Diễn trình mỹ thuật Việt Nam qua một số kiệt tác tiêu biểu

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V A N HOA NGHI^ T H U A T TROMC MIT^C

DIEN TRINH MY THUAT VIET NAM

• •

QUA MOT SO KIET TAC TIEU BIEU

NGUYfiN VAN Cl/ONG

My thu^t 1^ mot
trong nhiifng loai
hinh ngh6 thu^t c6
ljch siii lau doi nhat.
C<ic nhd kbio co da 
tim thay nhieu hire
hoa c6 nien dai tir
75.000-95.000 nam
trifdio tai chau Phi.
Bufc tugng co nhat
Id tugng phu niif
l(hda than dirge tac
bdng ngd voi ma
miit dugc tim thd'y 6
hang Hohle Fels it 
tdy nam nudc Diic

c6 nien dai 35.000

ndm. 0 Viet Nam,
hinh ve mat nguai
cb simg tren ddu d
hang Dong Ngi (Hoa

Binh) c6 nien dai
10.000 ndm; nhirng
hinh khac nguoi,
muong thu, chir
CO... tren bai dd co
Sapa (Ldo Cai) c6
nien dai cung vdi
chuc ngdn ndm vd'
trudc. Khong chi Id

phuong tien phan
dnh the gidi, my
thudt cdn Id phuong
tien the hidn tu
tudng, tinh cdm ciia
con ngudi.

M

y thuat bao gdm 3 loai
hinh CO ban, gdm didu
khic, hdi hpa, kiln
trfle. Ngay nay, my thuat dupc md
rpng vl loai hinh va hien dien trong
mpi linh vye cua ddi sd'ng vdi chat
lieu, phuang tien, phuang thflc bieu
dat dudng nhu vd gidi han.

Kiet tie (masterpiece) la tic
phim nghe thuat dac sic. Kiet tie
tieu bilu la tic phim nghe thuat cd
tfnh chat dai dien cho mpt thdi ky

phit trien cua nghe thuat, chfla
dung va phan Inh Ijch su, van hda,
van minh cua dan tpc da san sinh
nd. Kiet tac my thuat tieu bilu ed
the vupt ra khdi pham vi cua loai
hinh nghe thuat, trd thinh bilu
tupng cho d thdi ky ljch su, nin
van hda, tham chf d mpt thdi dai.
Chang han, trdng ddng Ngtx Lu
khdng chi la bieu tupng cua van
hda Viet Nam, ml cdn la bieu
tupng cfla d thdi dai Ddng San ndi
tie'ng.

Mdi mpt giai doan ljch su cd thi
cd nhilu kiet tic. Kiet tie my thuat
tieu bieu dupc xlc djnh theo d c
tieu chi sau: ndi tieng trong pham vi
qudc gia, qudc te; cd gia trj nghe
thuat ndi bat, dat dinh cao, the hien
sy sang tao, sy ddc dao trong linh
vye my thuat; cd gia trj ljch su, van
hda tieu bilu, cd the dai dien cho
mdt giai doan phat triin cua my
thuat, cfla van hda.

Rd rang, d c tieu chf tren chi cd
tfnh dinh tfnh, bdi trong linh vuc
van hda nghe thuat khd ma su dung
d c tieu chf djnh luong, cd the can

dong do dim dupc.

Mdi mdt thdi ky, mdt trao luu
trong ljch sii my thuat ndi rieng,
van hda ndi chung tuan theo quy
luat ed tinh phd quit, dd II: hinh
thanh, phat trien, thoai trao, diet
vong vl sau dd bit diu mdt thdi ky
hoac trio luu mdi. Quy luat nay
chju sy tic dpng cua nhilu yl'u td
cd tfnh vat chat, xa hdi va ljch sir.
Diin trinh cua ljch sir my thuat
dupc ve theo hinh sin, qua dd tren 
mdi dinh cua nd cd d c kiet tic tieu
bilu. Nhin diin trinh ljch sir qua
d c kiet tie tya nhu dflng tren cao
nhin d c dinh nfli de thay dupc dien
mao toan canh ciia my thuat, qua
dd cd the phin nao hinh dung ra
dien mao cua van hda dan tde.

1. Mpt sd kiet tac my thuat

tieu bieu

Vdi 3 tidu chf tren, tie gia lya
chpn 5 kiet tac tieu bieu cua my
thuat Viet Nam dl khao cfln: 1.
Trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lu (Ha Nam); 2.
Tuong Vu tiU Apsara (Tra Kieu,

Quang Nam); 3. Tupng Phdt Adidd 
(chua Phat Tfch, Bic Ninh); 4.
Tupng Phgt Quan dm nghin mat,

nghin tay (ehua But Thip, Bic

Ninh) va 5. Buc tranh Thie'u nifben

hoa hue (Td Ngpc Van).

