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PREFACE

1. THE NECESSITY OF THE THESIS

In the process of social development, the human factor plays an
important role, especially the children - the future owners of the
country. The growth and development of human beings go through
many stages, in which the childhood age is the most important. This
is the foundation stage for development later. The physical and
intellectual development of the child is assessed through the
morphological indices such as height, weight, chest circumference,
head circumference, thigh circumference, arm circumference, body
mass index (BMI), Pignet, etc, intelligence index (IQ) or
physiological indices such as blood pressure, vital capacity ...

Biological indicators, especially the anthropometric indicators, are
usually carried out every 10 years. From 1975 up to now, Vietnam's
economy has changed so it has affected the physical and intellectual
development of children. Therefore, in order to contribute to
understanding the developmental status of children in Binh Dinh
Province, we carried out the study "Research on some biological 
characteristics of primary pupils in Binh Dinh Province”

2. OBJECTIVE OF THESIS

- Evaluate the growth of some biological characteristics of
primary school pupils in some specific areas of Binh Dinh
Province in the current period.

- Evaluate the correlations between some indices of morphology,

physiology, nutrition, and high-level nervous activities through
indices of determining intellectual faculties in primary pupils
in Binh Dinh Province.

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- Research on indices of morphology, physical strength and
physiology of primary pupils in Binh Dinh Province (weight, height,
chest circumference, head circumference, BMI and Pignet, heart
frequency, blood pressure, vital capacity, eyesight and hearing).
- Evaluate nutritional status according to BMI of primary children in

Binh Dinh Province.

- Research on some high-level nervous activities of primary pupils in
Binh Dinh Province (IQ, visual memory, hearing memory).

- Determine the correlation between biological indices of primary pupils
and propose some solutions to improve the stature, physical strength and
intellectual faculties of primary pupils in Binh Dinh Province.

4. NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS

- Add some indices of morphology, physiology and intellect of
children from 6 to 10 years old in the Central Region - Western
Highlands, contribute to the enrichment of the database of the
Vietnamese biological value.

- The research results of the thesis will serve as a basis for health
care agencies and organizations to propose measures to promote the

stature, physical strength and intellectual faculties of children.

5. SCIENTIFIC MEANING OF THESIS

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Chapter 1. OVERVIEW OF DOCUMENTS

1.1. OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN 
1.1.1. Growth and development of children from 6 to 10 years of age 
1.1.2. Some biological characteristics of children from 6 to 10 years of age 
1.1.2.1. Morphological characteristics

1.1.2.2. Physiological characteristics 
1.1.2.3. Nutritional characteristics

1.1.2.4. Characteristics of high - level nervous activities.

1.2. RESEARCH SITUATION OF BIOLOGICAL

CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY PUPILS

1.2.1. Morphological studies in the world and in Vietnam 
1.2.2. Physiological studies in the world and in Vietnam 
1.2.3. Nutrition studies in the world and in Vietnam

1.2.4. Studies on high-level nervous activities in the world and in Vietnam 
1.3. SOME FEATURES OF BINH DINH PROVINCE

Chapter 2. RESEARCH SUBJECT AND METHODS

2.1. RESEARCH SUBJECT

Pupils from 6 to 10 years of age have normal morphology,
physiology and age at some primary schools in Binh Dinh Province.

2.2. RESEARCH TIME:

From January 2015 to January 2017.

2.3. RESEARCH METHODS

2.3.1. Study design: Cross - sectional comparative study.

2.3.2.Data collection method: Direct measurement, use of

questionnaire and intellectual test.

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to the research conditions, the index of vital capacity was carried out
on 250 children and the index of hearing was carried out on 902
children in Quy Nhon City.

2.3.4. Sampling techniques: Stratified sampling and cluster sampling. 
2.4. DEFINITIONS OF PARAMETERS, RESEARCH INDICES 
AND METHODS OF DETERMINING

- Height: Use UNICEF wooden ruler, accurate to 0,1 cm.
- Weight: Use Japan's TANITA weight, accurate to 0,1 kg

- Chest, head circumference: Use China's non - stretching tapes 
with accuracy up to 0,1 cm.

- Body Mass Index (BMI): BMI = Weight (kg) / [Height (meter)] 2.

- Pignet index: Pignet index = vertical (cm) - [weight (kg) + average chest (cm)]

- Heart frequency and arterial blood pressure: Determined by the

HEM 8712 Omron Blood Pressure Monitor.

- Vital capacity (VC): Determined by the Italian SPIROLAB III. 
- Vision: Visual acuity is determined by the LANDOLT table with a C. 
- Hearing: Screening for 902 children with hearing exams. The

tympanogram is measured for suspected cases.

- Nutrition status: Based on BMI.

- Intelligence Index (IQ): IQ is determined by the Raven test point. 
- Memory: Determined by the Nechaiev method.

2.5. ERROR AND ERROR CONTROLS 
2.6. DATA PROCESSING METHODS

The data collected was processed by using Epi Data 3.1 and
moved to Stata 10.0 for analysis.

