Vấn đề môi trường tại các khu kinh tế cửa khẩu biên giới Việt - Trung

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<b>GICII VIET - TRUNG </b>

TRAN THI TUYfiT*
I. DAT VAN D^

Khu kinh te cira khau (KKTCK) la mdt
khdng gian kinh te' xac dinh, gdn vdi cua khau
qud'c te hay cira khau chfnh ciia qud'c gia, cd
dan eu sinh sd'ng va dugc dp dung nhiing ca
che', chinh sach phat trien dac thti, phu hgp
vdi dac diem timg dia phuang sd tai nham
mang lai hieu qua kinh te' - xa hdi eao nhat
dua tren viec quy hoach, khai tbac, sir dung,
phat trien ben viing cac ngudn luc, do Chfnh
phii hoac Thii tudng quyei dinh thanh lap.
Hoat ddng kinh te' cira khdu chii ye'u la giao
thuang hang boa va du lich qua ciia khau dai
lien giiia nudc ta va nudc ban (cd the den ca
nudc thii: ba, thii tu). Chiu tac ddng manh cua
cac khu kinh te', cac viing kinh te' ciing nhu
cac chfnh sach bien mau trong va ngoai nudc.
Ngudn bang hda, dich vu tai chd hay tir noi
khac de'n cd vai trd rat quan trgng de dam bao
hoat ddng va van hanh hieu qua. Ddng thdi
trong qua trinh boat ddng ciia minh, cac chfnh
sach quan ly dieu hanh lien quan den rat
nhieu cdc thdng le quy luat chung ciia qud'c
te', va'n de chil quydn va an ninh bien gidi, cac
hiep dinh thda thuan chung giiia cac nudc cd
chung dudng bien gidi,... Vi vay, ttiy dieu
kien ttrng noi, trinh do quan ly, quy md phdt

trien se hinh thanh cac md hinh kinh te' cira
khau khac nhau. Mdi md hinh se irng vdi mdt
giai doan phat trien rieng biet theo xu hudng
phat trien tir dd'i iing sang dd'i trgng, ttr the' bi
ddng sang chii ddng sao cho phat huy hei cac
lgi the canh tranh tinh va ddng cua qud'c gia
trong qua trinh hdi nhap va phat trien.

Trong bdi canh hdi nhap qud'c te nhu hien
nay, viec Chfnh phii danh nhieu uu tien cho
viec phat trien cac vimg kinh te' la vd cting
cdn thiei. Vting bien gidi Viet - Trung la dia
ban chie'n lugc dac biet quan trgng ve kinh
te'-xa hdi, qud'c phdng, an ninh va dd'i ngoai ciia
ca nudc; cd tiem nang lgi the ve ndng, lam

nghiep, khoang san, du lich, kinh te' cua khdu
va kinh te' bien; la viing cd nhieu dan tdc vdi
ban sde van hda rieng; cd md'i quan he mat
thiei vdi Thii dd Ha Ndi, vdi viing kinh te
trgng diem Bdc Bd thdng qua he thd'ng hanh
lang kinh te' - ky thuat - dd thi quan trgng va
vdi cac tinh phfa Nam, Ddng Nam Trung
Qud'c qua he thd'ng cac cira khau nhu Lang
Som, Lao Cai, Mdng Cai...

Cimg vdi cac chinh sach uu tien cua Chfnh
phu, trong nhiing nam qua, cac KKTCK da
dat dugc nhieu thanh tuu dang ke trong phat
trien kinh te'-xa hdi, dam bao an ninh qude

phdng va budc dau tao siic bat kinh te' d dia
phucmg. Tuy nhien, nhiing kei qua nay nhin
chung vdn cdn qua nhd be so vdi tiem nang
hien cd, nhieu KKTCK cdn chua dau tu va sir
dung hgp ly cac ngudn luc va viec quan ly
KKTCK cdn the hien nhieu bai cap cho phat
trien. Dac biet, trong quan ly tai nguyen va
mdi trudng, va'n de d nhidm mdi trudng dang
didn bie'n kha phiic tap. Su gia tang ve d
nhidm trong khdng khi, mdi trudmg nudc, chat
thai rdn va cac bieu hien suy thoai ve da dang
sinh hgc ... da gay anh hudng tdi siic khde
ngudi dan va tac ddng xa'u tdi su phat trien
ben vung cua dia phuang va khu vuc.