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MY THUAT - KIEN TRPC

Trd'ng ddng Nggc Ld •

Trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lu II mpt trong nhung
trdng ddng Ddng Son tieu bieu nhat, dep nhat,
cd kich thudc ldn, hinh ding chuin myc, cd hoa
van, hpa tilt phong phfl nhit, dupc phat hien
vao cud'i TK XIX tai tinh Ha Nam, hien dupe
trung biy tai Bao tang Ljch su Viet Nam, HI
Npi.

Trd'ng cd hinh dang can ddi, mat trd'ng hoi
trin ra ngoai tang trdng. Trd'ng cd dudng kfnh
79cm, cao 63cm. Tiian trd'ng cd 3 phin: 1. phin
tren phinh ra gpi la tang, ndi liln vdi mat trd'ng; 
2. phan giua than trd'ng hinh tru thing dflng; 3. 
phin chan hoi loe thanh hinh ndn cut. Cd 4 
chie'c quai chia lam hai cap gin vao tang va
phin giua trd'ng, dupc trang trf hinh ben tliUng.

Hoa van dupe trang trf d tren mat trd'ng va than
trd'ng. Hoa van cd 3 loai. Hoa van hinh hpc: cd
cac loai hinh tam giac, hinh ehu S nghieng giy
khfle, hinh trdn, dau cham nhd, vach song
song...; hoa van hinh ngudi, dpng vat: hinh
ngudi mfla, thdi ken, tay d m riu, d m giao, ddi
trai gii d m chay gia cdi..., hinh huou, chim (cd,
vac, seu), chd; hoa van hinh dd vat: nha cua,
thuyin, vfl khf (giio, cung ten), cdng cu (riu,
chay cdi), trang phuc (vay, mu ldng chim)...

Trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lfl II mpt kiet tic cfla
nghe thuat trang trf. Cac hoa van cd tfnh d e h
dieu cao, rit dep vl dpc dao. Tao hinh than
trdng rat hai hda, cd tfnh bieu tupng. Trdng
ddng Ngpc Lu chfla dung quan niem vfl try
quan, nhan sinh quan ddi hdi chflng ta phai tiep
tuc nghien cfln, giai ma. Le Van Sieu nhan djnh
mat trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lu II bd ljch cua ngudi
xua (1). Quan niem chung cho ring trd'ng ddng
II nhae khf, dflng trong te ll va danh tran. Gin
day, cd y kiln cho ring trd'ng ddng la vat thieng
de thd, gin vdi tfn ngudng phdn thyc cfla cu dan
ndng nghiep. Trd'ng ddng cd tupng hinh cfla cdi 
(sinh thyc khf nu), cua co thi phu nu. Dung
chiy (sinh thyc khf nam), gia vao trd'ng ddng la
trinh diin hanh vi tfnh giao, d u sinh sdi nay
nd, phong dang hda cd'c.

Trdng ddng Ngpc Lu dat hau he't d c tieu chf

eua mdt kiet tac tieu bieu, cd gia trj ndi bat vl
ljch su va van hda nghe thuat. Nd da vuot qua

pham vi la mdt san pham cfla nghe nhan, trd
thinh kiet tie my thuat tieu bieu md diu cho
ljch su my thuat va ljch su van hda Viet Nam.
Trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lfl da trd thanh bilu tupng
cho van hda Viet Nam vl la bieu tuong cho d
nin van minh Ddng Son ndi tieng.

Tugng Vii ni} Apsara

Pho tupng Vu nu' Apsara d be tupng Tra Kieu
(Quang Nam) cd nien dai vao cud'i TK X. Pho
tupng tac hinh mdt cd gai cd khudn mat diy
dan, sd'ng mfli cao, mit to, mdi day vdi diy du
dac diem nhan chflng Cham. Diu dpi mu nhilu
ting theo kieu Kirata - Mukara. Mdt chile khd
mdng manh dupc cham khic tinh tl, nhiing
dudng trdn cua chudi hat day lung vl viin khd
tao ra nhung lan sdng mim mai. Cd gai gin nhu
Ida the vdi bp ngyc cang trdn, cap dfli thon,
bung nhd, cd tay trdn lin, toan bp co the tran
diy sinh lye va sfle sdng. Vu nu chuyen ddng
theo tu the mfla, mdt chan dang nhdn gdt, trong
khi mpt chan try vflng. Mpt tay ud'n cong len
phfa tren, mdt tay ud'n vdng xud'ng phfa dudi.
ã'ã'**"'wô#ilằiW(!l(i

^ ^ f ^ t ^ ? l t !

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VAN HOA NGHF THUAT TROMC MIWC 
Vii dieu phd bay ve dep nhuc d m nhung thanh
khiet. Mdt ve dep khdng the diin ta bdi vfl dieu
va nhjp dieu cua co thi vfl nu, tu khudn mat vdi
cap mit nhu dang me dim trong nhae dieu.

