Vai trò của quản lý nhà nước trong việc định hướng TPP đối với doanh nghiệp Việt Nam.

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<b>THI/C TlfeN - KINH NGHIEM </b>

<i><b>Day hgc theo tin chi va vai txt cua ngirdi day; </b></i>

<b>V ngirdi hgc bting day-hoc theo tin chi </b>

• ThS NGUYtN THj KHUY_.

<i>Hgc ViSn Bao chi va TuySn frujJ </i>

Bii viit tfl, ttung lim to lich sii, bin chit cua tin chi. nhitag dgc didm chmh ciia phuong fluic did"
<i>no fteo tin cta, ^ t o g lpi Uie cda phucmg t u c dao too ndy so vdi phuong ttiuc dao </i> <i>I</i> <i>Z</i> <i>y</i> <i>^ </i>
vai oocuanguoidgyvanguoi hoc ttong dayhoetiieophuongflulc dao tao flieo tin chidViptNgm^
dgy tpc taeo tin ch i^t faeu qua con cm nhieu yeu to qugn ttong, nhu: doi ngu can bd, g t ^ t g ^ n cp
so vat chat phuc vugimg day vi hpc tap, he flidng giio trtah, tii Kpu hoc tip cda c o S ^

D

io tgo taeo tin cfa la mdt phuong taue dio
tgo dupc sing tgo ra d My, viec su dung
phuong taire dio too niy da dua lai nhiing
tainh qud tich cue cho he taing dio too eua My vi
<i>ntaeu nudc phuong Tiy. d nudc a, to kfa htoh taanh </i>
he taong dio tao dai hpc, eao ding dupc ttiin khai taeo
phuong ftiic tata chi Su tin tgi Idu dii cua phuang
taue ddo tgo ndy ttong nin gido due Viet Ngm da dua
nd ttd flianh "phuong taue ddo tgo ttuyin taing". Tm
cta Id mpt phuong taue ddo tgo to ra ca ntaiu uu tai
so vol phuong taue ddo tm ttuyin tadng. (3 Viet Nam,
phuong taue dio too taeo tai eW duoc ip dmg iin diu
hen tgi Dgi hpc Bich Hioa tainh phd Hi CM Mfah
nam hpc 1993-1994 Din nay, hiu hit cic ttudng dai
hpc chu dpng ip dung phuong taiic dio too tita ttin
nay Tuy taiita, do tata ttidn chua B, chua ed nhimg

buoc di phd hpp vi taiit li chua ludng Oude duoc
nhmig Hid Uian cd tai niy stab ttong qui tttah dp
dung cho nta kit qua ciia viec dp dung niy taudng
khong taeo mong muon; rtt cupe li c3ng vita ndy
ttiuong ket taue da dmg, v4 Hii dupc hai qum diim
ve dao tgo taeo phuong thuc ta, chi, cm tai ldi taudng
f;. ' * ° 'P =•("& l^Mg phli hpp vdi hom cinh cua
Met Nam", hoic taue fata taeo kliu btoh cu nrou mdi.
chua taue sv phit huy hit dupc nhung m. tai ciia

phuong taiic day hpc niy Hpe vita Bdo cfa vi Tiiyfc
ttuyen li co so dio tgo sir dpng phuong taue ddo lgo
tin cM sau hon so vdi cdc co sd dao tgo khdc. chinj
taue bat diu hi khda 35. nam hpc 2015 - 2016, hij
fliong dio tao fteo tin cM mdi dupc su dmg mpt tich
ddng bp, bii bin. Tuy nfata, qui ttinh tape Uta COAB
cho taayrd cung edn nhiiu lung oing, bit dp. ^ ™

1. Lich sir ciia gidr tin chi

Phuong taiic dio tgo fteo tin cfa 14 mpt sing Bin;
<i>ttong phuong taue ti chuc dgy eug ngudi My, hmingi ' </i>
tool phpc vp eho muc dich eug nin gido dpc My, Vde,
cudi the ky XDC, d My sd lupng hpc stoh phi taing
ttung hpc dang ky vao hpc dai hpc ngdy edng tdng, ^
ip Ivc khdng nhd cho qui tttah xdt fayin cua cie
ttitdng dgi hpc. Hp tadng fln cfa', dupc fliiit ki ra di
gta Igi vd gidi taieh mdt eich todng minh nang Ivc hpc
tgp cda hpc sinh phi ftdng ttung hpe, giiip cic chuy*
vien Oong cic phdng dio tgo eug cic ttudng dgi hpc .