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Chapter 3. RESEARCH RESULTS

3.1. BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BINH DINH PRIMARY PUPILS 
3.1.1. Morphological characteristics

3.1.1.1. Height of primary pupils

Table 3.1. Height of primary pupils by age and sex

Age

Height (cm)

1- 2 p

General (n =6.514) Male (n1 = 3.298) Female(n2=3.216)

X±SD Increase X±SD Increase X ±SD Increase

6 117.09±6.06 - 117.31± 6.07 - 116.87 ± 6.04 - 0.44 > 0.05
7 122.34±6.13 5.25 123.06 ± 6.09 5.75 121.51 ± 6.08 4.64 1.55 < 0.05
8 127.84± 6.09 5.50 127.84 ± 6.02 4.78 127.84 ± 6.16 6.33 0.00 > 0.05
9 132.76± 6.47 4.92 133.22 ± 6.21 5.38 132.28 ± 6.71 4.44 0.94 < 0.05
10 138.16± 7.16 5.40 137.70 ± 6.79 4.48 138.61 ± 7.47 6.33 -0.91 < 0.05

Average increase / year 5.27 5.10 5.44

Table 3.3. The centesimal rate of height of Binh Dinh primary pupils 
The

centesimal 
rate

6 years old 7years old 8 years old 9 years old 10 years old 
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

1 103 103 110 108 114 115 120 117 122 123
5 108 107 113 112 118 118 124 122 127 126
10 110 109 115 114 120 120 126 124 130 128
25 113 113 119 117 124 123 129 128 133 133
50 117 117 123 121 128 128 133 132 137 138
75 121 121 127 125,5 132 132 137 136 142 144
90 125 124 131 129 135 136 141 141 147 148
95 127 126 134 131 138 138 144 144 150 151
99 132 131 137 137 143 143 148 150 155 156

* Note: The centesimal rate is counted in centimeter.

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10 years old). Female pupils were growing faster and earlier than
males. This suggests that female pupils’ puberty was earlier than that
of males and the speed of the development of today's children. The
standard height of the pupils is expressed through the centesimal rate.

3.1.1.2. Weight of primary pupils in Binh Dinh Province 
Table 3.4. Weight of primary pupils by age and sex

Age

Weight (kg) 1 -

2 p

General(n=6.514) Male (n1 = 3.298) Female(n2 =3.216)

X± SD Increase 1±SD Increase 2±SD Increase

6 22.18 ± 5.45 - 22.63 ± 5.84 - 21.72 ± 4.99 - 0.91 < 0.05
7 24.49 ± 6.18 2.31 25.47 ± 6.74 2.84 23.38 ± 5.25 1.66 2.09 < 0.05
8 27.88 ±7.23 3.39 27.58 ± 7.21 2.11 28.18 ± 7.25 4.80 -0.6 > 0.05
9 30.17 ± 7.49 2.29 31.03 ± 7.81 3.45 29.27 ± 7.05 1.76 2.10 < 0.05
10 33.71 ± 9.56 3.54 34.67 ± 10.67 3.64 32.77 ± 8.25 3.50 1.90 < 0.05

Average increase / year 2.88 2.91 2.76

Table 3.6. The centesimal rate of weight of Binh Dinh primary pupils
The

centesima
l rate

6 years old 7 years old 8 years old 9 years old 10 years old 
male Female male Female male Female male Female male Female

1 14 13,5 15 15 17 18 19 18 20 20

5 15 15 17 16 19 19 21 20 23 22

10 16 16 18 18 20 20 23 22 24 24

25 18 18 20 19 22 22 25 24 27 26

50 21 21 24 22 26 27 29 28 32 31

75 26 25 30 27 32 33 36 34 40 39

90 31 29 35 30 39 38 42 40 49 44,5

95 34 31 39 34 41 42 45 42 59 47

99 37 35 44 37 46 47 51 47 69 54,5
 * Note : The centesimal rate is counted in kilogram.

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3.1.1.3. The chest circumference of Binh Dinh primary pupils 
Table 3.7. The chest circumference of primary pupils by age and sex

Age

Chest circumference (cm) 1

-2 p

General (n= 6.514) Male (n1 = 3.298) Female(n2 =3.216)

X± SD Increase 1 ± SD Increase 2 ± SD Increase

6 59.91 ± 6.64 - 60.34 ± 6.97 - 59.47 ± 6.27 - 0.87 < 0.05
7 61.77 ± 6.87 1.86 62.56 ± 7.15 2.22 60.89 ± 6.44 1.42 1.67 < 0.05
8 64.14 ± 7.42 2.37 64.11 ± 7.71 1.55 64.16 ± 7.12 3.27 -0.05 > 0.05
9 65.76 ± 6.68 1.62 67.04 ± 6.46 2.93 64.44 ± 6.64 0.28 2.60 < 0.05
10 68.71 ± 8.10 2.95 68.87 ± 8.14 1.83 68.55 ± 8.06 4.11 0.32 > 0.05

Average increase / year 2.20 2.13 2.27

Pupils' chest circumference increased gradually with age. The
males’ chest circumference were bigger than that of female pupils at
the age of 6, 7, 9 and 10 (p <0.05). At the age of 8, female pupils’
chest circumference were bigger than that of males (p> 0.05). The
average annual increase in chest circumference is 2.20 cm in which
males increased less than females. Urban pupils had the biggest chest
circumference measurements in the three studied areas (p < 0.05).

