Nghiên cứu phong cách lãnh đạo của chủ tịch ủy ban nhân dân xã nước ta hiện nay qua khảo sát ở nghệ an và hà tĩnh

DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI
TRLTCJNG DAI HOC KHO.A HOC XA HOI & NHAN VAN

TRAN NHAT DUAT

NGHIEN CUU PHONG CACH LANH DAO CUA CHU TICH
UY BAN NHAN DAN XA NlTClC TA HIEN NAY
(QUA KHAO SAT 6 NGHE AN VA H A TINH)
CHUVEN NGANH TAM L\ HOC
MA SO: 5.06.02

LUAN VAN THAC SI KHOA HOC TAM LY HOC

NGL'td

HLONG

DAN KHOA HOC

TS N G U V £ N mX

THL

V'LZ/ ^ 3 ?
HA NOI, 2005


L&icamcfn!

Toi xin tran trong cam an cac thay, cac c6 giao da diu dat, hwang dan, giu
dd toi trong qua trinh hoc tap b khoa Tarn ly hoc - Trirang Dai hoc Khoa hoc xa hoi

va Nhan van.
Toi xin bay to Idng biet an sau sac den thay giao, TS Nguyen Hiru Thu,
ngwai da tan tinh hirdng dan, giup da, chi bao toi trong suot qua trinh nghien ciru
va hoan thanh luan van.
Xin Chan thanh cam an cac dong chi chu tich UBND xa, can bo, nhan vien
cac chinh quyen cap xa thuoc mot so huyen nhu: Can Loc, Dtrc Tho, Nghi Xuan
cua Ha Tinh va Nam Dan, Tan Ky, Nghi Loc, Do Luang cua tinh Nghe An da nhiet
tinh giup toi hoan thanh tot luan van nay.
Luan van se kho tranh dwgc nhCng thieu sdt, toi rat mong nhan dwgc si/
dong gop y kien cua cac thay, co giao va cac ban.
HaNof,thang10nam2005
Tran Nhat Duat


DANH MUC CAC

CHCCAI

VIET TAT CUA LUAN VAN :

CNH, HDH:

Cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa

CNXH:

Chu nghia xa hoi

PCLD:

Phong each lanh dao

CTX:

Chu tich xa

LD, QL:

Lanh dao, quan ly

DTB:

Diem trung binh

DTBC:

Diem trung binh chung

UBND:

Uy ban nhan dan

HDND:

Hoi dong nhan dan

DCSVN:

Dang cong san Viet Nam

MUC lUC
PHANTHtrNHAT
NHtiNG VAN Dfi CHUNG
L Ly do chon de tdi
2. Muc dich nghien cthi
3. Nhiem vu nghien citu
4. Doi tuang nghien citu
5. Khdch the nghien cuu vd phqm vi nghien cuu
6. Gid thuyet khoa hoc
7. Phuong phdp nghien cuu

HUDNG I:

Trang
1

PHANTHlTHAI
PHAN NOT DUNG
CO SO LY LUAN CUA VAN f)t NGHIEN CUtJ.

L Lich sir nghien ciiru van de
/. Van de PCLD trong cac tdc phdm cua chu nghia Mac, Lenin,
tit tuong Ho Chi Minh vd quan diem cua Dang ta,
2. Cdc cong trinh nghien cutu PCLD a ngodi niioc
3. Cdc cong trinh nghien cuu PCLD a nuac ta.
11/ Cac khai niem ca ban cua de tai,
/ . Khdi niem PCLD trong tdm ly hoc
2. Cdc yen to dnh huang den PCLD cua CTX.
3. Dqc diem hoqt dong cua CTX,

4. Nhitng yen cdu ve phdm chat vd ndng luc trong cdu true
PCLD cua CTX hien nay,
HLfONG II

ILfONG III:

TO CHirc NGHIEN CUU
I. Vai net ve dia ban va khach the nghien cmi.
II. To chuc nghien ciiru b^ng phuong phap di^u tra
III. To chuc nghien ciiru b^ng phuong phap t r i e nghiem.
K^T QUA NGHIEN CtX' PHONG CACH LANH DAO
CVA CHU TICH UY BAN NHAN DAN XA O NGHE AN \ A HA TINH

1. Quan niem cua CTX
/ . / . Nhan thuc cua CTX
/.2. Nhan thuc cua CTX
2. Danh gia cua CTX ve

ve PCLD.
ve PCLD.
ve dqc diem cdc kieu PCLD.
bieu hien PCLD.

\
2
2
2
3
3
3

5

5

5
5
11
14
15
15
36
41
44
53
53
55
56
58

58
58
60
63


2.7. So sdnh tu ddnh gid cua CTX ve bieu hien cua PCLD (xet
theo tinh vd gi&i tinh)
2.2. Kit qua nghien cuu kieu nhan cdch cua CTX qua trdc
nghiem.
3. Danh gia cua can bo, nhan vien UBND xa ve thuc trang

cac kieu PCLD cua CTX.
3.1. Ddnh gid cua can bo vd nhan vien UBND xd ve thuc
trang cdc kieu PCLD cua CTX.
3.2. Ddnh gid cua can bo, nhan vien UBND xd ve bieu hien
cdc kieu PCLD cua CTX.
4. Danh gia cua chu CTX ve cac yeu to anh huong den
PCLD.
4.1. Cdc yeu to khdch quan dnh huong den PCLD cua
CTX.
4.2. Cdc yeu to chu quan dnh huong den PCLD cua CTX.
4.3. So sdnh ddnh gid cua CTX vd can bo, nhan vien UBND
xd ve mire dp quan trong cua cdc yeu to dnh huang den
PCLD.
5. CTX tu danh gia ve thuc trang mot so pham chat va
nang lire trong cau true PCLD cua CTX.
5.7. CTX tu ddnh gid thuc trqng mot so phdm chat trong
cdu trdc PCLD cua CTX.
5.2. CTX tu ddnh gid thuc trqng cdc ndng luc trong cdu
true PCLD.
5.3. So sdnh ddnh gid cua CTX vd can bo, nhdn vien UBND
xd ve phdm chat vd ndng luc cua CTX.
6. Danh gia cua CTX ve nhung thuan Igi va kho khan ma
ho dang gap phai trong heat dong lanh dao, quan ly.
7. Yeu cau xay dung PCLD cua CTX trong thai ky moi.
8. Y kien cua nhan dan ve PCLD cua CTX .
K^T LUAN vA KIEN NGHI
l.Ketluan:
2. Kien nghi:
TAI Ll£U THAM KHAO
PHULUC