cd can cu tin cay di tayin chpn dupc nhimg sinh viifi
<i>cd chdt lupng theo nhimg ehuin mvc mi ttudng ^ </i>
-hpc cua mfah de ra. Tu ngudn gdc dd. hp taing tin chj
din dm taam nhgp vio eic ttuong dgi hpc. Iiic dau oU
de gfa lgi diem sd cua eic mdn hpc lva chpn. sau dd, :
do dp Iuc cua cic nhi tii tto, edc td ehuc rir ftipn yen
oiu phii lim ro hay luong hdg ning lpc chuyta mdn

<i>Ly In$n clijnh bri A 'Dnny^n tfaAng </i>

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<b>ai </b>

<b>«ti </b>

<b>THI/C TIEN-KINH NGHIfM </b>

vi H ning nghe ngU^) cua sinh vita vi Mta qua dao
lgo cda ttudng dgi hpc, he taing tin cfa dupc md ldng
ta lit ci cic mdn hpc taupe cde khdi Kin ftue khic
ttong chuong ttinh dgi hpc vi ttd tainh mdt phuong
taiic dil) lgo (ihfah Unic, Uigy tad cho phuong ftuc dio
tgo ttuyta ftdng mi nhung tai hd cha 3ng cua ngudi
My mang din hi chau Au.

Cic nhi ngUta cuu khdc nhau dua ra cac qum
diim khic nhau vi phuong ftiic dio tao taeo ttn cfa.
Dfag cfai y, nha ngfata euu giio due ngudi My Jesiea
M.Shedd (2003) cho iing, he ftdng dao tgo taeo tin
<i>cU d My cd ngudn gic hi ba nguyta nhan. Thir nhal </i>
nhu cm cm phii xu U sv da dmg vi su gia ting vi si

lupng hpc sinh ttimg hpc phd tadng gfa danh vdo hpc
d cfc ttirong dgi hpc ttpng kfa vin duy tti nhimg tita
<i>chum ve hpc ftugt. Thie hai. ddng co ftay ddi xuit </i>
phit ngay Irong npi bp he taing giio due dai hoc My,
tape sv muon cd mpt cupc cdl cich vi giio (iuc dgi hp(:
vdi nhimg chuong ttinh dai hpc "mo", chua dung nhifag
mto hpc mi xa hpi cin, cd dp "mim dta" nliit dinh di
ngudi hpc cd fte chpn nhifag chuyto nginh phii hpp,
nhifag mta hpc hptady cdn taiit di phpe vu cho phdt taiii
nghe nghiSp tong ttrong lai, mpt Hiu chuong ttinh khic
vicobdn voi chuongttinh dio tao ttuyin ttiing vdi nhung
* diem "ddng" vi "kho cung" duvc mang din rir chiu
Au Oong do ngudi hpc vao ttudng vdrattudng ding logt,
Itatag cd bitki sv lva chon nio khic vi chuyto nganh vi
vecicm8nhpc. 2W6a apluctanhimgliehucvici
nhin ta bta ngodi ttudng dgi hpc: chinh phu, eic nhd toi
IIP, cfc nhi su dpng nguin hic sinh vito tdt ngWep, v.v
budc eic ttirdng dgi hpe phii cd nhifag don vi do chit
lupng dgy - hpc tadng minh hon, ca ttich nWtai hon, dl
do ludng hnn vd phd hpp vdi yto ciu cua tape tien ban

Theo tadi gim Oi lue tin cfa khdi diu duoc Uiiit
ke ra dS ehuin hda nhifag taude do khi nang hoc lap
cila hpc sfah phd tadng ttung hpe, dip ung sd iupng
hpc sinh ttung hpc phd taang gta danh vdo hoc dai hpc
ngiy cing Sng, dta nay nd da dupc phdt ttiin va ttd
tadnh mdt hp Adng ddo tgo, mpt ftude do ttiin tata
ttong gido (tac dgi hpe d My.