Pho tupng la kiet tie tieu bilu cho van hda
Cham phat trien rye rd giai doan TK Vll-XV, vdi
nghe thuat kiln trfle thip Cham tinh t l va nghe
thuat dieu khic dat den sy hoan my va dpc dao.

Tugng Phdt Adidd

Chfla Phat Tfch (xa Phat Tfch, huyen Tien
Du, tinh Bic Ninh) dupe khdi dung vao thdi Ly
(1057). Vua Ly Thanh Tdng cho xay dyng mdt
thap eao. Tuang truyin, khi ngdi thip bj dd da
lp ra pho tupng Phat AdidI bing d l xanh
nguyen khd'i dupc dat vang (2).

Pho tupng dupc tac bing da xanh nguyen
khdi, chilu cao hien tai la 2m77 (3). Tucmg
diin ta dfle Phat ngdi tren tda sen theo ldi kiet
gii (4), thanh than, tu tai. Ddi ban tay kit In
tam mudi, tay trai dat len long ban tay phai, hai 
ngdn d i cham nhau. Khudn mat phuc hau, mi
mit khip hd, phan chieu sy tap trung ndi tam
diy vien man. Minh tupng thanh tholt, Io phap
nhu dfnh udt sat ngudi, nep ao mim mai, tuih

te. Dfle Phat ngdi tren tda sen, dat tren be tupng
bat giac, giat d p theo hinh thang rdng phfa
dudi, khie'n cho bflc tupng thanh tholt m l vin
vflng chic. Be tuong dupc trang trf nhilu ldp
hoa van kha day dac, tinh te. Dang tupng thon
dai, mat tupng biu binh, tre trung vdi hang ldng

may cong vflt, cd cao ba ngl'n (5), dac biet y
phuc hai ldp, cd Io khoac ngoai mdng, nep ao
lan tda m i m mai, vai I o phfl hinh II sen, nut ao
thit trudc bung cho ta thiy than tupng thon
nhd, lim cho nhan vat dam chat nu tfnh.

Chfla Phat Tich la di tfch ljch su van hda dac
biet quan trpng va pho tupng la kiet tie dieu
khic hoan thien nhat, tieu bilu va md diu cho
van hda Phat giio Viet Nam sau dem trudng
ngin nam Bie thudc.

Pho tugng Phdt Quan dm nghin mat nghin tay 
Pho tupng Quan am nghin mit, nghin tay
(cdn gpi II tupng Bd tit Quan the' Am thien thii
thien nhan) la tac phim dieu khic bing gd ldn
nha't Viet Nam thudc chfla Bflt Thip (Ninh
Phfle ty), thdn But Thap, xa Dinh Td, huyen
Thuan Thinh, tinh Bie Ninh.

Tupng cd nien dai tuyet dd'i la nam 1656,
vdi tie gia dupc cho la Truang Thp Nam (6).
Chilu cao d pho tupng la 3,7m. Tupng cd 11

diu, 42 tay ldn vl 789 tay dai ngin khac nhau.
Trong ldng mdi bin tay ed mdt con mit. Phat
ngdi tren tda sen, cao 2,35m. Diu rdng dpi tda
sen cao 30cm. Be tupng cao 54cm, hinh vudng
dupe trang trf bing cac hoa van, cay cd, con vat
thieng nhu rdng vdi vien ngpc, ldn vdi qua cau, 
quat hai vdng trdn, hpa tiet sdng nudc, hoa sen.
Phat Quan am ngdi tpa thiin vdi dang hanh
dao, hai tay chip trudc ngyc, hai tay dl tren
dfli, phfa sau lung la d c chum d n h tay, vdi
d c the rit da dang, dep mit. Toan bd sau lung
cfla pho tupng II mpt II d l ldn, tren dd co
nhung ban tay nhd, tao hinh hudng tam nhu
cac tia hio quang phit sang. Phat Quan am vdi
khudn mat thu thai, anh mit quang dai nhu bao
quit d vfl try.

Phgt Quan dm nghin mdt, ngliin tay la mpt 
kiet tie my thuat, ndi bat vl nghe thuat tao hinh
vdi bd cue, ti le, hinh khoi, dudng net dat de'n
dp hoan my, vua tao nen rung cam thim my,
vua thi hien triet ly Phat giao. Giai phap tao
hinh vdi Id de lam nin, tren gin nhflng ban tay 
cd con mit Phat, the hien triet ly cua Phat phap
cd nghin con mit, nghin bin tay cun dp chflng
sinh, thuc sy II mdt sing tao tuyet vdi. Pho
tupng dupe dat trong khdng gian Phat giio ciia

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MY THUAT - KIEN TRCJC

chua But Thip, vdi Phat dien am u, cd Tfch
thien am 3 ting mai, thap da Bao Nghiem, liu
chudng, ciu da... cung vdi hon 70 pho tupng rit
dep, trong dd cd pho tupng Tuyet San eflng II
mpt kiet tic my thuat, thi Phgt Quan dm nghin

mdt nghin tay d n g ndi bat vdi nhung gia trj ljch

sir, van hda, nghe thuat tieu bieu.