Van dd dat ra hien nay la lam the' nao de
quan ly, khai tbac cd hieu qua va ben vting tai
cac KKTCK, de cac tiem nang nay trd thanh
mdt ddng luc va ddn bay thiic day su phat
trien kinh te' xa hdi va an ninh qud'c phdng d
vimg bien. Dac biet, trd thanh cdng cu quan
trgng gdp phan xda ddi giam ngheo va giam
chenh lech giiia cac vting trong ca nudc va
giiia cac dan tdc.

Bai viet nay chi nham dua ra mdt so giai
phap khde phue tinh trang d nhidm mdi trudng
* Tran Thi Tuyet. Ths., Vien Nghien ciiu Mdi
trudng va Phat trien bin vOng.

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<i>Tran Thj Tuyet - Van de mdi trifdng tai cac khu kinh te cda khau ... </i>

tai cac KKTCK tren ca sd tdng quan cac ca
sd phap ly ve bao ve mdi trudmg tai cac lanh
thd kinh te' dac biet va danh gia mdt so van de
ve d nhidm mdi trudng tai cac KKTCK bien
gidi Viet - Trung.

n. TONG QUAN CAC QUY DINH PHAP
<i>L t vt BAO Vfi MOI TRUING TAI </i>
CAC KHU KINH Tfe' CUA KHAU

Cdng tac bao ve mdi trudmg trong cac khu
kinh te' ndi chung va KKTCK ndi rieng, da
dugc quan tam chii trgng ngay ttr giai doan
dau thanh lap va thudng xuyen dugc dieu
chinh, sao cho phii hgp vdi timg giai doan phat
trien ciia ddt nudc. Chinh phu phan chia rd
trach nhiem dd'i vdi ttmg Bd, nganh va dia
phuang trong viec phdi hgp nhdm phat huy
hieu qua cac tiem nang de phat trien ben virng.
Cac quy dinh nay dugc Nha nudc cu the hda
bdng he thd'ng cac van ban phap luat, nhu:

Luat bao ve mdi trudng 2005 ciia Viet
Nam, da quy dinh: Dd'i vdi cac khu san xuat,
kinh doanh, dich vu tap trung cdn quy hoach,
bd trf cac khu chirc nang, loai hinh boat ddng
phai gdn vdi bao ve mdi trudng; Thuc hien
ddy dii, diing cac ndi dung ciia bao cao danh

gia tac ddng mdi trudng da dugc phe duyet;
Cd he thdng thu gom va xir ly nudc thai tap
trung, he thd'ng xir ly khi thai dat tieu chuan
mdi trudng va dugc van hanh thudng xuyen;
Dap ling cac yeu cdu ve canh quan mdi
trudng, bao ve sire khoe cdng ddng va ngudi
lao ddng; Cd he thd'ng quan trdc mdi trudng;
Cd bd phan chuyen mdn du nang luc de thuc
hien nhiem vu bao ve mdi trudng. Uy ban
nhan dan cap tinh cd trach nhiem phdi hgp
vdi Bd, CO quan ngang bd, co quan thudc
Chfnh phu cd lien quan de chi dao, td chiic
viec thuc hien bao ve mdi trudng dd'i vdi khu
san xudt, kinh doanh, dich vu tap trung tren
dia ban quan ly ciia minh'.