Vita dp dung he taing ddo too taeo fln cfa phdn

inh qum ditai liy ngirdi hpc lim Omg tam, ngudi hpc
•Id ngudi tiep nhgn Hin ftuc nhung ding tadi citag li
ngudi chu dpng tgo Hin ftuc, hudng tdi dip ung
nhfing nhu ciu cua tin ttuong lao dpng ngoii xa hdi

Nd cho phep hp chpn ttong si nhung mdn hoc duoc
flnet ke ttong chuong ttfah, nfaiu ttong sd nhiing mdn
hpc dd CO fte fliay fti dupc vdi nhm vd huu ich nhu
nhau. Den day, ngudi to cd fti dgt ciu hdi: 'Tai sao
phuong taiic dio tao fteo tin cfa lgi ed sdc hip din
mgnh me nhu viy?" Tri ldi cgu hdi niy, ttirdc hit
chung to hay cung nhau di flm bin chdt cua nd; dd li,
'Tm cfa la gi?"

LBanchitvaloithicua phiitnig thih: dao tao
theo tin chi

Tfa cfa li dai lupng dung di do khii lupng kiin
tave, kl ning cda mdt mdn hpc ma ngudi hpc cin
phta tich My ttong mpt khoing tadi gim nhit duta
tadng qua cic hmh ftuc: (1) hpc tgp ndn Idp; (2) lipc
tip ttong phdng flu ngUpm, ftuc tap hogc ldm cdc
phin vita khic (cd su hudng din cua giio vita); vi
(3) tv hpc ngoii Idp nhv dpc sich, ngfata cvu, giii
quyet vin de hoac chuin bj bdi v.v Tm eta cdn duoc
fata Id khdi Ivong lao ddng cua ngudi hpc ttong mdt
khomg ftdi gim nhit djnh ttong nhiing diiukitahpc
tap tita chuan.

<i>Truic hit, frong phuong taue dio tgo fteo ttn cfa, </i>

tv hpc, ta ngfata cuu ciig sfah vita dupc cm tipng vd
tinh vio ndi dmg, tadi Ivpng eug ehuong ttinh. Bay
li phuong taue dua gido dpc dgi hpe vi vdi dung nghia
cua no: ngudi hpc to hpc, 01 ngtato euu, gidm sv nhdi
nhdt Kta taiic eua ngudi day Do dd, phdt huy dupc
tinh chu dpng, sing tgo ciig ngudi hpc.

<i>_ Hai la, phuong taue dio lgo taeo tin cfa Uta qum </i>
dta dp mem dta vi Itah hogt cua chuong ttinh.
Chuong ttfah dupc fliiit ki taeo phuong taue dio too
tin cfa bao gdm mpt he taing nhiing man hpc taupe
khdi Hta taiic chmg, nhung mdn hpe taupe khii Hin
ftuc chuyta ngdnh, nhung mdn hpe tauta khii Hin
taue cgn chuyta nginh. Mdi khii Hin taue diu cd si
luong nhung mdn hpc Ion hon si luong cac man hpe
hay sd lupng tin cfa dupc yta ciu; smh vita cd tai
taam khio gido vita hogc cd vin hpc tap di ehpn
nhung mdn hoc phu hpp vdi mmh, di iiodn tadnh
nhung yta cau cho mdt vm bdng vi di phue vu cho
nghe ngfaep toong Iai eua mfah.

<i>Ba Id do chfah dde diim "tich luy tin cfa" ttong </i>

phuong taue dio too fteo tin cfa mmg lai. Smh vita
<i>dupc eip bing kfa da tich IQy dupc diy du A lupng </i>
tin cfa do ttudng dgi hpc quy duta; do vay, ho cd tai

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<b>THirc T|£N - KINH NGHIEM </b>

hom thinh nhiing dieu Hta de dvpc cdp bing tay taeo
khi nang vi ngudn fac cua ei nhin vi tadi gian, tai
ehinh vi sue khije.