Bifc tranh Thie'u nif ben hoa hue

Bflc tranh Thie'u nir ben hoa hue la tac phim
vdi cha't lieu son diu cfla hpa si Td Ngpc Van
dupc sang tac nam 1943. Nhan vat trong tranh
la mpt thie'u nu mac ao dii tring ngdi nghieng
diu vud't tde mpt d e h duyen dang ben lp hoa
hue tay tring (thudng gpi la hoa loa ken). Tao
hinh cfla nhan vat nhu khd'i tupng, d ding
ngudi tao thanh hinh vdng eung nhu dm lay
nhung bdng hoa tring, trdng dnh ma ddng. 
Thie'u nu vdi trang phye, khudn mat, ban tay
dupc diin ta bing nhflng khdi dupc gian lupe, 
trong khdng gian chan hda anh sing. Tuy theo
ky thuat tao hinh vl chit lieu phuang Tay
nhung bflc tranh vin mang sic thai Viet Nam
qua viec don gian hda khdi va mdu sdc trong xu 
ly tic phim.

Tie pham nay dupc coi la hue tranh tieu

bilu nha't cua danh hpa Td Ngpc Van va la mpt
kiet tie tieu bieu cho my thuat Viet Nam nua
diu TK XX. Bflc tranh cung danh diu budc
chuyen cd tfnh chat budc ngoat cfla my thuat
Viet Nam trong giao luu, tie'p bie'n vdi van hda
phuang Tay.

2. Dien trinh van hda qua cac kiet tac my
thuat tieu bieu

Cdc kiet tac tieu bieu qua cdc chi so

Ljch su my thuat Viet Nam qua 5 kiet tie
tieu bieu, tu trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lfl (nen van minh
Ddng Son) den bflc tranh TTiie'u nfl ben hoa hue
(TK XX) cd chilu dli thdi gian tfl 2.500 - 2.700
nam. Tfnh trung binh cfl mdi 500 - 550 nam thi
cd mpt kiet tac tieu bieu. Tuy nhien, thdi gian
giua d c kiet tic tidu bilu trong thuc tl cd dp
dai ngin rat khic nhau. Ching han, tfl trdng
ddng Ngpc Lfl din tupng Vfl nu Apsara va
tupng Phat AdidI la hon 1.500 nam. TK X va
TK XI xuat hien 2 kiet tic tieu bilu vdi khoang
each thdi gian chi hon nfla the ky.

Vl thd loai thi dieu khac chiem ti le 4/5 (= 
80%); hgi hga chi cd 1/5 (= 20%). Chit lieu 
bin vflng cung chiem ti le ldn gdm cd ddng va

dd, 3/5 tie phim (= 60%). Nhu vay, vl loai hinh

thi didu khic cd sd lupng Ip dao va la the manh
cua my thuat truyin thd'ng Viet Nam, hdi hpa
phat triin rit han che va khdng cd thinh tyu ldn
cho den TK XX. Trong qua khu chi cd mdt sd
đng tranh truyen thd'ng mang dam chit dan
gian nhu tranh Ddng Hd (Bic Ninh), Hing
Trd'ng ?(HI Npi), Ling Sinh (Huệ.. Khong cd
hpa si dupc ghi danh nao trong ljch su, phai mai
den cud'i TK XIX, diu XX trong my thuat mdi
xuat hien hpa sị Tuong ty nhu trong van hpc
Viet Nam truyin thd'ng thi tha chiem ti le Ip 
dao so vdi vdn xudi, cd nhilu nhi tho ndi tieng, 
trong khi sd lupng nha van khdng nhilu va van
xudi khdng cd thanh tyu nhu tho (7).

Vl cha't lieu cua 5 kiet tic thi cd 4 loai chat
lieu dupc sfl dyng, gdm: 1 ddng (trd'ng ddng 
Ngpc Lu); 2 dd (tupng Vu nu Apsara va Phat 
Adida); I gd (tupng Phat Quan am nghin mit, 
nghin tay) va I san ddu (tranh Thilu nu ben hoa 
hue). Ddng, da, gd la chat heu tu ty nhien vl tai
chd, cdn son diu II chit lieu cdng nghiep dupc
nhap tu phuang Tay.

