Tìm hiểu các tư tưởng triết học việt nam trong quá trình dạy và học môn triết học

TIM HIEU CAC TU TUONG TRIET HOC VIET NAM
TRONG QUA TRINH DAY VA HOC MON TRIET HOC
THS. NGUYEN N H U T H O
Bg mdn Mac-Lenin, DHNN- DHQGHN

Lich sfl hinh thinh va phit trien cua nen van hoi Viet Nam da luu
gifl vd van cic gil tri vat chat va tinh thin ma eon ngudi Viet Nam da
sang tao ra trong qui trinh dau tranh dung va gifl nude cua bidt bao the
he. Mot trong nhflng gil tri quy blu dd la elc tu tudng triet bgc Viet
Nam. Dan toe Viet Nam khdng cd duge mot nen triet bgc dd so, phIt
trien rue rd nhu triet bgc Hy Lap, Trung Qud'c, An Do... nhung nhflng
triet ly vd thien nhien, vd con ngudi, ve mo'i quan he giua con ngudi va
tbien nhien... duge the hien trong kho ting van hoi truydn thd'ng Viet
Nam tbi lai rlt da dang, phong phfl va cung vd cflng sau sic.
Tim bieu, khai thie, d c tu tudng triet bgc Viet Nam trong nen
van boa truydn thd'ng cua dan toe II mot nhiem vu quan trgng khdng
chi dd'i vdi d c nha triet bgc, d c nhl nghien eflu ma cdn cd y nghia rat
thie't thuc dd'i vdi mdi ngudi Viet Nam dang cflng nhau cbung sfle xay
dung nen van boa Viet Nam tien tien, dam da ban sic dan toe trong
giai doan hien nay. Tfl dd cbung tdi cho ring, nghien cflu va hudng
din sinh vidn nghien cflu d c tu tudng triet bgc truydn thd'ng Viet Nam
trong qui trinh day va bgc mdn triet bgc trong d c nha trudng dai bgc
ndi chung, trong mot nha trudng cd nhiem vu dao tao d c nha gilo,
d c nha nghien cflu vd ngdn ngfl trong tuong lai nhu trudng DHNNDHQG Ha Ndi la mot edng viec d n thidt.
Hudng din sinh vien nghien cun, tim bieu tu tudng triet bgc truydn
thd'ng cua ngudi Viet Nam la mot cdng viec hap din nhung ddi hoi d d
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ngudi hudng din lln ngudi thuc hien mot thii do llm viec rlt nghiem
tuc, cdng phu, ti mi va cung gap khdng it khd khan, dac biet trong tinh