3.1.1.4. Head circumference of Binh Dinh primary pupils 
Table 3.9. Head circumference of primary pupils by age and sex

Age

Head circumference (cm)

1 - 2 p

General (n = 6.514) Male (n1 = 3.298) Female(n2 =

3.216) 
X± SD Increase 1 ± SD Increase 2 ± SD Increase

6 51.48± 1.67 - 51.50± 1.65 - 51.45±1.68 - 0.05 > 0.05
7 51.89±1.71 0.41 51.98± 1.72 0.48 51.78±1.68 0.33 0.20 < 0.05
8 52.16±1.73 0.27 52.09± 1.73 0.11 52.23±1.72 0.45 -0.14 > 0.05
9 52.65±1.76 0.49 52.91± 1.73 0.82 52.39±1.76 0.16 0.52 < 0.05
10 53.29±1.82 0.64 53.47± 1.83 0.56 53.12±1.79 0.73 0.35 > 0.05
Average increase/year 0.45 0.49 0.42

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circumference of pupils increased from 6 to 10 years old. At the age
of 6, the head circumference measurement was 51.48 ± 1.67 cm; at
10 years old it was 53.29 ± 1.82 cm. The head circumference
increase every year was 0.45 cm. Urban pupils had the biggest head
circumference measurements in the three studied areas (p <0.05).
The head circumference measurement is the morphological indicator
of expressing the brain development.

3.1.1.5. BMI of Binh Dinh primary pupils
Table 3.11. BMI of primary pupils by age and sex

Age

BMI (kg/m2)

1 - 
2 p

General (n= 6.514) Male (n1 = 3.298) Female(n2 = 3.216)

X± SD Increase 1 ± SD Increase 2 ± SD Increase

6 16.02±2.96 - 16.26±3.14 - 15.78± 2.75 - 0.48 < 0.05
7 16.19±3.04 0.17 16.62±3.30 0.36 15.71± 2.64 -0.07 0.91 < 0.05
8 16.89±3.41 0.68 16.70±3.34 0.08 17.08± 3.48 1.37 -0.38 < 0.05
9 16.96±2.95 0.07 17.34±3.47 0.64 16.57± 2.84 -0.51 0.77 < 0.05
10 17.46±3.88 0.50 18.05±4.42 0.71 16.88± 3.16 0.31 1.17 < 0.05
Average increase/ year 0.36 0.45 0.28

BMI in male pupils at the age of 6, 7, 9 and 10 years was higher
than female pupils (p <0.05). The average annual increase in BMI for
both sexes was 0.36. At 8 years of age, the BMI of girls increased
more sharply than that of boys (p <0.05). Like other morphological
indices, the BMI of pupils in different ecological areas was also
different. Urban pupils had the highest BMI, followed by rural pupils
and the lowest in mountainous areas (p <0.05).

3.1.1.6. Pignet index of Binh Dinh primary pupils

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girls (except for the age of 8 but p> 0.05). For all age groups, urban pupils
had the lowest Pignet index in the three areas (p <0.05).

Table 3.13. Pignet index of primary pupils by age and sex

Age

Pignet index

1

-2

p 
General (n = 6.514) Male(n1 = 3.298) Female(n2 = 3.216)

X± SD Increase X ± SD Increase X± SD Increase

6 35.00±8.52 - 34.33 ± 8.93 - 35.67±8.04 - -1.34 < 0.05
7 36.37±9.06 1.37 35.04 ± 9.29 0.71 37.57±8.48 1.90 -2.53 < 0.05
8 35.82 ±10.70 -0.55 36.15±11.07 1.11 35.50±10.31 -2.07 0.65 > 0.05
9 36.83±9.80 1.01 35.15±10.11 -1.00 38.56±9.16 3.06 -3.41 < 0.05
10 35.74±12.18 -1.09 34.16 ± 12.72 -0.99 37.28±11.43 -1.28 -3.12 < 0.05

Average increase/ year 0.19 0.04 0.40

3.1.2. Physiological functional indices

3.1.2.1. Heart frequency of primary pupils in Binh Dinh Province 
Table 3.15. Heart frequency of primary pupils by age and sex

Age

Heart frequency (bpm)

1

-2 p

General (n = 6.514) Male (n1 = 3.298) Female (n2 = 3.216)

X ± SD Increase 1 ± SD Increase 2 ± SD Increase

6 92.08±9.04 - 92.07±9.26 - 92.10±8.81 - -0.03 > 0.05
7 90.38±8.35 -1.70 90.15±8.45 -1.92 90.64±8.23 -1.46 0.49 > 0.05
8 86.50±8.68 -3.88 86.26±8.76 -3.89 86.72±8.60 -3.92 0.46 > 0.05
9 84.48±8.77 -2.02 84.37±8.96 -1.89 84.64±8.58 -2.08 0.27 > 0.05
10 83.35±8.89 -1.13 83.68±8.26 -0.69 83.03±9.46 -1.61 0.65 > 0.05

Average increase/year -2.18 -2.10 -2.27

The heart frequency of primary pupils decreased with age. The 6
year - old children having an average heart frequency was 92.08 ± 9.04
bpm; the 10 year - old children was 83.35 ± 8.89 bpm. The average
annual decrease was 2.18 bpm each year. The heart beat of pupils in
urban, rural and mountain areas was not much different (p > 0.05).