Vl tie gia cfla kiet tic thi chi xac djnh dupc
2/5 (Truang Thp Nam (?) vl Td Ngpc Van), cdn
hiu hit d c tic gia II nghe nhan, nghe si dan
gian va hp khdng dupe ghi danh trong tie phim.
Vl chu dl, hiu he't d c kiet tic (4/5 kiet tac

= 80%) cd gin vdi tdn giao, tfn ngudng, dac
biet II Phat giao thyc sy cd anh hudng manh me
ddi vdi sang tao van hda nghe thuat. Ta cung ed
thi dl dang nhan thay dilu tuang ty d thdi dai
Phuc hung d c kiet tie my thuat (tranh, tupng,
kiln trfle) cua d c danh hpa vl dai nhu
Leonardo Da Vinci, Raphaen, Michelangelo...
diu cd chu dl Thien chfla giio.

Vl nhan vat cua d c kiet tie thi nhdn vdt nU 
cd 3/5 (=60%), gdm Vfl nfl Apsara, Phat Quan
am nghin, mit nghtn tay, Thieu nu ben hoa hue,
chua kl Phat Adida diy chit nu' tfnh, trd'ng
ddng Ngpc Lu cd tupng hinh cfla cdi, bilu 
tupng sinh thuc khi nUcung thupc pham trfl tfnh 
nu (tfn ngudng phdn thyc). Dilu dd cho tha'y

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VAN HOA NGHF T H U A T TROMC MU^C 
ndng nghiep lfla nudc, vdi che dp miu he vl tfn
ngudng d u sy sinh sdi, nay nd da Inh hudng
de'n dac dilm van hda dan tpc va my thuat cflng
phan anh tfnh chit nay trong d c kiet tac.

Vl dja dilm thi rieng tinh Bic Ninh cd 2
kiet tic II tupng Phat AdidI, Phat Quan am
nghin mit, nghin tay. Dilu nay dl hilu bdi
manh dit Bic Ninh khi vao thdi ky diu cdng
nguyen da la trung tam Phat giao Luy Lau phdn
thjnh, vang danh mdt thdi trong ljch sfl, vdi
nhilu cao tang An Dp va chfla chiln dupc xay

dyng.

<^iet tac tieu 
)ieu

"ronj: J o n g
"Jgoc Lu

/a nu Apsara

' h a i A d i d a
' h a i Q u a n a m

ghin m a t .
ighin lav

Tiieu nCr ben
loa hue

The; loai

D i e u k h a c
- t r a n g In'

Dieu Ichac

Dieu khac

Dieu k h i c

Hoi h o a 
C h a t 
lieu

D o n g

Da

G o

San 
d i u

N i e n 
dai

T K
V l l - V
T C N
T K X
T K
XI
TK
X V l l
TK
X X

T a c gia

K h u v e l
d a n h
K h u y e t
d a n h
K h u y e t
d a n h
TmiTng
T h o
N a m (•')
T o
N g o c
van

N h a n 
vat

Co Iinh

nS

Na

Co Iinh 
na

Na

T o n g i a o . 
tin n g u o n g

Tin n g u o n g
phon thuc

An D o g i a o
Phat giat)
Phai g i a o

K h o n g

Mdi quan he giifa vdn hda vd my thudt

Diin trinh cua my thuat song hanh trong
ddng chay van hda. Thanh tyu cfla my thuat
cung la thanh tuu cua van hda, phan anh dac
dilm. tinh chit cua mdi giai doan ljch su cfla
van hda.

Theo Trin Ngpc Them, tie'n trinh van hda
Viet Nam cd the chia thanh 6 giai doan: 1. van
hda thdi tiin su, 2. van hda Van Lang - Au Lac,
3. van hda thdi chdng Bic thupc, 4. van hda Dai
Viet, 5. van hda Dai Nam va 6. van hda hien
dai. Siu giai doan nay tao thanh ba ldp chdng
len nhau: 1. Idp van hda ban dja, 2. ldp van hda
giao luu vdi Trung Hoa va khu vye, 3. \&p van 
hda giao luu vdi phuang tay (8).

Trd'ng ddng Ngpc Lu la san pham cua ldp
van hda ban dja. Thanh tyu Idn nhit cua giai
doan nay sau nghi trdng Ifla nudc la nghi luyen
kim ddng. Trd'ng ddng Ddng San xuit hien vio
nhung TK VII-V TCN, gin vdi thdi dai nha
nudc Van Lang, Au Lac. Mac du Ijch su cfla
thdi dai d c vua Hflng chua dupe tranh luan nga
ngfl nhung hoa van va d c hoat d n h tren trd'ng

ddng da phan anh phin nao xa hdi cua nen van
minh ndng nghiep ngay Iy. Trd'ng ddng Ddng
San ndi chung va trdng ddng Ngpc Lfl ndi rieng
la bd licit su bdng hinh vl xa hpi Lac Viet. Xa 
hdi Iy phai cd trinh dp ky thuat va tay nghe rit
cao cfla nghe nhan mdi cd the dfle dupc san
pham cd dp phuc tap de'n nhu vay. Cd y kien
eho ring xa hpi Lae Viet da phit trien den trinh
dp cd nha nudc mdi cd the td chuc khai quang,
luyen kim, cd trinh dp khoa hpc nhat djnh mdi
tim dupc vat lieu chiu lua de lam khuon due,
hieu bie't tfnh nang hda ly cua hop kim ddng...
Xa hdi a'y da cd phan ting xa hdi, phan hda giau
ngheo dupc phan anh trong hien vat tfly tang d
cac ngdi md. Day cflng chfnh la giai doan da
tao nen dinh cao rye rd trong ljch su van hda va
cd anh hudng din toan khu vye.