<i>Bon Id, phuong taiic dio too fteo tin cta phm anh </i>
duoc nhung mdi quan tam vi nhimg yeu ciu cua
ngudi hpe nhu Id nhitag ngudi su dung Hin taun vd
nhu cdu eua cdc nhi su dung lao ddng ttong cdc ti
ehuc kinh doanh vi td chiic nhi nvdc.

iVam /d, nhu da di cap d ttta, phuongtaiicdiotgo
taeo tin eta' hau nhu da ttd tainh phi biinonfaiu nudc
ttdn tae gidi. Chuyta sang phuong taire dio tap taeo
tinetasetaoduoesvhta ftdng giua cic co sd dao tgo
dgi hpc frong vd ngodi nude. Mpt kfa su hen taong
dupe md rpng, nfaiu frudng dgt hpc cdng nhm chit
Iuong dio tgo eua nhau, ngudi hpc co tai de ddng di
chuyen to ttudng dai hpc niy smg hpc d ttudng dgi
hpc Hg (ke ci frong vi ngoii nudc) mi khdng gap khd
khan frong viee chuyin dii tin cta. Kit qui li, ip dmg
phvong taue dio tgo fteo tin cfa se khuyin Hiich sp
di chuyta cua sinh vita, md rong su ta chpn hpc tgp
Clia hp, lim fing dp minh bgch ciia he taing giio due
vi giiip cho vipe so sinh giua cic he taing giao dpc
dgi hpe ttdn tai gidi dupc di dmg hon.

3. Vai tro cua nguM day, ngirdi hpc trong day
vd hpc theo tm cfa

Xet vi phvong phip dgy hpc, khdng cd phuang

phip dgy hpc danh litag cho day hpc ftec tin cfa. Tuy
nhita, so vol phuong taue day hpc ttuyin taing, day
hpc taeo tin cfa ca nhung yta ciu mdi vi vai tto eiig
ngudi day ttong qua ttinh dgy vi hpe.

Nhu ttdn di di cap, phuong taue ddo too fteo tin
chi li phvong ftuc dgt dgy - hpc d dgi hpc vio dung
vdi bin chit cua nd: na dgt ngudi hpc vio vi fri ttung
tim eua qui tttah dgy - hpc, tgo eho hp ftdi quen ttr
hpc, or khim phd Hin taue, cd H nang giii quyit vin
dd. to chii ddng tadi gim hom tainh mdt mdn hpe,
mpt chuong tiinh cu nhan hay taac sT. Nd khic phpe
dvpc viec hpc lech, hpc til, ddn din quay edp ttong
Hem Oa vi Oong cde ki flii. Hon niia, ttong phuong
taue dm toll taeo tfa chi, hiu nhu bit H mdn hpc nio
cmg bao gdm h nhit hai ttong ba htoh ftuc td chuc
day - hpc: gimg bdi cua giio vito, taue tap, taue hdnh
eug smh vita dvdi sv hudng din cua giio vien, vd to
hpc, ta ngfata euu eua stoh vita. Trcng cdc Unh taue
ta ehuc day hoc niy, nghe gimg, ftuc hdnh ftuc top

vd tv hpc ca mdi hta he hiiu CO vdi nhau, hd trp
cho'.-nhau giup ngudi hpc nam kiin ftiic vi tao kiin talie
rapt cich Uta qui ban. Ngudi hpc se ftiy kha hi^
hogc khdng Uta bii giang cua giio vita niu hp khfii^
dpc ttude nhimg npi dung dvpc giao Or hpc, tv nghi^
Cliu a nhi. Ngupc lgi, ngudi hpc se khong tai sdng tjo
<i>neu khdng biit dupc fri ftuc cua mdn hpc tSa dope </i>
ngtata euu dta ddu, cho nio cdn bd ngd. Se khdng c6
phuong phip dgy - hpc fteo tin cfa niu khdng xde (^tl^

<i>lgi vai trd eua ngudi dgy vd ngudi hpc. ,;0 </i>

<i>i^ai tro nguii day .*.*> </i>
Trong phirong ftuc ddo tgo fruyin tadng. nguin

day cd mpt sd vta oa, ttong do hta vai tio ndi bgt nhl^
li ngvdi biit mpi tii ftiic vi mdn hpe lita quaa isfc
"ngudi quyet dinh mpi hogt dpng day - hpe ttong IdJ
<i>hpc". Trong vai frd tini nhit, ngvdi day dvpc ma </i>
nhv li ngudn kiin ftirc duy nhit vi ngudi hpc chi
cin tiip thu dupc ngudn Hin taue niy tii ngvdi %
li du. Trong vta ttd ftii hta, ngvdi dgy dupe
xemtt-u li ngxemtt-udi cd toin qxemtt-uyin qxemtt-uyit djnh dgy cii gi (n^
dmg) vi day nhv tai ndo (phvong phdp); ngudi hpe
dupc xem Id nhimg "con efaen" ngom dgo, nghe
giing bii, gU chdp vd hpc taupe nhiing gi dupc dg,
khong dupc phepcmfliiepvdo nhung cdng vipc cSa
ngvdi dgy.