Tren ca sd Luat Bao ve mdi trudng, Chfnh
phii va cac Bd, nganh da ban hanh cac Nghi
dinh, Thdng tu hudng ddn thi hanh Luat Bao
ve mdi trudmg trong qua trinh quan ly phat
trien cac khu kinh te, nhu:

- Nghi dinh sd 92/2006/ND-CP ngay
07-09-2006 cua Chfnh phii ve lap, phe duyet va

quan ly quy hoach tdng the phat trien kinh te'
xa hdi. Nghi dinh sd 04/2008/ND-CP ngay 11
thang 01 nam 2008 sira ddi, bd sung mdt sd
dieu cua Nghi dinh sd 92/2006/ND-CP ngay
07-09-2006. Cac Nghi dinh nay, quy dinh

phan ca'p trach nhiem dd'i vdi tumg Bd, ban
nganh va dia phuang trong cdng tac thuc hien
quy hoach. Trong dd, luan chiing muc tieu
phat trien (gdm ca muc tieu tdng quat va muc
tieu cu the), phai dam bao phat trien hai hda
ca 4 muc tieu: kinh te, xa hdi, mdi trudng va
an ninh qud'c phdng. Dd'i vdi muc tieu mdi
trudmg: bao dam cac yeu cau ve mdi trudng
trong sach va giam miic do d nhidm mdi
trudng^. Luan chiing bao ve mdi trudng; xac
dinh nhumg khu dang bi d nhidm trdm trgng,
nhiing khu vuc nhay cam vd mdi trudng va de
xudt giai phap thfch iing de bao ve hoac sir
dung cac khu vuc nay.

Ngoai ra, theo Nghi dinh 29/2008/ND-CP
ngay 14-3-2008 ciia Chfnh phii quy dinh khu
cdng nghiep, khu che' xuai va khu kinh te, da
quy dinh phan cap quan ly nha nudc dd'i vdi
khu cdng nghiep, khu kinh te' va khu che' xudt
d cac linh vuc khac nhau. Trong dd, ITnh vuc
bao ve mdi trudng quy dinh quyen ban, trach
nhiem quan ly nha nudc cua Bd Tai nguyen
va Mdi trudng, nhu sau':

1. Ban hanh Quy che' quan ly va bao ve
mdi trudng trong khu cdng nghiep, khu kinh
te.

2. Hudng ddn viec thu phf bao ve mdi

trudng trong khu cdng nghiep, khu kinh te.

3. Hudng ddn Ban Quan ly thuc hien mdt
sd nhiem vu quan ly nha nudc ve tai nguyen
va mdi trudng trong khu cdng nghiep, khu
kinh te' theo quy dinh ciia phap luat ve bao ve
mdi trudng.

1. Luat Bao ve mdi trudng 2005, Chuang V,
Diiu 36.

2. Nghi dinh sd 92/2006/ND-CP ngay
07-09-2006 ve lap, phe duyet va quan ly quy hoach tdng
the phat trien kinh te -xa hdi, Chuang H, Muc 1,
Diiu 12.

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Tren co sd trach nhiem ciia minh, Bd Tai
nguyen va Mdi trudng da ban hanh cac quy
che, cac van ban hudng ddn thuc thi hieu qua
quan ly nha nudc ve tai nguyen va mdi trudng
trong khu kinh te' theo quy dinh ciia phap luat.
Gdn day nhat, Bd da ban hanh Thdng tu sd
08/2009AT-BIT^MT ngay 08-12-2009, tren
CO sd Luat bao ve mdi trudng ngay
29-11-2005; Nghi dinh sd 29/2008/ND-CP ngay
14-3-2008 cua Chfnh phii; Nghi dinh sd 80/2006/
ND-CP ngay 09-8-2006 ciia Chinh phii; Nghi
dinh sd 21/2008/ND-CP ngay 28-02-2008 cua
Chfnh phii; Nghi dinh sd 25/2008/ND-CP
ngay 04-3-2008 ciia Chfnh phii, quy dinh

quan ly bao ve mdi trudng khu kinh te, khu
cdng nghe cao, khu cdng nghiep va cum cdng
nghiep. Thdng tu phan cap trach nhiem cua
cac Bd, nganh lien quan trong cdng tac bao ve
mdi trudng. Theo dd, cac Bd, nganh cdn phdi
hgp vdi Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng chi dao,
hudng ddn. kidm tra viec thuc hien phap luat
ve bao ve mdi trudng dd'i vdi khu kinh te'
thudc pham vi quan ly cua minh.

Trach nhiem ciia iiy ban nhan dan cap tinh
la ban hanh cac quy che phdi hgp giira Ban
quan ly vdi cac ca quan chuyen mdn ciia iiy
ban nhan dan cdc cap trong tinh vd quan ly va
bao ve mdi trudng tai cac khu kinh te' tren dia
ban.