Ba kiet tac tupng Vfl nu Apsara, Phat Adida
vl Phat Quan am nghin mit, nghin tay thudc ve
ldp van hda Dai Viet, khi dan tpc Viet da vupt

thoat khdi ngan nam Bic thupc va budc vao giai
doan ty chfl. Trong giai doan nay, van hda dan
tpc cd sy du nhap cfla Phat giao (d miin Trung
la An Dp giao) va sau nay cd Nho giio va Dao
giio. Thdi dai Ly - Trin chflng kiln sy phat
triin cyc thjnh cfla Phat giao Viet Nam. Sy sung
kfnh, d m hflng sang tao va thien tai cua nghe
nhan da tao ra kiet tac tieu bieu cho van hoa
Phat giio Viet Nam. Trong sir sich Trung Hoa
cdn truyin tung vl bd'n cdng trinh nghe thuat
ldn cfla van hda Phat giio thdi Ly - Trin ma hp
gpi II An Nam tUdgi khi, dd II tU0ig Phdt chiia

Quynh Ldm, thdp Bdo Thien, chudng Quy Dien 
va vgc Phd Minh. Ngiy nay, chfla Bai Dinh tan

ty (Ninh Binh) chua hoan thanh ma da lap cac
ky luc trong dd cd ky luc vl tupng ddng ldn
nhit Ddng Nam A nhu: tupng Phat Td 100 tan,
3 pho Tam The 50 tan, Phat Di Lac 100 tan va
Quan The Am 90 tin...

Thyc ra, kiet tie Vfl nu Apsara thupc vao
ddng chiy rieng cua van hda Cham tu TK II de'n
XV. Day la mdt nin van hda cd sy phat triin rue
rd cua nghe thuat kiln true va dieu khic, dac
biet kie'n trfle thap Cham cflng la kiet tic my
thuat cd tim cd khu vye va the gidi, chfla dung
nhflng bf In cua nghe thuat va ky thuat xiy
^ S 6 - 3 , 2

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MY THUAT - KIEN

T R G C

dyng thip. Nin van hda Cham ed anh hudng vl
tie'p thu An Do giio, Phat giio va Hdi giio, tao 
ra cho my thuat Cham mdt ban sic dpc dao.
Giai doan tu TK VII-XVI din II giai doan phit
trien rye rd cua nghe thuat kiln true vl dieu
khic vdi hang tram thap, tupng, be thd. Thanh
dja My San da dupc cdng nhan II Di san van
hda the gidi.

Kiet tic Thieu nd ben hoa hue cfla danh 
hpa Td Ngpc Van ra ddi trong bd'i d n h van hda
Viet Nam bude vao cudc giao luu van hda
phuang Tay. Sy giao luu, tiep biln dd da lam
bie'n ddi nin van hda Viet Nam tren mpi
phuang dien, dac biet trong linh vuc my thuat.

Viec Phip md Trudng Cao ding My thuat
Ddng Duong nam 1925 de dao tao hpa si da
lam eho my thuat Viet Nam sang mdt trang sfl
mdi. My thuat dupe xay dyng tren co sd tao
hinh phuang tay, theo tu duy duy Iy, khoa hpc
eua djnh luat xa gin va giai phlu. Cac chit lieu
mdi dupc du nhap, trong dd cd son diu, da md
rpng kha nang diin ta, phan anh hien thyc mdt
each vd cflng phong phfl. My thuat cd xu hudng
dan chu hda, gin vdi ddi sd'ng. Tam hdn, cd't
d e h cua ngudi Viet vin dupc chuyen tai vl thi

hien dam net trong d c tic phim cfla d c nghe
si Viet Nam tfl hpa si Le Huy Mien, ngudi Viet
Nam diu tien hpc ve tai Phap, den the he diu
dan hpc Trudng Cao ding My thuat Ddng
Duong nhu Nguyin Gia Trf, Td Ngpc Van, Trin
Van Cin, Nguyin Phan Chanh, Nguyin Dd
Cung, Nguyin Tu Nghiem, Nguyin Sang, Bfli
Xuan Phai, Duong Bfch Lien... Cic bflc tranh
cua hp rat khic tranh Phap ma rit Viet Nam
trong bd cue, miu sic, dudng net. Ndi tieng
trong sd dd phai kl den d c bflc tranh tieu bilu
nhu Em Thdy (Trin Van Cin), Chen 6 dn quan 
(Nguyin Phan Chanh), Gidng (Nguyin Tu 
Nghiem), Kit nap Ddng tren trgn dia (Nguyin 
Sang)...