Trong phuong ftilc dio tgo fteo tin cfa, hai vai lid
da nta d ttdn d mdt miic dp nao dd vln dupc duy M,
Tuy nfata, ngudi dgy phii dim nUtai tatai It nhit ba
VM tto niia; dd li: ci vin eho qud ttinh hpc tip; nguM
taam gia vio qui ttinh hpc tip; vi ngudi hpc vd nS
ngUta cdu.

Vdi to cdeh li ci vin cho qui ttinh hpc tjp, kM
gidng bii cimg nhu Hii hudng din taio luin, ngudi
dgy phii chpn nhitag vin di cit loi, qum ttong di
giing mi niu khdng cd ngudi day flii ngudi hpo kh$

CO fte luta hdi dupc, laodiiuHtacho ngudi hpe fli;,
fliu vd kham phd tiip Min taue. Li ci vin eho qil('t
tiinh hpc tgp, ngudi dgy se: ^ i^

<i>Truic hit, giiip cho chinh nunh hiiu dupe ngttdi </i>
hpc: fata dupc nhimg gi hp cdn ttong qui tttah hpe
-tip vi nhung gi hp cd fti rir lim dupc di cd fti chnyL
gim nhimg nUtai vu niy cho hp tadng qua hudng dfc
vi gidm sit;

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<b>THirc TIEN-KINH NGHIEM </b>

ehu dpng vi sing tao, vi nhfing nguon luc cua chfah
hp de hpc tdt mdn hpc;

<i>Ba Id, hudng sv taam gia tich eve eua ngudi hpc </i>

vdo nhung muc tita tavc ti nhit cua giio due Uta dii:
hpc gau vtii hinh.

Trong vai ttd cua ngvdi fliam gia vio qui ttinh dgy
- hpc, ngudi day hogt dpng nhu li mpt flianh vita fliam
gig vio qui ttfah hpc tip d nta Idp vdi cic nhdm
ngu-di hpc. Vngu-di to eich vva li eo van vua li ngungu-di taam
gia vio (]ui ttfah hpc lip. ngudi dgy cdn cd taem mpt
vai ttd bd sung nfia; do Ii. nguin ttiam khio cho ngudi
hpc, giup hp ftdo gd nhfing khd khan ttong qud tttoh
hpc tap vd ngfata ciiu.

Trong vta ttd Id ngudi hpc vi ngudi ngfata cvu,

vdi to cfch Id mdt ttianh vita taam gia vdo cfc boat
dtag hpc tap d ttta lop, ngvdi dgy, d mpt miic dp ndo
dd, ed dieu Hta ttd Igi vi tti cua ngudi hpc, taiu vi
cUa se nhvng khd khan vi ttach nUtai hpc tip voi hp.
Co tape Uta dupc vta ttu cua ngvdi hpc fti ngvdi dgy
mdi cd tae phat huy dupc vai ttd tieh cue eua ngudi
hpe, Ipa chpn dupc phuong phip vi tad fcuat gimg
dgy phu hpp. Vdi to cdch Id nhi ngUta cuu, ngudi dgy
cd tad ddng gdp khi nang vi Hin ftuc cua mfah vio
vi^ Um Uta bm bit cua qui oinh day - hpc ndi Chung,
bdn chit^ciia qua ttinh hpc mpt man hpc nai ritag
nhfing yeu td tim U - xa hdi inh hudng din qui oinh
dgy - hpc mdn hpc dd Ngoii ra, tadng qug ngUta cuu,
ngudi hpc se ^ ftuc dupc ting dgy - hpc li mpt nUtai
Vjl cd qum hd nhin qui vdi nhau - mdt nfatai vu mi
ci ngudi day vd ngudi hpe diu cd Oich nhitai tham

<i>m, ttong dd hpc cd vai tto ttung tam, dgy cd vai ttd </i>

hp frp, vi mpc tita hpc t|p cU phdi Kim bd qui timh
dgy-hpc.

