NGÂN HÀNG TRẮC NGHIỆM SINH 12 – HỌC KÌ 1
(PHẦN CHUNG CHO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH CHUẨN VÀ NÂNG CAO)
CHƯƠNG 1. CƠ CHẾ DI TRUYỀN VÀ BIẾN DỊ
!"#$%&'()*"#+',-'./
0
1'23456-72
89:à);à<%,.=9!89);à:à<%,.=9
*=9:à);à<%,.89=9);à:à<%,.89
=
>?7sai4)4';-45'+',@
A5);-BC<D4<7E"'2.
!A5:-BC:/
*A5<%,-BC<%,"'2&#
*BC'.45);F45:445<%,-)'23.
*
G
<H:45:
.I4JKDE4L3!.I4JKDE4LE$
*<.I4JKDE4LE$<.I4JKDE4L3
!
8
*:45<.IM:E3/<NO./4'PJQR
<H4DE4L3!H4DE4LE$
*H4DE4L3<H4DE4LE$
*
S
!H+-&'()=.)<)5(<)/
!??/ */3$'
'23ET/%.'"(#'23ET/%/''.
U
>?7,4)7-&'()Ftrừ@
V&'()JQRW7/#W??M<6.P
!V&'():BX?%M+H):?&'()F<:CP
*V&'():B:M)??<5:/F'WY4YP
V&'():BCM??Z:/P
!
[
\'23-&]'(.T@(.T?XE4(.T??H^!
(.T?XE4(.T??H^4(.T
*(.T?XE4(.T(.T??H^4(.T
_
(.T?XEJQ7C'$%3-.<%4`aF.<%4`1
!.<%4`YF1.<%4`F.<%4`aFa.<%4`
*.<%4`YF.<%4`a .<%4`1F.<%4`a
b
(.T??H^JQ7C'$%3-@
1'02Wc4`XQ
!1'2:E3/<NO-c4``XQ
*1'2Wc4`XQ
1'2c64``XQ
*
d$-&e.OfK
g/T!g'g*gg 'g
0
1'"'2XQ`F'g/,2$`)
)=9à89!)89à=9*H0))89à=9=9à895(W<
!
=
V`JQXQWh<g<'.<:)=9à89
!<:)89à=9*H0V<:)89à=9=9à89
!
G
>?),4)E320'"'2@
*`XQ`20$/T%:i
!*$Z/T<`XQ/
*0$`JQXQ/T40-c/T
j<XQ/0`25)Ek.<%4`7
8
>&Fb0l(eFE6.3&'JK?e+
Fb0
×
b
8
!S
×
b
8
*S
×
b
S
=
×
b
S
*
S
1'.<-:E6.JE@mSbFm0bFam[bF1m=bje
;n'JK?+E6.?.om1m[bFmam
!m1m8bFmamGb *m1m_bFmam0bb m1m0bbFmam_b
*
U
ALC&'()JQ'()%CEK$%
3-!.-*&#'. .4&#
[
1'235Q4`'23JQ.W:?XE89AGXTTAGXA 3’
=9aYYa89!=9YaYaY89*89aYYa=989YaYaY=9
*
_
j3.&]''.6:)=9à89-!'.H0-
*?XE:)89à=9-6('.?XE5(
0b
V?XE-:'23.JE8911aaaa=9\'2H'.
&:'.E:eJQ??6JE
89YY=9p89a=9p89a=9p89aa=89Y=9p89aa=9p89aY=9p89a=9
*=9YY89p=9a89p=9a89p=9aa89=9Y89p=9aa89p=9aY89p=9a89
0
1'"'2.Fg 'gT4
4#'BC'.6M:)=9i89P4?TeXQ :
!45);'.6M:)=9i89P4?TeXQ 4#'BC
*45);'.6M:)=9i89P4?TeXQ #45);
4#'BC'.6M:)=9i89P4?TeXQ ??De
!
00
&E(không,4).oj3XQ J F F'
!j3&('2&'()"%C%?4$7
*j3'()&'()W''
j3'()&'()W<qE $
!
0=
dkhông,64`g 'g3C.o
'g'JQ&RFXQ ?XE4`<(.T?XEMrYF1rF
raFarP)=9%89
!VDe.g 'g?445<De/T
* 'g%6BC<%,2&W4 4WXQJQH:
'g'JQ&RFXQ
0G
1'"'2.-) JQXQW:7I4I"'2&#
!Z: JQXQW:'<2%?
*)' JQXQW:744C.'?/I4I"'2&#
:7:) JQXQe'.-%?
