Quản lý dự án đầu tư xây dựng (phần 2): Vai trò của tư vấn trong nước tại các dự án hợp tác với nước ngoài

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<b>QUAN LY Dii AN OAU TU XAY Dl/NG (PHAN 2): </b>

VAITRO

C U A T J V A N

TRONG Nl/OC TAI

CAC DU A N HOPTAC VOI N U O C NGOAI

KTS. NCS Ngd Le Minh

Dai hoc Dong Te, ThiTcfng Hai, Trung Quoc

T

u van kien true trong nuPe ed vai
trd rat quan trpng trong qua trinh
xay dung mot do an thiet ke cho
den khi hd so dupc phe duyet va
cap phep xay dung. Mot chQc nang quan
trpng cua Tu van kien true trong nude la
bien dich va chuyen doi cac b i n thiet ke
nguyen gdc tU nUde ngoai thanh eac ban
thiet ke theo dung tieu chuan, qui pham
hien hanh cua Viet Nam, de tQ d d cae eO
quan cd tham quyen tai Viet Nam xem xet
va phe duyet hd so thiet ke. TQ van thiet
ke trong nQdc ed nhiem vu p h i i dam bao
hd sd xay dQng tuan theo d u n g tieu chuan,
qui pham va cae yeu eau cua chinh quyen
sdtai.

Theoluat phap Viet Nam hien hanh, chi
ed eac don vi t Q v i n thiet ke trong nQdc mdi
cdtQcach phap nhan ddi vdi cae hd so thiet
ke xay dQng, cdn cac Cty nQdc ngoai thi
chQa dQpc phep.TQvin thiet ke trong nQPc

cd nhiem vu phai dam b i o hd so xay diing
tuan theo dung tieu chuan, dinh dang va
cac yeu c i u eua chinh quyen sd tai.

Ngoai ra, de giam bdt ehi phi thue t u
van nude ngoai (TVNN), t u v i n trong nude
(TVTN) lam luon p h i n hd so chuan bi dau
thau va c h i m t h i u n h i m ehpn lUa nha thau
xay dung cdng trinh. Cdng viee nay thudc
ve giai doan thU 2 cua mdi DQ an (giai doan
thiic hien d u an), d dd khdng can nhieu
den ky nang thiet ke hay sang tao ma chi
can sU thanh thao trong edng tac chuan bi
dau thau va cae thu tuc hanh ehinh, vdn
la the manh cua cac nha TVTN. Hau het
cac d u an d i u t u xay dung cd sii hpp tae
vdi nudc ngoai deu lUa ehpn m d hinh hpp
tac nay, dien hinh n h i t la viec thiet ke xay
diing Trung tam Hdi nghi Qudc Gia tai My
Oinh, Ha Ndi. Cdng trinh do KTS ngudi DQc
Meinhard Von Gerkan va Nikolaus Goetze
thiet ke, cdng tac voi mot Cty t u v i n thiet
ke trong nQdc thudc Bp Xay dQng, va chin
Tdng cdng ty thudc Bd XD tham gia xay
dung cdng trinh nay, dQng dau la Tdng
cdng ty xay diing Ha Npi.

Vay tao sao phai thue Tu van thiet ke
NN ma khdng thue Tu v i n thiet ke TN lam
het tQ d i u den cudi d i i an?

Theo dung quy luat ciia thi trudng
"Tien nao eua nay", linh viic kien true xay
dung cung gidng n h u eac linh vUc khac,
anh se nhan dupe mot san pham tuong
xQng vdi gia tri dau t u ban dau. Chu dau
t u se phai tra them chi phi cho nhQng kinh
nghiem, tinh chuyen nghiep va tinh sang
tao eho cac Kien true sU tai ba hoae nha t u
van gidi, ma ta thudng hieu dd la "thuong
hieu". Hp se thay mat Chu dau t u nghien
cQu va t u tim tdi nhQng y tudng sang tao
ddc dao, bd tri s i p xep edng trinh hpp ly
va hoan chinh ve mat cdng nang sQdung,
t u van cho cac trang thiet bi phu hpp, cd
hieu s u i t sQdung cao,... Ndi t d m tai la hp se
giup Chu d i u tQtao ra mot san pham canh
tranh tren thi trQdng bang kinh nghiem va
sQc sang tao cua hp, de cho san pham do
cd the tdn tai lau dai vdi thdi gian. Thdng
thudng, neu tinh theo ty le phan tram
(%) eua tdng mUc dau tQ cho Du an thi phi
thiet ke eho Tu van NN ed the se eao hon
tU 1 % - 3% so vdi t u van TN, nhung hieu
qua mang lai tU sQ dau tQ nay se lau dai
va ben vQng. Trong trQdng hpp Du an dau
t u xay diing mot khu nghi dudng cao cap
(Resort) tai mien Trung, Chii dau t u hoan
toan cd the thue mpt trong sd hang tram
Cty t u van thiet ke dang hoat ddng tai

