Ebook Lịch sử và lý thuyết xã hội học Phần 1

NGOC HUNG

LICH Stf & LY THUYET

XA HOI HOC

NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI


LICH SLT & LY THUYET
XA HOI HOC


Le Ngoc Hung. Lich suf & Ly thuyet Xa hoi hoc.
Nha xuat ban Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, 2002
Nha xu&'t ban Khoa hoc xa hoi, 2008.
Nha xuat ban Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Noi, 2009, 2011

Copyright ©

Le Ngoc Hung, 2002, 2008, 2009, 2011

First Published 2002 by National University Hanoi Publishing House
Second Published 2008 by Social Science Publishing House
Third and Fourth published by National Univerity Hanoi Publishing
House, 2009, 2011
Printed in Hanoi, Vietnam.
Le Ngoc Hung.
Sociological Theory & History / Le Ngoc Hung.
Includes bibliographical references and index.

LE NGOC HUNG

LICH SlI k LY THUYET
XA HOI HOC
•

•

(Sach chuyen khao)

NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI


MUC LUC
•

•

Ldi noi d a u ................................................................................ 11
PHAN 1:

LICH SIT RA DC)I HE THONG LY THUYET
X A H 0 I H O C ..........................................................17

Chiidng 1: Stf ra dofi k h oa h oc xa h oi h o c .......................19
1. Boi canh kinh te - xa h oi.............................................19
2. Boi canh chfnh tri, van hoa va tii ti*3ng.................. 23
3. Cac tien de ly luan va phtfdng phap luan
nghien ciiu khoa hoc................................................... 25

4. Sn ra ddi xa hoi hoc..................................................... 28
Chitdng 2: Svf th o n g nhat tro n g tin h da da n g
cu a c a c ly th u y et xa h o i h o c ........................... 31
1. Sn thong nhat cua cac quan niem khac nhau
ve xa hoi h o c ................................................................ 31
2. Tranh luan va thong nhat trong xa hoi h o c ............ 38
3. Mot so" cap chu de ly luan xa hoi h oc........................ 44
4. Van de phan ky lich sti phat trien xa hoi h o c .........56

5


PHAN 2:

NEN TANG PHAT TRIEN XA HOl HOC
HIEN D A I................................................................67

ChUdng 3: X a h o i h o c A u gu ste C om te (1798-1857) ......69
1. Sd ludc tieu stf...............................................................69
2. Quan niem ve xa hoi hoc va cd cau
bo mon Xa hoi hoc........................................................ 71
3. PhUdng phap luan thUc chting kieu Com te............. 81
Chitdng 4: X a h o i h o c K arl M arx (1818-1883).................89
1. Sd lifdc tieu s ii...............................................................89
2. Chu nghia duy vat lich sii: Ly luan
va phifdng phap luan xa hoi hoc M arx..................... 92
3. Quan niem ve ban chat cua xa hoi va con ngUdi.... 98
4. Quy luat phat trien lich sv£ xa h o i...........................104
ChUdng 5 :X a h oi hpc H erbert S pen cer (1820-1903) .... 115
1. Sd lUdc tieu sik.............................................................115

2. Cac nguyen ly cd ban cua xa hoi h o c ...................... 117
3. Van de khach quan va chu quan
cua phUdng phap lu an .............................................. 122
4. Phan loai xa hoi va thiet che xa hoi........................ 124
C hiiang 6 : Xa h oi hpc Em ile D urkheim (1858-1917) ... 131
1. Sd lifdc tieu svt.............................................................131
2. Xa hoi hoc - khoa hoc ve sii kien xa h oi..................134
3. Cac quy tac phUdng phap lu an ................................ 142
4. Mot so khai niem va ly thuyet................................. 148
6


*1

Chitang 7: X a h o i h o c G eorg Sim m el (1858-1918) — 165
1. Sd lifdc tieu sOf.............................. ......... ...................165
2. Quan niem ve xa hoi hoc.......................................... 167
3. PhUdng phap luan.....................................................174
4. Mot so" khai niem cd ba n .......................................... 177
Chitang 8: Xa h o i h pc M ax W eb er (1864-1920)............185
1. Sd hide tieu sut........................................................... 185
2. Phifdng phap luan................................................... . 187
3. Quan niem ve xa hoi hoc.......................................... 194
4. Ly thuyet hanh dong xa hoi va to chute xa h o i..... 197
5. Ly thuyet ve chu nghia tu ban.................................202
6. Ly thuyet phan tang xa h o i..................................... 207
PHAN 3:

