So sánh một số cách nói gây khiến trong tiếng Anh, tiếng Nhật với những từ biểu thị ý gây khiến trong tiếng Việt

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s o SANH MOT SO CACH NOI GAY KHIEN

TRONG TIENG ANH, TIENG NHAT Vdl

NHQNG

TLf BIEU TH! Y GAY KHIEN TRONG TIENG VIET

Nguyin Thi Hodng Yin 
Khoa Viet Nam hoc 
Trudng DH KHXH&NV, DHQG Tp.HCM

Cijng mot thuc tai ddi song, mdi ngdn ngu cd each dien dat khac
nhau. Ddi vdi ngudi hoc ngoai ngil, khi gap nhung trudng hop cd the
dien dich tir ngdn ngu ngudn sang ngdn ngu dich theo kieu mot ddi
mot thi viec hpc kbdng may khd khan (vi du: house la nha, water la 
nude, v.v...). Nhung ne'u gap nhiJng trudng hpp ma vi nhOtig yeu to
van hda, lich str hoac ngdn ngij kbien viec phan doan thuc tai khac xa
nhau, nhu trudng hpp you trong tieng Anh va ca mot chudi dai tir nhan 
xung trong tie'ng Viet nhu dng, bd, anh, chi, cd, thdy, em. v.v... thi 
viec hpc trd nen kha phiic tap. Trong nhung trudng hpp nay, ngudi hpc
rit cin su giiip do tir pbia ngudi day hay nhung tai lieu tham khao tot cd
giai thich can ke nhutig diem khac biet de hp cd the sir dung cho diing.

Cach ndi gay kbien (Causative Construction) trong tieng Anh,
the shieki ({S^tSff^) trong tieng Nhat khi ddi chieu vdi nhung tir bieu
thi y gay kbien trong tie'ng Viet nhu nhd, thui, bdo, bat Ibudcl bat

huge, epi bugcl ep huge, cho, Idm chOy de cho, v.v... la mot trong

nhihig trudng hpp phik tap tuong tu. Chung tdi ebon de tai nay nhim
muc dich giiip ngudi hpc hieu dupe nhung diem khac biet ihupc pham
vi ngu nghia (semantics) ma ban than tii chua dung, cung nhu nhung
die^m khac nhau ve mat dung phap cua tir (pragmatics), giiip cho ngudi

hpc cd the sir dung chinh xac khi mudn dung chung trong mot tmh
hudng nhat dinb vao mot muc dich nhat dinh.

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2. PHAN TICH

Ve blnb dien nghla hpc, trong tieng Anh, each ndi gay khi^n
diing de' dien dat y ngudi, su kien, vat gl dd nhu la nguyen nhan, la li
do, la duyen cd lam cho mot su viec nao dd xay ra 11913 Webster].

Trong tie'ng Nhat, each ndi gay kbien dupe vie't bing ba ban lir
sir (fiE), dich ( ^ ) , blnb (W) vdi y ngudi/vat nao dd (tac tu gAy 
khie'n/the causer) lam hay cho phep ngudi/vat nao 66 (ngudi, vat hi 
gay khie'n/the causee) thuc hien mot viec gi dd [4, tr. 390].

Cach ndi gay kbien cd nhung dac diem chung nhu:

- Dich cila cau: SI (the causer) tac dpng/dat S2 (the causee) vao
trang thai/trach nhiem thuc hien hanh dpng.

- Trang thai tarn If: su mong mudn cua SI (vdi SI la ngudi) ddi
vdi viec S2 thuc hien hanh dpng.

- Ndi dung menh de: hanh dpng gay khien dupe thuc hien bdi S2.
- Ngudi hudng Ipi hay ngudi/vat gay ra ket qua la SI.