Viet Nam vdi nhieu mQc gia va c h i t iQpng
khac nhau.Tuy nhien, neu dat van de r i n g
cdng trinh d d se phai dat chuan qudc te
4 sao, hay 5 sao thi Chu dau t u phai tinh
toan va tim hieu tQ nhieu kenh thdng tin
nude ngoai, tim kiem sQ hpp tae mpt phan
hoac toan bd trong qua trinh thiet ke xay
dung cdng trinh ciia minh. Rd rang, neu
nhin nhan dudi gdc dp kinh te, thi thue t u
van nudc ngoai (vi du Thai Lan, Singapore,
Phap,...) cd phi thiet ke cao hon k h o i n g
1% - 2% eua tdng mUe d i u tu, nhung ve
mat c h i t lupng va chuan qudc te cua cdng
trinh khach san - resort thi se dupc d i m
b i o d mQc cao n h i t .

"

Quin ly &

Kiem soit

Quin ly

thdi gian

Quin ly

tai ehinh

<b>1 </b>

Quin ly

chit luong

<b>1 </b>

Quan ly sQ

dieu ehinh

<b>'r </b>

Quan ly

nhan sU

<b>1 </b>

Quin ly

hop ddng

<b>1 </b>

Quin ly

thdng tin

Quin ly &

sQly sued

Oinh gia

giai doan

<b>J </b>

Hinh I.Cong tac quan ly duan mang tinh tong
hop va chuyen sau.

Hien tai d Viet Nam mdi chi cd rat it

khu nghi dudng cao cap dupc the gidi biet
den, chu yeu tap trung tai vai trung tam du
lich Idn nhu Oa N i n g , Hdi An, Nha Trang
va Phan Thiet. Va chi cd mpt vai cdng trinh
cao cap nay mdi cd the dem so sanh dupc
ve dang cap, chat lupng, tien nghi vdi cac
khu nghi dudng ndi tieng tai Phukhet hay
Samui dThai Lan, va Bali d Indonesia. Do
vay, de cd the canh tranh vdi nhQng edng
trinh tdt nhat va hap dan nhat tai cac nQdc
khac trong khu vQc, Chu dau t u phai dau
tQ manh luc ban dau nham muc tieu cd
dQpc mpt s i n pham canh tranh, thu hut
nhdm khach hang cd thu nhap eao den
vdi minh tQ nhieu noi tren the gidi.

ThQc te nhQng nam g i n day cho t h i y
eac khach san va khu nghi dQdng Resort
tai Viet Nam cd chat luong cang cao, dich
vu cang hoan hao thi cang ddng khach, va
Ipi nhuan cao hon nhieu so vdi cac cdng
trinh ciing loai nhQng cd d i n g cap thap

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Hinh 2-3. Khu Centara Karon Resort tai

Phuket-Thai Lan.

Cae giai doan thQe hien
Quy hoach tdng the va Thiet ke

Thiet ke so bd

Thiet ke chi tiet
Cac hpp ddng xay dQng
Dau thau

y t u d n g

TUvan
100%
95%
90%
10%
0%

NN Tu van TN
0%
5%
10%
90%
100%

ThUc hien va q u i n ly hpp ddng 5%

<b>95% </b>

hon. Nhu vay, bai toan d i u tU ban dau da
cd Idi gi^i khi cdng trinh cd chat lupng cao
thi se t h u hdi vdn nhanh va cd Ipi nhuan
cao va dn dinh hon. Od la chua ke viee hpp
tac vdi cae Nha q u i n ly khach san qudc te
(chang han nhQ Hyatt Regency, Sheraton,
Marriott, Swiss-bel Hotel, Intercontinental
Hotels Group,...) se giup khu nghi dQdng

dQpc hQdng cae ngudn khach qudc te rat
tiem nang do t h u o n g hieu qudc te eua hp
dem den (Hinh 4).

Trach nhiem chung cua TUvan thiet ke
bao gdm :

Tu van thiet ke se cung cap cho Chu
dau t u toan bd cac edng viec chuyen mdn
lien quan den chuyen nganh thiet ke, phu
hdp theo ndi dung da dupc thda thuan
giQa hai ben ma ed lien quan den D Q i n ;

ThQe hien toan bd cac cdng viee thiet
ke theo yeu cau mpt each nhanh chdng
va hieu qua, phu hpp vdi cae tieu chuan ky
thuat chuyen nganh dat tieu chuan qudc
te va theo dung cac quy dinh hien hanh
cua Viet Nam;

