Giá trị sử dụng của tác phẩm báo chí

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<b>THU'C TitN - KINH NGH1|M </b>

<b>Gia tri sA dung cua tac pliam bao clii </b>

• ThS NGUYiN T H I H A N G I
<i>HQC vien Bao chi va TuySn fmjS </i>

Tac Phim bao chi (TPBC) li san phim ta duy cua nha bao, liy hien ttiuc khach qum lani doi«

I ftftnrr,-.ao lap q i » niem sftng, anh hutag d&i w S t dinh di den hWi dong, nhimg p a m su dn,
nguoc va nhihig yiu tft chi phfti gia tti sii dung cua TPBC.

1. Quan niem vl gii tri sft dung cua tac pham
bao chi

Trong hoc fliuyit Gia tti, khi ban ve hang hfta, C.
Mac da chi ra ling, Mng *<)o K smp'Mm aia too <Bng
<i>no CO the thda man nhiing nhu cdu nhdt dinh ndo do </i>
<i>aia con ngudi thdng qua tt-ao Si, mua bdn" </i>

Dua ttieo quan diim nay ciia C. Mac, eft flie khang
<i>dinh, tic phim bio chi Id mot loai hang hda, bfti no </i>
duoc lam ra di lao ttianh mot san phim bio chi (mot
tobao, mot chuang tiinh phat flianh, mpt chuong ttinh
ttuyin Unh, mgt ttang bio mang dien te...) de "ban"
cho nguoi eft nhu ciu "mua" va sir dung flieo muc dich
rieng cua mtah. Tic phim bao chi (hay mot san pham
bao chi) cOng phai chiu su chi phfti cua quy luat cung
ciu, quy luat canh ttOTh ttong qui ttinh san xuit vi luu
tilftng. , ,

Tuy nhien, viec mua ban ft day khftng giong vfti bat

cii viec mua - ban nao tten ttiuong ttuong, bfti san phim
bao chi tay la vat chit (la giiy muc, la phuong tien ky
fliuat ttiu - phat, eft htah khfti, CO ttii ttch, ttong luong...)
nhung ngufti "ban" san phim bio chi khftng "ban" cai
phin vat chit iy, ma la "bin" ttiftng tin nim ttong cai
"vft vat chit" iy va ngufti "mua" cilng khftng "mua" cii
phin vat ehit ay ma la "mua" fliftng tin di flifta man
nhu cau cua minh.

Chinh vi vay, sin phim bio chi nfti chung, tic

<i>phim bio chi nfti rieng, la loai hdng hda die </i>
<i>Ust.-hdng hda thude tinh thdn, mang ban chat xa hoi, b ^ </i>
<i>(1) cMl lieu tao ra hang hfta niy la thong tin MA </i>
<i>quan. cd that, (2) muc dich lam ra hang hoa nay la J </i>
<i>ddng vao nhgn thirc cua con ngvtfti, nham ihay ^ </i>
MnAvi cuahp flieo chiiu huong tiin bo; (3)«>"»!i%
<i>hang hfta nay la thdng tin vd chinh thong tin tgo ra^-. </i>
<i>ludn xd hdi vd phdn bien xd hoi; (4) gid bdn ™ ' % </i>
<i>-hfta nay mang tinh chdt phuc vu xd hoi, khftng ttiay® </i>
ttieo su len xuftng ttiit fliuong cua flii tiuong gii ci
fliam chi, nguoi nh|n san phim khftng cin tta hen; (5)
<i>Ddi ngU lam ra hang hfta nay cin eft ttinh do cao w </i>
<i>ndng khiiu Idm nghi. ^ A </i>

<i>Nhu vay, tic phim bao chi "khi da mang hinh M </i>
<i>Id hdng hda tM deu cd hai thuoc tinh or ban la gid^ </i>
<i>Sli dttng vd gid tii"."' ^ </i>

<i>Hiiu flieo ngHa chung nhat, "Gi<i tii la ca lam ttm </i>

<i>mdt vdt cd ich lai. cd y nghia. Id ddng quyvimotHVi </i>
<i>ndodo;vi."Gidttisitdung:cdngdgngciavgtphm </i>
<i>cd the thod man mgt nhu ciu sin xudt hay tieu <^^ </i>