2.1. Trong tieng Anh, each ndi gay kbien dupe the' hien chii ye'u qua
mdt sd ca'u tnic nhu:

+ To have somebody do something/to get somebody to do

something: dich sang tieng Viet, ta cd nbihig each ndi tuong duong

nhu: nhaai lam gi cho minh, bdo ai lam gi cho minh. Vi du:

(1) I"I1 have Peter fix my car. Tdi nhd Peter sUa xe cho tdi. 
(2) r'll get Peter fix my car. Tdi bdo Peter sua xe cho tdi. 
+ To have/to get something done: nhd/thui ai dd idm gi cho minh. 
(3) I have my hair cut. Tdi nhd/thui ngudi cat tdc cho minh. 
(4) I have my car wash. Tdi nhd/thui ngudi rua xe cho minh. 
+ To make somebody do something/to force somebody to do

something: bdt/budc/bdt biigc, ep/ep bugc, cicang buc ai lam gi cho minh.

(5) My mother made me get a part-time job when I was sixteen, 
and I think that's right.

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(6) The bank robbers made the manager give them all the 
money.

Nhung tin cudp nhd bdng bugclcudng bde ngudi qudn li 
dua tien cho chung.

12. Trong ba trudng hpp vira neu tren, chung ta thay day tir cd kha

nang thay the' khi chuyen dich sang tieng Viet rat phong phii nhu: thui,

nhd, bdo, bat, bugc, bat bugc, ep, ep bugc, cicdng bice... Diem quan

Upng la trong tie'ng Viet, nhihig tir trong day tir nay cd cudng dp nghla,
npi dung nghla, phin dung phap khac nhau.

Theo dinh nghla cua Tir dien tieng Viet [7] chung ta cd:

a) Thui: dimg ngudi bay vat nao dd trong mot tbdi gian vdi dieu

kien tra mot khoan tien nhit dinh cho thdi gian sir dung dd.

b) Nhd. yeu eiu ngudi khac lam giup cho viec gl.

c) Bdo: ndi dieu gi vdi ngudi dudi hoac ngang hang; ndi de ai

lam theo hoac phai nghe theo.

d) Bdt: A:hie'n phai lam viec gl, khong cho phep lam khac di. 
e) Bugc: lam cho hoac bi lam vao the nhat thiet phai lam dieu gl

dd trai y mudn. vl kbdng cd each nao khac.

f) Bat bugc: bupc phai lam

g) Ep: tac dpng den, nbam lam cho phai mien cudng nghe theo,

lam theo.

h) Ep bugc: dimg quyen luc bat phai lam dieu trai y mudn. 
i) Cudng bice: bit bupc, ep phai lam dij kbdng mudn.

Nhu vay, ddi vdi hoc vien, can thiet phai chi ro: 1/ cudng dp tang

Ain ve nghla theo hudng phai (right forward) cua bdo, bdt/bitgc, bdt

huge, ep/ep bugc, ciCdng bite, 2/ npi dung nghla cua nhd, time hoan

toan khac vdi bdo, bdt/budc/bdt bugc, ep/ep bugc, cudng bicc va 3/ 
phin dung phap ciia nhd, bdo cd nhung diem khac biet vdi nhung tir 
con lai.

Thir so sanh cac vi du sau:

(7) Hp thui chiing tdi pha buy chiec cau dd. 
(8) Hp nhd chmg tdi pha biiy chiec cau dd.

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(9) Hp bdo cbiing tdi pha hiiy chie'c c^u dd.

(10) Hp bdt/ bdt bugc/ ep/ ip bugc chiing tdi pha biiy chi& 
eiu 66.

(11) Hp cicang bicc chung tdi pha hiiy chiec eiu dd.

• Thui (7) thuc chat la su trao doi giila ngudi gay kbien - SI, 
ngudi dang mudn dung ngudi bay vat nao dd trong mot tbdi gian va c6
dieu kien (ching han tien, vat dung) de trao ddi vdi kha nang hay vat
dung cua ngudi bi gay kbien - S2. Su phan biet ve vi the d day khdng
quan trong. Ngudi gay kbien cd the cd vj tri xa hoi, tudi tac ihap hon.
hoac ngang bing hoac cao hon ngudi bi gay kbien. Dieu kien cin y^u
la cd tien hoac vat tuong thicb de trao doi vdi thdi gian su dung cua
ngudi bi gay kbien trong ngQ canh giao te'.