08
>.<%,<g 'g&(7%6F
??<%,'.6De89!??<%,'.6De=9
*BC<%,'.6De89BC<%,'.6De=9
0S
j36-"'24.'<2%?:73C)e
!3C'.? *):E3/,-'g
4CTq$JQ3C'.$ED(.T?XE
0U
\'2&#?^o
>.4XQX!>.4:/
*1XQX4?n/Ded:/4XQX
0[
1&'()'JQ?7CB'K$%3-
!.-*&#'. .4&#
0_
1'"'2&#Fe.7en-'?/.<% D4#'BCeDe
!DeY*EDe<%,
=b
?/&#(7'. .I".'.
!W?J`J$sW?=.'. *.IW??.5(
W?J`F?J`J$s0?=..%'.
!
=
\'2&#Ek&W<'?/%/,4`&De!%/,4`&<%,
*%/,4`45<%,tE<%,'JQ"%
=0
1'"'2&#F('?/:uv2o,wCE+XQ'.
!,"'2&#&]'.I*, <?#-(,&#JQB/
==
1&'()'JQ?7CB'K$%3-
!.-*&#'. .4&#
=G
&&J`(không,o
1'&#D%?E$F Dex.%'?/7?Te&#
!l&#WF'?/<n 4O(.+',7%I&#
*1'&#D%?3F De.%'?/7?Te&#
l&#WFgC?n/De4H:
!
=8
!H+-6"Cr r>'.
1'23'?.
→
'23.
→
'23/
!1'23.?XE
→
'23'?.
→
'23/
*1'23.
→
'23'?.
→
'23/
1'23??6
→
'23??E
→
'23/
=S
a#4#'B/H('$%&'()D+-%?3F<%LE(saio
\'23-&]''%?!\'2.&]''%?
*\'2 'JD&]'D%?+\'2&#&]'D%?+
*
=U
lCE(saioj3'()&'()WE ME3XQ PR.
!V&'()' JQ(7'23/''.MXQ'.PR&#
*y)-DE4LE$JQ7:JQ.4&#(<
y)-DE4L3JQ7:JQ.(<
=[
1'23'.'zJE@
)M P
→
454LMhP
→
+',@{rfr
!A5<DM>P
→
454LMhP
→
+',@{rfr
*A54LMhP
→
45<DM>P
→
+',@{rfr
)M P
→
45<DM>P
→
454LMhP
→
+',
!
=_
A#'BJ$4`+s%-|'
!
0
45<D!454L*&De&<%,
Gb
}|'zF"'2.Z:7/H('<%?4<~:+Hswg$
!g ('g*EH~-+',EH~-);
G
l%?4<~:JKwg$"'2.'.'z&]'42E6wg$.<%4`
g 'gF,g(.<%JQ4`45<D7%.
!'.s%F'.(?#-(.<:'.s%.<%4`454L
*'.s%F'.(?#?%X+2<.:<7.<%4`454L
g 'g~('.s%'<n454L7%.
*
G0
1'$%)DE4LE$F4';-)
$T4-'.s%7H'D-g.
!4CXQ'.s%.45<D
*4CXQ'.
4CXQ'.s%.454L
G=
1'7-74eE6-%?2
e`'%?!+H'%?)^
*Z:E6'%?+H'%?)J/<N
*
GG
y?%?%XE6JQ!E6JQFe'23ET/%
*E6JQFe'23E6.+',4E6JQj1
*
G8
y?%O?%Xn'+',-!."%E6.
*."%(E6.."%.
*
GS
y?%7O?%Xn'+',-!."%
*."%(E6.."%.
!
GU
17?%O7y!?%X4L+1!y!?7C'.<72-$7
*?%X<72&HJD-Hy!?7C'.<72-$7
!
G[
%)?%2<7E(JQR.?%o
!?*&!??***!!*&!?**
!
G_
(.(?%&
?g$$?TE1!j'?HF&En•.F&-4LBFRFE
R-'JK
!En•.'?HFRFER-'JK
*E3?T<,F4LB-'JKFER-'JK
4LBFR-'JK'(JK$7
8b
z?%JQE&E3?TeO.không(.T?XE<
.. !.0.
*+. (%.(?t.<
8
^(.C-(%I4IR6?%42:eE6
!3.42:eE6*3.42:eE6+42:eE6+
80
y?%(%€1?t€a&+8•!Y('}e-:+8•!Y.<%4`F2
E?.eO2`JQ?%e.o0!8*=G
8=
j3E?%JK?TeE3(X
).:'.!).'.-
*.:'..'.-
8G
y?%(%.(?t.<D'Jkhông(X'23/'
'.JQXQ(.&&'():B
!&'():BX?% *&'():BC &'()??