72
76

79
79

81
84
84
89
93

96
96
100
103
107
109
116
121
121
123
124
131


PHAN T H C NHAT
NHLTNG VAN

Bt CHUNG

1. Ly do chon de tai:
Chu tich Ho Chi Minh noi: " Can bo la cai goc cua moi cong viec.
Muon viec thanh cong hay that bai ddu do can bo tot hoac kem" [8, 240].
Cong tac can bo tii truoc den nay da va dang dugc Dang va Nha nuoc ta dac
biet quan t^m vi day la mot van di rat nhay cam, la yeu to quan trong anh
huong true tiep den su ton tai va hung thinh cua mot quoc gia, khong c6 mot
n^n kinh te - xa hoi nao cua mot dat nuoc phat trien duoc ma trong do con ton
tai nhung nguoi lanh dao, quan ly toi, nhung nhan to muc ru6ng... Su nghiep
day manh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nuoc hien nay, dac biet la cong
nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa nong nghiep, nong thon va viec thuc hien quy che
dan chu ca so dang duoc trien khai tren pham vi toan dat nuoc ca b^ rong Ian
chidu sau da dua lai nhi^u thanh cong \6n doi voi cong cuoc doi moi dat nuoc
noi chung va doi moi nong nghiep, nong thon noi rieng, trong do co dong gop
rat nhidu ciia doi ngu CTX. Ho da the hien tot pham chat va nang luc ciia
minh, co PCLD dan chu, khoa hoc, khong xa dan, song trong long dan, ba
cung voi dan, xung dang la nhiing nguoi dam duong trong trach Ion lao cua
Dang va Nha nuoc giao cho, la cau noi lidn giua Dang voi nhan dan.
Tuy nhien, ben canh nhiJng mat duoc thi mot so CTX hien nay con boc
16 nhung yeu kem do chua dugc dao tao dong bo ve chuyen mon nghiep vu,
con giu lai tac phong lam viec cham chap, quan lieu cua co che cu, song quan
each, xa dan, tam ly tieu nong lang xa dang con chi phoi each nghi, each lam
cua ho. V3n con nhiJng can bo chua dugc qua thu thach va ren luyen, con bi
choang nghgp trong su van dong cua co che thi truong, chua the thich ung
duoc. Trong boat dong lanh dao, quan ly cua ho con ton dong nhieu van de
buc xuc trong dan chua dugc giai quyet, vi vay con de xay ra hien tuong nong
dan di khieu nhi^u lam anh huong khong tot den vice giu gin an ninh tral lu o
cac CO so dia phuong. Voi vi tri va vai tro quan trong cua chinh quyen cap xa -

la c^'p hanh chfnh thir tu trong he thong chinh tri nuoc ta, noi co gin 809c dan
s6 dang sinh song, Bac H6 timg nhin manh: " Cap xa la gan gOi dan nhat, la
nen tang ciia hanh chfnh, cap xa lam dugc viec thi moi cong viec deu xong
xu6i'\ [8, 371]. Nghien ciJu PCLD cua CTX la van d^ can thiet vi ho la ''goc
ciia moi cong viec", PCLD la mot phSn ciia tinh each, nhan each nguoi lanh
dao, quan ly, la nh^n to dong vai tro quan trong, quyet dinh su thanh cong hay
thit bai ciia nguoi can bo. Day la mot trong nhung van de dang dugc Dang va
Nha nude ta quan tam trong chien luge doi moi va nang cao chat lugng doi
ngu can bo lanh dao, quan ly hien nay, dac biet ITnh virc quan ly hanh chfnh va
cai each hanh chfnh dang dien ra. Nhung duoi goc do Tam ly hoc, van de
nghien cuu PCLD cua CTX vin dang con moi me, chua dugc nghien cuu
nhieu. Vi nhung ly do do toi chon de tai: Nghien cuu phong each lanh dao cua
chu tich uy ban nhan dan xa nude ta hien nay (qua nghien cuu khao sat 6
Nghe An va Ha TTnh).
2. Muc dich nghien cuu
Nghien cuu thuc trang PCLD ciia CTX o Nghe An va Ha TTnh hien nay
va nhung nhan to anh huong den PCLD - Tren ca so do, dua ra nhung kien
nghi va giai phap nham xay dung PCLD cua doi ngu can bo lanh dao, quan ly
chu chot cap xa phia hgp voi yeu cau doi moi hien nay.
3. Nhiem vu nghien cuu
Xuat phat tu muc tieu nghien cuu da neu tren, de tai tap trung giai quyet
nhung nhiem vu cu the sau:
3.1. He thong hoa nhiJng van 66 ly luan ve PCLD, tu do xay dung ly
luan cho de tai nghien cuu. Dua ra nhijng khai niem cong cu cua de tai.
3.2. Chi ra thuc trang, nguyen nhan, cac yeu to anh huong den PCLD
cOa CTX 6 Nghe An va Ha Tinh.
3.3. De xuat mot so kien nghi va de xuat nham xay dung va doi moi
PCLD cua CTX 6 Nghe An va Ha Tinh phu hgp voi di6u kien moi hien nay.
4. Doi tugng nghien cuu:

Phong each lanh dao cua chii tich xa.


5. Khach the nghien cuu va pham vi nghien cuu:
- Khach the nghien cuu:
Trong lu$n van nay toi chon khach the nghien cuu chfnh la CTX (tong
s6' 31 ngucfi). Khach the phu la can bo, nhan vien trong UBND xa (t6ng so 125
nguoi) va nguoi dan trong xa (tong so 49 nguoi).
- Gioi han pham vi nghien cuu:
Luan van chi thuc hien nghien cuu trong pham vi 2 tinh: Nghe An va
Ha Tinh. Trong 2 tinh Nghe An va Ha Tinh, chiing toi chon dia ban cac xa
thuoc huyen midn niii va dong b^ng: 6 Nghe An chiing toi chon cac xa thuoc
4 huyen: Do Luong, Thanh Chuong, Nam Dan, Nghi Loc. O Ha Tinh chiing
toi chon cac xa thuoc 4 huyen Huong Son, Due Tho, Can Loc, Nghi Xuan... su
lua chon cua chiing toi hoan toan do ngSu nhien.
6. (fia thuyet khoa hoc:
- CTX 6 Nghe An va Ha Tinh dang con t6n tai 3 kieu PCLD khac nhau,
trong do PCLD dan chii chiem uu the.
- Cac yeu to khach quan nhu: quan diem, duong loi cua Dang, chfnh
sach, phiip luat ciia Nha nuoc, phong tuc tap quan dia phuong, cap tren, cap
duoi cua nguoi CTX, bSu khong khf tam ly tap the... Va cac yeu to chu quan
nhu: tinh cam, y chf, tfnh each, khf chat, dong co, muc tieu, trinh do van hoa,
trinh do chuyen mon, kinh nghiem quan ly... dang tac dong, anh huong den
PCLD ciia nguoi CTX. Trong do, cac yeu to khach quan va chu quan co anh
hU(':mg Ion nhu: dieu kien ndm bdt thong tin; co che, chinh sach cua Dang va
Nha nuoc; phap luat hien hanh, nang lire; uy tfn; tfnh each; y chf cua nguoi
lanh dao, quan ly.
7. Phuorng phap nghien cuu:
7.1 Phuong phap nghien cuu tai lieu: Cac tai lieu dugc tac gia doc,
nghien cuu va phan tfch la cac sach, bao, tap chf, chuyen de bai giang. so lieu

dieu tra thuc te, luan an. luan van co lien quan den cong tac lanh dao. quan ly.
thuat nsu khoa hoc ve PCLD va cac van de co lien quan den PCLD.


7.2. Phuong phap phong v^'n sau: Chiing toi true tiep gap CTX va nhOng
can bg c^'p tren (can bg cap huyen) hoac nhiJng nguoi duoi quyen thong qua
tro chuyen, tiep xiic, trao doi tim hieu PCLD cua CTX.
7.3. Phuong phap quan sat: Quan sat cong viec hang ngay cua CTX va
moi quan he giiJa ho vdi cap tren va dong nghiep xung quanh.
7.4. Phuong phap chuyen gia: Gap go, trao doi voi cac chuyen gia Tam
ly hgc v6 thuat ngij* PCLD, quan ly, xin cac y kien, quan diem cua ho ve
PCLD ciia CTX hien nay.
7.5. Phuong phap phong van lay y kien nhan dan dia phuong nguoi can
bg dang true tiep lanh dao.

