Một số điểm giáo viên cần lưu ý khi sửa lỗi bài viết cho sinh viên

MOT SO DIEM GIAO VIEN CAN LUU Y
KHI SQA L 6 | BAI VIET CHO SINH VIEN
THS. PHAM THI THANH THUY (A)

Khoa Anh, Trudng DHNN

I. DAT VAN DE

Trong qui trinh day bgc ndi chung, ngoai ngfl ndi rieng, ngudi
gilo vien la mot nhan to quan trgng, gifl nhflng vai trd khic nhau:
ngudi td chfle elc boat ddng gilng day va bgc tap, ngudi quin ly, gilm
sit, ngudi giup do, ngudi kiem tra, dinh gil ket qui bgc tap cua sinh
vien... Vi the' hg ed nhieu nhiem vu khIc nhau trong tflng budi len Idp.
Dae biet, trong qui trinh day viet cho sinh vien bing tieng nude
ngoai, gilo vien ed nhiem vu rat quan trgng la dgc vl neu nhan xet ve
ndi dung bli viet cua sinh vien eung nhu sfla nhflng Idi ve giao tiep, ve
van hoi, ve ngdn ngfl ma sinh vien mic phai.
Bli viet nay se khdng di sau vio vai trd dgc va pbin bdi cua gilo
vien ve ndi dung bli viet cua sinh vien, ml chi neu ra mot so diem ml
gilo vien can luu y khi sfla nhflng Idi ve ngdn ngfl trong bli viet cua hg.
II. NO! DUNG
1. Co sd cua viec sua Idi
1.1 Thenao

laloi?

Theo cic nba ngdn ngtt (Corder, 1967, Bartholomae, 1980, Homing,
1987, Bates et al, 1993, Brown 1994, etc.) ed su khIc nhau gifla hai
khai niem mistake vl error.
• Mistake (tam ggi la Idi nhdm Idn) la su su dung sai he thd'ng
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ngdn ngfl da bie't, thudng do Id Idi, nham lln, hoac do trang thai co the
met mdi, xfle ddng... Vi the, Idi nham lln khdng he thd'ng, rdi rac, la
dieu tat ye'u trong giao tiep. Ngay d ngudi ban ngfl eung cd the mIc
kieu Idi nay khi sfl dung tieng me de.
• Cdn error (tam ggi la Idi hi thd'ng) thi la d e b ngudi bgc ngoai
ngfl su dung sai he thd'ng ngdn ngfl dich, la Idi mang tinh he thd'ng,
phan anh trinh do tiep thu ngdn ngfl dich cua ngudi bgc. Ngudi ta
khdng bi mIc Idi kieu nay khi dung tieng me de. VI du: mot sinh vien
cd the mie Idi ve su boa hgp gifla chu vi ngfl (he study) mot hay hai
lln trong mot bli viet thi duge coi la Idi nhim lln - mistake. Nhung cd
sinh vien khIc lai mIe Idi nhu vay nhieu lln trong cflng mot bli viet
hoac d e bli khIc nhau, mang tinh he thd'ng. Trudng hgp nay sinh vien
da mac Idi he thd'ng - error.
Nhu vay, tfl su khae nhau gifla hai kieu Idi nay ta cd the thay
ngudi bgc trinh do kbic nhau thi mIc phai Idi khIc nhau, va Idi he
thd'ng (error) cd the chi cdn la Idi nham lln (mistake) sau mot thdi
gian b'gc tap. Hon nfla, ngudi bgc cd the tir sfla Idi nbim lln chfl khd
cd the' tir sfla Idi he thd'ng duge neu khdng ed su nhan xet phin hdi tfl
phia ngudi day.
Ve phia ngudi day, giao vien eung d n cd thii do thuc te ban khi
sinh vien mIc Idi, bdi le Idi khdng cdn don thuan II su phIn anh phuong
phip day bgc cua gilo vien, ma la dau bieu cho thay qui trinh bgc dang
dien ra. Ndi mot elch khIc, viec ngudi bgc mIc Idi trong qui trinh hgc
ngoai ngfl la khdng the trinh duge. Van de dat ra cho gilo vien II phai
hie'u rd ve Idi va su cin thiet phai sua Idi, phan tich Idi de' biet duge tai
sao sinh vien mIc Idi, Idi nao sinh vien tu sua duge, tfl do gilo vien biet
Idi nao hg ndn sfla va sfla vIo luc nao II thich hgp nbat.
1. 2. Tai sao chung ta can sua loi trong bai viet cua sinh vien?