88
Vs:(:Q-?%I4
JKF)JQF(?%4+',-!)<CE6-E4L
*6"CO<7F'JK4<72 XQ4)<C'JK
8S
y7?7C-?%
'.NFFF4J` !?%X^J`/#
*'.NFFF:J` '.NFF:Q44J`
8U
1'23?%X&J`(,@1(X'23.'+',
→
(X'23'
→
(X'23/'(
→
(XB'
!(X'23/'(
→
(X'23'
→
(XB'
*(X'23'
→
(X'23/'(
→
(XB'
(X'23''
→
(X'23/'(
→
(XB'
8[
‚v-?%^(.Cs+-"'2R64%
!^(.CE$+-"'2R64%
*^(.C?XE-"'2R64%
^?%&#,E4LHs'J`'JK
!
8_
y)<ƒ#E(5Q+o
>e`?%7JK:Q!>e`?%7JK:
*>e`?%7JK4*>e`?%7JK'
*
Sb
V?%(X(Xe.'.6-JE6.<%d
0
-<
Xy?%&(%€1?t€a!(%€a?t€1
*
=
*(%.5(%0€a?t=€1
S
V/H('?%7H0.<%d
0
y?%(&+.
!..*(%.5(%.<
S0
*?%??'. /J$sJE@Ym.FYYm4FaamF
YYYm.FYYm$/FmgFYm<%,Ml1P1'23/''.J
E@V.•rgr4r$/r%/H('?%+=.E6UF[F_MBW??DeP
':'.:'.2'.J$s&?%::'23/
.•rgr$/r!.rr4r$/r
*.rgr4r$/r .•r4rgr
!
S=
*?%??'. /J$sJE@Ym.FYYm4FaamF
YYYm.FYYm$/FmgFYm<%,Ml1P1'23/''.J
E@V.r$/••g•4•%/H('?%7`<JQX
Q&2??<%,(E??De1BW??De2?%/H('(%•1
?t•aD4#'BsG!(%•1?t1•D4#'BsG
*(%•1?t•aD4#'Bs8(%•1?t1•D4#'Bs8
SG
AL+&'()-4<~/T<qF.<%4`Ej1
* 'eF4;!'eF/T<qF4;4;F.<%4`Ej1
!
S8
>?7sai4)4L+&'()DE4L3@V:?j1'J
!j1JQ+W4'.*V./^"+4;"[E
Vj1<q^0'&B"Ms+P4s0M$XQ'
*
SS
Vj1$s4E!04E
*4E04)E
SU
V':?)Gbb!=b*Ubb
S[
1'"'2?FXQ4EEQ:JK<B=bbR
'!6E./T*EQ]ETEQ$?H
!
S_ *+',-j1E4L3:s/T'L3
→
./
→
EQ$?H
→
EQ]ET
→
6E./Ti'
!
→
EQ$?H
→
./
→
6E./TiEQ]ET
→
'
*
→
./
→
EQ]ET
→
EQ$?H
→
6E./Ti'
→
EQ$?H
→
EQ]ET
→
6E./Ti./
→
'
Ub
z?%(X'23'.j1Hj1!j1
*H4j1H4(7'.j1
U
d.
„
J$
„
w
„
„
:7&
„
„
j1?
„
J
…
'4
†
w
…
4
†
4
„
'‡
…
<
…
ˆ
j1
…
!
„
j1?
„
J
…
'"([b
b
'
†
w
…
4
†
4
„
'‡
…
‰
*
„
ˆ
j1
†
(?
„
J
…
'w
…
4
†
j1<
…
<J$
†
.
…
$
„
F'
ˆ
…
<J
‰
…
'-j1J$^
U0
d.
„
J$
„
(7<J$
†
&
„
„
j1?
„
J
…
'4
†
w
…
4
†
4
„
'‡
…
<
…
ˆ
j1
…
!
„
j1?
„
J
…
'"([b
b
'
†
w
…
4
†
4
„
'‡
…
‰
*
„
ˆ
j1
†
(?
„
J
…
'w
…
4
†
j1<
…
<J$
†
.
…
$
„
F'
ˆ
…
<J
‰
…
'-j1J$^
*
U=
13+?%+',j1(X'23'.j1!e'.j1
*E6JQ'.j1'23Fe4E6JQ'.j1
UG
y?%+`j1JK(%!+<HwEEH
*wHJK?7CB'BHJD%EsE6
U8
y!HE6'.j1y!+',j1!C?*+j1j1
*
US
dL"H-?%(7`j1@(%!wHs?7C-B'
*JKBHJD%EsE64EEH(%H<HwEEH
UU
y7<nj1O<6JKE&IJ$(?%
+j1!j1*Hj1+',j1
U[
1'.j1sET/%'23JE!*Š‹Œd•l4?Š&x<\E6%CFWj1
(2Gj1@!*Š‹Œd•l0!*ŠŒ‹d•l=!*Š‹xd•l
G!*ŠŒ‹d•lj12</H('?%!0*=G
*
U_
1'.j1sET/%'23JE!*Š‹Œd•l4?Š&x<\E6%CFWj1
(2Gj1@!*Š‹Œd•l0!*ŠŒ‹d•l=!*Š‹xd•l
G!*ŠŒ‹d•lj12&?%Hj1!0*=G
!