<i>ndo dd cda con ngudi". ^'^ . </i>
<i>•Cw tr\ ciia tac phim bao chi, flieo quan mpm » </i>

Chung tfti, ttiupc tinh "tu nhien" cua tac phim bao «
tuclaftdngfin. Chi c6 npi dung fliftng tin mfti Itaii*
tic phim bao chi eft y nghia, eft ich, eft gii tti doii*
cftng chiing xa hpi. Benjamm Frankhn - ngufti lanl

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<b>THU'C TI^N - KINH NGHIEM </b>

dao cua Pennsylvania Gazette nam 1729 - da timg
<i>khing dinh: " Khong co bdi viet ndo co the duac goi </i>

<i>Id tot, Id viet gioi that su. neu khong the hien bdt ky xu </i>
<i>huong ndo co lai cho doc gid, hodc khong cdi then </i>
<i>dao due hay Iden thuc cho doc gid" *•". </i>

<i>* Gid tri su- dung cua tac phim bao chi: chiing toi </i>
nghien cuu duoi cac goc dp sau:

<i>- Thu nhdt, xem xet gia tri su dung cua tac pham </i>
<i>bao chi theo moi guan he bien chimg giUa tdc phdm </i>

<i>bdo chi- cong chiing, hai trong bin nhan t l cua tmyen </i>

thong. Cong chiing la nguoi su dung va hudng thii

thong tin tii tac pham bao chi.

Hieu tiieo each Idiac, gia tri su dung cua tac phim
<i>bao chi phu thuoc vdo nguai su dung bdo chi, vao su </i>

<i>guan tdm aia ho doi vai thong tin co trong tdc phdm </i>
<i>bdo chivd mirc do img dung thong tin trong tdc phdm </i>
<i>bdo chi vdo dai song hdng ngdy. Chinh vi vay, gia tri </i>

stt dung cua tac pham bao chi mang tinh xa hgi.
<i>- Thu hai, xem xet gia tri sir dung cua tac pham bao </i>
<i>chi duai goc do mot chu trinh tmyen thong: su Men + </i>

<i>phdn img aia cd nhdn, xd hoi = ket qud (du luan xd </i>
<i>hoi vd hdnh vixa hoi): </i>

M6i tac phim bao chi la mot "gigt thong tin" trong
"bien ca thong tin" hien nay. Nha bao - nguod tao ra
"gipt thong tin" iy co "quyen hanh" rat lon, do la quyet
<i>dmh dua thong tin ^ trong m6i giay, moi phiit, de "gigt </i>

<i>thong tin " ay tra thdnh ca sa cho cong chimg nhdn </i>
<i>thuc, tranh ludn, to thdi do vd quyet dinh. Neu nha bao </i>

"bit thucmg" dua ra s6 lugng lon tin bai v6 mgt vin dl
^ do, thi vin de iy se tiiu hut su chu y va su tranh luan
cua dong dao cong chiing. Co nghia la, tac phim bao
<i>chi da dinh hudng cho cong chiing "nen nghive cat </i>

<i>gi" ttong dilu kien co vo van tiiong tin ma lai tiiieu </i>

thai gian.

<i>- Thie ba, xem xet gia tri su dung ciia tac pham bao </i>
<i>chi duai goc do muc dich aia cong chung su dung </i>

<i>thong tin tu tac phim bao chi trong dai sing hang ngay </i>

(Cong chiing dgc - nghe - xem tac phim bao chi de
lam g.?). Cong chiing bo tien dl dugc doc nghe
-xem tac phim bao chi nay hay tac phim kia hoan toan
<i>chi vdi muc dich rdt cd nhdn la lua chpn dugc nhung </i>
thong tin quan ttpng, co ich dli vdi ban than ho, hoac
lien quan den quyln lgi vat chit, hoac quyen lgi tmh
tiiin ttong cupc sing hing ngay cua hg, hoac chi vi
muln tiioa man tri to md, hoac d% ling dugc cam xiic.