Sinh vien hgc ngoai ngfl can duge gilo vien phan hdi ve Idi vi:
- Day la mot phan quan trgng trong qua trinh hgc mot ngdn ngtt
thfl hai.
Nhu vfla ndi d trdn, trong qua trinh hgc ngoai ngfl, ngudi hgc cd
the mac Idi trudc khi dat duge mflc do hoan thien ve ngdn ngfl. Ngudi
hgc hoac tu nhan ra Idi, hoac duge ngudi khac chi cho Idi, tfl do ho
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phan tich Idi, xlc dinh mflc do nghiem trgng cua Idi de de ra muc tieu
sua Idi, ddng thdi tu dieu chinh de' gilm bdt Idi vl trinh mlc Idi. Day
eung la muc tieu cua viec sinh vien phan tich Idi va viec giao vien
phan bdi ve Idi.
So dd sau day cho thay dudng budng phan tich Idi: (Bates,
1993:13)
Feedback
Errors
determined
Errors
prioritized
Goals set

Study of
errors and
Error
correction

Independent
selfmonitoring

- Viec sfla Idi khdng nhflng giflp sinh vidn ban che mlc Idi hay
mlc It Idi ban trong d e bli viet sau, ml cdn giup hg hgc duge vl tuan
thfl theo nhflng chuan viet cua van phong khoa hgc va chuyen mdn.
- Qua nhieu nghien cflu (Leki 1986, Ancker 2000) nhieu sinh
vien hgc ngoai ngfl mong mudn bli viet cua minh duge giao vien sfla
Idi vi hg thay van phong viet khIc xa so vdi vaa ndi, va viet chuin xlc
la rat cIn thiet trong giao tiep.
1.3. Loi nao can sua? Khi nao can sua?
Gilo vien cIn nhd ring neu sfla tat d e Idi trong bai viet cua sinh
vien thi ddi khi lai llm cho sinh vien hoang mang, mat bflng thfl hgc
tap. Nhflng tieu chi sau cd the giflp gilo vien chgn Idi de chi ra bay
sfla cho sinh vien:
- Uu tien cho nhflng Idi nghiem trgng lam ngudi dgc bieu llm
hay khdng bieu bai viet. Day thudng la nhflng Idi tdng the (global
error), lam sai lech nghia cua d cau hay doan, vi du nhu Idi ve trat tu
tfl: my father's friend - my friend's father, a race horse - a horse race ;
Idi sfl dung tfl ndi sai / shouted at her beeausel sol so that she stopped
talking to me ; hay Idi d u true cau When we lost our way in the forest
and it got quyte dark were very scary...
Mac du gilo vien thudng tap trung chfl y ban den ndi dung bai
viet cua sinh vien d nhflng Ian diu d e em viet nhip (early drafts),
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giao vien ed the chi ra va siia nhflng Idi tdng the nhu vi du trdn d ngay
nhflng bai viet nhap nay.
- Gilo vien nen sua nhflng Idi sinh vien thudng sai lap di lap lai
nhieu lln trong bai viet ke d nhflng Idi cue bd (local eror) (tflc la Idi
chi lam sai lech thdng tin cua tflng tfl don le ma khdng Inh budng
nhieu den nghIa chung cua cau, doan. VI du: Idi ve thdi cua ddng tfl,