M 0T SO CHU THUYET XA HOl HOC
HIEN D A I............................................................. 215

ChUdng 9: T h u y et chufc n a n g ............................................217
1. Mot so" luan diem go'c................................................217
2. Mot so" khai niem cd b a n .......................................... 223
3. Ly thuyet he thong xa hoi cua Talcott Parsons .... 227
4. Thuyet cau truc-chijtc nang cua Robert Merton .... 239
5. Htfdng nghien ciiu cau true xa hoi vi mo
cua Peter B lau...........................................................249
6. Hudng nghien cutu cau true hoa
cua Anthony Giddens............................ ........ ...........253
7. Hudng nghien ctiu mang lvfdi xa hoi...................... 257
7


8. Hudng nghien ctiu hau chtic nang va chu nghia
chiic nang mdi............................................................ 260
ChUdng 10: Thuyet mau thuan..... ...................................265
1. Mot so" luan diem g o c ................................................ 265
2. Thuyet tinh ho a va ly thuyet
cua Thorstein V eb len ............................................... 267
3. TrUdng phai Chicago va quan niem
cua Robert Park......................................................... 270
4. Ly thuyet cua Joseph Schumpeter......................... 272
5. TrUdng phai Frankfurt va thuyet mau thuan phe p h an ..................................................................... 277
6. Thuyet phe phan “Con ngUdi mot chieu”
cua Herbert M arcuse.................................................281
7. Ly thuyet “Phe phan kep” cua Juergen Habermas ..283
8. Thuyet hien dai va hau hien dai trong
xa hoi h o c.....................................................................292
9. Ly thuyet cua Lewis C oser.......................................297

10. Su hinh dung xa hoi hoc va ly thuyet nhom
tinh hoa-quyen lUc cua Wright M ills..................... 300
11. Ly thuyet cua Michel Foucault..............................304
12. Ly thuyet cua Ralf Dahrendorf..............................311
13. Ly thuyet cua Randall Collins............................... 317
ChUdng 11: Thuyet ttfotag tac bieu trtfng..................... 321
1. Mot so" luan diem g o c .................................................321
2. Ly thuyet “Toi soi gUdng” cua Charles C ooley......326
8


3. Ly thuyet tUdng tac “Ba ngoi” cua George Mead .. 329
4. Ly thuyet tUOng tac bieu triing
cua Herbert B lum er.................................................336
5. Ly thuyet kich hoa cua Erving Goffm an............... 345
Chitang 12: Thuyet liia chon duy ly............................... 353
1. Mot so" luan diem g o c ................................................353
2. Ly thuyet hanh vi kfa chon cua George Homans.... 362
3. Ly thuyet trao doi xa hoi cua Peter B lau.............. 368
PHAN 4:

M 0T SO CHUYEN DE LY THUYET XA
H 0 I H O C .............................................................. 379

1. Ly luan va phUdng phap xa hoi hoc Marx-Lenin ..381
2. Xa hoi hoc Weber trong "Dao dtic Tin lanh
va tinh than cua chu nghia tU ban” .......................397
3. “Xa hoi hoc the ky XX” - cai nhin cua mot so"
tac gia Nga................................................................. 429
4. Ly thuyet phe phan va xa hoi hoc ve tinh hien dai ..441

T a i lie u th a m k h a o c h i n h .............................................453
B a n g c h i d a n te n n g i t d i ................................................. 475
B a n g c h i d a n k h a i n i e m ................................................ 487

9



di noi (tiu
ien nay, nhu c&u tim hieu ly luan xa hoi hoc rat 16n,
ngay ca khi mot so" cuo"n sach ve lich svL xa hoi hoc va ly