tinh nhan van ciia moi ngudi mudn "dong cam, se
chia" vdi ai do trong xa hgi; hoac chi dan gian la tim
din nhiing cai ten nha bao ma hp nguong mg va yeu
<i>thich. Cdn ttong mgt xa hgi cd giai cip, giai cdp thong </i>

<i>tn su dung tdc phdm bdo chi nhu mot vd khi chinh tri. </i>
<i>vai muc dich qudn ly vd dieu hdnh xd hgi </i>

<i>Nhu vay, chiing toi cho ring, gid tri sic dung dia </i>

<i>tdc phdm bdo chi Id nhirng lai ich thuc te aia tdc phdm </i>
<i>bdo chi ddi vai nguoi su dung tdc phdm dy; Id mice do </i>
<i>tdc dong, hodc mirc do dnh huang cua tdc phdm bdo </i>

<i>chi tai thdi do vd hdnh vi cua nguai su dung tdc phdm </i>
<i>bdo chitrongxd hoi. </i>

Gia tri su dung ay co the it hoac nhieu, cd the la vd
cung va chi dugc do ludng (cd thi la true tiep, cd the
la gian tilp) sau khi tac pham dd hien dien tten cac
phuong tien truyen thdng dai chiing, duac cdng chiing
tilp nhan qua viec dpc - nghe - xem - phan hoi.

2. Thang do ^ tri sur dung cua tac phim bao
chi

Cd thi cd rit nhilu each do gia tn su dung ciia tac
<i>phim bao chi. Theo quan niem cua chimg toi, diang </i>
<i>do gia tri su dung ciia tac pham bao chi gdm 4 tieu chi </i>
sau:

(1) Tin suit tilp can tac pham bao chi cua cdng
chiing (miic dp tilp can; each thiic ttep can; thdi gian
tiep can);

(2) Muc dich tilp nhan tac phim bao chi cua cdng
chiing;

(3) Danh gia cua cdng chiing ve chat lugng tac
pham bao chi (miic dp hai long);

(4) Nhu cau tiiuc tl va tiii hilu tiidng tm cua cdng
chiing (mong mudn).

Cd the do gia tri six dung cua tac pham bao chi theo
tinh chit ("ndng" hay "ngugi") cua thdng diep ma tac
ph§m bao chi chuyen tai; theo ddi tupng cdng chiing
cin tac dpng; theo thdi gian tac ddng; theo pham vi tac
ddng; theo chien dich tuyen ttuyen.

3. Bilu hi^n v^ gia tri su diuig cua tac pham bao
ctu

<i>3.1. Tdc phdm bdo chi lam thod mdn nhu cau </i>
<i>hudng thli thong tin cua cong chiing (biet thong tin </i>
<i>vd m& mang Iden thut) </i>

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<b>THU'C T l i N - KINH NGHIEM </b>

fliong dai chung nhu hien nay, cftng chung gan nhu hi
"bfti fliuc" vi ttiftng tin. Trong mpt ban tin flifti svr 30
phit hen ttviyin htah liic 19 gift hSng ngay eft khoang
10 -15 cii tin, co it nhit 1 bai phftng sir-taiheu... Neu
hfti mpt khan gia xem tiuyin hinh nho dupc bao nhieu
fliong tin ttong mptban tin ttidi su llic 19 gift, ttii cau Ira
loi la CO khoang 3 - 5 ttiftng tin hp cftn nhft dupc. Dieu
do eft nglua la, hp chi lira chon tic phim bio chi nao CO
npi dung ttiftng tin flifti sir "nftng", hoac gin giii vfti
quyin lgi cua mtah, hpp vfti "gu" nhan ttiiic, kiin ttiuc
va fllim my cua mtah, phil hpp vfti nhu ciu va muc dich
sir dung ttiong tin cvia mtah. Nhu vay, gia Iri sir dung
cua tic phim bio chi la da dua fliong diep den cho cong
chirng bio ehl, lam ttioa man nhu ciu ttiftng tin noi
chung va fliftng hn ttieo sft ttiich ciia timg ci nhan, cua

ting nhftm ngufti, ciia toan flii cpng dftng xa hpi.