3.1.2.2. Blood pressure of Binh Dinh primary pupils

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children at the age of 6 and 10 was 102.58 ± 5,98 mmHg and 110.22
± 9.77 mmHg respectively. The average annual increase was1.91
mmHg. There was no difference in systolic blood pressure at all ages
in urban, rural and mountainous areas (p> 0.05).

Table 3.17.Systolic blood pressure of primary pupils by age and sex

Age

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

1 - 
2

p 
General ( n = 6.514) Male (n1 = 3.298) Female (n2 = 3.216)

X ± SD Increase 1 ± SD Increase 2 ± SD Increase

6 102.58±5.98 - 102.27±6.63 - 102.90±5.23 - - 0.63 > 0.05
7 104.88 ± 8.15 2.30 104.80 ± 8.15 2.53 104.97± 8.15 2.07 - 0.17 > 0.05
8 105.76±7.99 0.88 105.77±8.34 0.97 105.75 ± 7.63 0.78 0.02 > 0.05
9 108.65±10.22 2.89 108.52±10.32 2.75 108.80±10.13 3.05 - 0.28 > 0.05
10 110.22± 9.77 1.57 110.47±10.02 1.95 109.98±9.52 1.18 0.49 > 0.05
Average increase/ year 1.91 2.05 1.27

Table 3.19. Primary diastolic blood pressure of primary pupils by age and sex

Age

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

1 - 
2

p 
General (n = 6.514) Male (n1 = 3.298) Female (n2 = 3.216)

X ± SD Increase 1 ±SD Increase 2 ± SD Increase

6 63.39 ± 2.90 - 63.09 ±1.84 - 63.68± 3.65 - - 0.59 < 0.05
7 64.33 ± 4.52 0.94 64.18 ±4.89 1.09 64.50± 4.04 0.82 - 0.32 > 0.05
8 65.68 ± 4.21 1.35 65.79 ±4.28 1.61 65.56± 4.14 1.06 0.23 > 0.05
9 66.61 ± 4.99 0.93 66.64 ±4.98 0.85 66.59± 4.50 1.03 0.05 > 0.05
10 67.44 ± 4.78 0.83 67.21 ±4.84 0.57 67.66± 4.71 1.07 - 0.45 > 0.05
Average increase / year 1.01 1.03 1.00

Pupils’ diastolic blood pressure increased gradually from 6 to 10 years old. There
was no difference in diastolic blood pressure in the three studied areas (p < 0,05).

3.1.2.3. Vital capacity of Binh Dinh primary pupils

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construct the formula for calculating the vital capacity of Binh Dinh
children according to the following regression equation:

In male: VC = 2,6174 H + 0,0266 A – 2,0949 
In female: VC = 3,1108 H + 0,0565A – 2,7199

In which: VC: Vital capacity(liter), H: Height (meter), A: Age (year).

Table 3.21. Vital capacity of 250 pupils by age and sex

Age

Vital capacity (liter) 1

-2 p

General (n = 250) Male (n1 = 126) Female (n2 = 124)

X±SD Increase 1± SD Increase 2± SD Increase

6 1.13 ± 0.30 - 1.25±0.30 - 1.00 ± 0.25 - 0.25 < 0.05
7 1.43 ± 0.37 0.30 1.47±0.31 022 1.40 ± 0.42 0.40 0.07 > 0.05
8 1.70 ± 0.41 0.27 1.85±0.47 0.38 1.56 ± 0.30 0.16 0.29 < 0.05
9 1.73 ± 0.36 0.03 1.86±0.27 0.01 1.60 ± 0.40 0.04 0.26 < 0.05
10 2.00 ± 0.49 0.27 2.17±0.50 0.31 1.76 ± 0.38 0.16 0.41 < 0.05
Average increase / year 0.22 0.23 0.19

3.1.2.4. The vision of Binh Dinh primary pupils

The rate of left eye impairment (17.16%) was higher than that of
the right eye (16.84%). The rate of pupils with right eye impairment
was highest in urban areas (23.94%), followed by rural (15.05%) and
lowest in mountainous areas (10.59%) (p <0.05 ). The rate of pupils
with left eye impairment was highest in urban areas (23.68%),
followed by mountainous areas (17.16%) and lowest in rural areas
(16.60%) (p <0.05 ). The rate of visual impairment of Binh Dinh
primary pupils was by 14.42%.

3.1.2.5. Hearing of Binh Dinh primary pupils

Pupils with normal hearing accounted for 99.67%, only 0.33% of
pupils suffered from mild, moderate and severe hearing impairment.