H

thuyet xa hoi hoc hien dai cua tac gia niidc ngoai da dufdc dich
va xuat ban bang tieng Viet1. Trong cac cuoc hoi thao khoa
hoc ldn nho va ca tren giang dvfdng dai hoc vang len nhiing y
kien chi ra sU thieu hut cua ly thuyet, phe phan sU tran lan
cua cac nghien ciiu “thuan t u f ’ thUc nghiem thieu ly luan2.
Trong cac tai lieu, bai viet van con kha pho bien quan niem
dieu tra diidc cai gi thi trinh bay cai do, con tuy ai muon goi
no la cai gi cung diidc. Cii lam xa hoi hoc thiic nghiem cung
cap so" lieu thiic te" khong can den ly thuyet xa hoi hoc, khong
can biet la nhiing ket qua nghien ciiu thUc nghiem do co thUc
s\i mang tinh khoa hoc hay khong.
Tinh trang lam xa hoi hoc theo kieu “thiic nghiem tritdc,
ly luan sau” hay chi can thu thap so" lieu bang dieu tra, khao
sat diicfc vi nhu viec “dat cd xe keo tritdc dau con ngtfa”. Do"i
vdi cach lam xa hoi hoc khong can tdi ly thuyet co the phai

1 V i du cuon sach: Nhap mon lich sit xa hoi hoc cua Hermann Korte, Nxb
The gicii. Ha Noi 1997; Cac ly thuyet xa hoi hoc hien dai cua Gunter
Endruweit (chu bien). Nxb The gi6i. Ha Noi 1999; Mit'cti khai niem l&n cua
X a hoi hoc cua Jean Cazeneuve. Nxb Thanh nien. Ha Noi. 2000. Cac trao
litu xa hoi hoc hien nay cua Pierre Ansart. Nxb Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh.
2001. Tr. 190. L y luan xa hoi hoc cua Jean-Claude Passeron.Nxb The gi6i.
Ha Noi. 2002.
2 Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi. Nang cao chat litang ddo too va nghien cihi xa
hoi hoc dap itng nhu cau cong nghiep hod, hien dai hod dat niidc: ky yeu hoi
thao quoc gia ve xa hoi hoc. Ha Noi. 2001.

11


vien dan ldi nhac nhd, canh bao cua F. Engels cach day hdn
mot the ky: “sU khinh thUdng ly luan la con dUdng chac chan
nhat dUa chung ta den ch6 suy nghi theo loi tu nhien chu
nghia, tijfc la suy nghi sai.”1

Cac khoa hoc, theo cach phan chia co dien, gom ba loai: mot
la khoa hoc nghien cufu ve gidi tu nhien vo sinh - khoa hoc chinh
xac, vi du cd hoc, hai la khoa hoc nghien cufu nhufng cd the song,
vi du sinh vat hoc, va ba la nhufng khoa hoc lich sU nghien ctiu
dieu kien sinh hoat cua loai ngUdi, nhufng quan he xa hoi va
nhufng hinh thflc cua kien true thiidng tang cua xa hoi.

Khac vdi cac khoa hoc tu nhien vo cd va hufu cd, dac trUng
cua cac khoa hoc ve lich sU trong do co xa hoi hoc la lich sU xa
hoi khong lap lai, cho nen sU nhan thiic ve no chi mang tinh chat
tudng doi. Cac khoa hoc nay tap trung lam sang to nhufng moi

lien he nhan qua va nhufng dac diem, tinh chat cua nhung sil
kien, hien tUdng, qua trinh xa hoi dien ra trong nhufng hoan
canh lich svi xac dinh ve khong gian va thdi gian. “Vi vay ma
trong llnh vUc nay, ke nao di tim nhuing chan ly tuyet dinh cuoi
cung, nhutng chan ly thUc sU, noi chung khong bien doi, thi ke do
se chang kiem difdc la bao, ngoai nhufng dieu nhat nheo va
nhufng dieu nham tai loai toi nhat, vi du nhU: noi chung ngUdi ta
khong the song ma khong lao dong, rang cho den nay ngUdi ta
thiidng chia ra thanh ke thong tri va ke bi tri, r&ng Na-po-le-ong
chet ngay mong 5 thang Nam 1821, v.v..”2
1 Ph.

Angghen. Bien

chitng cua tie nhien. Cac bai viet va cac chiMng, trong

C. Mac va Ph. Angghen. Toan tap. Tap. 20. Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia. Su that
- Ha Noi. 1994. Tr. 508.
2 Ph. Angghen. Bien chitng cua ttf nhien. Cac bai viet va cac chiiOng, trong
C.Mac va Ph. Angghen. Toan tap. Tap. 20. Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia. Sii that Ha Noi. 1994. Tr. 130.

