tài liệu – page 2 – tâm lý học vb2k04

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Structuralism

• _{seeks to analyze the adult mind (the total sum of}
experience from birth to the present) in terms of
the simplest definable components and then to
find how these components fit together to form
more complex experiences as well as how they
correlated to physical events. To do this,

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Introspection

• _{literally means 'looking within', to try to describe}
a person's memory, perceptions, cognitive

processes, and/or motivations.

• _{three types of mental elements constituting}

conscious experience: Sensations (elements of
perceptions), Images (elements of ideas), and
affections (elements of emotions).

• _{These elements could be broken down into their}
respective properties, which he determined were
quality, intensity, duration, clearness, and

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Functionalism

• _{states that mental states (beliefs, desires, being}
in pain, etc.) are constituted solely by their

functional role – that is, they have causal
relations to other mental states, numerous
sensory inputs, and behavioral outputs.

• _{mental states are the corresponding functional}
role, mental states can be sufficiently explained
without taking into account the underlying

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Behaviorism

• _{It assumes that all behaviors are either reflexes}
produced by a response to certain stimuli in the
environment, or a consequence of that

individual's history, including especially

reinforcement and punishment, together with the
individual's current motivational state and

controlling stimuli.

• _{Behaviorism focuses on one particular view of}

learning: a change in external behavior achieved
through using reinforcement and repetition to

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Main versions

• _{Methodological behaviorism: Watson's}

behaviorism states that only public events

(behaviors of an individual) can be objectively
observed, and that therefore private events
(thoughts and feelings) should be ignored
• _{Radical behaviorism: Skinner's behaviorism}

theorizes that processes within the organism
should be acknowledged, particularly the

presence of private events (such as thoughts and
feelings), and suggests that environmental

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Cognitivism

• _{Cognitive theory mainly stresses the acquisition}
of knowledge and growth of the mental structure.
• _{The process of assimilating and expanding our}

intellectual horizon is termed as cognitive
development.

• _{In cognitive theories not only the environmental}
factors and instructional components play an

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Differences

• _{A behaviorist uses feedback (reinforcement) to}

change the behavior in the desired direction, while
the cognitivist uses the feedback for guiding and

supporting the accurate mental connections

• _{Cognitivists examine the learner's 'how to design'}

instruction that it can be assimilated . (i. e ., what
about the learners existing mental structures?) In
contrast, the behaviorists looks at learners how to
determine where the lesson should begin ( i. e., At
what level the learners are performing

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Humanistic

• _{emphasizes individuals' inherent drive towards}
self-actualization, the process of realizing and
expressing one's own capabilities and creativity.
• _{It adopts a holistic approach to human existence}

and pays special attention to such phenomena as
creativity, free will, and positive human potential.
It encourages viewing ourselves as a "whole

person" greater than the sum of our parts and

encourages self exploration rather than the study
of behavior in other people. Humanistic

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Humanistic Therapy

• _{encourages a self-awareness and mindfulness}

that helps the client change their state of mind

and behaviour from one set of reactions to a
healthier one with more productive

self-awareness and thoughtful actions. Essentially,
this approach allows the merging of mindfulness
and behavioural therapy, with positive social

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Principles of Humanistic

• Human beings, as human, supersede the sum of

their parts. They cannot be reduced to components.
• Human beings have their existence in a uniquely

human context, as well as in a cosmic ecology.

• _{Human beings are aware and are aware of being}

aware - i.e., they are conscious. Human

consciousness always includes an awareness of
oneself in the context of other people.

• Human beings have the ability to make choices and
therefore have responsibility.

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