Bflc tranh Thieu nuc ben hoa hue cfla hpa si 
Td Ngpc v a n la mpt minh chflng thi hien rit rd
sy giao luu tie'p bie'n van hda thi hien trong linh
vye my thuat. Chit lieu son diu ve tren toan, 
hinh hpa va giai phlu cfla nhan vat theo ky
thuat tao hinh phuang Tay. Nhan vat la con

ngudi cu the cfla mdt khoang khic cua ddi
sdng, mac do ddi (mpt kit qua giao luu tiep 
biln van hda), trong khung d n h tho mdng cfla
ddi sd'ng thj dan. Thie'u nu dupc ve vdi ky thuat
hinh hpa vung vang. Mae dfl dupc ve theo ldi
hien thyc, nhung khdng tia tdt, di sau vao chi
tilt nhu ldi ve phuong tay. Khd'i dupc don gian

hda, ddi chd chi gpi dl diin ta khd'i, gian lupc
td'i da dp chuyen dam nhat. Ddi chd hpa si
buong vai net but rit chit lpc, tao dp nha'n.
Nhin chung toan bp tac pham dupc gian lupc vl
miu, khdi va hinh ma vin diin ta dupc anh
sang va khdng gian. Phai chang dd d i ridng,
d i ddc dao cfla Td Ngpc Van trong kiet tic
Thieu nd ben hoa hue.

Bieu dd dien trinh my thiicgt qua cdc kiet tac 
tieu bieu

^ ^ ^ ^

GBVH
Tien SLF

-10 10 20

GDVH
Van Lang

-Au L?c

GDVH
Ch6ng Bic thuOc

GDVH
Oai Vi$t

GDVH
Dai Nam

GDVH
hi0n dai

1 - Tr6ng Shng Ngpc Lu 
2 - Tu'p'ng Vu ni> Apsara
3 - Tu'gng PhSt Adida

4 - Tu'tj'ng Ph#t Quan am nghin mSt nghin tay
5 - Tranh "Thiiu r\vi ben hoa hu#"

3. Thay Idi ket luan

My thuat Viet Nam cd ljch su hing ngan
nam, gin vdi d c giai doan vl cac ldp van hda.
Qua trinh ljch su Iy da san sinh ra d c kiet tic
trong dd cd d c kiet tic tieu bilu, da phan Inh
khi diy du d c dac dilm, tfnh chit cfla d c giai
doan vl d c ldp van hda.

Ddng chay my thuat khdng phai lflc nao
cflng thuan ddng. My thuat Ddng Son phit trien
vdi dinh cao rye rd vdi nghe thuat trang trf vdi
dat de'n tuyet my, nhung lui tan va bj gian doan
trong thdi gian ngin nam Bic thupc. Giai doan
tilp nd'i sau khi dan tpc da budc vio giai doan
ty chu thi nghe thuat trang trf each dieu vdi d c
mdtip hinh hgc khdng dupc tilp ndi, chi cdn

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(7)<div class='page_container' data-page=7>

VAN HOA NGHE THUAT TROMC UVttC

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in
c

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o

• • 3

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'E

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c 
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vang vpng trdn cap vay Mudng (Tii Chi) va mai
mai khie'n chflng ta nguong md di san cfla cha
dng dupc phat Id tu trong ldng dat.

Tdn giao, tfn ngudng cd vai trd be dd cho
d c thanh tyu my thuat. Vdi nen my thuat Ddng

San, tfn ngudng phdn thyc dupc bieu hien diy
dfl vl toan dien nhat tren trd'ng ddng; Phat giio
la ngudn cam hflng to ldn de ngudi nghe si da
sing tao ra nhung kiet tic dieu khic tuyet my,
cflng nhu An Dp giio dd'i vdi nghe thuat kien
true va dieu khic Cham, tfn ngudng thd thanh
hoing ling vdi my thuat dinh lang...

Nhin chung, my thuat dan gian vin la net
ehu dao cua di san my thuat truyin thdng.
Nhflng ngudi nghe nhan, nghe si dan gian vd
danh nhimg da sang tao ra mpt khd'i luong di
san van hda dac sic, thi hien tii trf, tham my
cua ngudi Viet qua kiln trfle, dieu khic.

Viet Nam ed qua trinh giao luu, tiep bien vdi
van hda Trung Hoa, mdt nin van hda ldn cd sy
phit trien manh me cua hdi hpa, cd ly luan tao
hinh vdi Luc phdp ludn tu TK VI sdm nhat trdn 
the gidi, cd danh hpa ndi tieng the gidi nhung
hpi hpa Viet Nam truyin thd'ng hiu nhu khdng
ed giao luu, tiep bien vdi hpi hpa Trung Hoa va
hpi hpa truyin thd'ng Viet Nam khdng cd thanh
tiru nhu didu khic va kien trfle.