trg ddng tfl, quIn tfl, v.v).
Ldi cue bd cd the de sfla d nhflng lln viet sau (later drafts).
- Gilo vien khi sfla ldi eung nen xem xet den trinh do tieng, tbii
do, muc dich cua tflng el nhan sinh vien. Vdi mot sinh vidn mdi hgc,
dfl bai viet cua anh ta cdn nhieu ldi kbIc nhau thi anh ta eung chi cd
the tap trung vao ehfla mot hay hai loai ldi trong mot Ian ma thdi.
Sinh vien tu tin cd the ddn nhan bli viet bi sua nhieu ldi ma khdng
mac cam. Nguge lai, sinh vien ye'u ban cd the hoang sg hoac nin long,
va khdng mudn viet nfla.
- Neu trong bai gilng ma giao vien da de cap den mot loai ldi vai
lln nhung sinh vidn vin mlc ldi dd thi gilo vien cd the chi ra trong bai
viet cua sinh vien, du ring ldi dd khdng phli la ngbidm trgng nbat
hoac thudng xuyen nbat.
Ndi tdm lai, gilo vien, du mudn hay khdng, eung nen chi cho sinh
vien thay nhflng ldi tdng the de hg cd the sfla, tranh lam sai lech nghia
cua bai viet.
Cd the tdm tit so dd ldi nhu sau:
Chgn ldi nao?
Ldi tdng thi:
Lam anh budng de'n nghIa
toan cau/ doan.
VD: trat tu tfl, cau true cau,
tfl ndi...

1

i
Ket qua:
khdng anh budng nhieu den
ket qua giao tiep

Ket qua:
Anh budng den ket qua giao
tiep

t<-

Ldi cue bd:
Lam anh budng de'n ngbia
cua tiing thinh td don le.
VD: trg ddng tfl, quIn tfl

<-\Ju tien
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1.4. Sua loi nhu the nao?
Trong qui trinh dgc va sfla ldi cho sinh vien, nhieu gilo vien dung
nhflng d e b khIc nhau, vi du:
- Sua true tiep: sfla va ghi tat d phan ehfla vao bai vie't cua sinh
vien. Cleh nay cdn duge d e nba ngdn ngfl ggi la over-correction (sfla
qui nhieu).
- Sfla giln tiep: Cleh sfla ldi nay II gilo vien dung mot he thd'ng
ki bieu de sua ldi: gilo vien cd the' dflng chfl viet tit, ki bieu, mui ten,
hay khoanh trdn, gach chan, dflng da'u ngoac de' chi ra Idi. (Xin xem
bIng phu luc A -mot so ki bieu thdng thudng dflng trong sfla ldi).
Gilo vien cflng cd the viet nhan xet ben le trang gia'y.
- Gilo vien cflng ed the ke't hgp d e cleh nay.
Gilo vien nao eung bieu ring dfl cd dung cleh ehfla nao di nfla thi
muc dich cudi cflng cua chung ta la sinh vien phai bdt mlc ldi hoac

khdng mlc ldi nfla. Tuy nhien khdng phli ai eung biet ring sinh vien
se that khd ghi nhd nhflng dieu ma gilo vien eung cap sin mot elch
qui nhanh, khi ml hg khdng cd co hdi de tim bieu, hgc hdi, kiem
nghiem, ghi nhd, va van dung chung. Vay thi neu gilo vien eung d p
cho sinh vien mgi phIn ehfla II ta da vd tinh hay hflu y tude mat co bdi
dd cua sinh vien. CIn phli cho sinh vien co hdi de hg tu bieu, tu ehfla
ldi, hgc qua ldi (tat nhien dieu nay ddi hdi d thdi gian vl nd luc - thfl
ma chung ta khdng bao gid cd du). Dieu nay cflng duge Norman
(2003) ddng tinh: "By telling students information, we are effectively
robbing them of it: understanding something is not the same as
remembering it, but (it is not so well known that) understanding
something too quyekly can make it more difficult to remember.
Therefore, teachers should ask students questions rather than give
them too many answers."
Ndi nhu vay cd nghia II gilo vien nen dung cleh sfla ldi gian tiep.
Tuy theo trinh do cua sinh vien ma gilo vien cd the don thuin chi ra
ldi hay gilo vidn vfla chi ra ldi va vi tri cua nd, ddng thdi xlc dinh loai
ldi cho sinh vien.
Vi du: Ddi vdi sinh vien da dat tdi trinh do trung ca'p thi giao vidn
cd the sua ldi bIng elch dinh da'u X ngoai le ddng cd ldi hay neu ra
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bai viet cua sinh vien cd may ldi...). Chang ban: Gilo vien cho sinh
vien biet cau sau cd 4 ldi:
XX

You want to become good teacher means that you
need to have some neccesary quality.