12


Lich sii xa hoi hoc la lich suf cua cac ly thuyet xa hoi hoc
dau tranh vdi nhau, canh tranh va bo sung lan nhau trong
viec giai quyet nhuing van de ma cuoc song thiic cua con ngiidi
luon dat ra trUdc xa hoi hoc. Lich stt xa hoi hoc con phan anh
sau s ic lich sOf phat trien xa hoi va lich sii cac ca nhan nha
khoa hoc va cong dong cac khoa hoc xa hoi. Moi mot ly thuyet

ii

^

hay mot y tUcing xa hoi hoc la san pham tri tue cua mot con
ngUdi cu the song trong mot xa hoi cu the. Trong tien trinh
phat trien xa hoi loai ngUdi, nhu F. Engels da tufng nhan xet,
luon xuat hien nhufng con ngiidi khong lo biet phat hien van
de va diia ra cau tra ldi cho nhufng cau hoi ldn cua thdi dai.
Su kien nhu vay cung xay ra trong suot chieu dai lich sif xa
hoi hoc. Cac nha xa hoi hoc vi dai the ky 19 gom Auguste Comte,
Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber,
Georg Simmel da diia ra nhiing kien giai khac nhau doi vdi hang
loat nhufng cau hoi nhu: Trat tu xa hoi la gi? Su doan ket xa hoi
la gi? Su thong nhat xa hoi la gi va lam the nao tao ra diidc
chung? Cai gi gin ket con ngUdi vdi nhom, vdi xa hoi? Lich sU
phat trien xa hoi da dien ra nhu the nao va se di tdi dau?
Ttr cac no luc tra ldi nhiing cau hoi nay da xuat hien va
phat trien cac y tUcing sau sac, cac ly thuyet do so cua xa hoi
hoc the ky 19. Tren cd sci do da nay sinh, khai trien nhieu
trUdng phai ly thuyet xa hoi hoc noi tieng nh&m giai dap
nhiing cau hoi bao trum the ky 20. Trong so" do noi len chu
thuyet xa hoi hoc chiic nang vdi cac dai dien tieu bieu, vi du
Talcott Parsons va Robert Merton; chu thuyet mau thu^n vdi
cac tac gia Wright Mills, Ralf Dahrendorf cung cac nha ly
luan khac nhu Jurgren Habermas va Michael Foulcault; va
chu thuyet tiidng tac bieu trUng cua George Mead, Herbert
Blumer va cac dong sU. Nhiing thap nien cuoi cua the ky 20
13

chiing kien sii hoi sinh manh me cua cac chu thuyet nay va
nhat la chu thuyet liia chon duy ly vdi sii dong gop quan
trong cua cac tac gia nhii George Homans, Peter Blau va
nhieu tac gia khac.
Trong lich stf phat trien ly thuyet xa hoi hoc tren the gi6i
khong the khong ke tdi nhiing xu hudng phat trien khac, nhat
la cac nghien ciiu ly luan cua cac nha xa hoi hoc Nga (Lien Xo
cu), cac nha xa hoi hoc Bungari, Diic.
Sdi chi do xau chuoi tat ca cac ly thuyet xa hoi hoc thanh
mot dong chay xiet suot chieu dai lich sii phat trien xa hoi la van
de cd ban co tinh triet hoc cua no. Do la van de moi quan he giuta
con ngUdi va xa hoi. Van de cd ban cua xa hoi hoc cung co hai
mat, nhiing khong phai mat quyet dinh luan: cai gi co trUdc - xa
hoi hay con ngiidi? Cung khong phai la mat nhan thiic cua no: co
the nhan biet diidc xa hoi va con ngiidi hay khong? Ma hai mat
cua mot van de quan he con ngiidi-xa hoi la: mat thii nhat, con
ngiidi tac dong tdi xa hoi nhii the nao? Mat thii hai, xa hoi tac
dong tdi con ngiidi nhii the nao? Lich sti xa hoi hoc la lich sii cua
cac cau tra ldi hai cau hoi nay va cac cau hoi khac cua van de
quan he giufa con ngiidi va xa hoi.
Trong the ky 19, van de cd ban co tinh chat triet hoc cua
xa hoi hoc diidc dien dat b&ng nhiing cau hoi cua thdi dai, vl
du, trat tii xa hoi, doan ket xa hoi la gi? Nhat tri xa hoi,
thong nhat xa hoi la gi? Bien doi xa hoi la gi? Lam the nao to
chiic diidc xa hoi on dinh, trat tii?
Trong the ky 20, xa hoi hoc tiep tuc tra ldi nhieu cau hoi
can thiet va quan trong xoay quanh van de cd ban nay. Dong
thdi ly thuyet xa hoi hoc tap trung tim hieu de dua ra cau tra
ldi mdi doi vdi nhiing cau hoi nhu: xa hoi tao thanh tii cac ca