• Khi diing tir nhd (8), SI dang d tlnh trang irdng cay, mudn c6 
dupe su giiip do tir phia S2. Su giup dd, yeu cau dua tren mdi quan he
lau dai bay tam tbdi giira SI va S2. Khi nhd, vi the tarn thdi trong tlnh

hudng phat ngdn ciia SI chi cd the thdp lum hoac hang S2, cho dii dia 
vi xa hoi. tu6i tac thuc ciia SI cd the cao hon S2 va thudng dupe tac
dpng theo hudng tlnh cam. Lf do la khi nhd, S2 la ngudi cd nang life 
thuc hien X cao hon SI trong thdi diem hien tai (hien tai phat ngdn).
Con SI Vl d tlnh trang trong cbd vao su giiip dd cua S2 nen d the*
ye'u [3].

Ngoai ra, nhd cdn dupe diing nhu mot vi tir cd kha nang ngdn 
hanh {viec sU dung no cung chinh Id cdi hanh ddng dugc no biiu hien 
[2, CXH, tr.416]), trong each ndi gay khien vdi nhimg da'u bieu hinh
thirc (IFIDs- illoeutionary force indicating devices) de nhan dien nhu:

- thudng cd su xuat hien cua cac dpng tir giiim, giiip, ho trong eiu 
tnic: Nhd S2+ V+ O gium SI hoac Nhd S2 +V giiim SI + 0 .
- thudng sir dung ti^u tir tlnh thai nhe a cudi cau de lam mem dl,

diu di tinh chat sai khien, ra lenh va to rd mong mudn cd sir
ddng thuan, su giup dd cua S2 tir SI.

Vidu:

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Mdt dac di^m cin luu y niJa la cau cd nhd nhu la mot ddng ti^ 
ngdn hanh phai dupe dimg d ngdi thii nhit, thdi hien tai (hien tai phat
ngon), th^ (voice) chu dpng (active) va tbiJc (mood) thuc thi
(indicative), thupe nhdm khuye'n lenh (directive) de tao cau ngdn hanh
tucmg minh.

• Khi diing bdo (9), cau cho tbiy SI d vi the hoac quyen luc cao 
hon S2 trong ngil canh hanh vi gay khien dupe neu ra. Vi tir bdo cd 
mdt dac di^m la cd the dung nhu mdt vi tir ngdn hanh (vd: Tdi bdo anh

di ra cho) nhung cung cd the diing nhu bdt/budc/bdt bugc, ep/ep bugc/

cudng bicc vdi mot diem chung la chiing deu la nhihig vi tir bieu hien

m6t hanh ddng ngdn tir nhung cai hanh dpng dd lai phai dupe thuc
hien bang mdt phat ngdn khdng chiia dung vi tir ay [3]'.

• Bdt/budc/bdt bugc, ep/ep bugc (10) dien dat y S2 dang d trong 
linh trang thuc hien mdt hanh ddng khdng tu nguyen, ngoai y dinh
(non-volition) nhung vin phai thuc hien; hoac hodn todn khdng thich,

khdng mudn thuc hien hanh ddng dd nhung vl d vi the bat Ipi hon danh

phai thuc hien. Tiiy tlnh hudng, ngiJ canh, bdt/budc/bdt bugc, ep, ip

bugc va manh hon niia la cUdng bicc (11) ngim the hien y (impli) SI se

si dung mdt bien phap trumg phat nao dd neu S2 khdng chiu thuc hien
hanh ddng da duoc sai khien.

Ndi tdm lai, mot diem chung khi diing bdo, bat/bugc, bdt bugc,

ep/budc, ep bugc, cudng bicc la vi the cua SI ludn cao hon S2 trong

thdi di^m phat ngdn hoac ne'u d vi tri ngang bing thi SI phai la ngudi
CO thim quyen quyet dinh cho hanh ddng gay khien dd cd dupe xay ra
hay khdng.