hinh hien nay, khi ma chflng ta da cd rat nhidu nhflng cdng trinh nghien
cun vd van hoi truydn thd'ng Viet Nam, ve lich sfl tu tudng Viet Nam
tren nhidu binh dien, nhung lai chua cd dUge nhflng nghien eflu cd tinh
dinh hudng va he thd'ng vd tu tudng triet bgc Viet Nam. Ngay d d c
gilo trinh triet bgc hien nay d nude ta cung mdi chi danh mot phan rat
"khiem ton" de ndi ve lich sfl tu tudng triet bgc Viet Nam.
Mudn tim bieu, khai thic d c tu tudng triet bgc Viet Nam qua d c
thdi ky khic nhau cua nen van boa truydn thd'ng, trudc bet d n nim
duge mot d e b khii quit holn d n h lich sfl, dac diem phat trien van
hoi ndi chung cua xa hdi Viet Nam qua d c thdi ky, cho de'n mdi
phuong dien, sir Inh hudng lln nhau, tinh chat ke thfla cung nhu su
doe dio trong su phIt trien cua mdi yen to van bol dd tfl dd xlc dinh
dung pham vi, d e b tbfle the hien cua nhflng tu tudng trie't bgc. Vi vay
khi hudng din sinh vien tim bieu nhflng tu tudng triet bgc truyen
thd'ng trong mot llnh vuc nao dd bao gid chung tdi cung hudng sinh
vien cbfl y den hai diem chinh:
- Linh vuc the hien cua nhflng tu tudng d n tim bieu (Tu tudng
trie't bgc trong van bol dan gian: ca dao, tuc ngfl, thin thoai, cd tieh...;
trong van chuong bac bgc; trong d c llnh vuc dao dfle, gilo due, quan
su, chinh tri, ngoai giao...)
- Tdm khai qudt cua nhflng tu tudng tridt bgc trong mdi llnh vuc
ay (Nhflng tu tudng triet bgc dd da phan Inh d c vln dd ve vu tru, the
gidi quan, nhan sinh quan ra sao? Phin Inh trinh do tu duy Idgic, tu
duy trflu tugng, khIi quit... cua ngudi Viet xua nhu thd nao?...)
Tfl su nghien eflu ve dac diem va su the hien cua tu tudng triet bgc
trong mdi llnh vuc cung nhu nhflng nhan xet vd tim khIi quit cua elc
tu tudng dd, ngudi nghien cun d n phai dua ra nhung ket luan vd each
tidp can, phuong tbfle tiep can va nhflng thanh qua dat duge cua ngudi
Viet Nam vd nhflng van dd cd tinh chat triet bgc dd. Theo chflng tdi,
yen clu nly cd y nghIa dac biet quan trgng trong viec phIt trien nang

luc tu duy, nang luc nghien eflu khoa bgc cho sinh vien. Vi chinh viec
chi ra duge d e b tidp can, phuong tbfle tiep can la su kbdi diu cho mot
dudng hudng tu duy ml theo dd rlt nhidu van de quan trgng se duge
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giai quyet. Chang ban nhu, trong nen van bol truydn thd'ng Viet Nam,
d e b tiep can, cich tu duy cua ngudi Viet cd gin vdi mot tam thflc tin
ngudng va tdn gilo da than. Ngudi Viet cd ludn gin "Vat" vdi "Thin",
d dau CO ngudi la d dd cd Thin: Thin Dat, than Nfli, thin Sdng, thin
Bien... cho den Thd cdng, Ong Tlo, ma xd... Nhung d c vi Than cua
ngudi Viet lai vd cung gin gui vdi con ngudi, cd each tu duy, cd cude
song, sinh boat gid'ng con ngudi. Ddng thdi cung cd khdng it con ngudi
thuc, bing da, bing tbit duge ngudi Viet Nam tdn thInh Thin, thanh
ThInh. Van dd "Ngudi bol" thin thInh vl ngugc lai "Thin thinb bol"
con ngudi rd rang ndi len mot d e b tu duy rat ddc dIo cua ngudi Viet
Nam: su dan xen gitta yeu to duy tam vl duy vat trong tflng suy nghi,
trong mdi su ly giai cua ngudi ta vd nhflng van de the gidi quan, nhan
sinh quan cho den nhflng van dd rat cu the cua cude song. Tim bieu,
khai thIc nhflng hien tugng ay, chung ta cd the thay duge ding sau dd
la d mot ddi song tam linh phong phfl, phuong thflc tu duy ddc dIo va
cude sdng hien thuc dly sinh ddng cua d c the he ngudi Viet trudc day.
Nhflng tu tudng triet bgc Viet Nam the hien su kdt bgp gifla tinh
dan toe bin dia vdi tinh chgn Ige trong su tidp nhan nhflng ludng van
bol du nhap trong mdi thdi ky phIt trien. O ting bin dia, nhiJng tu
tudng trie't bgc truydn thd'ng gin chat che vdi Id'i tu duy kinh nghiem
cua eon ngudi sin xuat nbd, cua van minh ling xa. Noi m l con ngudi
va thien nhien hoa llm mot, trong mot the thd'ng nhat tren nen ting
canh tic ndng nghiep lac hau d vflng bin dao, nbiet ddi, gid mua.
Pham vi ma tu duy kinh nghiem cua ngudi Viet Nam the hien la nhflng

