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博士学位论文
汉越是非问句对比研究

学 位 申 请 人 姓 名:
申 请 学 位 学 生 类 别:

冯氏雪
全日制博士


申 请 学 位 学 科 专 业:

语言学及应用语言学

指 导 教 师 姓 名:

吴振国 教授



博士学位论文

汉越是非问句对比研究

论文作者： 冯氏雪
指导教师： 吴振国 教授
学科专业： 语言学及应用语言学
研究方向： 应用语言学

华中师范大学文学院


2014 年 4 月

Dissertation
The contrastive study of yes no questions
in Chinese and Vietnamese

By
Phung Thi Tuyet
Supervisor: Professor Wu Zhen Guo
Specialty: Linguistics and Applied Linguistics
Research Area: Applied Linguistics

College of Literature


Central China Normal University
April，2014


华中师范大学学位论文原创性声明和使用授权说明
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集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出贡献的个人和集体，均已在
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中文摘要
疑问句历来一直受到语言学者的关注。由于研究视角的不同，疑问句一般被分为不同的次
类。汉越是非问句是根据其结构及回答特点而分出来的。该类问句要么由疑问语气词，要么由
疑问语调来构成的。由于其使用频率高，而且，在交际中能表达不同的言语功能，因此对是非
问句的研究无疑是十分有意义的课题 。此外，至今为止，尚未出现有关汉越是非问句的对比研
究。为了弥补这方面的空缺，我们选择汉越是非问句作为本文研究内容。
本文除了引言、结语和后记以外，分为四章，即：第一章 汉越是非问句句法对比；第二章
汉越是非问句语义对比；第三章 汉越是非问句功能对比；第四章 越南学生习得汉语是非问句
的偏误分析。
本文在引言部分主要先对汉越疑问句以及汉越是非问句重新做了界定。同时，对汉越是非
问句的研究现状做了简单的介绍。为了能够为论文写作打下可靠的理论基础，我们借用语言类
型学理论、三维语法论及小三角论、言语行为理论、会话含义与会话关联伦、语境以及预设等
对汉越是非问句进行研究。
第一章通过疑问句的疑问标记分析，指出汉越是非问句的疑问标记类型；在对两种语言中
疑问语气词的界定的基础上，指出汉越是非问句的抽象句法模式，并进一步细化成各种类型，
从问句及答句角度对汉语是非问句的语表进行研究。
第二章首先分析汉越是非问句的疑问句焦点、疑问程度以及预设，其次对汉越是非问句的
有疑而问问句和无疑而问问句进行语义对比，最后对汉越是非问句的答句语义类型做了分析。
第三章借用 Searle 的言语行为理论对汉越是非问句进行进一步研究，指出制约是非问句直
接言语行为和间接言语行为的条件。因为该章节集中研究汉越是非问句的语值，因此我们主要

对是非问句的间接言语行为进行分类和分析。按其在交际中实现的功能将汉越是非问句分成祈
使功能是非问句、观点表达功能是非问句、情感表达功能是非问句和寒暄功能是非问句。此外，
对汉越是非问句在会话中答句的言语行为加以分析和对比。
第四章在汉越是非问句语表、语里和语值对比的基础上，结合对越南学生学习汉语和中国
学生学习越南语的考察结果，指出越南学生习得汉语是非问句时常见的偏误类型，分析偏误成
因，并且提出一些对越汉语是非问句的教学建议。
结语部分综合前四章的研究结果，指出本论文的实践价值，同时指出我们研究中的不足以
及尚待进一步解决的问题。
关键词：汉越；是非问句；对比；句法模式；语义；功能；偏误