7.6. Phuong phap dieu tra:
Dieu tra bdng bang ANKET, co mSu phieu dieu tra rieng cho m6i loai
khach the:
+ Thu nhd't, phieu dieu tra lay y kien ciia nguoi duoi quy^n \t PCLD
cua CTX.
+ Thu hai, phieu di^u tra lay y kien nhan thuc cua CTX \6 PCLD va
nhijng kho khan chfnh ban than ho dang gap phai trong lanh dao, quan ly.
+ Thu ba. phieu dieu tra lay y kien cua nguoi dan v6 CTX.
7.7. Phuong phap thong ke toan trong nghien cuu Tam ly hgc:
Su dung phucmg phap thong ke, do luong xa hoi hgc b4ng phan mem xu
ly va phan tich so lieu SPSS 11.0. Voi phuong phap nay. chiing toi c6 the' phan
tfch ty le phan tram ciia cac y kien tra loi, so sanh cac y kien cua khach the
h'dng muc do tuong quan cua cac nhom khach the tra loi.

PHAN THtr HAI

PHAN N O I D U N G
Chuomg 1. Ca sa ly luan cua van de nghien cuu.
I. Ljch su nghien cihi van de
7. Van de PCLD trong cdc tdc phdm cua chu nghia Mdc, Lenin, tu tu&ng
Ho Chi Minh vd quan diem cua Dang ta.
Trong cac di san ly luan cua Cac Mac, Ph.Angghen va V.L Lenin, cac
6ng cho rdng PCLD gdn lien v6i phiim chat nhan each ciia nguoi can bg each
mang. O thoi ky Cac Mac, Ph.Angghen tuy chua co mot chfnh dang nao gianh
dugc chfnh quyen, nen van de can bg trong dieu kien dang civa quyen chua
dugc cac ong ban den nhieu. Tuy v^y, trong cac hgc thuyet cua minh, cac ong
da de c$p den phiim chat va nang lire ciia ngucfi cong san. Su nghiep each
mang muon thanh cong, t^'t yeu doi hoi nguoi can bg each mang co ddy du
pham ch^'t va nang luc, co PCLD s^u sat va khoa hgc. NhCing quan diem ciia
Cac Mac va Ph.Angghen ve xay dung CNXH tuong lai trong do co quan diem
ve yeu ci\x xay dung phong each nguoi lanh dao trong thoi ky m6i la: Can xay
dung PCLD dan chu, tap trung, sau sat ciia can bg doi voi quan chiing nhan
dan, nguoi can bg cdn phai gan gui dan hon.
Khi ban ve quyen uy ciia ca nhan trong tap the dan chii, nguoi lanh dao
thay mat t^p the, quyen lire ciia tap the tap trung thong qua nguoi lanh dao,
quyen uy la do sir uy nhiem cua tap the, quyen uy lay sir phuc tiang lam tien
de. Dieu do the hien o sir thong nh^'t trong nguyen ike tap the lanh dao, ca
nhan phu trach, ca nhan thong nhat y chf cua tap the, nguyen vgng cua tap the
de ra quyet dinh lanh dao, quan ly. Hay noi each khac, muon co PCLD tot,
khoa hgc thi nguoi lanh dao phai biet thay mat tap the, dua tren y chf va
nguyen vgng cua tap the de cong khai, dan chii ban bac. Tac ph^m: ''Ban ve
quyen uy" Ph.Angghen cho ring: " Quyen uy noi 6 day. co nghia la y chf cua
nguoi khac ma nguoi ta bugc chiing ta phai tiep thu, mat khac quyen uy lay sir
phuc tung lam tien de"[ 2, 418], va ong khdng dinh: "Nhung 6 day khong phai

la quyen uy ma chiing ta trao cho dai bieu cua chiing ta, ma la mot su uy
nhiem nao do thoi" [2, 421] Nhu vay, oday C. Mac va Ph.Angghen muon ban
ve vai tro cua nguoi lanh dao lire lugng each mang, nguoi bien tu tuong thanh
thuc tiln each mang va v^'n de quyen uy d day khong phai la quyen uy doc
doan cua mot nguoi hay mot giai c^'p dua ra ma la quyen uy thuoc ve sir uy
nhiem cua tap the ma ca nhan do diing ra thuc hien y chf, nguyen vgng cua tap
the.
De'n thoi ky nude Nga xo viet thanh lap, V.I. Lenin da van dung va phat
trien sang tao cac hgc thuyet cua C. Mac va Ph. Angghen vao dieu kien xay
dung CNXH tren mot dat nuoc co chfnh quyen ve tay nhan dan va do nhan
dan lao dong lam chu. Vi vay, quan diem chi dao va ly luan each mang cua
V.I. Lenin ve can bg lanh dao va cong tac can bg each mang trong chfnh
quyen moi gianh dugc tro nen v6 cung quan trong trong thuc tien each mang
cua dat nuoc. Khi ban ve vi trf, vai tro va tap trung quyen lire cua nguoi lanh
dao trong qua trinh xay dung chfnh quyen moi, Lenin nhan manh den nguyen
tdc tap trung dan chu trong viec sir dung quyen luc. Nguoi chi r5, can bg lanh
dao CO PCLD co hieu qua la nguoi tuan thu nguyen tdc tap trung dan chu, sir
dung diing quyen lire ciia minh vao thuc tien lanh dao, quan ly moi phat buy
dugc hieu qua. Khi ban ve nguyen tdc tap trung dan chu trong Dang, Lenin
cho rdng: "Ddu trong truong hgp nao di chang niJa thi viec tap the lanh dao
vdn phai di doi voi ca nhan phu trach da dugc quy dinh mot each ro ret cho
tijng nguoi doi vol mot cong tac nao do dugc quy dinh mot each chfnh xac"
[4, 53]. Nhu vay, nguyen tdc tap trung dan chu trong Dang dugc Nguoi nhan
manh va coi no nhu la mot yeu cau va tieu chuan xay dung PCLD, la yeu to
cdn thiet bugc nguoi can bg phai tuan thu trong qua trinh boat dong thuc tiln
each mang cua minh. Ve van de can bg va cong tac can bg la van de quan
trong doi voi viec xay dung duong loi ciia Dang, dieu do dugc the hien trong
cac tac phdm cua Lenin khi ban ve vai tro cua can bg doi voi su nghiep lanh

dao cua Dang va con duong xay dung CNXH. Tfnh then chot do xuat phat tu
moi quan he bien chung giua can bg voi duong loi nhiem vu chfnh tri. giiia


can b6 v6i td chiic va v6i phong trao each mang cua quan chiing. Nguoi noi:
"Trong lich sir chua he co giai ca'p nao danh dugc quyen thong tri, neu no
khong dao tao ra dugc hang ngu ciia minh nhung nha lanh dao chfnh tri nhiing
dai bieu lien phong co du kha nang to chiic va lanh dao phong trao.", Nguoi
chi ro: " Nhung nguoi lanh dao khong dugc tach roi khoi quan chiing bi lanh
dao, doi tien phong khong dugc tach roi khoi toan bg quan lao dong" [6, 208].
Trong suot qua trinh lanh dao each mang, Lenin luon coi viec dao tao, boi
duong can bg la cong viec quan trgng cua Dang, cong tac can bg can chii y
de'n cac khau dao tao, bo trf, boi duong va ren luyen can bg trong thuc tiln.
Nguoi coi tieu chudn hang ddu trong xay dung phong each nguoi can bg each
mang la: nang luc chuyen mon, giac ngg chfnh tri, co kinh nghiem quan ly, ro
rang trong cong tac, gan gui, gdn bo voi cap duoi va cong viec cua tap the.
Lenin cho rdng: "... Muon quan ly thi phai la nguoi thong thao chuyen mon,
phai biet mot each ddy dii va chfnh xac tat ca nhung dieu kien cua san xuat;
phai hieu dugc ky thuat cua nen san xuat do 6 nhung trinh do hien dai ciia no,
phai CO mot each nhin khoa hgc nhat djnh. Do la nhilng dieu kien ma bat luan
the nao chiing ta ciing phai co day du."[5, 248] va theo Lenin: " Khong phai
bdm sinh ra la nguoi da co dugc nghe thuat quan ly roi, ma phai trai qua kinh
nghiem moi co dugc". [3, 216]
Nhu vay, Lenin da xay dung hgc thuyet ciia minh tren co so phat trien
sang tao, triet de hgc thuyet cua C. Mac va Ph.Angghen ve moi quan he bien
chiing giua nguoi can bg each mang va quan chiing nhan dan lao dong. Phong
each nguoi lanh dao that sir khoa hgc va co hieu qua do la phong each gdn bo
voi quan chiing nhan dan, su gdn bo thuong xuyen voi quan chiing, quan tam
den con nguoi, tfnh tap the chan chfnh va trach nhiem cua ca nhan doi voi
cong viec dugc giao. Nguoi lanh dao co phong each lam viec tot do la nguoi di