2.3. Trong tie'ng Nhat, each ndi gay khien duoc dien dat chu yeu qua
viec phan xuit thuc tai tbanh hai hudng: 1/ ngudi bi gay khien

(the causee) cd y dinh bay khdng cd y dinh thuc hien hanh vi dupe neu 
ra; bay mot su ton tai, mdt thuc the ngoai y mudn, kbdng tu nguyen

' Chang han <\i B^t/buOc/b^t bade, ^p/^p bu6c ai lam gi KhGng th^ n6i: Tao 6p bade

m^y ph^i /a/77 W^c ndy ma phSi n6i {thudng k6m theo m6t dieu kien mang tfnh doa nat).

ching han: M^y ph^i lAm cho xong vi&c n^y ndi tmng ngdy h6m nay. neu khdng thi

difng trach.

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(non-votional entity); 2/ tiiy theo ngu* canh hoac tlnh hudng ma cau
dien dat y ngudi gay khien cho phep (permissive) hay bat huge 
(coercive) ngudi bi gay khien thuc hien hanh vi nao dd.

23.1. Vdi tu dpng tir/dpng tir npi ddng ( S U I ^ -jidousha), neu mudn ^

the hien y ngudi bi gay kbien cd y dinh (intentionalli) thuc hien hanh ,|
ddng dupe gay khien thi hanh ddng nay se dupe danh dau bing trp tir ^

\Z. (ni) (12). Ngupc lai, trp tir $-(wo) cd the dupe diing ma kbdng tfnh ^

den y mudn cua ngudi bi gay khien (12). Cau cd y "bit bude" hay ,^
"cho phep" la tuy tlnh hudng va ngircanh [xem (13), (14), (15).] j

(14) fk^it t^tm^^Lfz^^tm^tz(DX'^mtm: J

Akiko wa motto benkyo shitai to itta node, watashi wa
kanojo wo/ni daigaku ni ikaseru koto ni shita.

Akiko da ndi la mudn hpc nira nen tdi quyet dinh cho no 
di hpc dai hpc.

(15) ^'k^{tm^Ltz< ^j:^^tm^tzmLiri&t:^-k'^

Akiko wa benkyo shitakunai to itta ga, watashi wa •

kanojo wo daigaku ni ikaseru koto ni shita. i 
Akiko da ndi la khdng mudn hpc nira nhung tdi quyet

dinh bdt no di hpc dai hpc.

(14) mt 7Kr7]c^'^^c^^?ift^ UMS'^'^tt^^^tz ^

Watashi wa suisei ga kiraina kodomo wo muriyari
oyogaseta.

(Tdi bdt con tdi, vd'n kbdng thich boi, phai boi.) 
(16) mt A ^ - ^ » # ^ J: 9 ( 1 '^l^t^^tz °

Watashi wa musuko wo sukinayou ni oyogaseta.
(Tdi cho con trai toi boi ihoa thich.)

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(IJ) - e i 5 ( i ^ ? ( I ^ S ^ 0 t ' - / u ^ t ^ ^ i t / i ^
Ichiro wa Yukiko ni muriyari biiru wo nomaseta.
(Ichiro bit/ cho Yukiko udng bia.)

Trong trudng hpp (16), ne'u chi qua dien ngdn, rat khd biet
Yukiko thich/mudn udng bia bay khdng. De the hien rd y ngudi bi gay
khifn cd y dinh/cd mudn thuc hien hanh dpng dd hay khdng, hanh

(J6ng gay khie'n dupe thuc hien mot each tu nguyen se the hien ro neu
d6ng tir trong each ndi cho va nhan dupe diing (-^-S yarn, fclf-S 
ageru, < tl-S kureru, t b 3 morau). So sanh cac cau sau se tha'y ro:

(18a) 6Cli %\Z m^ ^ ^ - f r / i o

Chichi wa watashi ni sake wo nomaseta.
Cha toi cho?/ bit? tdi udng sake.

(18b) ^{t mz. m^ ^t^x < tifz.

Chichi wa watashi ni sake wo nomasete kureta.
Cha tdi cho tdi udng sake.

Y bi bit lam gl va thay liing tiing hay mien cudng lam, dupe the
hien rd qua eiu tnic gay kbien bi dpng {^^S.^^^^ -shieki ukemi 
kei/causative-passive construction)*

h (19) W:t^^T^^J:(Dlztty:t^x:i^hW:i^^i^tzo

H Uta ga beta na noni karaoke de nido mo utawasareta.