Do vay, cac nha bao hien nay din din da chil y hon
<i>din "nhu ciu hudng thu thdng tin", fliam chi nhu can </i>
<i>huftng fliu ttiftng tin "mang tinh chuyen bief cua cong </i>
chiing vidacftginglamra nhiiu tic phim bio chi eft
gia tti dii vfti ngufti su dung bao chi.

Xu huftng tiiong lai, cftng chung bao chi se la

<i>"nguai quyit dinh " npi dung ttiftng tin cua to bio, </i>

chuong trinh ttuyin hinh, phat ttianh, bao mang dien
tu, fliay vi tft bao, chuong tiinh tmyen htah, phit flianh,
bao mang dien tii quyit dinh fliftng tin nhiing npi dung
gi mtah eft ttong tay nhu hien nay.

<i>5.2. Tdc phdm bdo chi tgo lap quan niem song </i>
<i>cho tiing ngirdi, cho cgng dong, xahgi </i>

Khi tiep nhan ttiong tin, mfti nguoi CO each suy nghi
va htoh dpng khac nhau. Co nguoi suy ngU va htoh
dong theo niim tm va gii tti ciia neng hp (huong npi),
ciing CO nguoi suy nghi va htoh dftng theo xu ttie hpi
nhap quftc ti ciia xa hpi (huftng ngoai). Chtah vi vjy,
til viec nhan ttiiic, fliu nap kiin ttiiic ttong cac tic phim
bao chi, cftng chimg se lua chpn mpt "lii song phii
hpp" vfti chtah minh. Nhiiu tic phim bap chi theo mpt
chu di, xuit hien lien tiip trong mpt flifti gian, se ttuyen
cam himg cho cftng chung, se lam htoh tiiinh nhiing

mfti quan tam rieng, mpt flifti quen mfti, mpt each quan
niem sftng ft tiing ngufti, hmg nhftm ngufti.

Nhu vay, mfti tic phim bao chi da gito tiep Itoi
tang cuong bto chit ci nhan ciia mfti nguoi, cua tap
flii, "Ifti keo" con ngufti fliam gia vao boat dpng cvia
cac tft chile, cftng dftng xa hpi.

<i>Vi du: til khi CO hitemet, con nguoi co flie " </i>

fliiy flii gifti "ttong Iftng bto tay" ehi vfti mpt dft
nhip chuftt. Cong ngh6 phat ttiin da tao ra m§t "1
<i>song cftng ngh?", mang xu huong xa hoi, nhu: am </i>
bto qua mjng, hpc tip tten mang, viit luu biit tifi
mang, tin giu tten mang, ngftn ngir @ stah ra tu m p y
thn dfti tic lam to t e n mang, npp ttiui qua niaiig,»
flnh qua mang, lira dao qua mang. Nhiiu tie pham 1 «
chi da phan anh vi "ldi sftng cftng nghe" rit mfti^:
nay vol tit ca nhirng mat tich cue va tieu cue cia n6.i

<i>3.3. Cong chiing ra quyil ^nhva hdnh dgngth^ </i>
<i>kinh nghiim hoac theo y ttrdng ma ldc phdm Mo til </i>

<i>dgt ra ^ </i>

Tac phim bao chi huftng toi muc dich la cung ca^
tti thllc mfti, kmh nghiem, hi vin, nhSm gpi y oho
ngufti tiip nhan tilftng tin mpt y ttiftng, mpt quyit dMii
mpt ki hoach htoh dpng nao dft. Co tac phim bao *
<i>Itoi ngufti til phai aia tta, suy nghi khftng diit ve vfa </i>

de mi bai bao dat ra. Cft tac phimbao chi nhu mpt cay
gay Cliu sinh, giip ngufti ta eft tiii tir tay khftng ttft Ifc
gito CO, hoac giup ngufti ta lam lai cupc dcri. Co tic
phim bio chi du rit nhft be nhu miu tin v5n vai chuc
chii ciing eft tiii khuiy dpng du luan xa hpi tien ca
nuftc, hoac lan rpng ra ca flie gioi.