[b
y7E(7C?oV(4j1::E6JQw.(H/6
!(4j1::E6w.(H/6*j3(XE6-j1:
j6j1'%?w.(E6(.e?j1$?F`$0
[
V:?j1JŽ?0m0Gj1j6j1'7<qF7?$47?6$eJQ
0=F0840S!00F0=40S*00F0=40800F0840S
*
[0
z?%:7HE6j1'%?+j1!C?*3?&#?
!
[=
dCJQE(('?%C?o1'"'2?F(4j1<
!1'?F+Hj1<*j3EqE'"'2
1'"'2HF/H('E3'Xq<)O'
G
[G
j3IO0•EkQ:?j1
7?!7<q7<*7?<q7=<q7?6
[8
j3IO•4`?2JKEkQ:?j1
7?!7<q7<*7?<q7=<q7?6
[S
*7C:E6j1'%?6
7<4`7<q47?4`7G$!7<<q4`7$47?<q4`7G$
*7<4`7<q47?$4`7G<q7<$4`7<q47?<q4`7G$
*
[U
1'HFj1:<Ek'
0!W%j1*WE6j1)E6j1
!
[[
17C?<E6JQHEsE6H<HwEEH&
Wj1+?tC!%j1+?tC
*E6B+)'W%j1+?tC
[_
aq'.j1J$^-:0m[V7:<7!!&‹‹!j1-7
(R7?]!7?*7?<q7?]<q
_b
y7E(7?oV(4j1::E6JQw.(H/6
!(4j1::E6w.(H/6*j3(XE6-j1:
j6j1'%?w.(E6(.e?j1$?F`$0
_
V7:%?sE6j1?tXE6j1JŽ?-0<R
7C?!7&#?*73?7?%
!
_0
y?%3?E<:E3<-+Hj1'?
!E3(X'?j1*CJQj1?#s6j1?#s
E3<-j1'?
_=
1'"'2(.F?j10<'7
3s?!E#?*?6]&#?
_G
aq'.j1J$^-:0m[V7:<7!!!!&‹‹!j1-
7(R7?6!7s?*7s?7?67?6<q
!
_8
1'HF?j1)<Ek'
0!W%j1*WE6j1%E6j1
_S
173?:7JQ'''JKQE(o
0I4`!I4`
*0I4`?2JK%?0<'(.
*
_U
*73?JK:$"E&JŽ`F<Hw6#6F%?F•&
:E6j1w.+?!E6w.+?
*JQw+?E6JQ%?w.+?
*
_[
*7?NJK không@?!EEHOB*EEH4BEEH
!
__
*(w"H<JK7C?N!y?N*C?‘?‘
!
bb
dCJQ?j1JŽ?-05^'%?R
C?7!3s?7*3?7&#?7
b
j3/4?'?%C?!+',j1*3?&#?
b0
17s?<7E#?D7E(o17s??+I;7E#?OI
!17s?:EsE6FwE+;7&#?2<:7:
*17s?OI;7E#??+I
17s?s?j1-;7E#?2s?j1-0<
b=
*73?4&#?JKD34LF%DyA!yAF%D34L
*34L4yAF%D4E4LE4L3%DE4LE$
bG
lO(0m8b4`:0mUb'^$7Œ
?j6j1'%?$747&#?
2eJQ8bpUb!08p=8*Sbp0bbbpGb
*
b8
z:<7&&4`!:<7??‹‹l0(4`'^(?$72
<7-7E#??&‹!??&&‹‹*!?&‹????&&&&‹‹‹‹
!
bS
:?j1JŽ?0m[E67?$:7:G!U*[_
bU
>qO0(:<7/<%"H:ZC<7
’!“=S*[“=S8“=S
b[
}34LF)(&"#l&;e-4`&;+2Œ
JQbb”(s?lŒ
4`(:<72ZC<7DŒ
0
@
@8@8@!@8@8@
*@G@G@@8@8@
!
b_
1ZC@E'W$7s?:<7!*
*
b
*07s?e-"Hn4`"H42JQŒ
("Hn
!%'t(?‘4
(JŽ?H?2JK4):<HwIQ'7?2JK%
(Œ
2JQŒ
0
:ZC<728@!=@*@=8@
l7E(<%"H?W<7o!*
*
0 *07s?e-"Hn4`"H42JQŒ
("Hn
!%'t(?
‘4(JŽ?H?2JK4):<HwIQ'7?2
JK%(Œ
2E6JQ<7:7:DŒ
0
G!8*=_
!
8