relative clausepart 1 relative clausepart 1 i relative pronouns who whom which where when whose why what that iirelative clauses 1 the relative pronounis the subject of the relative cl

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RELATIVE CLAUSE(part 1)

<b>I/ Relative pronouns:</b>

<b>Who ,whom, which, where, when, whose ,why , what, that . </b>
<b>II/Relative clauses:</b>

<b>1/ The Relative pronounis the subject of the relative clause :</b>
Ex : I don't like the man . He lives next door .

---> I don't like the man who lives next door.
I don't like the book . It tells about a famous actor.

---> I don't like the book which tells about a famous actor.
<b>NOTE:"That" can replace " who" and " which"</b>

The relative pronoun can't be omitted.

<b>2/ The relative pronoun is the object of the relative clause :</b>
Ex: Have you read the book ?. I lent you that book last week.
---> Have you read the book which I lent you last week ?
I like the shirt . You are wearing it.

--> I like the shirt which you are wearing.
<b>NOTE:</b>

"That" can replace " Who"," whom" and " which".
The relative pronoun can be omitted.

<b>3/ The relative clause with preposition: </b>

Ex:I don't like the hotel . We are living in that hotel
---> I don't like the hotel which we are living in.
(OR) --> I don't like the hotel in which we are living.
That girl is my sister.You are talking about her

--> The girl who/(whom)you are talking about is my sister.
(OR) --> The girl about whom you are talking is my sister.
<b>NOTE:</b>

" That"can replace "who" ," whom" and " which" when the preposition is at the end of the
relative clause.

In formal English preposition are pled before the relative pronoun.
<b>III/There are 3 kinds of relative clause : Defining, non- defining and </b>
<b>connective.A/Defining relative clauses :</b>

<b>1/ A defining relative clause specifies which person or thing we mean . It can not be </b>
<b>separated from the person or thing it describes</b>

Ex:

The man who told me this refused to give me his name

( "Who told me this " is a defining relative clause . If we omit this . it is not clear what the
man talking about )

<b>Notice that there is no comma between a noun and a defining relative clause.</b>

-Defining relative clause usually follow "the"+ Noun but they can be also be used with "
a/an" + noun, plural nouns without "the" and the pronouns : all, none , anybody ,

somebody... and those .

-Clauses following " a/an"+ noun , plural nouns without

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noun/ pronoun in these cases is usually the object of a verb or preposition.
Ex:

A doctor is a person/ someone who gives patients medical treatment.
I met a person who said he knew you.

-Sometimes these clauses are separated from their noun/ pronoun by a word or phrase
Ex:

I saw something in the paper which would interest you

-But normally, relative clauses should be placed directly after their noun /pronoun
Ex :

Is there anything i can do to help ?

The noise that he made woke everybody up.

<b>2/ Relative pronouns used in defining relative clauses :</b>
+/ For persons -- Subject :who /that

-- Object : who/whom/that
--possesive : whose
<b>a/ Subject : who/ that</b>

"Who" is normally used but "that" is a possible alternative after " all/ everyone/
everybody/noone/ nobody/ those

Ex:

The man who has just come is our headmaster .

Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in.

<b>b/ Object of a verb :Who/whom/that"Whom" is the Object form of " who" and is used </b>
formally in object clauses

Ex:

He is a person whom you can rely on

-However, this is noun felt to be excessively formal by most speakers and " who" is
commonly used instead ( that is more usual than "who").And it is still more common to
omit the object pronoun altogether.

Ex:

The man whom i saw told me to come back today.

(OR) The man who i saw..../The man i saw.../ The man that i saw ....
<b>c/ With a preposition : Whom/ that</b>

- In formal English " whom" has to be used if it follows a preposition.
Ex :

To whom Am I speaking?

-In formal speech , however, it is more usual to move the preposition to the end of the
clause. "Whom" then is often replaced by " that", but it's still common to omit the relative
altogether.

Ex:

The man to whon i spoke.

(OR) The man who/ whom i spoke to

(OR) The man that i spoke to/ The man i spoke to

-However , in everyday use, it's usual to avoid this kind of construction
Ex:

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<b>d/Possessive :</b>

- Whose = " of whom" and "whose" is the only possible form
Ex:

Several guests whose rooms had been broken into complained to the manager.

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