det tre eung khdng cdn phan biet

dugc dau la hoa van truyen thdng ciia ngudi
Thai Dd, dau la hoa van vay mugn. Nhirng

san pham eiia hg lam ra chi mot phan phue
vu nhu eau trong vimg va trong nude, cdn

phan Idn la de xuat khau va ban eho khach
du lich den Lao nen cac hoa van tren san

pham phai bien ddi lien tue eho phii hgp vdi
nhu cau thi trudng. Su thay ddi ed the tir

chinh y tudng ciia nhung ngudi thg true tiep
det cd the do su dat hang ciia nhirng thuong

nhan til' Vien Chan. Hg thudng mang den
mdt mieng vai cd met mau hoa van eu the

hay tham ehi cd the la mdt mau hoa van tren
mdt td tranh, mdt biic anh de yeu cau ngudi

thg det theo nhirng mau dd.

Nhung loai mau hoa van nhu vay da

dan lan at va chiem ehd eua hoa van truyin
thdng, lam phai nhat dan dac trung van hda

ciia ngirdi Thai Dd duge thi hien tren san
pham det nhung lai dem din cho hg ngudn

thu nhap kinh tl rit dang kl - chilm 2/3 tdng
thu nhap hang thang cua hg gia dinh. Tit ca

cae hd gia dinh ngudi Thai Dd d ban Non
Xaa deu la nhung hg phi ndng nghiep. Hg

hoan toan khdng ed dit canh tac va khdng ed
chut thu nhap nao tir ndng nghiep. Nhiing
phu nir tham gia det vai ed thi ed thu nhap

tdi thieu la 1 trieu kip/thang. Ngudi det gidi,

thu nhap ed thi len tdi 2 trieu kip/thang,

trong khi nhirng ngudi nam gidi trong gia
dinh ehi ed thi thu dugc 500.000 kip din I

trieu kip/thang tir lam edng nhan trong nha
may hoac lain thue d Vien Chan (Theo ehi

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Viec phat triln nganh nghe truyen

thong von cd cua tdc ngudi trong ddi sdng
hien nay khdng phai d dau va vdi nghe

nao cung thue hien dugc. Su phat trien dd
khong nhirng nang cao ddi sdng kinh te

cho eac tdc ngudi thieu sd ma cdn gdp
phin bao tdn van hda truyen thdng ciia hg.

Tuy vay, nhGng ngudi chii det d day chua
dugc Nha nude hd trg, ma van ehi hoat

dong tu phat.

<b>6. Ket luan </b>

Xet ve khfa canh phat trien kinh te,
nghe det thii cdng eua ngudi Thai Dd d ban

Non Xaa la md hinh nen duge nhan rdng d

cac nhom toe ngudi thieu sd khdng chi tai

Lao ma con d nhieu nude khae, vi cd the tan
dung dugc ky nang san xuat truyen thdng

cua mdt tgc ngudi de phat huy nd trong ddi
song hien tai ma khdng mat cdng dao tao va

chuyen ddi nganh nghe mdi. Nhung ve khia
canh van hda, su bien ddi tu do khdng ngimg

ve cac mau ma hoa van khien cho ngudi
Thai Dd cd the de dang danh mat mdt trong
nhung gia tri van hda truyen thdng lien quan

den ban sac tdc ngudi cua minh. Tren thue
te, viec san xuat san pham det hang hda d

Non Xaa hien nay mdi ehi ke thiia dugc
nhirng ky nang det truyen thdng ma chua

khai thae dugc vdn quy tir dac trung van hda
toe ngudi tren san pham det truyen thdng.

Thiet nghi, ben canh nhung giai phap

phat trien kinh te thanh cong, nhiing kl
hoach bao tdn gia trj van hda truyen thdng,

trong dd cd nhtrng mau hoa van tren san

pham det thii edng can dugc nhanh chong
dat ra ddi vdi cdng ddng ngudi Thai Dd d

day. Chi cd nhu vay, hg mdi cd the tdn tai
<i>lau ben vdi cai ten Thdi Dd ma khdng bj hda </i>

lan vdi cac nhdm Thai khae trong cdng ddng
tdc ngudi Thai da va dang sinh sdng d Lao.

<b>Tai lieu tham khao </b>

1. Khamphaeng Kettavong (1997),
"Nghien cuu ve do vai truyen thdng

<i>Lao". Tgp chi Di san Lanxang, So 4, </i>
Vien Chan. Lao.

2. Khamphaeng Thipmountaly
(2003), "Cac tdc ngudi Lao hien nay".

<i>Tgp chi Nghien ciru Ddng Nam A, Sd 3, </i>
tr. 45-51.

3. Dang Nghiem Van va cdng su
<i>(1988), Tim hieu vdn hda cd truyen ciia </i>

<i>ngirdi Thdi Mai Chdu. Uy ban nhan dan </i>
huyen Mai Chau, Sd Van hda Thdng tin
tinh Ha San Binh.

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