14


nhan, cac nhom nhii the" nao? Con ngiidi hanh dong ra sao?
Con ngiidi ra quyet dinh nhii the nao? Con ngiidi bien doi xa
hoi bang cach nao? Tren cO sd giai quyet nhiing cau hoi cua
thdi dai trUdc, nhiing cau hoi mdi dang xuat hien.
Van de cd ban cua xa hoi hoc the ky 21 co the dien dat
thanh nhiing cau hoi, vi du, con ngUdi co the hanh dong mot
cach tii do nhu the nao trong mot xa hoi on dinh va trat tii?
Moi quan he hai hoa giufa con ngudi va xa hoi la gi? Quy luat
hinh thanh va van dong cua moi quan he do la gi? Lam the
nao tao ra dUdc moi quan he hai hoa do?
Lich su! cho thay cac ly thuyet xa hoi hoc khong nhiing khac
nhau d que hudng xii sd - nude nay hay nude kia; d cap do phan
tich vi mo-xa hoi hay vi mo-ca nhan hoac ket hdp ca hai: vi mo-vi
mo; ma con khac nhau d goc nhin lac quan-tich ciic hay bi quantieu ciic va khac nhau ca cach tiep can nghien ciiu dinh liidng va
dinh tinh. NhUng tat ca cac ly thuyet xa hoi hoc rat phong phu,
da dang do deu cung hudng vao tra ldi cau hoi: ban chat cua moi
quan he giufa con ngudi va xa hoi la gi?
Co the noi, dudng xoay md rong di len cua tat ca cac ly
thuyet xa hoi hoc deu xoay quanh mot true doi tUdng nghien
ciiu. Do la cac quy luat cua sii nay sinh, van dong, bien doi va
phat trien moi quan he giufa xa hoi va con ngudi. Xa hoi hoc
vdi tat ca cac ly thuyet, pham tru, khai niem va phUdng phap
cua no deu hudng vao nghien ciiu quy luat, dac diem, tinh
chat, cd che, dieu kien hinh thanh, boc lo, bien doi, phat trien
moi quan he giufa con ngudi va xa hoi trong cac giai doan lich
sii khac nhau, nhat la trong thdi ky hien dai, dUdng dai.
“Lich sii & ly thuyet xa hoi hoc” dUdc viet ra nhSm dap ling

nhu cau tham khao tai lieu hoc tap, giang day va nghien ciiu cua
15


ban doc quan tam tdi khoa hoc xa hoi va nhan van. Cuon sach se
giup ta mci rong tam nhin khoa hoc, khach quan, bien chving,
nghiem tuc va cOi md trong viec tiep thu, danh gia va van dung
ly luan khoa hoc xa hoi hoc vao cuoc song dang doi mdi hien nay.
Khac vdi lan xuat ban trUdc vao nam 2002, trong lan
xuat ban nay noi dung cuon sach dUdc cau true lai thanh bon
phan chinh nhu sau:
Phan 1 trinh bay mot so" van de ly luan ve lich sU ra ddi
xa hoi hoc, trong do nhan manh sU thong nhat trong tinh da
dang cua cac he thong ly thuyet va cac quan niem xa hoi hoc.
Phan 2 phan tich nhiing luan diem goc cua sii ra ddi va
phat trien xa hoi hoc vdi nhiing dong gop chu yeu cua cac nha
khoa hoc xa hoi vi dai nhu Comte, Marx, Spencer, Durkheim,
Simmel va Weber.
Phan 3 trinh bay mot so chu thuyet ldn cua xa hoi hoc
hien dai, trong do nhan manh ly thuyet cua mot so nha khoa
hoc noi tieng cua thdi ky ke tuc va phat trien mdi khoa hoc xa
hoi hoc d the ky 20.
Trong lan xuat ban nay, phan phu luc dUdc nang len thanh
phan 4 gom bon chuyen de trong do ba chuyen de mdi dUdc bo
sung la: chuyen de ve lich sii va ly thuyet xa hoi hoc MarxLenin, chuyen de ve xa hoi hoc Weber va chuyen de ve thuyet
phe phan va xa hoi hoc ve tinh hien dai.
Vdi tinh than lien tuc doi mdi tu duy, trong lan xuat ban
nay, noi dung tting chUdng, muc cua cuon sach dUdc bo sung va
nhiing sai sot dUdc chinh sUa. Tuy nhien, sach v§n kho tranh
khoi nhiing thieu sot can dUdc gop y phe binh tii phia ban doc de