Dd'i vdi Sd Tai nguyen va mdi trudng cac
tinh cd trach nhiem phdi hgp vdi Ban quan ly
kiem tra, giam sat thuc hien cac quy dinh bao
ve mdi trudng; giai quyei cac tranh chap,
khie'u nai, td cao ve bao ve mdi trudng trong
pham vi quyen ban dugc giao; giam sat viec
thuc hien cdng khai thdng tin, dir lieu mdi
trudng trong khu kinh te va thdm dinh cac ban
ke khai, thdng bao va td chirc thu phf bao ve
mdi trudng ciia cac doanh nghiep.

Dac biet. Ban quan ly KKTCK thuc hien
viec quan ly tap trung thd'ng nhai dd'i vdi

KKTCK; la td chiic chiu trach nhiem true tiep
ve bao ve mdi trudng trong khu theo su iiy
quyen ciia co quan nha nudc cd tham quyen;
thuc hien viec xay dung va phat trien KKTCK
theo quy hoach, ke hoach, tie'n do da dugc co
quan Nha nudc cd thdm quyen phe duyet; cd

trach nhiem kidm tra, giam sat, bao cao dinh
ky hang nam theo diing quy dinh ciia phap
luat.

Nhin chung, he thd'ng cac van ban phap ly
trong cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng tai cac khu
kinh te' ndi chung va khu kinh te cira khdu ndi
rieng da timg budc dugc hoan thien va cu the
hda phti hgp vdi cac giai doan phat trien khac
nhau ciia dai nudc va vdi tie'n trinh hdi nhap
qud'c te.

<b>m . M O T S O VAN D £ M O I TRUCING </b>

<i><b>TAI CAC KHU KINH TE CllA </b></i>
<b>KHAU BIEN GlOl VIET - TRUNG </b>
Va'n de mdi trudng biic xiic nhai tai cac
KKTCK hien nay la va'n de d nhidm nudc
thai, d nhidm bui va chai thai rdn. He thd'ng
CO sd ha tdng khdng theo kip va bai cap so vdi
td'c do phat trien kinh te' - xa hdi, da ddn den
su qua tai trong viec dap iing cac yeu cdu xir
ly chai thai.

He thd'ng xir ly nudc thai chua dugc chii
trgng dau tu. Nudc thai trong khu vuc chii ye'u
la tu chay va thdm thau xud'ng dat, gay d
nhidm mdi trudng nudc va dai. Dac biet la d
nhidm mdi trudng nudc tren cac sdng, sudi la
ngudn cung cap nudc cho sinh boat va san
xuai, ddn de'n chai lugng cap nudc tai khu vuc
khdng dam bao, ham lugng cac chai ban cd
trong nudc sinh boat tang len. Xu the' nhidm
bdn tai nguyen nudc se ngay cang tang cting
vdi sir phat tridn kinh te' xa hdi d khu vuc bien
gidi, ne'u khdng cd cac bien phap can thiep
kip thdi se anh hudng tdi sire khde ciia cdng
ddng va lam suy thoai da dang sinh hgc.

Theo cac kei qua quan trdc tai diem
KKTCK Mdng Cai cho thay: mdi trudng chat
lugng nudc tai Mdng Cai da cd bidu hien
nhidm ban, phd bie'n la nhidm ban bdi ham
lugng ddu md, N H / , BOD5, COD, Pb"-, Cu^'
dd'i vdi ngudn nudc mat. Ngudn nudc ngdm
da cd da'u hieu nhidm ban bdi cac hgp chai
hiru CO. Ham lugng BOD5 vugt Tieu chuan
loai A, dac biet la ham lugng Coliform vugt
Tieu chuan cho phep hang chuc ldn. Tai
KKTCK Ddng Dang, Lang Som hdu hei cac sd
lieu quan trdc ddu ndm trong gidi ban cho
phep theo tieu chudn TCVN 5942-1995 dd'i

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<i>Tran Thi Tuyet - Van de mdi trifdng tai cac khu kinh te cda khau ... </i>

vdi ngudn nudc mat loai B. Mdt sd chi tieu
phan tfch d mdt sd khu vuc sudi, nudc thai da
cd bieu hien nhidm ban, phd bien la nhidm
bdn bdi ham lugng Nita, chai hiiu co va
Coliform. KKTCK Lao Cai da bi d nhidm
chai hiiu ca, cac mdu quan trdc (nam 2008)
ddu vugt gidi ban cho phep dd'i vdi Tieu
chuan loai B tren 2 ldn.