Cau dflng phai la: Becoming g_ good teacher means that you need
to have some necessary qualities_. Or: That you want to become a good
teacher means that you need to have some necessary qualities.
Ddi vdi sinh vien trinh do so d p hoac thap hon, gilo vien cd the
ehfla nhu sau: chi ra 4 ldi va xlc dinh loai ldi cho sinh vien bie't de hg
cd the' tu sfla.
ss art
[You want to become a good teacher means that] you need to
have some
sp num
neccesary quality.
WW

Only when you love tiie children, can you find the real mean of
the teaching job.
(Only when you love children, can you find the real meaning of
the teaching job.)
Neu sinh vien khdng tu sfla ldi duge thi ta lai tiep tuc giup hg sua
ldi khd: trong vi du trdn la ldi thfl nha't ve cau true (ky hieu la ss).
Ddi vdi sinh vidn nam thfl nhlt, ta nen giup d e em ehfla mot so
ldi khd, ldi tdng the va chi ra cho d c em nhflng ldi dd, ldi cue bd khae
de' d c em tu sfla.
2. Mot vai goi y cho giao vien day viet ve viec chura ldi
2.1. Day cho sinh vien he thdng kihieu giao vien dung deehua loi
Khi giao vien dflng ki hieu de sfla ldi, ta da giup sinh vien tich cue
tham gia vao qua trinh phln tich ldi cua chinh hg, kham phi ra nhflng
ldi hg hay mlc de tfl dd han chd' bdt ldi.
347

Ban than gilo vien va ddng nghiep cua minh nen thd'ng nhlt mot he
thdng ky hieu de sfla ldi vl hg nen nhlt quIn trong viec dung d c ky
hieu dd de sfla ldi, bdi vi sinh vien phai lam quen vdi chung va sfl dung
chung trong sudt chuong trinh bgc viet cua minh. (Xem phu luc A)
2.2. Giao vien can linh boat trong viec sua ldi
Nhu da ndi d tren gilo vien theo ddi sit trinh do va su tien bd cua
mdi Idp, nhdm, bay d nhan sinh vien de xlc dinh Idi nao d n sfla, sfla
luc nao, ddng thdi dua ra cleh tbfle sfla ldi phfl hgp nbat, trinh sfla qui
nhieu hay qui it, tao dieu kien cho sinh vien tien bd nhanh nbat. Mot
trong nhflng edng cu bun hieu nbat cho d giao vien vl sinh vien la
bang theo ddi vl thd'ng ke ldi.
2.3. Bang theo ddi va thdng ke loi
Bang theo ddi va thd'ng ke ldi gdm ba cot chinh de ghi lai nhflng
thdng tin sau: Loai ldi, tdng so ldi mlc trong mot bli viet, nhflng ldi
d n uu tien sfla trudc. (xem phu luc B)
Bang theo ddi va thd'ng ke ldi nhIm hai muc dich: Thfl nbat, nd
giup sinh vien thiy duge hg mlc ldi nao thudng xuyen nhlt, nghiem
trgng nbat trong d c bai viet cua hg. Thfl hai, nd giflp hg gianh quyen
uu tien cho ldi nio d n sua nhlt, tu trinh mlc lai ldi dd trong nhflng
bai viet sau, hoac neu mlc ldi lai thi hg tu biet de sua ngay.
Sinh vien eung thay su tien bd cua minh thdng qua bang theo ddi
vl thd'ng ke ldi, tfl dd phln khich ml hgc tap.
2.4. Yeu cau sinh vien sua ldi cho nhau theo tdng cap hay nhdm
Day la elch td't giflp gilo vien gilm thdi gian ehfla bai cho tflng d
nhan sinh vien, ddng thdi ddng vien duge vai trd chu ddng cua ngudi
hgc theo dudng budng day hgc lly ngudi hgc llm trung tam. Sinh vidn
cd the giflp nhau sfla ldi, qua dd hgc hdi nhau, nang cao ky nang tu
sua ldi (proof-reading). Ddi khi hg cd the coi day la mot bai tap vui
nhu viec choi mot d chfl, thi dua xem nhdm nao xong trudc, tim va
ehfla nhieu ldi nbat va chinh xlc nbat.