co the siia chiia va hoan thien cho lan xuat ban sau.
Le Ngoc Hung
16


Phan 1

LICH Slf RA DOI HE THONG
■

■

LY THUYET XA HOI
■ HOC
■



Chitting
SU
RA DC5I KHOA HOC
XA HOl
HOC
•
•
•
•

1. B oi canh kinh te - xa hoi
Khoa hoc xa hoi hoc goi ngan gon la xa hoi hoc tat yeu ra

ddi trong boi canh kinh te-xa hoi b chau Au the ky 19, cu the
la 0 Phap vao niia dau the ky 19. Tmh tat yeu do boc lo b nhu
cau va sU phat trien chin muoi cac dieu kien vat chat va tinh
than, cac tien de can thiet cho sU nhan thiic ddi song xa hoi1.
Luc bay gid cac cuoc cach mang cong nghiep va thUdng mai
da lam lung lay tan goc he thong thiet che kinh te-xa hoi cu
tufng ton tai hang ngan nam trUdc do d Anh, Phap, Ha Lan,
Dufc, Italia va cac nU6c khac. Hinh thai kinh te - xa hoi kieu
phong kien bi sup do’ tilng mang ldn trUdc siic manh banh
trUdng cua lUc lUdng san xuat va thi trUdng hang hoa cong
nghiep cua nen dai cong nghiep.
Dudi tac dong cua tu do hoa thUdng mai, tu do hoa san
xuat va dac biet la tu do hoa lao dong, he thong to’ chilc quan ly
kinh te'-xa hoi theo kieu truyen thong da bi thay the bSng cac

1 Pham Tat Dong - Le Ngoc Hung (dong chu bien).

Xa hoi hoc.

Nxb Dai hoc

Quoc gia. Ha Noi. 2001. Tr. 41-45.

19


phUdng thiic to chiic kinh te - xa hoi hien dai. Kieu san xuat tu
ban chu nghia xuat hien va phat huy tac dung. Hinh thanh va
phat trien he thong nha may, xi nghiep, tap doan kinh te co
kha nang tao ra khoi lUdng ldn hang hoa, thu hut nhieu lao

dong tii nong thon ra thanh thi, md rong he thong thi trUdng
nguyen vat lieu va thi trUdng tieu thu san pham cong nghiep.
Hoat dong buon ban va san xuat dUdc to chiic lai theo quy
mo dai cong nghiep cd khi luc dau da xuat hien d Anh, sau do d
Phap, Ha Lan, Dtic va cac nUdc khac. Dieu do da tao ra nhiing
budc dot chuyen trong qua trinh bien doi kinh te - xa hoi d cac
nUdc nay. Rieng ve mat kinh te", chi sau khoang mot tram nam
phat trien, nen kinh te tu ban chu nghia da san xuat dUdc mot
khoi lUdng tong san ph&m Udc tinh bling tong khoi liidng cua
cai vat chat do loai ngUdi tao ra trong suot lich sii phat trien tif
trUdc cho tdi khi xuat hien chu nghia tu ban. Dai cong nghiep
da san xuat ra khoi liidng khong lo hang hoa vdi gia re, dUdc
Marx va Engels vi nhu la nhiing vien “trong phao b in thung
tat ca nhiing biic van ly trUdng thanh va buoc nhiing ngudi da
man bai ngoai mot cach ngoan cUdng nhat cung phai hang
phuc”1. Ket qua la nen tang kinh te - xa hoi theo 161 phong kien
va cung vdi no la che do phong kien, quan he xa hoi phong kien
d chau Au bi troc tan goc va sup do’ tan tanh2.