Mdt ngudn gay d nhidm tiem tang, cd kha
nang tac ddng manh tdi siic khde ngudi dan la
chai thai rdn. Hdu hei, chai thai rdn (CTR) tai
cac KKTCK chua dugc phan loai tai ngudn,
tai ca cac loai CTR deu dugc thu gom chung
theo CTR sinh boat. Tuy nhien, nang lue thu
gom tha'p chi dat 40-50% va cdng nghe xir ly
khdng dung ky thuat ve sinh, nhai la dd'i vdi
chat thai y te vdn chua dugc thu gom va xir ly
rieng. Chai thai cdng nghiep dugc dd thai
chung vdi CTR sinh boat. Hien nay, cac bai
rac dang gay d nhidm nghiem trgng cho cac
khu vuc xung quanh, anh hudng tdi siic khde
ciia cdng ddng, lam d nhidm ngudn nudc va
gay mat canh quan mdi trudng.

Ngoai cac ngudn gay d nhidm ndi dia, mdt
ngudn gay d nhidm nghiem trgng khac la ttr
cac nudc lang gidng ben kia bien gidi. Dac

biet, tai cac KKTCK phfa bdc giap Trung
Qud'c, dang cd td'c do tang trudng kinh te' cao,
ngudn phat sinh chai thai ldn. Chat thai ciia
cac nudc nay hdu hei khdng dugc xir ly, chay
thdng xud'ng cac ddng sdng chay vd phfa nudc
ta, gay d nhidm nang ngudn nudc, mai canh
quan sinh thai va lam suy giam da dang sinh
hgc thiiy sinh. Didn hinh nhu KKTCK Mdng
Cai va Ddng Hung chi each nhau cd mdt con
sdng Ka Long, ncri cung ca'p ngudn nudc
chinh cho nha may nudc ciia thanh phd Mdng
Cai, nhung chai lugng nudc khdng dn dinh,
nudc thai sinh boat tir khu dan cu cd chiia
chai can ba, cae chai la lirng (SS), cac chai
hiru CO (BOD5, COD) cac chai dinh dudng va
vi sinh tir phia Trung Qud'c va tir phfa Viet
Nam da thai true tiep ra ddng sdng. Chi tinh
rieng tir phfa Ddng Hung, Trung Qud'c, dge
theo tuye'n sdng dai khoang 2 km da quan sat
tha'y hang tram diem nudc thai va rac thai.

Mat khac, do quan ly chua chat che va
trinh do phat tridn kinh te' tha'p, chiing ta chua

kiem soat dugc hoan toan tinh trang budn lau,
thuc te' da cd su du nhap vao Viet Nam nhidu
chat thai nguy hai, cac hda chai gay nguy hai,
cac sinh vat la va thuc pham nhidm hda chai
nguy hai.

Mdt loai d nhidm dang gia tang tai cac
KKTCK la d nhidm khdng khf, dac biet la d
nhidm bui do he thd'ng co sd ha tang giao
thdng qua xud'ng ca'p, khdng thudng xuyen
dugc tu sira va do td'c do xay dung dang gia
tang da lam cho ham lugng bui tang cao tai
cac diem quan trdc.