sau, di sat voi quan chiing, hieu tam tu, nguyen vgng cua quan chiing the hien
tfnh dan chii, cong bang trong lanh dao. Chfnh vi vay, nhung quan diem cua
V.I Lenin doi voi nguoi can bg each mang ro rang la rat chat che, can phai co
cong tiic lira chgn, kie'm tra can bg va xay dung doi ngu can bg cho Nha nuoc

7


chuyen chinh v6 san, da'u tranh chong te nan quan lieu, tham nhung trong can
bg de lam trong sach bg may Nha nu6c la mot tat yeu khach quan. Nguoi viet:
"Nhiem vu ca'p thiet va chii yeu liic nay, va cung vdn con la nhiem vu quan
trgng nha't trong nhung nam sdp toi la khong ngimg tinh giam bg may Xo Viet
va giam bcft chi phi cua no bdng each giam nhe bien che, cai tien to chiic, xoa
bo lac phong le ml hanh chfnh, benh quan lieu va giam bot cac khoan chi tieu
phi san xuat" [4, 359]
Ngudi ke thira va van dung sang tao thanh cong Chu nghia Mac - Lenin
vao thuc tien each mang Viet Nam la Chu tich Ho Chf Minh. Trong suot qua
trinh lanh dao each mang ciia minh, Nguoi rat coi trgng vai tro cua can bg
trong sir nghiep lanh dao each mang, giai phong dan tgc. Nguoi luon luon dat
nhiem vu giao due tu tuong chfnh tri, dao diic each mang va trinh do chuyen
mon cho can bg, dang vien la nhiem vu hang ddu. Yeu cau cua m6i nguoi can
bg each mang cdn phai co do la phdm chat va nang lire. Theo Ho Chf Minh do
la "Diic" va "Tai", trong do diic la goc va tai khong the thieu. Diic va tai do
chfnh la "Hong" va "chuyen". Van de phong each, tac phong lam vice ciia
nguoi lanh dao, quan ly dugc Bac Ho khai quat trong cac bai noi, bai viet, bai
giao huan doi voi can bg bdng nhieu thuat ngij: "phuong phap", "tac phong",
"le loi lam viec", "kilu each"... do la tfnh doc dao the hien trong pham chat
nhan each va nang lire nguoi can bg lac dong len tam ly, hanh vi cua cac thanh
vien trong tap the, tinh cam, thai do doi voi nguoi dan. Mot nguoi can bg dugc
dan tin yeu hay khong dilu do phu thuoc vao tinh than than ai, doan ket, vao

sir sau sat, khi hg thuc su la "cong bgc cua dan", "vui sau thien ha va lo tru6c
thien ha"..., khong hach dich, cua quyen, xa dan.
Theo Bac, nguoi can bg each mang can dl cao tinh than doan ket, tuong
than tuong ai, tfnh ky luat, dan chii trong tap the, tinh than do phai luon the
hien doi vdi cap duoi, voi qudn chiing nhan dan. Bac can dan can bg: "Cac chii
phai het siic chii y van de dan chu va ky luat. Ky luat trong dan chii. dan chii
phai CO ky luat" [10, 466], Nguoi nhdc nhd: " Phai that tha doan ket, thuctng
yeu nhau, giiip do nhau tien bg" [9, 425]. Khi viet vl PCLD cua can bo each

8


mang, irong tac pham "Sua doi loi lam viec", Ho Chf Minh nhan manh: "M6i
can b6, dang vien lam viec diing hon, kheo hon thi thanh tfch cua Dang con to
tat hon nua - liic la phai co phong each lam viec khoa hgc hon... M6i can bg,
dang vien cdn phai co tfnh dang mdi lam viec dugc. Kem tfnh dang thi viec gi
cung khong lam nen" [8, 269], cung trong tac pham nay, khi ban vl "Cach
lanh dao", Bac luon can dan can bg phai he't sue tranh can benh quan lieu, xa
dan, khong bie't tranh thii y kie'n ciia dan, thie'u dan chu trong tap the, Nguoi
noi: "Co nhilu can bg khong ban bac. khong giai thfch voi dan chiing, khong
de cho dan chiing phat bieu y kien, giai thfch cac van de, chi bdt bugc dan
chiing phai lam theo menh lenh... Hg chi lam theo y hg. Ket qua lam cho dan
chiing nghi ngo, ual urc, bat man" [8, 294]. Theo Bac, each khdc phuc benh
quan lieu, xa dan, thieu tin tuong dan la: " Chiing ta phai kien quyet bo sach
loi quan lieu, loi chat hep, loi menh lenh"[8, 297]. Trong tac phdm "Sua doi
loi lam viec", Bac da neu nguyen nhan nhijng nhuge diem cua can bg ta la: "
Vi nhilu le. Ma truoc het la vi: Cdch lanh dao cua ta khong dU(/c dan chu,
cdch cong tdc cua ta khong did/c tich cue
Doi voi CO quan lanh dao, doi voi nhiing nguoi lanh dao, cac dang vien
va cac can bg co y kien cung khong dam noi, diing muon phe binh cung sg,

khong dam phe binh.'' [8; 243] Nhu vay, Bac Ho ciia chiing ta da rat quan tam
den sua doi tac phong, loi lam viec ciia can bg lanh dao. Nguoi luon nhdc nhd
doi voi can bg each mang can phai tranh loi lam viec quan lieu, menh lenh,
cira quyen, hach dich, xa roi qudn chiing nhan dan, nguoi can bg each mang
phai luon luon giu gin dao due, tac phong gan gui voi dan, luon la "cong bgc
cua dan".
Tis khi Dang cong san Viet Nam ra doi, trai qua cac qua trinh lanh dao
each mang va xay dung CNXH 6 nuoc ta, dac biet 6 thoi ky d6i moi dat nuoc
hien nay, trong cac Van kien cua cac ky Dai hoi. Dang luon quan tam den
cong tac dao tao, boi duong doi ngu can bg lanh dao, nhung yeu cau xay dung
va dcii moi tac phong, phong each ciia can bg lanh dao. Dang coi do la mot
trong nhung nhiem vu trgng tam ciia Dang. Dong thoi. Dang can phai chan