3.1.3. Nutritional status according to BMI of Binh Dinh primary pupils

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in which 7-year-old children accounted for the highest (9.44%).
Normal nutritional status accounted for 58.70% and reached the
highest level in 9-year-old children (61.96%). Overweight children
accounted for 16.60%, in which 10-year-old children accounted for
the highest rate (17.68%). Obesity accounted for 13.51%, 6-year-old
children had the highest obese rate (17.01%). This is not good for the
public health because it rejuvenates the risk of blood pressure,
diabetes, even cancer in the future. The pupils in mountainous area
had the highest malnutrition rate (11.20%). Urban pupils had the
highest overweight - obese rate (27.19% and 29.89% respectively).
3.1.4. High-level nervous activities of Binh Dinh primary pupils 
3.1.4.1. IQ of Binh Dinh primary pupils

Table 3.27. IQ of primary pupils by age and sex

Age

IQ

1 
-2

p 
General (n= 6.514) Male (n1 = 3.298) Female (n2 = 3.216)

X ±SD Increase X±SD Increas

e X±SD

Increase

6 87.46 ± 9.57 - 87.41 ±9.38 - 87.51 ± 9.77 - - 0.10 > 0.05
7 96.77 ± 11.88 9.39 97.47±11.96 10.06 95.97 ± 11.73 8.46 1.50 < 0.05
8 102.95±11.93 6.18 102.47±12.29 5.00 103.42±11.55 7.45 - 0.95 > 0.05
9 107.54±10.67 4.59 107.94 ±9.93 5.47 107.14±11.37 3.72 0.80 > 0.05
10 110.81±10.50 3.27 110.33±10.36 2.39 111.28±10.61 4.14 - 0.95 > 0.05
Average increase / year 5.86 5.73 5.94

Based on the Raven test, the IQ of 6,514 Binh Dinh pupils was
determined. The results showed that the IQ of pupils increased gradually
with age, at 6 years old was 87.46 ± 9.57 and at 10 years old was 110.81
± 10.50, the average increase was 5.86 each year. The IQ of pupils in the
three areas increased gradually and it was different (p < 0.05).

3.1.4.2. Short-term memory of Binh Dinh primary pupils 
- Visual short-term memory of primary pupils

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less than females (18.68% for males and 19.09% for females). Females
had the ability to see and remember from 8 to 12 figures higher than
males (44.35% for females and 41.88% for males) with p > 0.05.
Therefore, schoolgirls have better visual memory than schoolboys.

The 6-year-old children seeing and remembering 2 figures
accounted for the highest rate (28.43%). Children of 7 and 8 years
old who saw and remembered 4 figures accounted for the highest
rate (24.10% and 21.89%, respectively). The 9-year-old children

seeing and remembering 5 figures accounted for the highest rate
(20.31%). The 10-year-old children seeing and remembering 6
figures accounted for the highest rate (19.30%).Therefore, the more
the children grow up, the more visual memory increases.

Children living in different ecological areas have different visual
memory. The ability to see and remember from 0 to 3 figures is
highest in mountainous pupils (43.54% in mountainous areas,
37.68% in rural areas, 33.54% in urban areas). Seeing and
remembering 4 and 5 figures accounted for the highest rate in rural
pupils (rural areas: 37.82%, urban areas: 33.19%, mountainous areas:
31.91%). Seeing and remembering 6 figures or more accounted for
the highest rate in urban pupils ( urban areas : 33.28%, mountainous
areas: 24.56%, rural areas: 24.50%), with p <0.05 . Therefore, the
more children grow up, the more visual memory increases. Urban
pupils had the best visual memory in the three areas (p <0.05).

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The rate of primary children who were able to hear and remember
2 to 6 figures was high. Children of 6 and 7 years old who heard and
remembered two figures accounted for the highest rate. Children of 8
and 9 years old who heard and remembered 3 figures accounted for
the highest rate, 10-year-old children hearing and remembering 5
figures accounted for the highest rate. Thus, the more children grow
up, the better hearing memory.

Children living in different areas had different hearing memory.
The ability to hear and remember 3 figures was the highest in urban
pupils (19.44%) and rural pupils (23.38%). Mountainous pupils

having the ability to hear and remember 2 figures made up the
highest rate (19.46%). The ability to hear and remember from 0 to 3
figures accounted for the highest rate in rural pupils (48.76%),
followed by pupils in mountainous areas (37.20%) and the lowest in
urban pupils (23.64%) with p <0.05. The ability to hear and
remember from 4 to 12 figures accounted for the highest rate of
urban pupils (56.91%), followed by mountain pupils (45.01%) and
lowest in rural pupils (27.85%) with p <0.05. Thus, urban pupils had
the best hearing short-term memory in the three studied areas.

Therefore, the more children grow up, the better their hearing
memory. Urban pupils have the best hearing memory ability (p
<0.05) in three urban, rural and mountainous areas.

- Comparing visual and hearing short-term memory of Binh 
Dinh primary pupils

The research results showed that the rate of children remembering from 0 to 4
figures by hearing memory was higher than that by visual memory (p < 0.05).

The rate of children who remembered from 5 to 12 figures by visual
memory was higher than that by hearing memory (p <0.05).

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Table 3.33. Comparing visual and hearing memory of Binh Dinh

primary pupils
Memory

point

Visual memory Hearing memory p

amount % amount %

0 80 1,23 346 5,31 < 0,05

1 305 4,68 772 11,85 < 0,05

2 949 14,57 1.236 18,97 < 0,05
3 1.143 17,55 1.317 20,22 < 0,05
4 1.230 18,88 1.032 15,84 < 0,05
5 1.005 15,43 803 12,33 < 0,05

6 748 11,48 486 7,46 < 0,05

7 454 6,97 233 3,58 < 0,05

8 294 4,51 160 2,46 < 0,05

9 153 2,35 77 1,18 < 0,05

10 73 1,12 25 0,38 < 0,05

11 46 0,71 18 0,28 < 0,05

12 34 0,52 9 0,14 < 0,05

3.2. THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SOME BIOLOGICAL

INDICES IN PRIMARY PUPILS IN BINH DINH PROVINCE. 
3.2.1. Correlation between intellectual faculties and some biological indices 
3.2.1.1 Correlation between IQ and nutritional status

IQ positive and weak correlation (r = 0.2138) with BMI can be
expressed by linear regression equation y = 0.872x + 86.596.