Kei qua quan trdc tai KKTCK Ddng Dang
cho tha'y: Ndng do cdc chai khi CO, SO2, NO2
ddu tha'p ban gia tri cho phep tren 8 ldn. Bui
la thdng sd cd gia tri do xa'p xi va vugt Tieu
chuan cho phep trong khdng khi xung quanh
tai KKTCK Ddng Dang va phu can nam
2008. Gia tri trung binh 1 gid ciia ndng do bui
la lirng trung binh d cac diem quan trdc dao
ddng tir 0,126 - 0,443 mg/m\ trung binh la
0,285 mg/m\ Ndng do trung binh cao nhat la
0,443 mg/m' tai diem quan trdc A6 (khu vuc
xa Hdng Phong) vugt tieu chudn cho phep
1,48 ldn. Ndng do bui trung binh thap nhai la
0,126 mg/m' tai diem A5 (khu vuc nga 3 thi
tra'n Cao Ldc) thap ban tieu chuan cho phep
2,4 ldn .

Kei qua quan trdc tai KKTCK Lao Cai, cho
tha'y: hdu het cac ehi tieu quan trdc ddu nam
trong gidi ban cho phep, chi cd ham lugng bui
la vugt tieu chuan cho phep tir 1 den 2 lan dd'i
vdi tieu chuan loai A. Nhiing didm quan trdc

cd ham lugng bui cao nay thudng ndm d khu
vuc dudng giao thdng, noi cd luu lugng xe
van tai hang hda ldn va ddng diic.

Trong so, cac KKTCK thi ndng do bui tai
KKTCK Mdng Cai, Quang Ninh dang cd xu
hudng giam, cac tuye'n dudng tai cac khu cira
khau va khu cdng nghiep dugc ve sinh sach
se, cac xe container van chuyen vdi td'c do
tha'p va rac thudng xuyen dugc thu gom nen
han che' phat sinh bui va khi ddc. Do thanh
phd Mdng Cai da td chiic tuyen truyen van
ddng toan dan thuc hien tdt cac bien phap bao
ve mdi trudng kei hgp vdi cac bien phap giao
due va xir phat hanh chfnh.

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Tdm lai, qua trinh dd thi boa va xay dung d
cac KKTCK phdn ldn la mdt qua trinh tu
phat; chi mdt phdn nhd dugc phat tridn theo
quy hoach trong nhiing nam gan day. Co sd
ha tang ky thuat mdi trudng dd thi (dudng xa,
he thd'ng ca'p thoat nudc, he thd'ng ky thiiat
quan ly chai thai rdn, nha ve sinh cdng cdng,
cay xanh, nghia dia,...) vira thie'u lai vua ye'u,
phat trien manh miin, chdp va, khdng ddng bd
va khdng theo kip qua trinh dd thi hda, do dd
tinh hinh mdi trudng tai cac khu dd thi va khu
dan cu tap trung cd the ndi la hei siic ye'u
kem, nhidu khu vuc bi d nhidm nghiem trgng.

IV. CAC GLii PHAP BAO Vfi MOI
TRUING KHU KINH TE CUA KHAU
BifiN Gidl VIET - TRUNG

Trong ke' hoach phat trien kinh te' xa hdi
ciia qud'c gia ndi chung va cac tinh, thanh cd
KKTCK ndi rieng, cac KKTCK se la cac
trung tam thuong mai, dich vu, du lich, cdng
nghiep ciia viing trung du va mien mii phfa
Bdc, la ddu md'i giao thucmg lien vung, qud'c
te' va giao thdng quan trgng ciia hanh lang
kinh te' Lang San Ha Ndi Hai Phdng
-Quang Ninh va vanh dai kinh te' Bdc Bd, cd vi
trf quan trgng vd an ninh qud'c phdng ciia
qud'c gia. Vi vay, can thiei phai xay dung cac
bien phap quan ly bao ve mdi trudng va sir
dung hgp ly cac ngudn tai nguyen tai cac khu
kinh te' cira khau. Trong giai doan hien nay,
cac KKTCK cdn chii trgng xem xet va gidi
quyei mdt sd va'n dd uu tien sau:

<i>4.1. Tdng cudng cdng tdc tuyen truyen </i>

Tang cudng cdng tac truydn thdng giao
due, nang cao nhan thirc va trach nhiem vd
quan ly tai nguyen va bao ve mdi trudng dd'i
vdi chfnh quydn cac cap, cac nganh, cho mgi
td chiic ca nhan. Ldng ghep cac yeu cau bao
ve mdi trudng vao cac boat ddng cua cac ban,
nganh ngay ttr khau quy hoach, lap ke' hoach

va dd ra cac giai phap thuc hien. Phd bien cac
van ban quy pham phap luat ve bao ve mdi
trudng tren cac phucmg tien thdng tin dai
chiing.