Tdi hat dd the ma bi bdt hat karaoke hai Ian.

(20) M^W^tz<^£^^(D\Z^ m^^^tvXL^^fZo

Tosbi wo kakitakunai noni, kakasarete shimaUa.

Toi khdng mudn viet ra tuoi ciia minh the ma bi bdt viet.

' CSu trOc gay khi^n bj dOng dupe c^u tgo bang each th6m dudi b t i ^ vao than
ilOng tif th^ gay khl^n bi dOng (causative-passtve verbs) Vi dg:

t i t i m ^ t i ^ i t ^ ::> ti^it^^S (hanasaserareru -bi bat n6.)

ftK^(an)=>:t^^ti:'5=>^^^1^^^^(tabesaserareru-b!batan)

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(non-votional entity); 2/ tuy theo ngu* canh hoac tlnh hudng ma cau
dien dat y ngudi gay khien cho phep (permissive) hay bdt bugc 
(coercive) ngudi bj gay khien thuc hien hanh vi nao dd.

23.1. Vdi tu ddng tir/dpng tir npi dpng ( S l f i l ^ -jidousha), ne'u mudn

the hien y ngudi bi gay khien cd y dinh (intentionalli) thuc hien hanh
dpng dupe gay khien thi hanh ddng nay se dupe danh dau bing trp tir

\Z. (ni) (12). Ngupc lai, trp tir ^ ( w o ) cd the dupe diing ma khdng tmh

den y mudn cua ngudi bi gay khien (12). Cau c6 y "bit bupc" hay 
"cho phep" la tuy tlnh hudng va ngdcanh [xem (13). (14), (15).]

(14) fX^ii to tm^L fz^^ t m orzO)X ^mt'i&-k

Akiko wa motto benkyo shitai to itta node, watashi wa
kanojo wo/ni daigaku ni ikaseru koto ni shita.

Akiko da ndi la mudn hpc nila nen tdi quyet dinb cho no 
di hoc dai hpc.

(15) ^'X^ummLfzi ^j:^^tmorzmiiim-it:i:^^

im^^it6:Lti:.Ltz ^

Akiko wa benkyo shitakunai to itta ga, watashi wa
kanojo wo daigaku ni ikaseru koto ni shita.

Akiko da ndi la khdng mudn hpc nira nhung tdi quyet
dinh hat no di hpc dai hpc.

(14) mi yi^i7W'm^^^j:^i^.^ mms" opu'^-^fz °

Watashi wa suisei ga kiraina kodomo wo muriyari
oyogaseta.

(Toi bdt con tdi, vd'n kbdng thich boi, phai boi.) 
(16) mi . & ^ ^ $ ? ^ ^ J : 9 l C m^'^itfz °

Watashi wa musuko wo sukinayou ni oyogaseta.
(Tdi cho eon trai tdi boi thoa thich.)

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(17) -mim'Fizmm'^'0 iz-^i^^mtz^

Ichiro wa Yukiko ni muriyari biiru wo nomaseta.
(Ichiro bit/ cho Yukiko udng bia.)

Trong trudng hop (16), neu chi qua dien ngdn, rat khd biet
Yukiko thich/mud'n udng bia bay kbdng. De the hien rd y ngudi bi gay
khi^n cd y dinb/cd mudn thuc hien hanh dpng dd bay khong, hanh
ddng gay khien dupe thuc hien mot each tu nguyen se the hien ro neu
dong tir trong each ndi cho va nhan dupe diing (•^'5 yarn, fcif'5 
ageru, < ti-S) kureru, t b 5 morau). So sanh cac cau sau se thay rd:

(18a) 'J:{imz.m^^1^^fz.

Chichi wa watashi ni sake wo nomaseta.
Cha tdi cho?/ bit? tdi udng sake.

(18b) ym mz. m^ ^t-ttx < titz.

Chichi wa watashi ni sake wo nomasete kureta.
Cha toi cho tdi udng sake.