I


Abstract
Questions have always been the focus of linguistic study. Due to various research perspectives,
questions are usually divided into different classes. Yes/No questions in the Chinese and Vietnamese
languages are classified by the syntactic features. This kind of question is formed by the use of
interrogative words or interrogative intonation. Because of its high frequency of use and its various
speech functions, Yes/No question research is worth to gain researchers‘ attention. So far, no
comparative studies of Chinese and Vietnamese have been conducted. In order to make up the gap, a
research on Yes/No questions has been chosen.
This study, besides the introduction and acknowledgement, is divided into six chapters. Chapter
One introduces the theory of Yes/No questions; chapter Two deals with the syntactic comparison of
Yes/No questions in Chinese and Vietnamese; chapter Three shows semantic contrast of Yes/No
questions in Chinese and Vietnamese; chapter Four compares the speech function; chapter Five
analyzes Vietnamese students‘ errors in using Chinese Yes/No questions; and chapter Six presents the
conclusion of the research.
The first chapter mainly introduces the main theoretical basis used to carry out this study. In
order to obtain a holistic research result, the three linguistic aspects including syntactics, semantics
and function will be carefully discussed. To lay a theoretical foundation for a reliable study, we use

the following theories language typology, Fallon and small triangle on three-dimensional language,
speech act theory, conversational implicature and conversational relevance Lun, context and
presupposition of Chinese yes no question research.
The second chapter provides the signs to identify Yes/No questions in Chinese and Vietnamese
through the analysis of question identification signs. Based on the definition of Yes/No questions,
general syntactic patterns are suggested and smaller patterns are introduced as well. Additionally,
general syntactic patterns of answers to Yes/No questions are also presented.
The third chapter analyzes the focus in Yes/No questions and presupposition first, then makes a
semantic comparison between direct and indirect Yes/No questions in Chinese and Vietnamese. After
that a semantic analysis of answers to Yes/No questions in Chinese and Vietnamese is conducted.
The fourth chapter uses Searle's direct and indirect speech act to study Yes/No questions in
Chinese and Vietnamese. These study results help to build up the regulations to have successful
direct and indirect speech act of Yes/No questions in Chinese and Vietnamese. This chapter focuses
mainly on pragmatics of Yes/No questions in Chinese and Vietnamese, therefore an analysis and a
II


comparison of direct and indirect speech act of Yes/No questions in Chinese and Vietnamese are paid
more attention. In this chapter, a detailed analysis of Yes/No questions in Chinese and Vietnamese
showing imperatives, opinions, feelings and emotions, and dialogues is presented. In addition, a
comparative analysis of speech act of answers to Yes/No questions is carried out.
In the fifth chapter, based on the results of investigation of syntactics, semantics and pragmatics
of Yes/No questions in Chinese and Vietnamese combining with an analysis of Vietnamese students‘
errors in using Chinese Yes/No questions, errors are classified and analyzed to find out the reasons
and solutions
In the last chapter, Chapter Six, all the research results of the five previous chapters are
summarized; the practical value, the weakness of the thesis and problems to be solved are presented.

Keywords: Chinese and Vietnamese; Yes/No questions; comparison; syntactic pattern; semantics,
function; error

III


IV


目

录

中文摘要 ······················································································································································· I
Abstract ······················································································································································· II
术语缩略表 ··················································································································································· 1
0.引言 ···························································································································································· 1
0.1 研究对象 ······························································································································· 1
0.1.1 疑问句的界定和分类 ····································································································· 1
0.1.2 是非问句的界定 ············································································································· 5
0.2 相关研究综述 ······················································································································· 8
0.2.1 汉语是非问句的研究 ····································································································· 8
0.2.2 越南语是非问句的研究·································································································· 9
0.2.3 汉越是非问句对比研究································································································ 10
0.3 研究任务和意义··················································································································· 11
0.3.1 研究任务 ························································································································ 11
0.3.2 研究意义 ······················································································································· 11
0.4 研究方法及语料来源 ·········································································································· 12
0.4.1 主要运用的研究方法 ··································································································· 12
0.4.2 语料来源 ······················································································································ 12
0.5 相关理论背景······································································································································· 13
0.5.1 语言类型学理论 ··············································································································· 13