chinh lac phong, loi lam viec quan lieu, doc doan, cira quyin cua can bg nhdm
xay dung PCLD dan chii, khoa hgc va co hieu qua phii hgp voi yeu cdu cua
thoi ky doi mdi, dua dat nude tie'n t6i: "Dan giau, nuoc manh, xa hoi cong
bdng, dan chii, van minh".
Van kien Dai hoi loan quoc Idn thu VI ciia Dang cong san Viet Nam da
nha'n manh den yeu cdu cua cac nhiem vu xay dung kinh te, bao ve T5 quoc
XHCN, coi viec hoan thien nhan each nguoi can bg each mang phai gdn liln
v6i xay dung PCLD nguoi can bg, dang vien. Khi ban vl van dl nay. Van kien
neu ro: "Nhiem vu xay dung chu nghia xa hoi va bao ve Td quoc, truoc het la
nhiem vu xay dung kinh te, dang doi hoi nhiing can bg phdm chat va nang luc
phii hgp. Do la nhung can bg co dao due each mang va PCLD tot, truoc het la
CO y thiic tap the, dan chu, di doi voi tfnh quyet doan, co y thiie trach nhiem,
CO tac phong sau sat thuc te, gan gui quan chiing, quan tam den con nguoi,
guong mdu trong loi song, doan ket va dong vien dugc nhiet tinh lao dong ciia
can bg va nhan dan" [11,132-133].
Van kien Dai hoi toan quoc Ian thu VII ciia Dang cong san Viet Nam,

nhan manh: "Tieu chudn co ban ciia can bg lanh dao trong giai doan hien nay
la: CO phdm chat each mang va ban llnh chfnh tri viing vang, co kien thuc va
nang lire thuc tiln ddi moi... co phong each dan chu tap the. co y thiic td chuc
ky luat, noi di doi voi lam, dugc quan chiing tfn nhiem." [12, 99] va Van kien
Nghi quyet TW3 (khoa VIII) neu ro: " Trong giai doan hien nay, tieu chuan
chung doi vdi nguoi can bg la: Co phdm chat chfnh tri tot, vOng vang, kien
dinh muc lieu doc lap dan tgc va chu nghia xa hoi,... co phong each lam viec
khoa hgc, dua lai hieu qua thiet thuc" [15, 31].
Tom lai, cac tac phdm kinh dien cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tu tuong
Ho Chf Minh va Van kien cac ky dai hoi ciia Dang ta da nghien cuu va chi ra
duoc nhiing dac dilm cua phong each va yeu cau xay dung, ddi moi PCLD
cua nguoi can bg lanh dao. quan ly. Day la mot yeu cdu cap thiet doi hoi
nguoi can bg, dang vien phai co y thiic ren luyen, trau doi phdm chat chfnh tri

10


va nang lire ihirc liln, co tac phong, PCLD di sau, di sat va thuc te, gdn bo voi
qudn chiing nhan dan de dua lai hieu qua cong viec ngay cang cao hon.
2. Cdc cong trinh nghien citu PCLD a ngodi nuac
2.1. Nghien ciru PCLD cua cdc nha Tdm ly hgc A u - My va Nhat Ban.
O cac nu6c Au - My, nho cuge each mang cong nghiep phat trien vugt
bac, viec quan ly nhan sir Irong cac nha may xf nghiep bugc cac nha Tu ban
phai tfnh de'n cac ye'u to tam ly ciia nguoi lanh dao va cua cong nhan lao dong
anh huong den chat lugng va hieu qua cua cong viec, anh huong den qua trinh
san xudt kinh doanh trong cac xf nghiep, nha may... Trong cac yeu to tam ly
do, hg cho rdng PCLD ciia nguoi lanh dao, quan ly xf nghiep dong vai tro
quan trgng va khong the khong tfnh den. Chfnh vi vay, nghien cuu PCLD ciia
nguoi dung ddu tap the va tam ly nguoi du6i quyIn dugc nhieu nha tam ly hgc
ciia cac nuoc Tu ban coi trgng, trong nhung cong trinh nghien cuu PCLD ciia

cac nha Tam ly hgc phuong Tay, ndi len do la cac hgc thuyet X, Y, Z, day la
cac hgc thuyet vl quan ly con nguoi viec van dung cac yeu td tam ly hgc quan
ly cong nhan trong san xuat cua cac nha Tu ban. [23, 18]
Nhiing nguoi dua ra hgc thuyet X da sir dung PCLD hoi hgt, lay gia tri
kinh te lam thuoc do, hg xay dung con nguoi tren quan diem kinh te, hg cho
con nguoi la luoi bieng, ban tinh luoi lao dong, thieu y thiic tuan thu, chi thfch
vat chat, dl bi liia gat, co khuynh huong cam chiu. Day la hgc thuyet rat cung
nhdc, thieu tin tuong vao ngucri lao dong, chi coi nguoi lao dong nhu la
phuong tien, la cong cu dl Tu ban thuc hien muc dfch boc lot cua minh. Vi
vay, diing ky luat sdt de cai tri, dong thoi diing Igi fch vat chat de kfch thfch.
Thuyet Y do Likert va Maslow dl xuat, hg cho rdng ban tfnh con nguoi
khong hoan loan la luoi nhac, con nguoi co kha nang sang tao neu nhu nha
quan ly biet kfch thfch, khoi day trf thong minh 6 hg, co moi truong va dilu
kien cho hg phat minh, biet dat nilm tin 6 nguoi cong nhan dl hg co y thiic tu
giac. Day la hgc thuyet mang tfnh nhan van hien sinh, co nilm tin o con nguoi
nhung xet vl ban chat, hgc thuyet nay cung la phuong tien b(3c lot nguoi lao
d6n11


Thuye'l Z la kieu lanh dao do nguoi Nhat la William Ouichi xay dung,
Ihuyel nay cho rdng con nguoi khong chi co nhu cau vat chat ma hg con cdn
thoa man nhu cdu tinh thdn, khi con nguoi dugc thoa man nhu cau thi se tao
dilu kien de hg thoa man nang sua't lao dong. Nguoi lanh dao cdn co su quan
tam, dong vien de'n cap duoi, lao dilu kien thuan Igi cho mgi nguoi the hien
lai nang cua minh, quan tam dao tao, boi duong kien thiic chuyen mon cho
nguoi lao dong, dong thoi trong phan chia Igi fch cdn phai dugc song phdng va
cong bdng. Vdi hgc thuyet nay, nguoi Nhat da thanh cong trong viec nang cao
tfnh tfch cue cua nguoi lao dong de tao ra Igi nhuan nhilu hon cho nha Tu
ban, dong thoi doi song ciia nguoi lao dong cung dugc quan tam hon.

Cac nghien cuu PCLD va sir dung cac kieu lanh dao phii hgp trong tap
the san xuat sao cho dat hieu qua tu ban cao la nhiing quan tam nghien cuu
cua cac nha tam ly hgc cac nuoc Au - My va Nhat Ban. Nghien cuu cua
Robert Blake va J. S. Mouton thi co cau td chiic, tdng de an doanh nghiep lam
nen hieu qua ciia td chiic, nhung theo hg mot nhan to dong vai tro quyet dinh
hieu qua cua boat dong la each ling xir cua nguoi lanh dao doi voi nguoi duoi
quyIn va nguoi lao dong. Hai tac gia da dua ra mang Grid (mang Grid nghien
cuu hieu qua san xuat va each sir dung nguoi khac), qua nghien cuu cac tac
gia cho thay nhung net tuong dong va sir khac biet, mat manh va mat yeu, cac
ket luan vl each lanh dao, qua do phan tfch mat uu va nhuge ciia timg PCLD.
Tac gia nguoi Phap Dominque Chalvin dua ra hai tieu chuan vl nghi nghiep
va muc tieu cua nghi nghiep de chia ra cac kieu PCLD khac nhau, each phan
chia cua ong gom hai yeu td tao thanh PCLD do la yeu td ca nhan va yeu td
moi truong. Cach nghien cuu PCLD ciia tac gia Nhat Ban quan tam den yeu td
con nguoi trong san xuat va nghe thuat quan ly ciia nguoi giam ddc xf nghiep.
Trong cudn "Nghe thuat quan ly kilu Nhat Ban", tac gia Mitokazu Aoki cho
rdng: dl quan ly thanh cong mot xf nghiep thi nguoi giam ddc can nang cao
quan ly thanh nghe thuat, each sir dung PCLD cua giam ddc trong tap the va
cong viec cua minh phai linh boat, giam ddc phai hieu nguoi lao dong va quan
tam den ddi sdng tinh than ciia nguoi duoi quyIn, bdu khong khf tam ly lap