Budc vao thdi ky hien dai, mac diu trong
bd'i d n h thudc dja, bj bflc nhan van hda phuang
tay, ngudi Viet vin tiep thu va tiep bien d c gii
trj van hda nhan loai de lam giau cho van hda
cua minh. Chi trong vdng hai thap ky (tfl 1925

de'n 1945), d c the he hpa si cfla Trudng Cao
ding My thuat Ddng Duong da tiep thu nghe
thuat tao hinh phuong tay de dat nin mdng cho
my thuat Viet Nam hdm nay, vua cd tfnh hien
dai, vfla cd tfnh dan tpc.

Do khudn khd cua bii khao cfln ndn cdn
nhung kiet tie eung rat dang ty hio cua my
thuat Viet Nam chua dupc dl cap nhu kie'n trfle
va dieu khic dinh lang cua d c ngdi dinh lang
tieu bieu Tay Ding, Chu Quyen, Dinh Bang...;
d c ngdi chfla Tay Phuong, Bflt Thap...; nhi thd
da Phit Diem...; dac biet la nghe thuat kiln trfle
thip Cham, my thuat cd dd Hue, my thuat giai
doan hien dai...

Han nira, trong d c kiet tac my thuat tieu
bieu cdn rit nhilu van dl cdn an chfla, ddi hdi
chung ta can tiep tuc khim pha va giai ma •

N.V.C

1. Xem Le Van Sieu, Viet Nam Vdn minh su, 
hUp://tusacti.thuvienkhoahoc.com

2. Trong bai minh van khic tren tam bia Van Phiic dai
thien III bi nien hieu Chi'nh Hoa nam thti 7 (1687) hien
dtmg truoc nha td cua chua, co doan viei: "Vua thd' ba
tridu Ly, nam Long Thiiy Thai Binh 4 (ttic nam 1057) cat
len cay thap quy cao nghin truang, lai dtmg lap pho tucmg

minh vang cao sau xich...".

3. Can cii vao phong each va hoa tiei ciia hoa van, co y
kie'n cho ring bt tuong da duoc lam lai cf doi Le. De'n khi 
phuc che'pho tuong nam 1959 da phat hien be tuong bj thie'u
di mpt khoi cau. Can cu vao do co the xac dinh chieu cao
pho tuong CO the them 60cm nira (theo Trang Thanh Hidn).
4. iyi€ kiet gid co hai loai: kiei gia toan phin va ban 
kiei gia. Kiel gia toan phan la 16 2 long ban chSn tren diii,
con gpi la t.\\€ hdng ma. Ban kiei gia chi 16 mpt long ban 
chan trai hoac phai, con gpi la hang ma 16 ban chan phai
va hang ma lp ban chan trai. Ao phQ toan bp phan d&i nen
kho xac dinh la nhan vat ngoi kiei gia hay ban kiei gia {Til

dien bieu tupng vdn hoa the gidi, Nxb Dd Ndng, 1997).

5. Nam 1947, chiia Phat Tfch bj Phap pha hiiy, diu
pho tupng Adida bi gay. De'n 1956-1957, diu tuong duoc
phuc che theo tu lieu anh chtip luu trir tai Vien Vien d6ng
Bac CO.

6. Tren be tupng ghi: Nam Dong Giao, Thp Nam
-Truang lien .sinh - phiing khic (tam hieu: Nam Dong Giao
la dia chi, Thp Nam la ten hieu, Truang la hp, tien sinh la
bac trf gia, phijng khic la phung menh troi dat dung tutmg
de tho); cung co y kien cho ring nguoi phung khic la
nguai bo tien ra de thue tha khic tuong, roi cong diic pho
tupng cho chiia.

7. Thong ke trong Tit dien vdn hpc (Nxb Khoa hpc Xd

hoi. Ha Npi, 1983-1984), trong 95 muc tir tac pham van

hpc Viet Nam thi co 69 tic pham tha va 26 tac pham van
xu6i, tiic la tho chie'm 72,6% (trong so 26 miic tir van xuoi
CO rai nhieu tic pham thupc the loai hich, cheo, tu6ng... la
nhOng the loai mang dam chat tha), dan theo Trin Ngoc
Them, Tim ve bdn sdc vdn hoa Viet Nam, Nxb TP.HCM, 
2001.tr.289.

8. Trin Ngpc Them, Tim ve bdn sdc vdn hoa Viet

Nam, Nxb TP.HCM, 2001, tr.75.

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<a href=''>hUp://tusacti.thuvienkhoahoc.com </a>
<a href='.289'>2001.tr.289. </a>