3.2.1.2. Correlation between IQ and head circumference in children 
IQ positive weak correlation (r = 0.2896) with the head circumference
had the linear regression equation: y = 2.152x -11.459.

3.2.1.3. Correlation between IQ and memory in children

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IQ positive average correlation (r = 0.3900) with hearing memory
had regression equation : y = 2.567x + 92.306

3.2.2. Correlation between BMI nutritional status and some 
biological indices

3.2.2.1. Correlation between BMI nutritional status and head 
circumference in primary children

Pupils’ BMI correlate in an average level (r = 0.3272) with the
head circumference and can be expressed by the linear regression
equation: y = 0.596x - 14.483.

3.2.2.2. Correlation between nutritional status and memory in primary pupils

There was a positive correlation with the weak level between the
BMI’s nutritional status and visual memory. Correlation coefficient was: r
= 0.1357 and linear regression equation was: y = 0.207x + 15.794

There was a positive correlation with the weak level between the
BMI’s nutritional status and hearing memory. Correlation coefficient was:
r = 0.2033. The linear regression equation was: y = 0.328x + 15.576.

Thus, BMI's nutritional status did not significantly affect the
short-term memory of children.

3.2.3. Correlation between head circumference and some biological indices

The head circumference had a positive and weak correlation with visual
memory. The correlation coefficient was: r = 0.2168 and the linear regression
equation showing the correlation was: y = 0.181x + 51.501.

Head circumference had a positive and average correlation with hearing
memory (r = 0.3029). The linear regression equation representing the
correlation was: y = 0.268x + 51.337.

3.2.4. The correlation between visual memory and hearing memory

Visual memory correlated in average level with hearing memory. Correlation
coefficient was: r = 0.5397 and linear regression equation was :y = 0.569x + 2.433.

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Vital capacity closely correlated with height. The correlation coefficient
was: r = 0.9237. The linear regression equation expressing the correlation was

: y = 0.033x - 2.704.

3.2.5.2. Correlation between vital capacity and weight in primary pupils

Vital capacity closely correlated with weight. Correlation coefficient was:
r = 0.7715. The linear regression equation representing the correlation was: y
= 0.032x + 0.529.

3.2.5.3. Correlation between vital capacity and chest circumference in 
primary pupils.

Vital capacity correlated with chest circumference in an average level.
The correlation coefficient was: r = 0.6284 and the linear regression equation
was: y = 0.026x - 0.210.

Vital capacity is a physiological indicator expressing the physical fitness
of the child. However, if we want to determine, we need to have measuring
instruments and techniques so it must be very complex. Therefore, in order to
facilitate the determination of vital capacity, we have constructed the
multivariate linear regression equation:

VC (liter) = - 2,194 + 0,025 height (cm) + 0.003 weight (kg) + 0,052 years 
old + 0,066 gender (1: male, 0: female).

In short, there were many biological indices that contributed to the
physical and mental development of the child. There was a correlation
between the indices, showing that the human body is a unified body, so care
should be taken in all aspects to help children develop comprehensively and
rationally.

Chapter 4. DISCUSSION

"Primary children aged from 6 to 10 have a slower rate of 
growth but accumulate nutrients for rapid physical growth in 
adolescents later " Therefore, to evaluate the development of Binh

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4.1. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 
4.1.1. Height of pupils from the age of 6 to 10 
4.1.2. Weight of pupils from the age of 6 to 10

4.1.3. The chest circumference of pupils from the age of 6 to 10 
4.1.4. The head circumference of pupils from the age of 6 to 10 
4.1.5. BMI and Pignet index of pupils from the age of 6 to 10

The growth of morphological indices such as height, weight,
chest and head circumference of primary pupils in Binh Dinh in 2016
were better than the results of many previous studies. However,
compared to children in the region and some countries in the world ,
it is lower. BMI and Pignet index showed the good growth of
children. However, if we want to develop the stature of Vietnamese
people in the future, we should take care right now. Many research
results showed that there are two basic factors affecting the growth
of the child: the endogenous factors such as heredity, race,
endocrine, age, gender and exogenous factors such as nutrition,
training, socio - economic conditions, diseases... It is important to
have a positive and synchronous impact on all of above factors to
help your child have an optimum development.

4.2. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

4.2.1. Heart frequency of pupils from the age of 6 to 10 
4.2.2. Blood pressure of pupils from the age of 6 to 10 
4.2.3. Vital capacity of pupils from the age of 6 to 10 
4.2.4. Vision of pupils from the age of 6 to 10

4.2.5. Hearing of pupils from the age of 6 to 10

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The more children grow up, the more the activities of the eyesight
increase. Because of the pressure of learning, reading, and the use of near
vision devices increases, the rate of visual impairment increases. Children
with visual impairment are increasing in every region, every country,
every continent in the world. Therefore, the awareness of eye care,
especially in children, needs to be paid more attention because this is the
age in which the eye is in the developing and perfecting stage.