12


Ihl san xua't. Ngudi duoi quyIn cam Iha'y yen tam lao dong san xuat thi xf
nghiep moi dat hieu qua cao.
2.2. Nghien cihi PCLD ciia cdc nhd Tdm ly hoc Lien Xo
Riit ra dugc nhiing han che va sai Idm khi nghien ciiu vl PCLD cua cac
trudng phai tam ly hgc phuong Tay, dd la lap truong nghien cuu may mdc nhu
ly thuyet trudng ciia K. Lewin, hgc thuyet nhan van cua Maslow... Tir co so ly

thuyet boat dong cua L.X. Vugotski, X.L. Rubinstein, A.N. Leonchiev. PCLD
dugc nghien cuu khach quan va khoa hgc. Cac tac gia da di sau phan tfch dac
dilm va ban chat ciia khai niem nay, da cd cac quan dilm diing dan, khoa hgc
vl PCLD va van dung no vao thuc tien boat dong cua ngudi lanh dao, quan ly.
Qua cac cong trinh nghien cuu va tai lieu cua cac nha tam ly hgc Lien Xo,
chiing toi thay: PCLD dugc binh thanh trong boat dong cua ngudi lanh dao va
tdn tai nhd moi quan he mang tfnh lich sir xa hoi cu the ciia con ngudi.
Tac gia E.E. Vendrov xem phong each la tfnh each boat dong va quan
he ciia ngudi lanh dao vdi ngudi duoi quyIn, tii dd ong chia ra lam hai kilu
phong each khac nhau, tham chf ddi nguge nhau. Kilu PCLD dan chii va kieu
PCLD doc doan. Ong cho rdng phong each cua ngudi lanh dao tap thi dugc
truyin Ian tir tren xudng duoi va ngudi dung ddu xf nghiep cd kilu PCLD nao
thi cac ddc cong cung cd ehilu hudng sir dung cac kilu phong each dd. Day la
nghien cuu cua lac gia vdi y nghia nhan manh cac nhan td tam ly anh hudng
Irong ciing mot lap the ngudi la rat Ion, dac biet la anh hudng Ian truyin tu
tren xuong.
Khi ban vl phuong phap va II loi lam viec ciia ngudi lanh dao trong xf
nghiep, V.I. Mi-khe-ep da nhan manh dac biet den phdm chat tam ly cua
ngudi lanh dao va sir quan tam cua ngudi lanh dao den cap duoi trong mot tap
the cung nhu viec sir dung phuong phap va loi lam viec cua ngudi lanh dao cd
anh hudng den Idi lam viec cua ca lap thi. Ngudi lanh dao hieu duoc ngudi
duoi quyIn va biet dong vien hg da tao ra bau khong khf de chiu va hoa hop
trong tap thi. Ong nhan manh den vai trd cua bau khong khf tam ly tap the va

13


II loi lam viec cua ngudi lanh dao quyet dinh den ca qua trinh san xuat cua xf
nghiep.
Tac gia A.R. Anuphriva trong cudn: " Phong each sdng cua ca nhan"

xudl ban nam 1982 da nha'n manh den ban chat ciia phong each chfnh la dong
CO, chf hudng, muc dfch ben trong, la kha nang hien thuc hoa cua nhan each.
Ong cho rdng: " Phong each sdng la thuat ngu khoa hgc cho phep nghien cuu,
ndm bdt, giai thfch hanh vi nhan each tir ben trong vdi cac dong co, chf hudng.
muc dfch cua nd, phong each la each thuc hien thuc boa cac kha nang xa hoi
cua nhan each". G.M. Covaliov khi nghien cuu vl phong each neu ro: Phong
each bao gdm cac phdm chat: Tu duy, tinh cam, y chf. khf chat va tfnh each,
trong dd phdm chat y chf cd vai trd quan trgng co ban.
3. Cdc cong trinh nghien ciru PCLD a nuac ta.
Nin tam ly hgc Viet Nam ra ddi tren co so ke' thiia nin tang cua tam ly
Lien Xo va cac nude Chau Au. Cac cong trinh nghien cuu vl PCLD cua cac
nha tam ly hgc d nude ta cdn ft. Trong nhiing nam viia qua cd the ke tdi cac
cong trinh nghien cuu cua cac lac gia sau: Nguyln Nggc Phii: Mot so van dl
vl tam ly hgc quan su trong xay dung quan doi; Mai Hiiu Khue: Nhung khfa
canh tam ly cua quan ly; Nguyln Quang Udn, Trdn Dinh Quang, Nguyln Hai
Khoat: Nhixng khfa canh tam ly trong cong tac can bg; Trdn Nggc Khue: Giao
trinh Tam ly lanh dao, quan ly; Nguyln Ba Duong: Tam ly hgc quan ly danh
cho ngudi lanh dao... Cac tac gia tren da neu dugc PCLD la cac thuoc tfnh lam
ly CLia nhan each, la he thong phuong phap, each thiic boat dong ciia ca nhan.
PCLD binh thanh, tdn tai, thay ddi va phat triln trong boat dong cua ca nhan
va moi trudng lanh dao, quan ly. PCLD phan anh dac dilm boat dong va nhan
each ngudi lanh dao. PCLD chfnh la pham chat, nang lire, dong co, tfnh each,
tinh cam, y chf cua ngudi lanh dao bilu hien qua phuong phap, each thiic, dien
mao, thai de). hanh vi ling xu. phong luc tap quan. thoi quen ma ngudi khac cd
the nhan ra dugc.
Mdi day. cac tac gia tiep can nghien ciiu PCLD nhu: Tac gia Vu Dung
trong cudn: "Tam ly hgc xa hoi - may van de ly luan " da ban ve phong each

14

ngudi lanh dao. Tac gia coi phong each nhu la phuong phap, each thiic ma
ngudi "thu llnh" trong nhdm sir dung de dilu hanh, dilu khiln nhdm ciia
minh. Tac gia Ngo Cong Hoan tim hieu phong each giao tiep su pham va neu
len y nghia ciia nd irong viec hinh thanh va hoan thien nhan each ciia hgc
sinh. Ngoai ra cdn cd mot so lac gia nghien ciiu vl PCLD ciia ngudi quan ly
tap the su pham- khoa hgc, tac gia Nguyln HQn Thu, Vo Thanh Khdi... tac
gia Vu Duy Yen, Pham Diic Tii... da cd nhung cong trinh nghien ciiu PCLD
dudi cac dang khac nhau. Cac cong trinh nghien ciiu tren ciia cac tac gia la co
so khoa hgc cho viec nghien ciiu PCLD ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly hien nay.
Dac biet trude nhiing yeu cdu cua ihdi ky ddy manh CNH, HDH dat nude ddi
hoi cac nha nghien ciiru xay dung dugc mo hinh mdi vl PCLD khoa hgc va cd
hieu qua. Nhung cho den nay chua cd cong trinh khoa hgc nao nghien ciiu that
sau vl van dl nay. Vi vay, viec thuc hien cd he thong va khoa hgc vl dl tai
nghien curu PCLD ciia CTX la rat can thiet, nhdm lam sau sdc hon mot khfa
canh quan trgng ciia cong tac can bg d cap co sd xa - mot don vi hanh chfnh
thap nhat trong he thong 4 don vi hanh chfnh d nude ta.
11/ Cac khai niem ca ban cua de tai.
7. Khdi niem PCLD trongTdm ly hoc
I.I. Khdi niem lanh dao.
Lanh dao la dua td chu:c dat tdi muc lieu bdng su cd gdng ciia mot tap
hgp ngudi. Nha lanh dao la ngudi cd quyIn dinh hudng va phdi hgp cac cd
gdng cua nhilu ngudi khac nghia la chiu trach nhiem vl boat dong ciia nhung
ngudi khac.
Lanh dao la tan dung mgi kha nang de thuc hien tot nhiem vu, dac biet
la biet each td churc lanh dao nhung ngudi xung quanh lam viec dat tdi miic
cao nhat. Lam thii trudng cd nghia la biet dilu hanh dung dan nhung ngudi cd
trinh do va quan diem khac nhau dl ciing lam viec va tao ra e kfp lam viec tot
hon. Cd nhilu tac gia da dinh nghia vl khai niem lanh dao va mdi dinh nghia
dIu cd dilm chung vl lanh dao la cong viec diing ddu nhdm, tap the. ngU(ti

