Chính sách của Mỹ trong quan hệ với pháp thời kỳ 1789-1815.

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48 <b>SO 10-2009 </b> <b>CHAU MY NGAY NAY </b>

<b>CHiNH SACH CUA MY TRONG </b>

<b>OUAN HE V6l PHAP THCJl KY 1789 -1815 </b>

C

udc cdch mang tU s i n nam 1789
di vao lich sif nUdc Phap ndi
rieng va lich sif nhan loai ndi
chung nhu mdt budc chuyen vi dai,
danh dau mot thdi ky mdi cua sii phat
trien xa hdi lodi ngUdi. Mac du day
khdng phii la cudc each mang tU s i n
diu tien, nhifng t i m vde cua nd da tdc
dpng manh me v i sau sac de'n tinh
hinh chau Au cung nhu den bUdc
chuyen tif che dp phong kien sang che
dp tu b i n chil nghia. Sii tac ddng ay
khdng chi diing lai d dd md cdn ldm
cho quan he giUa cic nUdc d chau Au
trd nen sdi ddng v i phifc tap hdn trong
mot thdi ky ddi. dUa de'n viec thiet lap
mdt trat tu mdi trong quan he qud'c te
-Trat tu Vienna (1815). Tuy nhien,
trong qua trinh dinh hinh nen tang
cho trat tii quan he qud'c te ndy, nUdc
My h i u nhu lai khdng cd dd'u d'n gi.
Dieu nay khdng chi xua't phat til sii xa
each ve dia ly, sii non tre ve sifc manh
de cd the can dii de'n chdu Au cua Anh
va Phdp ma cdn Id ke't qua dac trUng

trong chinh sdch cua My ddi vdi ben
ngodi, trong dd cd Phdp.

Hdn 2 thdng trUdc khi cuoc Dai
each mang nd ra d Phap, ngay
30/4/1789, Geerge Washington long
trpng tuyen the nham chifc Tdng
thd'ng dau tien cua nUdc My, Sau khi
len n i m chinh quyen, ben canh nhiem
vu cimg cd nen kinh te trong nUdc va
ldm cho qud'c gia difdc dn dinh ve tai
chinh, G, Washington khdng he coi

<b>ThS. Diftfng Quang Hiep </b>

<i>Dgi hgc Khoa hgc Hue </i>
thUdng cac van de lien quan de'n
chinh sach doi vdi the gidi ben ngoai,
trong dd cc Phap. Muc tieu cua chinh
sach del ngoai cua Tong thd'ng
Washington la duy tri hda binh, xay
diing mot nUdc My doc lap, trung lap
vdi cac nUdc chau Au. Nudc My chu
trUdng khdng lien minh hay nga theo
ben nao hoac tham dii vao bat ky cuoc
chien tranh ciia mot niidc chau Au nac
nham tao cho minh mot thdi gian can
thiet de han gan vet thUdng chien
tranh va tiep tuc tien trinh nhat the
hda dan tpc. De thiic hien thang ldi

muc tieu ndi tren, nUdc My da thi
hanh chinh sach trung lap trong quan
he vdi Phap va cac nUdc chau Au khac.

Mac dil d xa va biet lap vdi chau Au
tren phUdng dien dia ly song My
khdng the tranh khdi sii tac ddng cua
cac bien cc' chinh tri ldn xay ra tren
ciiu luc dja. Chinh vi vay, chinh sach
ddi ngoai cua G. Washington thdi ky
nay hoan toan bi chi phoi bdi cac bie'n
<i>cd'ciia cudc Cach mang Phap "diidc tdt </i>

<i>cd cdc tdng ldp nhan ddn My theo dot </i>
<i>mgt cdch say sita"\ Cuoc each mang </i>

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<b>CHAU MY NGAY NAY </b> <b>SO 10-2009 </b> 49
trong thdi gian didn ra chien tranh

gianh dpc lap la mot sii "ban dn" md
ngUdi My khdng bad gid tra het dn.
6000 quan vien chinh dUdc P h i p cif
tdi My (7/1780) va ham dpi P h i p da
quay rdi viec van chuyen bdng dUdng
bien ciia quan Anh, ngan can liic
lUdng tang vien va ngudn tiep te' chd
quan dpi Anh^ Id "sii giup dd" ma
ngUdi My khdng dUdc phep quen.
Dieu dd gin nhU la mdt dinh menh
gan ke't My vdi Phdp treng cic van de

qud'c te, mac du ddi khi ngUdi My
khdng Ua gi ngUdi Phap.