Ky kei chuang trinh phdi hgp hanh ddng
bao ve mdi trudng vdi cac td chiic doan thd
tren dia ban cac huyen, thanh phd va van

ddng nhan dan tham gia xay dung va thuc
hien cac quy udc, cam kei ve tu quan ve sinh
mdi trudng va bao ve mdi trudng, bao ve cac
cdng trinh ve sinh mdi trudng. Xay dung va
nhan rdng cac dien hinh dan cu tu quan lam
ve sinh mdi trudng, day manh xa hdi hda
cdng tac mdi trudmg.

Lua chgn cdng nghe sach thdng qua viec
quy dinh cac doanh nghiep dang ki kinh
doanh phai tuan thii cac quy dinh vd nhap
khau cdng nghe, thiei bi theo cac tieu chuan
va he sd tieu hao nang lugng, he sd thai,...
cung la cac giai phap dang quan tam. Mud'n
thuc hien dugc didu dd, phai cd su hd trg va
hudng ddn ttr cac ca quan quan li cac cdp
thdng qua viec xay dung chfnh sach ve tai
chfnh, khuyen khfch midm giam hoac cho vay
vd'n uu dai vdi viec nhap thiei bi va cdng nghe
xu ly chai thai, dac biet uu tieu cho cac
KKTCK.

<i>4.2. Ndng cao ndng life qudn ly nhd nudc </i>
<i>vi bdo ve mdi trudng </i>

<i>- Ndng cao trinh do ngudn nhdn life: tang </i>

cudng cdng tac dao tao nang cao trinh do
chuyen mdn, nghiep vu vd quan ly mdi trudng
cho ddi ngu can bd lam cdng tac quan ly mdi
trudng, nhai la dd'i vdi ddi ngii can bd ngudi
dan tdc lam cdng tac quan ly tai cac viing sau
viing xa, viing bien gidi.

<i>- Tdng cudng cdng tdc thanh tra, kiem tra, </i>

<i>gidm sdt: quy dinh va dp dung cac che' tai can </i>

thiei de xir ly nghiem cac vi pham phap luat
vd bao ve mdi trudng. Xay dung, ban hanh
quy dinh giai quyei bdi thudng thiet hai vd
mdi trudng. Hoan thien co che' tu giam sat,
quan trdc, bao cao dinh ky chdt lugng mdi
trudng cua cac ca sd san xuat va dich vu.

<i>- Ndng cao ndng life, tdng cudng ca sd vdt </i>

<i>chd't ky thugt trong cac boat ddng giam sat </i>

chai lugng mdi trudng. Tang cudng he thd'ng
quan trdc chat lugng mdi trudng khdng khf,

nudc mat, nudc ngdm; cac phuang tien phan
tfch mdi trudng phue vu yeu cau nghien ciiu,
du bao va ra quyei dinh.

<i>- Nghien cdu dp dung cdc cdng cu qudn ly </i>

<i>nen bd, dua tin hgc vao cdng tac quan ly mdi </i>

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<i>Tran Thi Tuyet - Van de mdi trifdng tai cac khu kinh te cda khau </i>

mdi trudng cac KKTCK. Timg budc cung cSip
thdng tin rdng rai vd chat lugng mdi trudng
den cdng ddng.

<i>- Kiem sodt chat che chd't luang hdng hda </i>
luu thdng tren dia ban, dac biet la cac hang
hda ndm trong danh muc ca'm cua qud'c gia,
trong dd cd cac loai ddng vat quy hiem, cac
loai thien dich cua sau benh, cac loai thud'c
trtr sau, hda chai,...