Tu van thiet ke phai dam bao cac b i n
ve, nghien cQu, tinh toan va hd so thiet
ke thuc hien theo dung cac quy pham ky
thuat. TrUdng hpp cd sai sdt do loi ciia TQ
van thiet ke, ben Thiet ke se tien hanh cac
dieu chinh c i n thiet hoac thuc hien viec

nghien cQu bd sung de thay ddi thiet ke.
Theo trinh t i i eac giai doan cua dQ i n ,
viec phan chia trach nhiem de phdi hpp

trien khai trong cac giai doan thuPng dupe
t h d n g n h i t n h u sau:

<b>1 . Quy hoach tong the va thiet ke y </b>
<b>tifcrng </b>

Tu van thiet ke NN chuan bi cac tai lieu
ve Quy hoach t d n g the va thiet ke y tUdng,
bao gdm cac b i n ve sau:

a) Bin ve Quy hoach mat b i n g tong the,
ty le 1/500, ed thdng ke dien tfch sQ dung,
mat dp xay dung va he sd sQ dung dat;

b) Mat bang cac t i n g the hien cae khu
chQc nang chinh eua cdng trinh;

c) Cac mat c i t ehinh eua cdng trinh the
hien mdi quan he chQc nang theo phQong
t h i n g dQng;

d) Cac mat e i t ngang dien hinh dQdng
di, ed the hien kich thudc;

e) Cac mat dQng ehinh the hien so bd
phong each kien true cua edng trinh;

f) So dd cac he t h d n g va eac bang d u
tinh khdi lupng;

g) Mpt sd hinh i n h phdi canh ben
ngoai cua cdng trinh.

Mdt cudc gap so bd vdi Ban QLDA
cua Chii dau t u va Tu v i n TN ngay tai hien

t r u d n g ciia d u an la can thiet de ciing
t h d n g nhat x i c djnh nhQng y tudng va
muc tieu chung.

<b>2. Thiet l<e s o b o </b>

a) Sau khi cd phe duyet phan y tQdng,
TQ van NN se l i p T h i e t ke so bd, bao gdm cac
b i n ve va cac tai lieu lien quan de minh hoa
cho quy md va mdi quan he chQc nang giQa
cae khu viic eua d i i i n , theo dung b i n Thiet
ke y tudng da dupc phe duyet trUdc do;

b) C i c mat b i n g , mat dQng va mat cat
eua moi edng trinh, t y le 1/100, phdi cinh
3D t d n g the eho m d i cdng trinh;

c) Lap m p t b i n g quy hoach sQ dung
dat t d n g t h e (a gross area tabulation);

d) Sau khi ed Thiet ke so bd, Chu dau
t u hoac chuyen gia tU van ve d i i toan ciia
Chu dau t u chuan bi m p t b i n g Khai toan
cac ehi phi xay d u n g ;

e) So lupc cac quy each ky thuat, trong
d d cd de xuat cae loai vat lieu x i y dUng va
hoan thien cho edng trinh;

f) Bao cao b i n g van b i n md t i chung
ve Thiet k e s o b p .

<b>3. Thiet ke chi tiet </b>

a) Sau khi nhan dupe phe duyet doi
vdi b i n Khai toan x i y dUng va van b i n
phe duyet trien khai giai doan thiet ke tiep

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Hinh 4. Khu Resort Nam Hai - Hoi An, Viet Nam do Tu van thiet ke nudc ngoai thuc hien, 2007.

theo, TVNN se trien khai viec thiet ke chi
tiet. Khdi lupng cdng viec bao g d m cac tai
lieu xac dinh quy md, khdi iQpng va tinh
chat cua toan bp dQ an, trong d d cd cac
khdng gian kien true, cac nguyen vat lieu
hoan thien, cung nhQ eie nguyen vat lieu
phai chuan bj;

b) De thQe hien dQpc hd so thiet ke chi
tiet, chu d i u t u v a TVTN p h i i hoan thien va
cung cap cac p h i n ky thuat bd sung n h u
ket cau, co khi, dien va dien lanh do cac
nha t u van phu khac tham gia vao d i i an;

c) Tren co sd b i n ve thiet ke chi tiet cua
TVNN da dupe phe duyet, Chii dau tU hoac
chuyen gia t u van ve dU toan cua Chu d i u
t u se phai chuan bi Du toan va Tdng d u
toan cho edng trinh;

d) TVNN se cung cap mpt bp hd sP b i n
ve gdc eho Chu dau tU de phuc vu cho cac
edng tac tiep theo cua TVTN.

<b>4. Cac ho SCI xay dung </b>

a) TVTN chju trach nhiem chuan bi hd
so xay dung tren cP sd cac b i n ve thiet ke
chi tiet cua TVNN;

b) Sau khi chuan bi xong, TVTN se
chuyen ngUdc lai cho TVNN b i n in cae tai
lieu xay dung nay de ra soit, kiem tra cho
dung vdi y d d thiet ke kien true ban dau;

<b>5. Dau thau </b>

a) TVTN chiu trach nhiem chuan bi
mpi hd sd lien quan den qua trinh dau
t h i u va dam phan hpp ddng, ky hpp ddng
xay dung vdi cac nha t h i u xay dung.

b) TVTN chju t r i c h nhiem chuan bi hd
sd xin Giay phep Xay dung.