0.5.2 三维语法论及小三角论 ··································································································· 13
0.5.3 言语行为理论··················································································································· 14
0.5.3.1 塞尔对施事行为的分类 ····························································································· 14
0.5.3.2 直接言语行为和间接言语行为 ················································································· 15
0.5.4 会话含义与会话关联伦 ··································································································· 16
0.5.4.1 会话含义···················································································································· 16
0.5.4.2 会话关联论 ················································································································ 17
0.5.5 语境 ·································································································································· 17
0.5.6 预设 ·································································································································· 18
0.5.7 小结 ··································································································································· 19


1.汉越是非问句句法对比 ························································································································· 20
1.1 汉越是非问句的句法结构 ·································································································· 20
1.1.1 疑问句的疑问标记 ······································································································· 20
1.1.2 是非问句的疑问标记类型 ···························································································· 21
1.1.3 疑问标记复用 ··············································································································· 22
1.2 汉越疑问语气词是非问句的句法模式对比 ········································································ 23
1.2.1 汉语是非问句的语气词································································································ 23
1.2.2 越南语是非问句的语气词 ···························································································· 24
1.2.3 汉越含有疑问语气词是非问使用模式对比 ································································· 26
1.3 汉越语调是非问句使用模式对比 ······················································································· 34
1.3.1 汉语语调是非问句类型································································································ 34
1.3.2 越语语调是非问句类型································································································ 35
1.4 汉越附加型是非问句使用模式对比 ··················································································· 39
1.4.1 汉语附加型是非问句 ··································································································· 39
1.4.2 越南语附加型是非问句································································································ 40
1.5 汉越特指型是非问句使用模式对比 ··················································································· 44
1.5.1 汉语特指型是非问句模式 ···························································································· 44
1.5.2 越南语特指型是非问句模式 ························································································ 44

1.6 汉越是非问句的答句表达模式对比 ··················································································· 45
1.6.1 汉语是非问句的答句 ··································································································· 45
1.6.2 越南语是非问句的答句································································································ 50
1.7 本章小结 ······························································································································ 54
2.汉越是非问句语义对比 ························································································································· 55
2.1 疑问焦点 ····························································································································· 55
2.1.1 疑问焦点类型 ··············································································································· 56
2.1.2 凸显焦点的机制 ··········································································································· 58
2.2 疑问程度 ····························································································································· 60
2.2.1 汉语是非问句的疑问程度 ···························································································· 60
2.2.2 越南语是非问句的疑问程度 ························································································ 64
2.3 是非问句的预设·················································································································· 65
2.3.1 问句预设与焦点 ··········································································································· 65


2.3.2 问句预设与回答 ··········································································································· 66
2.4 汉越有疑而问是非问句的语义分析对比············································································ 67
2.4.1 汉越纯询问型是非问句的语义特征············································································· 68
2.4.2 汉越揣测型是非问句的语义特征 ················································································ 68
2.4.3 汉越确认型是非问句的语义特征 ················································································ 70
2.5 汉越无疑而问是非问句的语义分析对比············································································ 71
2.5.1 汉越请求型是非问句的语义对比 ················································································ 71
2.5.2 汉越观点型是非问句的语义对比 ················································································ 72
2.5.3 汉越情感表达型是非问句的语义分析对比 ································································· 74
2.5.4 汉越寒暄型是非问句的语义分析对比 ········································································· 76
2.6 汉越是非问句答语的语义类型对比 ··················································································· 76
2.6.1 直接性答语··················································································································· 77
3.6.2 间接性答语··················································································································· 79
3.6.3 答非所问的答语 ············································································································ 79
2.7 本章小结 ······························································································································ 80