Cilng eft tac phim bao chi di sau phto tich tiiuc
ttang, chi ra nguyen nhto sau xa cua nhiing vu viec
xay ra, giilp ngufti tiip nhto tilftng tin hiiu dupc cm
nguyen cua nhiing kit qua hien tai: diiu nay lam t5i
tinh ngp; diiu nay Itoi tfti bvic xiic; diiu nay lam Iffi
fliem nghi luc, fliem yeu cupc sftng; vi sao viec do Iji
xay ra va cin giiii quyit viec dft nhu flii nao; kinh
nghiem cua ngufti nay, dia phuong nay se giup t6i
ttong cftng viec lanh dao, quto ly hoac ttong boat dOng
thuftng ngiy, ttong lam an kmh te...

Nhu vay, tac phim bao chi tac dpng din toan xa
hpi, Ifti keo con ngufti vao dong chay khftng ngimg cia
cac hoat dpng xa hpi, bupc con ngufti khftng flie ttift 0,
hoac "tiiu mtah ttong vft oc", ma p M nhin tiiilc va
htoh dftng. Su ttiay dfti nhto fliiic, Iftl sftng va hanh
dpng cila mfti ngufti ttpng xa hpi tiieo chiiu huftng ttch
cue, chic chin se gop phin fliilc diy xa hpi phat ttien.

<i>3.4. Tie phdm bio chi tgo ra gii tri si dtog </i>
<i>"ngie^c" </i>

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<b>THU'C TIEN - KINH NGHIEM </b>

Cung mdt tac phim bao chi, neu dugc cdng chiing tiep
nhan va phan iing bing tam ly tich cue, se tao ra mdt
ket qua tich cue va nguac lai, neu cong chiing phan
ling bang tam ly tieu cue, se tao ra mpt ket qua tieu
cue. Cling cd nhung tac phim bao cW tao ra ket qua
kep: vua tich cue, vira tieu cue.

Neu ngudi lam ra tac pham bao chi khdng can
trgng trong each tilp can vin dl hoac khong xu ly cac
chi tiet tdt, rat cd the se tao ra mdt tac pham bao chi cd
gia tri su dung "ngupc" lai dieu ma minh mong mudn.
Nhiing nam qua, d nudc ta cung da cd khdng it nhung
tac pham bao chi nhu vay.

<i>Vidu: Tac pham bao chi "(5 nguai bi thdm sdt trong </i>
<i>cdn biit thi/' tai Binh Phudc, dang tten Vnexpress.net </i>

ngay 7.7.2015, ngay ngay hdm sau da nhan dugc 678
y kiln ban dgc. Da so dgc gia cam thay kinh hoang vi
"tdi pham ngay cang da man", tir dd hp se nit ra cho
minh bai hpc ve each ling xu ttong cupc sdng. Tuy
nhien, tac phim bao chi nay da md ta qua chi tiet ve ke
hoach gilt ngudi, cuap ciia mdt each tan dgc, vd hinh
tmng lai "gpi md" cho nhiing ke xau bat chudc, hpc
<i>theo 6.B di lam hai ngudi khac. </i>

<b>4. Nhumg yeu t l cM phii gia tri su dung cua tac </b>

<b>phim bao chi </b>

Chiing tdi chi dua ra mgt so ylu td (mang tinh khai
quat) nhu sau:

<i>- Thi che chinh tri: EJudng ldi, chinh sach, luat </i>
phap se dinh hudng ngi dung tuyen tmyen ciia ca quan
bao chi va mdi tac phkn bao chi phai chiu su chi phdi
dd vi lgi ich cua qudc gia, dan tgc.

<i>- Tu do bdo chi: Nha bao nim vimg Luat Bao chi </i>
va cac bp luat khac, nhan tiiuc dugc quy luat van ddng
khach quan cua dat nudc trong tiln trinh lich su, hilu
rd minh lam ra tac phim bao chi nay cho ai, nhim muc
dich gi, tiii se "cam tiiiy" tu do, tiioai mai khi hanh
nghi, se sang tao dugc nhiing tac ph&n bao chi cd gia
tri va nguge lai.