van dd vd trdi, dlt, thin, thInh, tam linh, con ngudi cflng nhflng kbit
vgng sdng cua hg. Hinh tbfle the hien thudng la than thoai, cd tich, ca
dao, tuc ngfl, truyen tieu lam... O dd, nhflng mdi lien be phd bien gifla
trdi va ngudi, su phIt trien cua d c su vat, hien tugng trong the gidi
khach quan, nhflng mdi lien he nhan qui... ludn the hien mot cIch
nhin rlt thuc te nhung cung rat dac biet: khi thi bien chflng, luc lai
sieu hinh cua ngudi Viet cd. Cle pham trfl cap ddi nhu: vat - thin; ba
hdn - chin via; ba bd - chin trau; ba van - chin nghin; sdng kbdn - chet
thieng; khdn sdng - md'ng chet; thuan vg - thuan chdng; tren ddng can dudi ddng sau... va nhung Id'i ndi dua tren su so sinh ngugc nhu: Dan dng
ndng ndi gidng kboi, dan ba sau sac nhu coi dung trau; Trach de nggn
da, sao de dudi nude; mud'i chua, chanh man; da ndi, bac ebim... da
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the hien Id'i tu duy tugng hinh cung Idgie tu duy cung rlt dac biet (Khi
thi bgp Idgic, khi lai phi Idgic) cua ngudi Viet Nam xua.
Ting tu duy bin dia dd cua ngudi Viet da chi phdi d e b thflc giao
tidp, d e b thflc giao luu van bol cua bg. Trong giao luu van hoa,
nhflng tu tudng trie't bgc the hien rlt da dang vl kha phfle tap, song
ludn gifl duge nhflng net dac trung rat rieng biet cua ngudi Viet Nam.
Su giao luu vdi d c triet ly Phat gilo II mot vi du. Viet Nam chiu Inh
hudng cua d c triet ly Phat gilo tfl d hai ludng: An Do vl Trung
Qud'c. Phat gilo An Do va Trung Qud'c cd rat nhidu tdng phli, mdi
tdng phli lai cd nhflng triet ly rieng ve gile ngd va con dudng giai
tholt, song Phat gilo khdng phli II tdn gilo da thin. Ngudi Viet xua
da tiep nhan Phat gilo tren nen tu duy ban dia da thin va trgng thuc
te cua minh. Qua d c thdi ky lich sfl, mac dfl cIch tidp nhan elc triet
ly Phat gilo tfl d c tdng phli cua ngudi Viet cd nhflng su khIc nhau
nhlt dinh, song nhin chung Phat gilo khi vao Viet Nam da tao nen
triet ly nhan sinh vd ngd, triet ly tu luc cua ngudi Viet. Chinh triet