Y bi bit lam gl va thay liing tiing hay mien cudng lam, dupe the'
hien ro qua eiu tnic gay khien bi dpng ({^tS^#ft^ -shieki ukemi
kei/causative-passive construction)'

(19) W:t^^T^^J:(D\z.tty:t^X^mhW:i^^titZo 
Uta ga beta na noni karaoke de nido mo utawasareta.
Tdi hat dd the ma bi bdt bat karaoke hai Ian.

(20) M^W^fz<fj:\^^(Dl^^ mt^^tiXLt^tZo 
Tosbi wo kakitakunai noni, kakasarete shimatta.

Tdi kbdng mudn viet ra tuoi ciia minh the ma bi bdt viet.

• Ctfu triic gay khi^n bj ddng du-pc c4u tgo bang each th6m dufli . ^ t i ^ vao than
dOng tCf th^ gay khl^n bi dOng (causative-passive verbs) Vi du

IS1-(n6i) z ^ l i ^ t ^ - S ^ ti^^t^nS (hanasaserareru -bj bat n6i)

ft-<^(an) => ^-<^i^^^ ; t ^ ? i ^ ^^^(tabesaserareru-b! bat an)

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Can luu y ring each ndi gay khie'n bi ddng ludn dien ta y: "bi
bat ai lam cai gi dd" (be made to do something) chu kbdng dien t i
"dupe ai cho phep lam cai gl 66" (be allowed to do something.)

Do 66, cd the tu tin dich cac cau sau sang tieng Viet:

(21) fUi'jtHz m^x mh^htzo

Watashi wa chichi ni aruite kaerasareta.
Tdi bi cha bdt di bd ve nha.

(22) fu^li K^\z m^ ^t^htitz.

Kazuo wa Natsuko ni sake wo nomaserareta.
Kazuo bi Natsuko bdt udng sake.

2.3.2. Ngoai ra, the' shieki cdn diing de dien dat y dial/ cdi gi

do lam/ trd thdnh dieu minh mudn, khdng ngdn cdn /^A^ S S iZ'f'^

S S l ^ L T l h i ^ / ^ l ' ' - b i t o ga jiyuu ni suumamani shite tomenai) ma
trong tieng Viet cd the chuyen dich bing cac tir nhu cho/de/de cho

{cho vdi y cho phep, di/dicho vdi y khdng ngan can.)

(23) Uli^/^mfUX i/i-^^zish^ttzo

Watashi wa reizoko de miruko wo kooraseta.
Tdi de/decho sira ddng lai trong tu lanh.

(24) m^-^-^ii "T-m^-B^ <i^mx mt-^xi'

Wakai mama wa kodomo wo ichinichiju koen de
asobaseteiru. ^

Ba me tre cho/de/de cho con minh tu do no diia d cdng 
vien sudt ngay.

(25) '^-kiimmi-^tz^^h tz< ^/u^^^titzo

Kanojo wa sake ga suki dakara takusan nomasareta.
VI cd ay thich udng sa ke nen tdi da cho/de/de cho cd iy 
udng nhieu.

(26) "T-mzhiz $f#/^i9fwr-r;^^ y i . ^ ^-<^

/Co

Kodomotaebi ni sukinayo ni aisukurimu wo tabesaseta.
Tdi cho bpn tre tha bd an kem.

482

6o\

1

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i;27) Z(DV-J^ii i^^Mcmtz'^i: 9 tS^Oo

Kono gemu wa Jimu ni kataseyou to omcu.
Tdi nghl la se cho/de/de cho Jim thing tran nay. 
(28) Kmt %{^=f-y y^ ^i^b-fr/Co

Tomodachi wa watashi ni chippu wo harawaseta.
Ban toi cho/de/de cho toi tra tien tip.

Diem khac biet cin luu y trong tieng Viet la sic thai nghla ciia

cho va dec6 khi khac nhau. Cho luon mang sic thai nghla tich cue,

trong khi deco khi la cho phep, dong thuan, nhung cung cd khi diing 
dien dat y chii the de mac cho ddi tupng lam hanh dpng gi dd khong 
mudn can thiep hay giiip do vdi sic thai nghla tieu cue.