lanh dao la ngudi hoach dinh chfnh sach. dinh ra phuong hU(tng, ke hoach
15


thuc Ihi c6ng viec ciia don vi sao cho cong viec ciia don vi cd hieu qua cao
nha'l. Tac gia Mai Hun Khue irong cudn: " Tam ly hgc trong quan ly Nha
nude" dinh nghia nhu sau: " Lanh dao la sir anh hudng vl each xir su ciia mot
sd ngudi trong mdi nhdm hoac mot id chiic, dat ra muc lieu, vach ra con
dudng de dat muc lieu dd va lao ra nhiing quy tdc xa hoi trong nhdm"; Hai tac
gia Hemphill va Coons dinh nghia: "Lanh dao la sir anh hudng vl each xir sir
ciia mot sd ngudi trong mdi nhdm hoac td chii:c, dat ra muc lieu, vach ra con
dudng de dat nhiing muc lieu dd va lao ra nhung quy tdc xa hoi trong nhdm".
Nhu vay, lanh dao la qua trinh giai quyet cac mdi quan he giira con ngudi vdi
con ngudi trong td chuc nhdm xir ly cac tinh hudng de lie'n tdi muc tieu chung,
ngudi lanh dao la ngudi dung ddu tap the. Tir nhung nghien ciiii tren, theo
chung toi: Lanh dao Id qua trinh tdc dong, dinh huang giua con ngirdi vdi con
ngUcJi gdn lien v('ri mot tinh huong nhat dinh, quan tdm de'n con ngiriri. lay
thuyet phuc Idm phucrng tien tdc dong de tien tdi muc tieu chung.
1.2. Khdi niem qudn ly.
Theo tii diln tieng Anh, tir quan ly (Management) dugc diing vdi nghia
vira quan ly, vira dilu khiln cac td chiic cong viec.
Tir dien tieng Viet, hai khai niem quan ly va lanh dao dugc dung vdi hai
nghia khac nhau. Vdi thuat ngii quan ly dugc hieu. Thir nhat, dd la trong coi
va giir gin nhu quan ly ho so, quan ly vat tu. Thir hai, dd la id chu'c va dilu
khiln cac boat dong theo yeu cdu nhat dinh. Thuat ngii lanh dao dugc hieu:
Thir nhat, dd la dl ra cac chii truong, dudng Idi va td chiic dong vien thuc hien
(nhu lanh dao qudn chiing dau tranh); Thir hai, vdi nghia la ndi tdi mot co
quan lanh dao trong quan he vdi ngudi dugc lanh dao.
Ta cd the phan biet sir khac nhau ciia hai khai niem lanh dao va quan ly
theo ddi tugng ciia nd: Ddi luang chii yeu ciia quan ly cd the la dd vat (ngudi

quan kho), cd the la dong vat (ngudi quan Tugng) va cung cd thi la con ngudi
va cac nhdm xa hoi; cdn ddi tugng cua lanh dao thi phai la ngudi dung dau
mot tap the ngudi. lanh dao con ngudi va cac nhdm xa hoi. lanh dao mot quoc
^Ma, mot dan tdc... Vi vay, ta cd the ndi khai niem quan ly rgng hon khai niem
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lanh dao, khai niem lanh dao, quan ly chi dugc ggi la dong nhat va gdn bd vdi
nhau trong cong viec cu the dd la quan ly xa hoi.
Cac lac gia irong va ngoai nude da cd nhilu nghien ciiu vl thuat ngii
quan ly, nha't la do yeu cdu nghien ciiu vl quan ly nhan su trong co quan,
doanh nghiep ciia cac nude Tu Ban, trong cac llnh vuc boat dong xa hoi va
trong mgi td chii:c don vi... Hai tac gia Paul Hersey va Ken Blanc Hard trong
cudn: " Quan ly ngudn nhan lire" cho rdng: " Quan ly la qua trinh lam viec
cung va thong qua cac ca nhan, cac nhdm cOng nhu cac ngudn lire khac dl
hoan thanh cac muc dfch cd id chirc". Tac gia Nguyen Minh Dao trong cudn:
" Co sd ciia khoa hgc quan ly " da dinh nghia nhu sau: " Quan ly la sir tac
dong lien luc cd td churc, cd dinh hudng ciia chii the len khach the vl cac mat
chfnh tri, van hoa, xa hoi, kinh le... bdng mot he thong cac luat le, cac chfnh
sach, cac nguyen tdc, cac phuong phap va cac bien phap cu the nhdm tao ra
moi trudng va cac dilu kien cho sir phat triln ciia ddi tugng".
Tir nhiing dinh nghia tren chung toi dua ra khai niem quan ly nhu sau:
Qudn ly Id to chirc, dieu khien, tdc dong co muc dich, co ke hoach, co dinh
hudng vd CO he thong tdi ddi tuong nhdm dieu khien, dieu chinh tdm ly, tinh
cdm, hanh vi cua con ngudi hoac tap the hoqt dong sao cho tien tai dat nhung
muc tieu nhat dinh vd co hieu qud.
Phdn biet su khdc nhau cua hai khdi niem lanh dao vd qudn ly:
Hai khai niem lanh dao va quan ly cung cd sir khac nhau vl tfnh chat
cong viec va chu'c nang ciia moi cong viec. Lanh dao la diing ddu, hoach dinh
dudng hudng cho dan vi, tap thi, ngudi lanh dao cd vai trd v6 ciing quan trgng

trong viec thanh cong hay that bai ciia don vi, td chu'c. Quan ly la thuc hien
nhiing cong viec cu thi, hoan thanh nhiem vu cu thi nhu the nao, nd chfnh la
qua trinh td chu'c. dilu khiln cac boat dong ciia ddi tugng quan ly theo nhfrng
yeu cau, muc tieu nhat dinh. Chfnh vi vay. mot ngudi lanh dao co the vira thuc
hien cong tac chi dao, hoach dinh diing ddu mot td churc. dong thoi cung la
mot ngudi thuc hien nhung cong viec cu the, quan ly m_gi. ddi tuong cu the.