Hearing impaired children are not yet tested, still found in primary
schools. There are two main causes of hearing loss in children: congenital
deafness and cause of disease. Therefore, we think the hearing test should
be included in the initial health care program to detect children with
hearing problems early enough to correct it.

4.3. PUPILS’ NUTRITIONAL STATUS BY BMI

The development of today's socio - economic conditions has
made it easier for parents to care for children, leading to a reduction
in general malnutrition. However, the limitation in childcare

knowledge can also be a reason for high rates of malnutrition (for
children 9, 10 years of age).

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4.4. HIGH - LEVEL NERVOUS ACTIVITIES OF PUPILS
4.4.1. IQ points of pupils from 6 to 10 years of age

In our study, IQ in children aged from 6 to 10 increased in all
three ecological regions thanks to the accumulation of knowledge
after each school year, accumulated through the learning process. IQ
in children showed the impact of living environment: urban children
had better living conditions (nutrition, care, learning ...), which was
good for the development. Children in mountainous areas lived in
disadvantaged conditions, so the IQ was lower than in those in rural
and urban areas, which was consistent with many previous studies.

4.4.2. Memory of pupils from the age of 6 to 10

Children from 6 to 10 years of age have better memory as the
myelination of the axons increases with age, the neurons are more
and more perfect in structure and function which helped children
transmit and store information better. Therefore, remembering
process was enhanced helping children in the learning process,
absorbing more and more complex knowledge. Female pupils had
higher memory than male pupils of the same age.

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

1. CONCLUSIONS

Through the research on the indices of morphology, physical
strength, physiology, nutrition and some high-level nervous activities of
6.514 pupils from 6 to 10 years old in urban, rural and mountainous
areas of Binh Dinh Province , we draw the following conclusions:

1.1. Morphological indices

- The indices of vertical height, weight, chest and the head
circumference of primary pupils in Binh Dinh Province increased
gradually with age with different growing speed, sometimes with a
rapid increase, sometimes with a slow increase.

+ The average height of children aged from 6 to 10 was 117.09
cm; 122.34 cm; 127.84 cm; 132.76 cm 138.16 cm, respectively. The
average annual increase was 5.27 cm, in male pupils was 5.10 cm
and female pupils was 5.44 cm. The highest increase was at the age
of 8. Female pupils’ height growth was faster than male pupils which
made a growth cross at the age 9 to 10. Urban pupils have the highest
height and mountainous pupils have the lowest height.

+ The average weight of children from 6 to 10 years old was 22.18 kg;
24.49 kg; 27.88 kg; 30.17 kg and 33.71 kg, respectively. The average
annual increase was 2.88 kg, in which male pupils increased faster than
female pupils, male pupils increased by 3.01 kg and female pupils
increased by 2.76 kg. The highest increase in female pupils was at 8 years
old and in males was at 10 years old. Urban pupils had the highest
weight, mountainous pupils have the lowest weight.

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cm. Female pupils’ chest circumference increased fast at the age of 8
and 10, while males at the age of 9. Urban pupils had the largest
chest circumference in the three areas.

+ Children aged 6 to 10 having average head circumference was
51.48 cm; 51.89 cm; 52.16 cm; 52,65 cm and 53,29 cm, respectively.
The average annual increase was 0.45 cm. The head circumference
increased fast at the age 9 to 10. Head circumference of urban pupils
are higher than that of rural and mountain pupils.

- Children from the age of 6 to 10 having an average BMI was 16.02
kg/m2; 16,19 kg/m2; 16.89 kg/m2; 16.96 kg/m2 and 17.46 kg/m2,
respectively. The average annual increase was 0.36 kg/m2. BMI was
highest at 8 years of age in female pupils and 10 years of age in male
pupils. The BMI of urban pupils was highest and the BMI of
mountainous pupils was lowest in the three areas.

- Children aged 6 to 10 had different Pignet indices at different ages.
The annual average increase was 0.19. Female pupils had higher
Pignet index than male pupils of the same age. Urban pupils had a
lower Pignet index than that of rural and mountain pupils.

1.2. Physiological indices

- The heart frequency of pupils decreased gradually from 6 to 10
years old. The average heart frequency of children from 6 to 10 years
old was 92.08 bpm; 90.38 bpm; 86.50 bpm; 84.48 bpm and 83.35

bpm, respectively. The average annual decrease was 2.18 bpm. Heart
beat dropped sharply in 8-year-old children.

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- The average vital capacity in children aged from 6 to 10 was 1.13
liters, 1.43 liters; 1.70 liters; 1.73 liters and 2.00 liters, respectively. The
average annual increase was 0.23 liters for male pupils and 0.19 liters
for female pupils. Vital capacity in boys is higher than that of girls of the
same age. Vital capacity can be determined based on height, weight,
chest circumference and age by linear regression equations.