3.汉越是非问句功能对比 ························································································································· 81
3.1 是非问句的直接言语行为 ·································································································· 81
3.1.1 制约言语行为交际成功的条件 ···················································································· 81
3.1.2 纯疑问是非问句的交际成功条件 ················································································ 82
3.1.3 揣测是非问句的交际成功条件 ···················································································· 83
3.1.4 确认是非问句的交际成功条件 ···················································································· 83
3.2 是非问句的间接言语行为 ·································································································· 84
3.2.1 是非问句间接言语行为的确定 ···················································································· 84
3.2.2 汉越祈使功能型是非问句对比 ···················································································· 87
3.2.3 汉越观点表达功能型是非问句对比············································································· 94
3.2.4 汉越情感表达功能型是非问句对比············································································102
3.2.5 汉越寒暄功能型是非问句对比 ···················································································106
3.3 汉越是非问句会话中答句言语行为对比···········································································109
3.3.1 表肯定意义的汉越是非问句答句的施事行为类型 ·····················································109
3.3.2 表否定意义的汉越是非问句答句的施事行为类型 ····················································· 113
3.4 本章小结 ····························································································································· 118


4.越南学生习得汉语是非问句的偏误分析 ·························································································· 119
4.1 对有关概念等的说明 ········································································································· 119
4.1.1 偏误界定 ····················································································································· 119
4.1.2 偏误分析意义 ·············································································································· 119
4.1.3 对比分析与偏误分析 ··································································································120
4.2 是非问句偏误类型 ·············································································································120
4.2.1 对比性偏误··················································································································121
4.2.2 非对比性偏误 ··············································································································128
4.3 是非问句偏误成因 ·············································································································131
4.3.1 汉语是非问句本身的特点 ···························································································131
4.3.2 母语负迁移··················································································································132
4.3.3 教材方面的编写 ··········································································································132

4.3.4 教学误导 ·····················································································································132
4.3.5 学习者的学习态度 ······································································································133
4.4 越南学生汉语是非问句教学建议 ······················································································133
4.4.1 注重对比 ·····················································································································133
4.4.2 注重偏误分析 ··············································································································134
4.4.3 情境合理 ·····················································································································134
4.5 本章小结 ·····························································································································134
5. 结 语 ·················································································································································· 135
用例来源 ··················································································································································· 138
附 录 ······················································································································································· 139
参考文献 ··················································································································································· 153
后 记 ······················································································································································· 159


术语缩略表
序号

汉语术语

英文字母的缩写

1

动词

V

2

动词短语

Vp

3

动词结果补短语

Vrc

4

动词趋向补语短语

Vdc

5

命题

P

6

疑问句语气词前的成分

S

7

肯定词语

Aw

8

否定词语

Nw

9

谓词

Pw

图表目录
表一 汉越是非问句疑问标记表 ·································································································· 23
表二 “S +吗？”的动词类型派生句式表 ························································································ 27
表三 “吗”字是非问句动词性谓词的体类型表 ·············································································· 30
表四 越南语语调是非问句功能类型比较表 ················································································· 37
表五 越文文学作品中附加是非问句―S‖和―X‖间有无逗号的比较表 ·········································· 43
表六 汉越是非问句互译偏误例句 ·······························································································124
表七 越南学生汉语是非问句语义偏误表 ··················································································125
表八 中国学生答句形式比较表 ···································································································126
表九 中国学生和越南学生答句中句法成分省略比较表 ·····························································127
表十 越南学生疑问语气词误用偏误表 ·······················································································129
1


2

3


0.引言
疑问句是根据句子的语气而分出来的一种句子。其是人们在认识客观世界中及交际过程当
中具有典型、普遍性的言语行为的产品，在人们的实践活动和认识过程中举足重要的位置。疑
问句内又分成数个小类，即是非问句、正反问句、特指问句和选择问句。是非问句作为疑问句
系统中的成员，因其特有的语法结构、语义及功能上的特点使得其在实际交际中的位置是不可
思议的。因此，这是一个值得研究的问题。