Tdng thd'ng G. Washingtdn cd' gang
dUdng dau vdi ap liic budc dng hoac
phai nga sang phia Anh hoac phii nga
sang phia Phap. Ngay 22/4/1793, khi
tin tifc ve cudc hanh quye't vua Louis
XVI (21/1/1793) lan tdi My dd thiic day
Washington chinh thifc tuyen bd' nUdc
My giii thai dp trung lap"* trong cudc
chien tranh giUa nUdc Phdp cich mang
va Anh cimg cac nUdc phong kien chau
Au khac. Nhu vay, Washington da
thanh cdng trong viec buy bd cac dieu
khoin cua Hiep Udc 1778 v i tuyen bd'
<i>rdng nUdc My "thdn thien vd cong </i>

<i>bdng, khong thien vi vdi cdc citdng qudc </i>
<i>dang tham chien"'^. Washington ciing </i>

keu gpi ngUdi dan My kiem che, khdng
hanh dpng ngUdc lai ldi tuyen be' da
dUdc dUa ra. Ong canh bao rang hp se
phai chiu toi trUdc tda an neu dieu dd
<i>xay ra vi tdi "vi phgm ludt qudc gia da </i>

<i>diidc toa dn cua Lien bang cong nhdn"''. </i>

Rd rang Washington vd cac nha lanh

dao My thdi ky nay da cd mot t i m nhin
xa trdng rdng va cd nhiing tinh todn
hoan toan hdp ly. "Trung lap" la mdt
phUdng sdch tdi Uu. Ddi vdi mdt qud'c
gia cdn non tre nhU Hdp chimg qud'c
Hoa Ky thdi bd'y gid, hda binh la dieu
tdi cin thiet cho sil tdn tai vd dn dinh
cua da't nUdc. Chinh sach trung lap vdi
the gidi ndi chung, Phap ndi rieng van
dUdc Washingtdn thed dudi cho de'n

nhutng ndm cudi ddi. Trong bai dien
van gia til ndi tie'ng cua dng,
Washington da tdm t i t kinh nghiem
<i>trong chinh sich ddi ngoai ring "Khong </i>

<i>gi thiet yeu hdn viec phdi logi bd mgi dc </i>
<i>cdm xdu xa vd thdm cdn cd'de chdng lgi </i>
<i>cdc ddn tgc rieng biet cdng nhit mgi gdn </i>
<i>bd say ddm ddi vdi cdc ddn tdc khdc </i>
<i>(...). Lich sii vd kinh nghiem cho thdy </i>
<i>rdng dnh hiidng ben ngodi la mgt trong </i>
<i>nhdng ke thd dgc hgi nhdt cua chinh </i>
<i>quyen Cgng hda. Ddi vdi chung ta, dinh </i>
<i>ludt chinh cua thdi do ddi vcfi cdc ddn </i>
<i>tgc Id, trong khi md rdng quan he </i>
<i>thitdng mgi cua chung ta, nen cd it cdc </i>
<i>quan he chinh tri chiing ndo hay chitng </i>
<i>dy vdi cdc ddn tgc ndy. Chdu Au cd mgt </i>
<i>mgng litdi cdc ldi ich sd ddng chdng </i>

<i>lien quan gi den chung ta, hogc lien </i>
<i>quan rdt it"''. </i>

Trong ldi phat bieu tren,
Washington khdng neu dich danh
Phdp vd Anh, nhUng chiing ta de
dang nhan thay, chau Au ma
Washington mud'n ndi den khdng the
thie'u Phdp vd Anh. Chinh sach tii cd
lap/trung lap cua Washington td ra la
mdt chinh sdch khdn ngoan vdo thdi
diem dac biet cua lich sif: nUdc My
vifa mdi ra ddi va dang tren dUdng
dinh hinh qud'c gia. Chinh sdch ndy
van tie'p tuc la sii liia chpn trong
chinh sach ddi ngoai cua cdc vi tdng
thd'ng ke nhiem Washington, tuy
nhien, cd sii dieu chinh cho phii hdp
vdi tinh hinh cu the.

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<b>50 </b> _{SO 10-2009} _{CHAU MY NGAY NAY}
Phdp. Vimg Louisiana liic nay gdm

toan bp vimg dd't nam giuta sdng
Mississippi va day niii Rocheuse, tuf
vinh Mexico tdi tan bien gidi Canada.
Thdi ky cudi cua cuoc Chien tranh b i y
ndm. vac nam 1763 - thdng qua Hiep
Udc Paris, nu'dc Phap da nhUdng
quyen cho Tay Ban Nha sd hutu viing