Tuy vay, gilo vien cflng d n nhle nhd d c em ehd qua tap trung
vao viec sua ldi ngdn ngfl d Ian vidt dau tien ma quen phan ndi dung
bai viet. Td't nbat II gilo vien cho d c em sfla bai cua nhau theo hai
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budc: dIu tidn sinh vien cho nhan xet ve ndi dung bai viet, sau dd mdi
ehfla ldi. Gilo vien eung cd the yeu d u sinh vien tim va sua tflng loai
ldi khae nhau cho mot lln.
Sau khi sinh vien sfla cho nhau xong, gilo vien nen yeu d u d c
em xem vl viet lai bai trudc khi nop cho gilo vien. Bing each nay bai
viet cua sinh vien chic chin se it ldi ban. Ddng thdi khi sinh vien
tranh luan xem lieu ehd nly trong bai viet cd ldi bay khdng, d c em
cflng dn luyen duge ludn nhflng kien thfle da bgc.
III. KET LUAN

Trong qui trinh day vl hgc ngoai ngfl, viec ngudi hgc mlc ldi,
nha't la trong giai doan dIu, la khdng the' tranh duge. Vi the, mot trong
nhflng nhiem vu cua ngudi giao vien, dae biet gilo vien nam thfl nbat,
la phai sfla ldi cho sinh vien.
De qui trinh nly didn ra sudn se, gilo vien d n luu y den mot sd
nhflng nguyen tic chung khi sua ldi. Dae biet, chung ta ludn phai
nhd la chung ta ehfla ldi cho sinh vien nhIm bd trg tich cue cho viec
bgc tap cua d c em, chfl khdng phai lam cho hg nIn Idng. Viec gilo
vien dung he thd'ng ki hieu thd'ng nbat de sfla ldi vfla tiet kiem duge
thdi gian va edng sfle cho ban than hg, vfla cd Igi cho sinh vien. Mot
khi d c em quen duge vdi be thd'ng ki bieu sua ldi (neu thd'ng nhlt
trong sudt qua trinh hgc thi cing td't), cflng vdi bang theo ddi va
thd'ng ke ldi, d c em cd the tich cue tham gia vIo boat ddng tu sfla ldi
cho minh va cho lln nhau. Tit nhien, d c em eung cd the dieu chinh

va Ip dung chung de sfla ldi cho d c mdn khIc nfla, dac biet la ldi
trong khi ndi.
Bli viet nay mdi dua ra mot sd nhflng ggi y nhd ve cleh sua ldi
ma ngudi viet da ap dung trong viec gilng day cua minh. Mong ring
nd eung it nhieu cd ich cho d c gilo vien khie trong qui trinh sua ldi
bai vie't cho sinh vidn. Tic gia eung mong nhan duge sir ddng gdp y
kien cho bai viet duge hoan chinh hon.
Mot dieu nfla ma ngudi viet mudn chia se la du the' nao di ntta thi
viec dflng he thd'ng ki hieu ehfla ldi cho sinh vidn cflng khdng thi" thay
thi'duac viec giao vien dua ra nhUng ldi nhan xet ve not dung cua
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bdi vie't cua d c em (vi chic ngudi dgc/ nghe eung chang bflng thu gi
khi dgc/ nghe mot bai khdng cd ldi nhung lac chu de hay ndi dung
ngheo nan). De cd duge nhflng nhan xet bay, mang tinh chit xay dung
thi eung la d mot nghe thuat. Vi the, ngudi viet se de cap den vln de
dd trong mot dip khIc.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Ancker W. 2000. Errors and corrective feedback: Updated
theory and classroom practice. ET Forum, 38, 4, pp. 20-4.
2. Bartholomae D.1980. The study of error. College Composition
and Communications, 31: 253-69.
3. Bates L., J. Lane, and E. Lange. 1993., Writing Clearly.
Boston: Heinle and Heinle Publisher.
4. Brown, H. D. 1994. Principles of language learning and
teaching, 3''' ed. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: prentice Hall Regents.
5. Corder S. P. 1967. The significance of learners' errors.
International Review of Applied Linguistics, 5: 161-70.
6. Horning A. S. 1987. Teaching writing as a second language.