0.1 研究对象
0.1.1 疑问句的界定和分类
0.1.1.1 汉语疑问句的界定和分类
汉语学界对疑问句的认识较为一致，一直将疑问句放在语气范畴内进行研究。在汉代的文
献注释中早就注意疑问词的用法，提出“语之助”、“声之助”之说，只不过古人对疑问句的研究其
目的是为了训释经典文献而已，并没有形成体系。
马建忠在《马氏文通》中基于“字本位”的观点而在汉语词类中划分出助字，其后再将其细
分为传信助字和传疑助字，这就是把句子按语气分为传信和传疑两类。
黎锦熙在《新著国语文法》一文中延用了马建忠的观点，即是在“语气_____助词细目”中分
析了疑问句，至此，形成了疑问句划归范畴，但其没有对疑问句作深入研究。
吕叔湘在他的《中国文法要略》该书中，把疑问句研究推上了新的台阶，他不但对疑问句
做了分类，而且还讲解了构成疑问句的手段。他在文中表示，构成是非问句的手段，可以单用
语调来表示或者用句末疑问语气词来表示。同时，吕叔湘还提出了疑问点、疑问程度，把疑问
中的“疑”和“惑”区分开来；并讨论了反诘问、间接问以及问句的应用。总之，吕叔湘的疑问句探
讨对后来汉语疑问句的研究有很大的影响。
黄伯荣（1957）认为，疑问句是向人家提问的句子。张静在《汉语语法问题》中，认为句
子是用来表达说话人的某种感情、态度，而由于说话人想要表达的感情或态度的不同，句子的
语气也随之而变。之后，他进一步说明“疑问句是向别人提出问题的句子，用疑问的语气表述”①。

从上述情况，我们可以看出，汉语比较偏重疑问的语气。
提及汉语疑问句的分类，我们知道，为了能够对疑问句进行更为全面的研究，务必对疑问
句进行分类。不过，由于语言学家在不同的视角下给疑问句分了类，因此，他们的分出来的结
果也是有所不同的。因此，我们有必要对疑问句的分类进行简要的回顾和展望。
①

张静．汉语语法问题[M]．北京：中国社会科学出版社，1987．第 715 页．

1


《马氏文通》一文中，将句子分为两大类，即“传信类”和“传疑类”。而“传疑”中再细分为三
个小类，即有疑而用以设问、无疑而用以拟议和不疑而用以咏叹。其次，上世纪 20 年代，黎
锦熙在《新著国语文法》中，沿用了马氏的观点，将疑问句分为三类，分别是“表然否的疑问”、
“助抉择或寻求的疑问”和“无疑而反诘语气”。
《马氏文通》和《新著国语文法》这两部著作，虽
然一对疑问句进行了分类，但其研究程度还不够深入。要在吕叔湘的《中国文法要略》问世之
后，受其影响，疑问句的研究才出现了新的热潮，与此同时，疑问句的分类渐渐系统化。要是
吕叔湘把疑问句分成：1.特指问，2.是非问，3.正反问，4.选择问。”等四类，黄伯荣同样也将
疑问句分成四类，而这四个小类的名称跟吕叔湘是一样的。
范继淹（1982）从语言的交际功的角度出发，对疑问句提出二分法，即选择问与特指问，
而在选择问中，指出是非问句是其中的一种特殊形式。陆建明（1982）也提出了疑问句的二分
法，即是非问句和非是非问句。邵敬敏（1996）将疑问句看成是一种选择，这种选择系统中又
可以分成两类：
（1）是非选择；
（2）特指选择。而这两类的区别表现在回答上，要是前者需要
作出肯定或否定的回答，后者则是需要有针对性的回答。邵敬敏认为，是非问句和正反问句是
同属是非选择类的，不过是非问句是属于单项选择的，而正反问句是双项选择的；同时，邵敬
敏在特指选择问中，又进一步将其分成“有定特指选择问”（即“选择问”）和“无定特指选择问”（即
“特指问”）