dat rdng ldn vdi bien gidi khdng re ret
ndy. trong dd cd cing New Orleans
-mdt hai cing ra't cin thiet cho viec
van chuyen bdng hda bdng tau
thuyen tii thung lung gan sdng Ohio
vd Mississippi ra bien va ngUdc lai.
Ngay sail khi T. Jefferson nham chufc
tdng thd'ng, vao ndm 1801 nUdc Phap
ciia Napoleon dd bi mat budc Tay Ban
Nha ky hiep Udc tra lai vimg da't nay
cho minh. Ddng thdi dd da khien cho
ngUdi My rd't cam phan. dat nUdc My
trcng tinh trang bao dpng va bat man.
NgUdi My hieu rang, mdt Napdleen
khdng lui budc trUdc ba't cif hanh ddng
ndo. se rat cd the khda cifa dai dUdng
ddi vdi nen thudng mai quan trpng
tren hai cen sdng Ohio vd Mississippi.
Dieu dd de dpa tnic tiep den quj'dn ldi
budn b i n vd sii an todn cua toan bp
cdc khu dinh cU ndi dia My. Viec tdi
lap mot de qud'c thudc dia P h i p d phia
Tdy nu'dc My ddi vdi mdt qud'c gia non
tre se la mdi nguy hiem t r i m trong
hdn la viec d ke can mdt nudc Tdy Ban
Nha da it nhieu l i n g diu. Va ne'u dieu
dd trd thdnh hien thiic, nUdc My se
khdng cifng n h i e theo dudi nguyen
tic "trung lap" trong ddi ngoai, nhU
<i>ldi tuyen bd cua T. Jefferson r i n g "tit </i>

<i>luc dd chung ta phdi tit ket than vdi. </i>
<i>hgm dgi vd ddn tgc Anh"'. </i>

Su "ket than" vdi Anh ma My toan
tinh dd khdng cd cd hdi trd thanh hien
thiic. Bdi le. Napeleen hieu ngay r i n g
cudc lien mmh dd se chic chin lam
Phap mat dl phan dat Louisiana viia
mdi thu hdi dupc. Hdn niia, khi biet
rang, mdt cuoc chien tranh khdc vdi

Anh dang sdp xay ra (chie'n tranh giiia
nUdc P h i p cua Napoleon vdi Lien minh
chd'ng Phap lan hai cd sii tham gia cua
Anh (1798 - 1803), Napcledn da quye't
dinh bd sung ngan sach va dat
Louisiana ra ngoai tam vdi cua ngUdi
Anh bang each ban vimg dat nay cho
nUdc My. Tan dung cd hpi dd, T.
Jefferson da cif Dai sif todn quyen
James Monroe tdi Paris de de nghi trao
cho Napoleon 10 trieu USD de ddi Id'y
New Orleans va Tay Florida. Dai sii
James Monrde da khdng chi dUdc Phap
tiep ddn mot each ndng hau, ma vdi so'
tien la 15 trieu USD, dng da mua dUdc
toan bd vimg Louisiana rpng ldn. Mac
du Hien phap My khdng cho quyen
mua ban lanh thd, song Tong thd'ng T.

Jefferson da quyet dinh mua vimg da't
<i>nay vdi lap luan rang "liitdng tri cua ddt </i>

<i>nitdc ta se siia ddi tgi ldi cua mgt sit gidi </i>
<i>thich khong chdt che khi sii gidi thich </i>
<i>dy se sdn sinh ra nhiing ket qud khong </i>
<i>hodn hdo"^. </i>

Vdi gia 15 trieu USD, Hoa Ky da cd
dUdc Louisiana vdo nam 1803. Mien
da't nay rpng hdn 2,6 trieu km^ bad
gdm ca cang New Orleans. Viec mua
ban da't dai nay dUdc xa hdi My danh
gia ra't cao, la "met t h a n h cdng quan
trpng nha't cua chinh quyen T.
Jefferson^ Vdi 15 trieu USD (3 cent =
mdt mau dd't), nUdc My da cd dUdc
mdt vimg da't bao la bao gdm nhutng
ddng bang mau md, nhutng day niii,
nhutng khu rufng va cac he thd'ng sdng
<i>ngdi ma "trong vdng 80 ndm se trd </i>

<i>thdnh mien ddt trung tdm cua niidc </i>
<i>My vd Id mgt trong nhiing vita thdc </i>
<i>ldn cua the gidi"^°. Sii nhanh nhay </i>

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<b>CHAU Mt NGAY NAY </b> <b>SO 10-2009 </b> 51
lay thdi cd, n i m b i t cd hpi vd tad ra cd

hdi trdng chinh sach del ngdai cua My

ddi vdi P h i p . Cd the ndi, viec tan dung
thanh cdng cd hdi mua Louisiana tif
Phap khi Phap dang cdn vUdng ban
vao cudc chie'n tranh vdi Anh, da md
diu cho truyen thd'ng thiic dung
(pragmatic), tan dung cd hdi triet de
trong chinh sdch ddi ngoai cua My.
Dac diem nay ludn dUdc the hien re vd
xuyen sud't trdng tien trinh vUdn den
quyen liic the gidi cua nUdc My.