<i>-Kinh ti- Tdi chinh: NIU co quan bao chi bi phu </i>

tiiudc vl tai chinh vao mgt td chiic hay cdng ^ tii nhan,
ca nhan nao dd, tiii ndi dxmg chuang tiinh hoac ngi
dung tac p h ^ bao chi rit da bi chi phii tiieo yeu cau
cuahg.

<i>- Truyen thSng (lich su - vdn hoa xd hgi). Nha bao </i>
khong nim viing nhiing kiln tiiiic ve tmyln thdng lich
sir, van boa, tam ly, ngdn ngii, phong tuc, t ^ quan ..

ciia dan tdc thi se cho ra ddi nhirng tac pham ngheo
thdng tin hoac lam meo md ban sac dan tdc minh.

<i>- Khoa hgc l^ thudt, cdng nghe Hen tien giup nha </i>
bao lam ra tac pham bao chi "nhanh va nhan" han
trudc. Chi cin mdt chck chupt la da cd hang niii thdng
tin. Nhd may flycam cd the quay can canh su vat tu
tren cao, bat ke dem ngay.

<i>- Khodng cdch dia ly • Su kien xay ra d noi qua xa </i>
xdi, khong dugc biet den hoac thdng tin khdng cdn
ndng. Mat khac, lira chpn uu tien cua cdng chiing
thudng la nhung tac phim bao chi cd ndi dung thdng
tin "gin nhit ve mat dia ly" ddi vdi hp.

<i>- Su tdc dong tif ben ngodi (anh hudng tu cac mdi </i>
quan he xa hpi vdi nudc ngoai, sir du nhap cua cac nln
van hoa khac nhau...): Neu qua tiinh tiep thu cac nen
van hoa Idiac ma khdng cd su chgn Ipc ky cang tiii rit
dl din din tam ly qua chudng "ngoai" ma quen mat
ban sic cua dan tdc minh. Hoac, nha bao "qua bao
tiiii", khdng tiep thu cd chpn Ipc tinh hoa van hda tiie
gidi ma bai xich tit ca nhiing gi din tir "nudc ngoai",
ciing din din su ngheo nan hoac lac hau ve tri thiic,
thilu tim nhin "Uen van hda" trong bii canh toan cau
hda hien nay.

<i>- Bdn linh nhd bdo: Cd ban Hnh chinh tri, cd long </i>
yeu nghi tiii nha bao mdi c6 "siic chiln dau" de di tim
cdng ly, bao ve su that, bao ve quyen lpi chinh dang
cho qudc gia, dan tdc va nhan dan lao ddng.

Tdm lai, tac phim bao chi do nha bao sang tao ra
tren ca sd hien thuc khach quan da, dang va se xay ra,
nhim thoa man nhu ciu nhan tiiiic thdng tin va giai tri
ciia con ngudi ttong mdt didi diem nao day. Tac pham
bao chi vira mang tinh chat khai quat cua mgt giai doan
lich sir hoac cua mdt thdi dai, vira mang tinh chat cu
<i>thi cua mdt thdi dilm, mgt khoanh khac. Chinh vi vay, </i>
gia tri sir dung cua tac pham bao chi ciing mang tinh
lich su.n

<i>(1). Mitchell Stephens, Hem cd tin nic. Tuang lai cua bao </i>
<i>chi (Duong HiSu, Kim Phirong, Hi6u Tning dich tir nguyen </i>
<i>ban: Mitchell Stephens, Byond News: Thejulure of Journalism, </i>
Copyriht (c) 2014 Columbia University Press), Nxb Tre, 2015,
tr. 196

<i>(2). ThS. Nguyin Thi HSng Thu, Tac phdm bao chi, De tai </i>
khoa hoc cip co s6, Hoc vien BC&TT, H; 2015,4, tr. 37 _

<i>(3). Vien Ngon ngu hoc, Tir diSn Tieng Het, NXB Da Ning, </i>
1995,2, tr. 48

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