<i>- Phdng ngiia vd khac phue sif cd mdi </i>

<i>trudng: Xay dung cac quy dinh, quy che' ve </i>

bao ve tai nguyen thien nhien va ve sinh mdi
trudng khu kinh te' cita khdu. Dac biet la cac
khu vuc trung tam, cang Van Gia va khu vuc
Tra cd... Nhiing viing nay rai nhay cam ve
mdi trudng hoac cd gia tri kinh te' xa hdi dac

biet quan trgng nhu cac bai trieu ven bien,
rimg ngap man, cac hd chiia nudc, sdng bien
gidi. xay dung cac cdng trinh va cac giai
phap bao ve tai nguyen nude sdng Ka Long,
sdng Thin Coong, nudc cac hd Trang Vinh,
hd Qudt Ddng, Doan TTnh va viing nudc bien
ven bd Tra Cd, Miii Nggc.

<i>- Thie't ke' quy hogch khu xd ly chd't thdi </i>
hgp ve sinh cho cac KKTCK. Cdn nhanh
chdng xay dung va hoan thien mang ludi
thoat nudc va xir ly nudc thai cua cac khu
kinh te cira khau nay. Xay dung tram xii ly
nudc thai sinh boat cho cac khu vuc trung tam
thuang mai va dich vu. Nghien ciiu thiet ke'
quy hoach, xay dung lai khu xir ly rac thai d
xa Hai Hda. Dac biet la bien phap xii ly nudc
thai bai rac da gay d nhidm tdi mdi trudmg
xung quanh.

<i>4.3. Hop tdc mdi trudng trong viing </i>
<i>- Phdi hgp chat che vdi cac tinh, thanh bien </i>

gidi ciia Trung Qud'c giai quyet va'n de d
nhidm ngudn nudc, d nhidm khdng khf, chat
thai rdn, chat thai nguy hai va ddng vat hoang
da dugc xudt nhap canh qua cac ciia khau.

- Hinh thanh va boat ddng td chiic quan ly
viec budn ban va giao thdng tren sdng, tren

bien cd the gay d nhidm nudc sdng, nudc bidn
do nguy ca tran dau va ddm tau thuyen. Cac
tinh bien gidi can phdi hgp xay dung he thd'ng
canh bao sdm su cd tran ddu va ddi ngu can
bd lam cdng tac mdi trudng cd nang luc xii ly
ngay vu viec khi dugc canh bao.

- Thanh lap mdt iiy ban lien tinh trong viec
quan ly khai tbac cac ngudn lgi thiiy hai san,
tranh tinh trang khai thae buy diet nhu dting
min, chai nd, chat gay me de danh bat ca dge
sdng bien gidi Bdc Luan va viing bien Tra Co.

- Can xay dung ca che' chia se thdng tin kip
thdi vd hang trung chuyen cd nguy ca gay d
nhidm mdi trudng thdng qua cac thdng bao
hang tudn, hang thang giiia hai ben Viet Nam
va Trung Qud'c.

Tai ca cac giai phap bao ve mdi trudng tren
cdn dugc thuc hien ddng bd va nghiem tiic tir
ca hai phfa Viet Nam va Trung Qud'c, nhdt la
cac tinh viing bien. Nham giai quyei hai hda
md'i quan he vira tang trudng kinh te' nhanh,
giir dugc an ninh, chii quydn bien gidi, vira
dam bao hda binh hgp tac de phat trien dn
dinh, lau dai. Dac biet, la va'n dd d nhidm mdi
trudng vung bien dang ngay cang bd'c xiic./.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Sd Tai nguydn va mdi trudng tinh Lang Scm,
2007, 2008: "Bao cao hien trang mdi trudng tinh
Lang Son nam 2006,2008".

2. Sd Tai nguyen va mdi trudng tinh Quang
Ninh, 2007: "Bao cao hiSn trang mdi trudng tinh
Quang Ninh nam 2006".

3. Sd Tai nguyfen va mdi trudng tinh Lao Cai,
2008: "Bao cao hien trang mdi trudng tinh Lao Cai
nam 2008".

4. TS. Pham Van Lmh: "Cac khu kinh t l cita
khau bien gidi Viet - Trung va tac ddng ciia nd tdi
su phat triln kinh te hang hda d Viet Nam"; Nxb
Oiinh tri qudc gia, Ha Ndi 2001.

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