Carbondale, 111.: Southern Illinois Press.
7. Ingram B. and C. King, 1996. From writing to Composing. An
introductory composition course for students of English.
Cambridge University Press.
8. Klassen J. 1995. Using Student Errors for teaching. Creative
Classroom Activities. ET Forum. (Ed.: Thomas Krai.) Pp. 13441
9. Leki I. 1986. ESL student preferences in written error
correction. Paper presented at the Southeast Regional TESOL
Conference, Atlanta, Ga.
10. Norman S., 2003. The Power of the Para consciousness, Etp
29, October 2003. (Ed.: Thomas Krai).

350


Bang phu luc A:
ERROR CORRECTION SYMBOLS
Bang He thdng ki hieu ldi
Symbol
General Items:

Explanation

//

New paragraph
Meaning
unclear
Add omitted
word/s

Omit word/s;
not
Right word but
wrong form
Expression
(affected by
LI)

?
A

/

WF
expr

Punctuation:
C/CAP
P
Nouns:
pro agr
art
ger/G
N
num/#
pro/PR
REF

Capitalize
Incorrect

punctuation
Pronoun
agreement
mistake
Article mistake
Use gerund
Use noun
Number;
singular <->
plural)
Use pronoun
Pronoun
reference
unclear

Symbol
Modifiers:
Adj
Adv
poss
Prepositions
Prep

Explanation
Use adjective
Use adverb
Use possessive
form
Add preposition

Syntax:
OF/Frag
()R/R-0
S/V
WO
cob
ss
Connectors
Conj/ Conn
L
R/PR

Fragment error
Run- on sentence
Subject/ verb
needed
Wrong order
Coherence (one
idea does not lead
to the next)
Sentence
structure
Incorrect
conjunction /
connective
Link/combine
Add relative
pronoun

351

Verbs:
VC
SV agr
vt/VT
vf/VF
mod
aux
inf
cond

Lexical items
sp

Voice change
Incorrect spelling
web/ WW
Subject/ verb
Word choice/
agreement
wrong word
Wrong verb
Style
tense
Informl
Too informal
Incorrect verb
form
Faulty

PAR
Modal problem T/S
parallelism
Auxiliary verb
Improve topic
PARA/UN
sentence
Use infinitive
Lack of
Incorrect
TRANS
paragraph unity
use/formation
Transition needed
of a conditional
sentence.
(Dua theo Klassen 1991, Bates et al. 1993, Ingram and King 1996)

352


Bang phu luc B:
ERROR AWARENESS SHEET
Bang theo doi va thdng ke ldi
Directions: This Error Awareness Sheet will help you to discover what
your errors are and to leam to prioritize them. Put a check in the second
column for each error marked on your retumed paper. Then, from the most
frequent errors in the second column, select two or three that you can begin
working on first and check next to them in the third column. Always
remember that you need to work on frequent global errors first.

Name of student: Essay:
Total Number of Top-priority Errors
Errors
to work on
Global errors (more serious). These errors usually impede understanding.
ss
wo
expr
cond
mod
conn
Type of Error

Local errors (less serious). These errors, while distracting, most often do
not impede understanding.
SVagr
art
num
VF
adj
Other errors These errors are commonly made by native speakers.
CAP/ not CAP.
P
sp
()R/R-0

(Dua theo Klassen 1991, Bates et al. 1993)
353