。可见，邵敬敏是走着一分二、二分四的分法途径的。
此外，有的学者根据疑问句中的疑问程度对疑问句进行了三分法。这样，就出现诸如“有疑
而问”、
“半信半疑”和“无疑而问”等名称。
而本文是考虑于教学的可取性，从问句的句法特点的视角出发，认为汉语疑问句可分为是
非问、正反问、特指问和选择问四种。
0.1.1.2 越南语疑问句的界定和分类
越南语的语法研究历史并不长，上世纪三十年代才出版有关越南语研究的第一部著作，即
是《Việt Nam văn phạm》
（
《越南文法》
）。其作者 Trần Trọng Kim 是在模仿西方传统语法（尤其
是法语语法）的基础上编写而成的。书中虽已提及疑问句，但对于疑问句的描述没有给予太多
的关注。
此后，从 1960 年至 1990 年，越南语研究受结构语法理论的影响，疑问句的研究主要停留
在句法研究上。自 1990 年至今，受功能语法理论的影响，越南语学界开始将其主导理论运用于
越南语语法研究中。
到目前为止，越南语方面对疑问句的研究也不少。
（1）首先关于疑问句的定义，Bùi Đức Tịnh （1952）在《Giáo trình Việt ngữ 》（《越南语
教程》
）一文中，认为：
“ Câu nghi vấn là câu được người nói sử dụng khi muốn tìm hiểu một sự việc
hoặc một sự vật nào đó （疑问句是说话者为了想了解某事或某事物而使用的句子）
”
；Nguyễn Kim
Thản（1964）
《Nghiên cứu về ngữ pháp tiếng Việt》
（《越南语语法研究》）进一步说明：
“Câu nghi vấn
2

là loại câu đưa ra vấn đề mà người nói thấy cịn chưa rõ, nói chung nó u cầu người nghe căn cứ vào
điểm hỏi mà đưa ra trần thuật. （
” 疑问句是提出说话人的疑惑的句子，它一般要求听话人针对疑
惑点作出陈述）
；Hồ Lê（1976）
，在《Tìm hiểu nội dung câu hỏi và cách thức thể hiện hỏi trong tiếng
Việt hiện đại》
（
《疑问句内容以及在现代越南语的疑问句表现形式初探》
）中，根据说话目的和
带有显示的疑问标记两个标准来确定疑问句，认为：
“ Câu nghi vấn là loại câu có sử dụng từ nghi
vấn hoặc ngữ điệu nghi vấn, chức năng của nó là đưa ra vấn đề mà người nghe cảm thấy hồ nghi
mong muốn nhận được sự giải đáp. ”（疑问句是使用疑问词或疑问语调的句子，其功能是提出说
话人因疑惑而需要得到答案的‖ ）；Hoàng Trọng Phiến （1980）
，在《Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt – Phần
câu》
（《越南语语法—句子》）认为，“疑问句是属于“实在化”范畴里的句子；陈述句是“现实”范
畴的句子，那么与陈述句相比，疑问句是属于“可能性”范畴，他还进一步强调，任何疑问句内
容都是突出“疑惑”；认为“陈述句、疑问句、祈使句之间的区别在于其在表达句法结构形式手段
上的差异，指出疑问句的语义内容是由“疑惑点”和说话人的意图两个因素构成的”； Nguyễn Thị
Lương（2009）在《Câu tiếng Việt》
（
《越南语句子》
）认为:“ Câu nghi vấn là loại câu mà người nói
thể hiện sự hồ nghi của mình với mong muốn nhận được sự giải đáp của người nghe.（疑问句是说话
”
人提出自己的疑惑并希望得到听话人的解答。