<i>Vai Iro ctia ngudi hoc </i>

Trong phuong taucdiotaotaeotincU, ngudi hpc
phii dupc too dita Hta di tape su ttd ttianh ngudi dim
phin tich cvc vi cd fata qui: vdi chinh mtah oong
qui tttah hpc lip, vdi muc tita hpc tgp, vdi cdc tainh
vita ttong nhdm, ttong Idp hpc, vd vdi ngvdi dgy

Stoh vita dgi hpe ttong xa hdi fata dgi khdng cfa
Id nhvng ngvdi tau nhin Hin taue liiu ddng to giao
vito vd tii sfch yd mi diiu qum frpng li hp phai Id
nhttng ngudi biit cdch hpc nhu fti ndo Nhiiu cdng
tttah ngfata euu vi tam li hpc dgi hpe cho fliiy ring
sinh vita cd nhfing nhu cdu, dpng eo hpe tgp, vd nhfing

chd dpi khde nhau vi nginh hpe, mdt mdn hpc, vi
ttong qui ttinh hpc hp ftudng xuyen diiu chinh ki
hogeh hpc tap cda hp cho phu hpp vdi nhung muc tieu
cua mdn hpe. Kiin ftuc ftudng dupc xde djnh igi kfa
smh vita khim phi nfaiu hon vi nd vi ttong kfa xiy
dtaig ke hogeh hpc tap cho ritag mfah, sfah vita cd
tae nhgn ra rang cic cUin lupc hpc tip ttvde dd cua
hp ca fte khang cdn phu hpp nua va cd fti W ftay fti
bang cde cfata Ivpc hoe tip moi phu hpp ban. C?ui
tttah dieu chinh niy dupc gpi Ii qui ttinh ddm phin
vdi chinh mtah ttong qui oinh hpc tap di dat dupc
nhung muc tita mi mdn hpc di ra. Hon nfia, hoc
khdng hoin Oiin li mpt hogt ddng cd nhm; nd xiy ra
ttong mdt mdi ttiidng vin hda xi hpi nhit djnh ttong
da sv riiong tic gifia nhfing ngvdi hpc voi nhau cd vai
ttd bet siic qum ttpng ttong ftn nhdn vi lgo Hin taue.
Xem hpc nhu li rapt vin di ei nhm flii khdng khie
ndo xem qui ttmh niy xiy ra Oong chm khdng, vi cd
Ie cfch nhta nay khdng phu hpp vdi tai gidi Mn dgi,
mdt tae gidi trong dd hpi nhgp vd todn ciu hda dmg
li xu tae tdt yta Thpc ti niy yta ciu ngudi hpe phii
CO ftem mot vgi tto nOg; dd li, vai ttd cua ngudi cung
dim phin ttong nhdm va ttong lap hpe.

Vi day - hpc taeo ttudng Idp taudng Id mpt qud
tttoh cdng sfah, cho nta ngodi nhfing vta ttd da ki ttta.
ngudi hpc ttong phuang taiic dio tgo taeo tin cfa cdn
lihii dim nfaem ftem mpt vai od qum frpng nua; dd
Id, ngudi taam gig vdo mdi oudng edng tde day - hpc.
Trong vai frd niy. ngudi hoc dupc xem nhv Id mpt
tadnh phm hop phap nong qud oinh dgy - hpc. Hp
hoat ddng vua nhu 14 nhung edng su vdi ngudi dgy
tiong vita xic djnh npi dmg vi phuong phdp gimg
day. vug nhu Id ngudi cung cdp tadng tin phin hii vi
bm tam mtah nhu li nhung nguai hpc (tttah dp. kha
khin. tauin lpi. nhu eiu, ehd dpi, mong mudn vi mdn
hpc, v.v.) eho ngudi dgy di ngudi day cd tai diiu cfanh
ndi dmg, phvong phip vi ftu tauat giing dgy phu
hpp, tdng fata ([ui dgy - hpc.

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