Thdng thudng, khi Giay phep quy
hoach da dupc duyet va Chu dau t u cd yeu

c i u trien khai tiep, Tu van thiet ke NN se
chuan bi t i t ea eac tai lieu can thiet de xin
Giay phep Xay dung. Hd sd se dupe chuan
bj theo cac quy dinh tai Nghj dinh 16/2005/
NO-CP va cac yeu cau cua SP Xay dung va
cae cap tham quyen. Ve cd ban, hd sd nay
bao g d m :

- Cac ban ve thiet ke kien true bao gdm
Tdng mat b i n g , mat b i n g tat c i cac tang,
cae mat dQng va mat c i t ;

- Cac b i n ve sd d d ket c i u ddi vdi p h i n
mdng va cau true cae tang;

- Cac b i n ve so do dien, nudc, dieu hoa
va t h d n g gid;

- Cac ban ve ve phdng chay va Bao cao
giai thich;

- Cac quy each eo b i n ve ket cau, bao gdm
md t i CO ban ve tinh trang dat va mdng;

- So bd ve he thdng ket cau;

- Md t i so bd thiet ke he t h d n g Dien
va Co hpc kem theo m d ta cac bien phap
phdng chay va bao ve mdi trUdng.

Viee chuan bi cae t i i lieu nay la can
thiet va l i mpt bude trong giai doan Thiet
ke chi tiet. TVNN se chuan bi cho Chu d i u
t u 07 bd tai lieu de phue vu cho viee xin
Giay phep Xay dung. Cdng viee tiep theo la
TUvan trong nUde se d i m nhiem :

-Thue mpt chuyen gia t u van chuan bi
bao cao Danh gia tae dpng mdi trUdng;

- Lien he va hoan tat c i c thu tue hanh
chinh theo yeu eau cua Sd Xay diing de cd
the dupe cap Giay phep Xay dung;

- True tiep thanh toan tat ea cac khoan
le phi hanh chinh va cae chi phi khac lien
quan tdi viec tham dinh va viec ehinh thQe
c i p G i i y phep Xay dQng, va thdng bao cho

TQ van NN ve cae van b i n Phe duyet;
- Neu Sd Xay Dung yeu cau dieu chinh
thiet ke, TVTN se tiep nhan hd so va truyen
dat lai cho TVNN de tien hanh cae dieu
ehinh dd. Thdi gian phe duyet cua cae c i p
ed tham quyen khdng dupe tinh vao thdi
gian trong Hop ddng thiet ke da ky vdi Tu

van trong nude va ngoai nude.

6. ThUc hien va Quan ly h p p d o n g
a) TVTN chju trach nhiem quan ly va
thanh toan mpi hpp ddng xay dung, hop
ddng tUvan trong qua trinh xay dUng;

b) TVNN chiu trach nhiem giam sat
tien dp xay dung nham d i m bao y d d thiet
ke kien true ban dau.

Nhuvay, trong thdi dai bung nd thdng
tin vdi hien tupng toan c i u hda nhu hien
nay, chung ta dang dupe ehUng kien sU
phat trien nhanh chdng va sau rpng eua
nganh kien true xay dQng, cung nhQ cac
linh vuc t u v i n mdi & mang tinh chat
chuyen nghiep. Cae ranh gidi ve kinh te, ky
thuat, xa hdi, va ca ngudn nhan lUc dang
ngay cang thu hep lai, dem lai nhQng
CO hdi giao iQu hpc hdi, truyen ba kinh
nghiem, va chuyen giao cdng nghe trong
hoat ddng t u van quan ly d u an xay dung
cua chung ta. Cd the ndi, day cung la dip
thuan Ipi cho cae ca nhan va td chUe t u
van trong nude hpc hdi kinh nghiem TQ
van thiet ke tQ nude ngoai, gdp p h i n hoan
thien minh va doanh nghiep ciia minh
trong cdng cudc ddi mdi dang dien ra sau

rpng tai Viet Nam. •

<b>TAI LIEU THAM KHAO </b>

1. Chuyen muc Td chdc quan ly du an ijau tu xay dung.
, 20C7.

2. Edward R.Fisk. Construction Projea Administration.
Fourth Edition. Nha xuat ban PRENTICE HALL Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey, 1992.

3. Tap chi Project Management Methodology. Project
Management Life Cycle. Standard Edition. USA, 2008.
4. Va cac tai lieu tham khao til Du an dau tu khach san cao
cap Holiday Inn Hoi An - Viet Nam, Cong ty co phan dau
tuBkKy.

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