）
（2）关于疑问句的分类：
Trần Trọng Kim（1930）在《Việt Nam văn phạm》
（《越南文法》）中，根据疑问句的形式和
内容把疑问句分为如下几类:
第一类：含有疑问形式的疑问句（其问句内容相当于汉语的是非问），即是将‘状字’‘có’（词
译：‘有’）放在表示疑惑内容的词的前面，将‘状字’‘ khơng ’（词译：‘不’）放在句尾；
第二类：用来询问是否做了某件事，在句法上，将‘状字’‘đã’（词译：‘已经’ ）放在‘静字’ （形
容词）和‘动字’（动词）前面，将‘状字’ ‘ chưa ’（词译：‘了吗？’、‘没有？’）放在句尾；
第三类：使用‘助字’（这些助字各有其情态意义）来表示说话人在表态上的细微差别（相当
于使用疑问语气词的问句）
；
第四类：用来询问人的疑问句：要么用表疑问代词“ai”（词译：‘谁’），要么用指人的名词，
如“ ngườ i”（词译：‘人’）
、“ ông ”（词译：‘爷爷”）
、“ bà ”（词译：‘奶奶’）
、“ anh ”（词译：‘哥’）
放在‘疑问定指字’的“ nào ”（词译：‘哪’）前；
第五类：询问某事或某事物，问句里要么使用‘gì’（词译：‘什么’）放在句尾，要么使用‘gì’
（词译：‘什么’）
、‘ nào ’（词译：‘哪’）放在‘主词’（主语）里‘名字’（名词）后；
第五类：询问原材料、器具、工具；
第六类：询问其他内容，如原因、时间、数量、地点等；
I.S.Bystrov、Nguyễn Tài Cẩn、N.V.Stankevich （1975）
《Grammatika Vietnamscovo Iazjika，
Leningrad》一文中，把疑问句分成：‘整体’问句（此类问句所使用的语法手段有：疑问语气词
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及一些疑问模式）和‘局部’问句（此类问句所使用的表疑问的语法手段有：疑问代词、表选择的

连词‘hay ’（词译：‘还是’）以及一些固定的疑问模式）
。
Hoàng Trọng Phiến （1980）将疑问句分为两大类：“câu hỏi trống hay câu hỏi đơn giản ” （相
当于汉语疑问代词疑问句）和“ câu hỏi có dự kiến lựa chọn để trả lời ”（相当于疑问语气词是非问
句和选择问句）
。
Diệp Quang Ban（1996）在《Giáo trình ngữ pháp tiếng Việt –Tập hai》
（
《越南语语法第二卷》）
中，根据疑问句的构成手段把疑问句分类为：用疑问代词的疑问句（相当于汉语特指疑问句）
、
语调问句、选择问句（包括使用表示选择的连词‘hay’（词译：‘还是’）和一些固定的疑问模式，
如“có……khơng？”、
“ có phải……khơng? ”、“ đã……chưa? ”、
“V+ xong……chưa?”）以及用疑问语气
词的疑问句。
Cao Xuân Hạo（2007）
《Tiếng việt mấy vấn đề về ngữ âm，ngữ pháp，ngữ nghĩa》
（《试论越
南语的语音、语法、语义》
）基于疑问句的语义、语用特点，把疑问句分成两大类：直接疑问句，
即是用来询问，要求听话人给予答复，可以用来询问别人或者自己自问；间接疑问句：用疑问
形式来表示：肯定、否定、反驳、怀疑、解释、感叹、祈使、担忧、威胁、喜悦等意图。
Nguyễn Kim Thản（2008）在《Nghiên cứu về ngữ pháp tiếng Việt-Tập 2》
（
《越南语语法-第二
卷》
）中根据疑问句的性质以及疑问词语将疑问句分成四类，即‘整体’问句、‘局部’问句、选择问
句及“宽域”问句（此类问句跟汉语里的特指性是非问句相同）；同时 Nguyễn Kim Thản 从语用角
度出发，根据疑问句的间接用法，将其细分为：“ câu nghi vấn- phủ định ”（表否定意义的肯定形