Physiological indices such as heart frequency, blood pressure in
Binh Dinh primary pupils did not differ much between studied areas.
- The rate of visually impaired pupils increased with age. The rate of
visually impaired pupils from 6 to 10 years of age in Binh Dinh
Province was 14.42%. Urban pupils suffered from impaired vision
most (23.81%); followed by rural pupils (16.11%) and mountainous
pupils accounted for the least rate (13.60%).

- Pupils with normal hearing accounted for 99.67%. The rate of
children with hearing problems was 0.33%. It is necessary to educate
children about the hygiene of ear.

1.3. Nutritional status according to BMI

Children 6 to 10 years of age suffering from severe malnutrition was
2.66%; underweight was 8.54%; overweight and obesity were 16.60%
and 13.51%, respectively. Malnutrition children accounted for the highest
rate in mountainous areas. Overweight, obesity accounted for the highest

rate in urban areas. Overweight, obesity was tending to rejuvenate.

1.4. High - level nervous activity indices

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- Visual and hearing short - term memory increased gradually with age.
Urban pupils had better memory than that of rural and mountainous pupils.
Primary pupils had ability to memorize visually better than aurally. Therefore,
visual teaching method should be strengthened in primary education.

1.5. Correlation between biological indices

- IQ had a positive correlation with nutritional status, head circumference,
visual memory, and hearing memory.

- Nutritional status had a positive correlation with head circumference,
visual memory, and hearing memory.

- The head circumference had a positive correlation with visual memory
and hearing memory.

- Visual memory correlated well with hearing memory.

- Vital capacity had a positive correlation with height, weight and
chest circumference. Children’s vital capacity can be determined
based on height, weight, age and sex by linear regression equation.
Therefore, among biological characteristics, there was a positive
correlation from the weak level to the strong level. The correlation
between the biological characteristics of the children can be

represented by the linear regression equations. So the measures of care
and education to improve the physical strength and mental ability in
children should be implemented in a synchronized manner, help
children develop in a balanced, comprehensive and optimum way.

2. RECOMMENDATIONS

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value standard. This will be the basis for agencies and organizations to
plan human care strategies to improve the Vietnamese stature and
socio - economic development of the province.

- There should be more research on biological indices in children in
particular and people in general in many regions and in many ethnic
groups of the country to supplement human biological values in the
period of innovation. Assisting the authorities to work out plans for
human and social development in the most reasonable way, meeting the
industrialization and modernization of our country in the current period.

LIST OF PUBLIC WORKS

1. Nguyen Thi Tuong Loan, Vo Van Toan (2017), Some

circulatory physiological indices of pupils from 6 to 10 years old in 
Binh Dinh province, Vietnam Journal of Physiology, Volume 21 No. 
3 September, 2017 . Vietnam Medical Association, Vietnam Society
for Physiology, ISSN 1859 - 2376, pp. 83 - 87.

2. Nguyen Thi Tuong Loan, Vo Van Toan (2017), Research on

some morphological indices and the correlation with vital capacity 
in primary pupils in Quy Nhon city, Binh Dinh Province. Journal of 
Education the 399th (1-2 / 2017) ISSN 2354-0753, pp. 59-61.

3. Nguyen Thi Tuong Loan, Le Thi Nam Thuan, (2017), Research on 
intellectual ability of primary pupils in Binh Dinh Province, Journal of 
Science - Hue University: Natural Sciences Vol 126, No 1A (2017), ISSN 
1859-1888, pp. 175-184; DOI: 10.26459/hueuni-jns.v126i1A.4343.

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Hanoi National University Publisher. Decision of Publishing No. 283 
12/5/2016. pp 479 - 486.

5. Nguyen Thi Tuong Loan, Truong Quang Dat (2017), Some

anthropometric and nutritional indices in primary pupils in Binh Dinh delta

in 2016, Preventive medicine journal, Volume 28, No.8 / 2017. Vietnam
Medical Association published, ISSN 0868 - 2836, pages 322 - 328.

6. Nguyen Thi Tuong Loan, Truong Quang Dat (2017), Nutritional 
status of primary school children in Quy Nhon City - Binh Dinh 
Province in 2016, Journal of Practical Medicine, special number on 
Dinh Dau Spring of 2017 by the Ministry of Medicine (1) (1032), ISSN 
1859-1663, pp. 76-80.

7. Truong Quang Dat, Nguyen Thi Tuong Loan, (2017), Nutritional

status of primary pupils in 2016 in mountainous district of Binh Dinh

Province, Vietnam Journal of Medicine & Pharmacy, Volume 13 N01,

Ha Noi ISSN 0866 - 7942, pp. 87 - 92.

8. Nguyen Thi Tuong Loan (2016), Method of assessing the physical

and intellectual development of primary pupils in the current period,

Proceedings of the National Scientific Seminar "Training and fostering
of primary teachers to meet the requirements of education reform, "Hue
University Publishing House. Decision No. 52 / Hue University -
Publishing House issued on 10/5/2016. pp 164-171.

9. Nguyen Thi Tuong Loan (2017), Intellectual development and

factors affecting the intellectual development of Binh Dinh primary

students, Journal of Science and Technology - University of Science,

Hue University, ISSN 2354 - 0842. Volume 1, No 7 February 2017, 
pp. 127 - 136.

10. Nguyen Thi Tuong Loan (2017), Physical and mental

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