ly vd ngd Viet Nam da dua sfle manh cua el nhan nhap vio sfle manh
cua cdng ddng, khang dinh sfle manh cua mot ngudi trong sfle manh
cua mudn ngudi. Triet ly tu luc, tu cudng da khien dan toe Viet Nam
nbd be, ngheo nan dflng vflng vang trudc mgi cude xam lang, khdng
chiu le thude vao bit cfl qud'c gia nio. Con dudng tim su "Gidc ngd"
ngay trong cude ddi thuc cung la mot net rlt dac sic trong su tidp
nhan Phat gilo cua ngudi Viet. Nbd dd Phat gilo khi vao Viet Nam
da trd nen dan da ban, nhap the ban, gin bd mot d e b gian di bon vdi
tam linh cua mdi ngudi Viet Nam.
Su giao luu va tiep nhan nhflng ludng van boa va triet bgc kbac
dac biet la nhflng nen van bol va triet hgc phuong Ddng nhu dao Nho,
dao Lao cua ngudi Viet Nam cung mang nhflng dac diem tuong tu.
Dieu dd da lam cho d c tu tudng triet bgc Viet Nam vfla mang nhflng
net dac trung cua d c tu tudng triet bgc phuong Ddng nhu cbfl trgng
nhflng van dd xa hdi vl nhan sinh ban so vdi nhflng van de ve vu tru
quan, ve nhan thflc luan; quan niem khdng that ranh mach, dan xen
gifla d c yeu to duy tam va duy vat, Id'i tu duy vfla bien chflng vfla sieu
hinh, vfla Idgic vfla phi Idgic..., ddng thdi ehinh nhflng dac trung dd
khi bieu hien trong tu tudng triet bgc Viet Nam lai mang nhflng net rat
rieng biet cua dan toe Viet Nam.
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Chinh vi nhflng le dd, cho nen khi hudng din sinh vien nghien
cflu vd d c tu tudng triet hgc Viet Nam hay cle trudng phli triet bgc
kbac va Inh hudng cua chflng dd'i vdi qui trinh hinh thInh va phat
trien cua cle tu tudng triet hgc Viet Nam, gilo vien d n giflp hg tim ra
pham vi vd each tiep nhan nhflng tu tudng dd cua ngudi Viet, ddng
thdi khang dinh duge nhflng net ddc sac, sdng tao rat rieng cua ngudi
Viet trong su giao luu dd. Cin chi cho sinh vien thay rd: Cle tu tudng

trie't hgc Viet Nam, du d\igc hinh thanh tren co sd bin dia hay la duge
ke thfla tfl ben ngoai vIo, tat el deu trai qua qua trinh van ddng va
phIt trien d Viet Nam, chiu su chi phdi cfla truyen thd'ng van bol, thuc
tidn Viet Nam nen khdng the khdng mang nhflng net dac trung, khIc
biet. VI viec nghien cun de tim ra, de khai thIc nhflng net dac trung,
kbic biet dd cblnh la nhi^m vu cua mdi ngudi nghien cflu tuy theo gdc
do tiep can, pham vi nghien cflu cung nhu trinh do cua minh.
Chung tdi nhan thly, sinh vien cua cbung ta rat quan tam, hflng
thfl khi duge hudng din nghien cflu nhflng de tai nay va qua dd y
ngbia gilo due truyen thd'ng, Idng tu bio dan toe cho sinh vien cung
rat Idn. Trong mot so nam gin day, nhidu sinh vien trudng DHNNDHQG Ha Ndi da thuc hien tuong ddi thanh cdng nhflng nghien cflu
vd ming de tai nay nhu: Tim bieu nhflng tu tudng triet bgc tu phIt
trong than thoai Viet Nam; Tu tudng bien cbiing trong tuc ngfl, ca dao
cua ngudi Viet cd; Tu duy Idgic cua ngudi Viet trong tieu lam Viet
Nam; Tim bieu tu tudng "Thien menh" trong Truyen Kiiu cua Nguydn
Du; Tu tudng "Thien - Nhan bgp nhlt trong ca dao, tuc ngfl Viet Nam;
Inh hudng cua quan niem duy tam truyen thd'ng trong ddi sdng tam
linh cua con ngudi Viet Nam hien dai... Theo chflng tdi day la mot
trong nhflng hudng ngbidn cun d n duge tidp tuc trong nhung nam tdi
dd'i vdi d d n bd giang day mdn triet hgc va sinh vien.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Dd Huy - May suy nghi vi cdeh tii'p can nhung tu tudng trie't
hgc trong van hod truyin thd'ng Viet Nam - Tap chi Triet hgc 7- 2002.
2. Phan Nggc- Bdn sac van hod Viet Nam, Nxb. Van hgc 2002.
3. Nguydn Tai Thu (Chii bien ) - Lich sd tu tudng Viet Nam, Nxb.
KHXHHaNdil993.
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