2.3.3. The shieki cung diing de dien dat y Idm/ldm cho ai cd cam giac 
the nao (A(D%i^h- hito no kimochi).

(29) mi^mi^^Ay^A^^M'SLfj:^^(DX\ W^'bUi^ 
Kare wa kazoku ni zenzen renraku shinai node, mina wo
shinpai sasemashita.

Anh ay khdng lien lac gl vdi gia dinh nen Idm/ldm clw 
mpi ngudi lo ling.

(30) '^mifltzh^mLi^X<il^o

Ongaku wa watashitachi wo tanoshimasetc kureru.
Am nbac Idm/ldm cho chiing toi vui.

(31)' ^^itfi^mh^tzo

Hirako wa watashi wo komaraseta.

Hirako Idm/ldm cho tdi bdi rdi.

2.3.4. The shieki cdn dupe diing trong each ndi lich su, dien dat y xin
phep {T^^J^ism^^- tei nei na onegai). Tuong duong, trong tieng 
Viet CO the diing tir, to hpp tir xin hay... cho, de, de cho)

(32) 0^0{i^*-ti:ri^/'c/-c#/cl^cD^-r;)^

Ashita wa yasumasete itadakitai no desu ga.
Neay mai xin cho tdi nghi.

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(33) ^(Dit^n -tfi> mz ^^."frT < ff ^ i \

Sono shigoto wa zebi watashi ni yarasete kudasai.
Cdng viec nay thi xin cho tdi dupe lam.

(34) M^.^M^ $ - a - T < ff $ I \ 
Tokyo e annai sasete kudasai.

Xin bay de tdi dupe hudng din den Tokyo.

Trong nhimg tlnh hudng cd tfnh each than mat, thong tuc, khi
dich sang tieng Viet, cd the thay xin cho/xin hay decho tbanh di:

(35) %\Z^f^^X<fz^\\ 
Watashi bi utawasete kudasai,

£>i tdi bat.

(36) mz^^^^^x.

Watashi ni kangaesasete kudasai.
De tdi suy nghl.

3. K ^ T LUAN

Neu mudn hie'u ngdn ngir vdi tu each la mpl boat dpng giao le',
mpl hinh ihurc hanh dpng cd muc dich thuc tien trong sinh boat con
ngudi, vice hpc nghla tir vung, hpc cu phap thdi van chua du. Chiing la
cdn phai hi^u each boat ddng ciia tir trong he tbdng ngdn ngu khi tir
thuc hien nhiem vu cua no. Thudng thi vice hpc bdi mot ngdn ngO nay
cd the giup nhln ra nhirng van de ciia ngdn ngu khac mpl each sang to
hon. Ddi chieu cac each ndi cua tieng Viet vdi the shieki trong tieng
Nhat. hay each ndi gay khien trong tieng Anh thong qua vice lim hie'u
npi dung nghla, nghla ngdn trung, dung phap cua timg tir irong day tir
gSn nghla nhu nluy, thui, bdo, bat/bat hiidc, ep. ep bugc, cicdng bicc,

cho, di/de cho, Idm cho, v.v... nhu da phan lich d tren, ngudi viet hi

vpng se giiip hoc vien tuong minh hon, lay dd lam co sd giiip hoc vien
chuyen dich hoac sir dung tir chinh xac hon trong nhiirng boat ddng
giao le.

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T A I L I E U THAM K H A O CHINH

1. Austin J.L (1962), How to do things with words, Cambridge, 
Haward University Press.

2. Cao Xuan Hao (2004), Tiihg Viet, sa thdo ngic phdp chiec ndng, 
tai ban lin 3, NXB KHXH, Tp.HCM.

3. Nguyen Thi Thanh Ngan, ''Nhd " vd "Yiu cau'' trong tiihg Viet, 
Ngdn ngir & Ddi song, sd 4/ 2007."

4. Nguyen Van Hue, Doan Le Giang (dich) (1999), Td dien ngiC

phdp tiihg Nhat, NXB Tre.

5. Seiichi Makiko& Micbio Tsutsui (1998), A Dictionary of Basic

Japanese Grammar, the Japan Times.

6. The Japanese Language Proficiency Test, 2003, Unicom Inc.,
Japan.