Tinh trung lap ciing dUdc ngUdi My
khai thic thanh cdng trong viec xif ly
mdi quan he giiia Phap va Anh trong
nhutng ndm dau the ky XIX de phuc vu
cho sU nghiep phat trien kinh te v i gia
tang kha nang qud'c phdng cua qud'c gia
non tre ndy. Vao budi binh minh cua
the ky XIX, khi nUdc Phdp cua
Napoleon tie'n hanh chien tranh nham
tranh gianh dia vi ba chu tren luc dia
va tren bien d chau Au vdi Anh, nUdc
My da khdn kheo vd gianh dUdc nhieu
mdi ldi ldn. Tdu budn cua My vdi tU
cdch "trung lap" cd the tiep can den mpi
cing nhd phuc vu cho ca P h i p ldn Anh.
Khi Phip vd Anh dang ban rdn vdi
xung dot va mau thuan, nUdc My dd
tan dung cd hdi vd kip thdi phat trien
dUdc mdt dpi hdng hai manh. Trdng

thdi gian tii 1789 den 1805, kha nang
van tai cua cic thUdng thuyen My da
tang tuf 100.000 tan de'n 1 trieu ta'n^\
Dieu dd td't ye'u lam che ci. Anh va
Phap deu khdng hai ldng, bdi le, viec
md rdng cdc dpi thUdng thuyen cua My
se tac dieu kien cho nUdc nay nhanh
chdng trd thanh ddi thu canh tranh ve
mat thUdng thuyen lan chien thuyen
del vdi Anh vd Phap trdng tUdng lai.

Chinh sach trung lap cua My trong
quan he vdi Phap va cac nUdc chau Au
khac van dUdc tie'p tuc trdng nhiing
nam tie'p thed. Ngay ca khi nUdc Phap
cua Napcleon that bai va dUa den viec
td chiic Hdi nghi Vienna (1815), "trung

lap" vin la sii liia chpn ciia chinh gidi
My trong cac van de ddi ngoai xuyen
sud't gin nhu todn bd the ky XIX.

Tdm lai, trong thdi ky 1789-1815, sii
Ilia chpn chinh sach trung lap trong
quan he vdi Phdp cua nudc My la mdt
sii Ilia chpn diing ddn. Trong bdi cinh
nUdc My viia mdi ra ddi, cdng vdi nhiing
dac diem ve mat dia ly, trung lap trong
chinh sach ddi ngoai vdi Phap vd cac
nUdc chdu Au khdc Id mdt sii dam bao

tich ciic cho nen hda binh, dn dinh va
tdn tai cua nUdc My. Tinh trung lap
dUdc thufc thi mdt each lien tuc trong
mot thdi gian ddi. Tuy nhien, chiing ta
de ddng nhan tha'y, tinh trung lap ma
ngUdi My liia chpn khdng ddn thuin la
diing ngoai, tach biet va tii cd lap minh
vdi phan cdn lai cua the gidi. NgUdi My
da the hien tinh linh hdat va hieu qua
thuat ngut trung lap (neutrality) treng
quan he vdi Phap, nha't la trdng thUdng
vu mua lai viing da't Lduisiana day
chien lUdc. Cimg vdi thdi gian vd sii ldn
manh cua nUdc My, chinh sich trung
lap trdng cac va'n de ddi ngoai khdng cdn
gdi gpn trong pham vi nUdc My md da
din md rdng ra khu viic xung quanh,
de'n t i m chau luc, xuyen luc dia va ca
<i>the' gidi - dd chinh la tinh trung lap </i>

<i>trong gidi hgn My • </i>

<i>Chu thich: </i>

1); 3); 6) Le Minh Diic • Nguyin Nghi (1994), L4ch sU

<i>nxidc My, Nxb Van hoa Thong tin, tr.l43; tr.l44; </i>

tr.l46.

2); 7); 8); 10) Office "of International Information
Programs (1994), An Outline of American
History, nited States Department of States,
p.78; p,103.

4) Howard Cineotta, Khai quat ve Lich sii nitdc
My, (ban dich, lUu tai Dai sil quan Hoa Ky),
tr.99.

5); 11) Nguyin Thai Yen Hadng (2003), Qua trinh
hinh thanh Lien bang My va nhang dac diim
van hoa xa hoi My, Luan an Tien sy sii hoc,
Trudng DHKHXH&NV Ha Noi, tr.96; tr.97.
9) W.A.Degrigorio (1995), 42 ddi tong thong Hoa

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