Cho nen viec phan biet hai khai niem nay rat khd, tuy thuoc vao mdi cong viec
cu the va ddi tugng lanh dao cu the.
C. Mac ndi: " Mgi lao dong chung hoac lao dong xa hoi true tiep ft hay
nhilu dlu cdn de'n quan ly ..." [3, 242]. Quan ly la mot qua trinh dilu phdi
nhung kha nang de dap ung mot muc dfch, la boat dong khdc phuc mau thudn
ben trong giira ddi tugng va chii the\ giira tu nhien va con ngudi, giu'a nhu cdu
va kha nang ciia san xua't. Quan ly la van dl dugc quan tam truoc het eiia mgi
td chiic va trong mgi boat dong ciia lap thi, dd la sure manh gdn bd mot td
chu'c lai vdi nhau va dilu chinh cho td churc boat dong dung vdi muc tieu dl
ra. Nhu vay, theo nghia chung nhat thi quan ly va lanh dao dlu la sir tac dong
tu giac den ddi lugng tren co sd nhiing quy luat khach quan vdn cd ciia ddi
tugng dd. Ca hai dlu thong nhat vl phuong hudng chung. vl muc dfch chung
la bao dam cho ddi tugng boat dong va phat trien mot each tdi uu.
1.1.4. Khai niem cap xa.
Xa la don vi hanh chfnh Nha nude d dia phuong, cd the ndi xa la hinh
anh thu nhd ciia mot xa hoi, la co sd, la nin tang, noi cac chii truong. chfnh
sach ciia Dang, phap luat ciia Nha nude dugc the hien trong mgi boat dong
tren tat ca cac llnh vuc chfnh tri, kinh te, van hoa, qudc phdng va an ninh.
Trong 4 cap ciia chfnh quyIn ciia bg may Nha nude, chfnh quyen cap xa la
don vi hanh chfnh cudi ciing trong he thdng td chiic ciia Dang, Nha nude, la
cdu ndi giira Dang, Nha nude vdi nhan dan. Lanh dao xa la lanh dao true tiep
vdi nhan dan, trien khai van dong, id chiic thuc hien mgi cong viec ciia nhan

dan.
Tir trude den nay. Dang va Nha nude ta dac biet quan tam ciing cd, kien
loan vl mat td churc va nang cao chat lugng boat dong ciia bg may td chiic va
can bg trong he thdng chfnh tri cap ca sd. Cap xa dugc chu y den nhu la mot
van dl quan trong sdng cdn trong sir nghiep lanh dao ciia Dang ta. Nhan manh
vl vai trd va vi trf ciia cap xa, Nghi quyet TW 5 (khoa IX) khang dinh: " Cac
ca sd xa, phudng. thi tran la noi tuyet dai bg phan dan cu iru. sinh sdng. He
thdn^ chfnh tri d co sd cd vai trd rat quan trgng trong vice td chu'c va van dong

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nhan dan Ihuc hien dudng Idi, chinh sach ciia Dang, phap luat ciia Nha nude,
tang cudng dai doan ket loan dan, phat buy quyIn lam chii ciia dan. huy dong
mgi kha nang phat trien kinh le - xa hoi, td chu'c cuge sdng ciia cong dong
dan cu". [16,22]
ca'p xa la mdt don vi hanh chfnh cap co sd vd ciing quan trgng trong he
thdng hanh chfnh bdn cap ciia Nha nude ta, nhung trong he thdng cong churc
Nha nude lai khong coi CTX la cong chu'c Nha nude vi hg khong cd ngach
luong nhu can bg chii chot cac ca quan, ban nganh, trudng, tram... Day la
diem dac thii ciia cap xa, chi phdi nhat dinh de'n viec xay dung CTX. Tuy
nhien hien nay dang cd sir dilu chinh vl quy dinh churc trach, cac che do
chfnh sach ciia can bg chuyen trach cap xa nhu Nghi dinh ciia Chfnh phii sd
121/2003/ND-CP ngay 21/10/2003 vl che do vdi can bo, cong chuc d xa,
phudng, thi Iran va Quyet dinh sd 04/2004/QD/BNV ngay 16/01/2004 vl viec
ban hanh quy dinh lieu chudn cu the ddi vdi can bg, cong chiic xa, phudng, thi
Iran nhung nhin chung cap xa vdn cdn nhilu bat cap vl quy dinh nhiem vu,
churc trach ciia can bg, quy dinh vl che do chfnh sach cho can bg... dilu dd
dang dugc Chfnh phii dilu chinh nhdm hoan thien ddn nhiing quy dinh dd de
cap xa ngay cang boat dong lot hon, xung dang la don vi gdn gui vdi dan,

cham lo ddi sdng vat chat cung nhu tinh thdn ciia dan.
Ngudi CTX vira la ngudi lanh dao, quan ly trong he thdng chinh tri d co
sd ndng thdn, vira la ngudi san xuat, la lao dong chfnh trong hg gia dinh ndng
dan. Ddi vdi hg viec cong, viec tu gdn quyen vdi nhau. Xa la noi hoi tu sir chi
dao ciia bdu het cac nganh, cac cap, cac doan thi theo he thdng nganh doc tir
tren xudng. Chfnh vi vay, chii tich UBND xa la trung tam, la linh hon ciia mdi
quan he dd, dieu dd ddi hdi ngudi CTX phai giai quyet cong viec that khoa
hgc va cd hieu qua cao, thau tinh dat ly.
Tuy nhien. trucrc yeu cdu phat triln ciia dat nude, td chuc bg may va
phuong thu'c boat dong d co sd, nhat la doi ngu CTX cham duoc ddi mdi. dang
ngay cang boc Id nhiing ban che, yeu kem vl hieu qua boat dong. ve nang luc

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va dac biet ve PCLD ciia hg cdn chua sau sat va khong theo kjp vdi thuc tiln
hien nay.

1.3. Khdi niem PCLD vd cdc kieu PCLD.
1.3.1. Khai niem PCLD, PCLD cua CTX.
- Khai niem PCLD.
Phong each la mot pham Irii thuge tfnh each con ngudi, phong each the
hien thai do ciia chii the trong boat dong ciia minh, thuy theo tfnh chat boat
dong cong viec ciia chii the, thdng qua hanh vi, each thu'c, phuong phap bieu
hien ra ben ngoai ma ngudi khac cd thi biet dugc, cam nhan dugc, nd la tfnh
doc dao ciia ca nhan qua each xir ly tinh hudng xay ra trong thuc tiln ciia hg.
Hoal dong lanh dao la cong viec dac thii ciia ngudi lanh dao, quan ly
day la mot nghi cd tfnh chuyen mon cao, ddi hdi ngudi lanh dao phai cd dii
phdm chat va nang luc. Chfnh vi vay, boat dong lanh dao tao nen dac diem
lam ly dac thii ciia ngudi lanh dao va PCLD la mot trong nhung dac dilm dd.

PCLD phan anh mdi quan he vdi mdi trudng lanh dao, phan anh dilu kien
kinh te' xa hdi ma ngudi lanh dao dd dang lam viec. Mot thoi dai cu the, mot
dilu kien kinh te xa hoi cu the, mot con ngudi cu the va mot moi trudng lanh
dao dac thii tao nen, net doc dao trong phong each ciia ngudi lanh dao. PCLD
cd tac dong true lie'p den hieu qua cua cong viec, PCLD la nhan td ddng vai
trd quan trgng trong lanh dao mot tap the boat dong. Mot ngudi lanh dao cd
thai do, dong ca lam viec tdt, hg biet dong vien, khuyen khfch ngudi dudi
quyIn hang say lam viec, biet phat huy lot nhirng phat minh, sang kien ciia tap
the de phuc vu Igi fch chung ciia tap thi chdc chan se tao ra hieu qua cong viec
cao. Ngugc lai, neu ngudi lanh dao cd dong co, muc tieu lam viec tdt nhung
khong cd PCLD hieu qua. phii hgp vdi tap thi thi hieu qua cong viec vdn
khong cao.
Cac nha Tam ly hgc Lien Xd va cac nude Ddng Au da rat thanh cong
trong nhiing cong trinh nghien ciin ciia minh vl PCLD. Theo A. Cubanova. M.
Rakhmatulina thi phong each la loan bg he thdng nhung phuong phap. thu

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