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6
PHƯƠNG PHÁP GIẢI TOÁN HÓA HỮU CƠ và VÔ CƠ
& MỘT SỐ LƯU Ý VỀ HỢP CHẤT HỮU CƠ
------
A-GIẢI NHANH BÀI TOÁN TRẮC NGHIỆM VÔ CƠ
1/ H
2
SO
4
→ 2H
+
+ SO
4
2-
→ H
2
↑
HCl → H
+
+ Cl
-
VD1:Cho 2,81 g hỗn hợp Fe
2
O
3
, ZnO, MgO tác dụng vừa đủ với 500 ml dung dịch H
2
SO
4
0,1M.
Khối lượng muối sunfat tạo ra trong dung dịch là:
Giải: nH
2
SO
4
=0,05 = n SO
4
2-
--->nH
+
= 0,1
2H
+
+ O
2-
= H
2
O
0,1 0,05 mol
m muối = m oxit – m O(trong oxit) +m gốc axit =2,81 –0,05.16 +0,05.96 =6,81 gam
VD2:Cho 8 g hỗn hợp bột kim lọai Mg va Fe tác dụng hết với dung dịch HCl thấy thoát ra 5,6 lit H
2
ở đktc.
Khối lượng muối tạo ra trong dung dịch là
Giải: nH
2
=0,25 ---> nHCl =nCl = 0,25.2 =0,5. m muối =8 + 0,5.35,5=25,75 gam
VD3Cho 11 gam hỗn hợp 2 kim loại tan hoàn toàn trong HCl dư thấy có 8,96 lít khí thoát ra (đkc) v à dd X,
cô cạn dd X thì khối lượng hỗn hợp muối khan thu được là (gam):
Giải: nH
2
=0,4 ---> nHCl =nCl
-
= 0,4.2 =0,8. m muối =kl kim loại +kl ion Cl
-
=11+0,8.35,3=39,4 gam
2/ Axít + Ocid bazơ ( kể cả ocid bazơ không tan)
VD1: Fe
2
O
3
→ a mol
Phản ứng dung dịch HCl
Fe
x
O
y
→ b mol
n
O
2-
= 3a+ by → 2H
+
+ O
2-
→ H
2
O
6a+2yb ← 3a+yb
VD2:Hoà tan 2,4 g một oxit sắt vừa đủ 90ml ddHCl 1M. Công thức của oxit sắt nói trên là:
Gọi CTPT oxit sắt là:FexOy→ a mol
nHCl =0,09mol
2H
+
+ O
2-
→ H
2
O
0,09 0,045 mol
nO
2-
=ay = 0,045 (1)
56a + 16ya = 2,4 (2)
xa =0,03 → x:y =2:3 → CTPT là Fe
2
O
3
3/ Axít + Bazơ ( kể cả bazơ không tan)
VD : Dung dịch H
2
SO
4
phản ứng với hổn hợp: Fe(OH)
3
amol, Al(OH)
3
bmol, Cu(OH)
2
cmol
n
OH
-
= 3a+3b+2c = n
H
+
4/ Axít + Kim Loại → Muối và giải phóng khí H
2
VD: Na→ H → ½ H
2
7
m
muối
= m
Kim Loại
+ m
gốc axít
m
M
2H
+
+ O
2-
→ H
2
O
H
+
+ OH
-
→ H
2
O
nH
+
+ M→ M
n+
+ n/2
H
2