式问句）
、“ câu nghi vấn- khẳng định ”（表肯定意义的否定形式问句）
、“ câu nghi vấn- cầu khiến ”
（祈使表达问句）及“ câu nghi vấn biểu cảm ”（情感表达问句）等。
Nguyễn Thị Lương（2009）在《Câu tiếng Việt》（《越南语句子》）中根据疑问形式将疑问句
分为使用疑问副词的疑问句（其意义相当于汉语的表纯询问的‘吗’字是非问句和正反问句）、使
用表选择的关联词的疑问句（其意义相当于汉语里使用连词‘还是’的选择问句）、使用疑问代词
的疑问句（其意义相当于汉语里的特指问句）
、使用情态助词的疑问句（其意义相当于汉语里的
疑问语气词是非问句）
。
总之，越南语学者虽对疑问句内部小类的命名有时存有不同，但一般都认为越南语疑问句
里包含带有疑问代词的问句、选择问句、带有疑问语气词的问句等类型。有的著作偶尔也提及
语调问句，如 Diệp Quang Ban（1996、2009）。语调问句之所以没有其他问句的重视是因为越南
语语音系统里声调较丰富，要是越南语里面问句末使用上升语调，句末的音节容易被变成另一
音节，影响到听话者的接受，因此，越南语里趋于用句末疑问语气词代替上升疑问语调①。越
南语中对疑问句的研究由于研究者的研究视角不同而在疑问句的定义、分类存在不全一致的现
象，但越南语学界跟汉语学界一样，一般都将疑问句归入语气范畴里。
①

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Nguyễn Thị Lương.Câu tiếng Việt.2009. NXB Đại học Sư phạm. P127.


0.1.2 是非问句的界定
汉语和越南语在疑问句定义及内部分类因各自特点而有所不同。但，对疑问句的认识可称
较为一致。而该如何界定汉越是非问句，这是值得关注的问题。
0.1.2.1 汉语是非问句的界定
虽然汉语学界对什么是疑问句的描述不尽相同，但是对是非问句的界定，却没有太大的分

歧，基本都是从回答的角度说明什么是是非问句①。
汉语对是非问句的描述中，黎锦熙称其为表然否的疑问句，吕叔湘指出这类问句可以用“然”
和“否”回答。后来，范继淹和邵敬敏提出“然”和“否”也是一种选择，由此，把是非问句视作选择
问句。而黄伯荣对是非问句提出了自己独到的见解，认为是非问句是疑问句的一种表达方式，
他从描写的角度说明是非问句是什么样：“是非问句有点像陈述句，但是要用升语调或语气助词
‘吗’等。用这种句子提问时人家可以用‘是、嗯’或者‘不、不是、没有’作答复。是非问句有的只用
声调，有的兼用语气助词”，这说明黄伯荣已对是非问句做了比较深入的描写。张伯江则从命题
的角度认为是非问句是“我们针对一个命题的提问，要求答话者判断是非的疑问句叫做是非问句
（包括附加问句、反复问句和‘吗’问句）”。
朱德熙在《语法讲义》中，从构成手段出发，提出是非问句是由一个陈述句的语调变成疑
问语调的句子，其末尾可以带上像“啊”、“吧”或“吗”等语气词。他还认为，语气词“呢”是不能出现
在是非问句末。
范继淹在《是非问句的句法形式》中认为，汉语是非问句是选择问句中的一个小类，同时
其对是非问句句法形式做了较为细致的研究。
吕叔湘在《疑问·否定·肯定》一文中，对特指问、是非问、正反问、选择问、回声问和间
接问等进行了分析。
林裕文在其《谈疑问句》中指出，从问句形式上，疑问代词、“A 还是 B”结构、“X 不 X”结
构以及语气词是作为确定疑问句类型的依据。文中，林裕文还谈到是非问句中疑问焦点与回答，
他认为答句要是对问句中整个命题做出肯定或否定，那问句就没有疑问焦点，不过当说话人借
助重音手段突出疑问焦点时，答句中不能光是肯定或否定回答了，而需要针对问句中的疑问焦
点做出回答。
黄国营的《“吗”字用法初探》
，从多值逻辑视角出发对 “吗”字疑问句进行了分析，并将其分
成 5 个小类。
邢福义《现代汉语的特指性是非问》集中分析了特指性是非问句，此类问句中除了疑问语
气词“吗”出现在句子末尾外，还包含另一个疑问代词。他认为，这是特指问和是非问结合的一
种问句。邵敬敏在《汉语语法的立体研究》中也持同样的观点。
①

兰巧玲,俄汉是非问句对比[D]，2007，黑龙江大学博士论文学位，第 3 页.

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