1 C. M ac va Ph. Angghen. Tuyen ngon Dang cong san. Toan tap. Tap 4. Nxb
Chinh tri quoc gia. Su that - Ha Noi. 1995. Tr. 602.
2 M ac va Angghen nhan dinh: ‘T a t ca nhQng moi lien he phiic tap va muon
mau muon ve rang buoc con ngUdi phong kien vdi “nhiing be tren tu nhien”
cua minh, deu bi giai cap tu san thang tay pha vd, khong de lai giiia ngiidi
vdi ngifdi mpt moi quan he nao khac, ngoai ldi l'ch tran trui va loi song “tien
trao chao muc” khong tinh khong nghia.” C. Mac va Ph. Angghen. Tuyen
ngon Dang cong san. Toan tap. Tap 4. Tr. 600.

20

Bien doi kinh te da lam thay doi sau sac ddi song chinh
tri, van hoa, xa hoi. Cua cai, dat dai, tu ban khong con tap
trung trong tay tang ldp phong kien, quy toe, tang luf ma rdi
vao tay giai cap tu san. Su phan chia giai cap, sU phan tang
xa hoi va sU phan hoa giau-ngheo dien ra tren quy mo rong
ldn vdi tinh chat quyet liet, sau sic. Nen cong nghiep quy mo
ldn da day nhanh qua trinh do thi hoa cung vdi sU tich tu dan
cU, phat trien giao thong va cd sd ha tang.
Ky thuat, cong nghe va khoa hoc phat trien nhanh chong
gop phan hinh thanh va phat trien tang ldp xa hoi mdi la
nhuEng ngudi tri thiic, doi ngu hanh chinh, quan ly va cong
nhan ky thuat. San xuat kieu cong nghiep vdi quy mo ldn ddi
hoi phai md mang buon ban, giao lUu va thi trUdng nguyen vat
lieu va thi trUdng tieu thu san pham, hang hoa cong nghiep.
TCf do hinh thanh nen tang ldp thUdng nhan, doanh nhan.
Su phan hoa trong loi song cua thanh thi va nong thon
didn ra vdi toe do nhanh chong ti le thuan vdi qua trinh do thi
hoa. Quan he gifla thanh thi va nong thon trd thanh quan he
phu thuoc, trong do thanh thi trd thanh trung tam cua sii
tang trUdng, phat trien1.
Nong dan bi tach ra khoi ruong dat trd thanh ngudi lam
thue, ngudi ban silc lao dong cho gidi chu tu ban cong nghiep d
thanh pho2. Viec nong dan rdi bo cong dong lang que, nong

1 M arx va Engels viet: “Giai cap tu san b it nong thon phai phuc tung thanh
thi. No lap ra nhiing do thi do so; no lam cho dan so" thanh thi tang len phi
thiidng so vdi dan so" nong thon, va do do, no keo mot bo phan 16n dan cU
thoat khoi vong ngu muoi cua ddi song thon da.” C. Mac va Ph. Angghen.
Toan tap. Tap 4. Sdd. Tr. 602.

2 M arx viet: “Trong Unh vUc cong nghiep, dai cong nghiep tac dong cach
mang hdn ca thed nghia no thu tieu thanh tri cua xa hoi cu la “ngUdi nong

21


thon ra thanh pho sinh song da keo theo nhiing bien doi to ldn
trong thiet che gia dinh vdi he gia tri, chuan miic va cau true
dac trUng cho xa hoi truyen thong dua vao phUdng thiic san
xuat phong kien. Ddi song ca nhan va gia dinh bi xo day, bi xe
vun va bi cuon hut vao hoat dong kinh te kieu thi trUdng va ldi
song canh tranh, vu ldi. Ldi song nong thon diia vao kinh te
nong nghiep, quan he gia dinh, dong ho bi thay doi va nhudng
chd cho loi song thanh thi - xuat hien “chu nghia thanh thi" diia vao kinh te cong nghiep va quan he chiic nang.
Cac hinh thiic to’ chiic xa hoi theo kieu phong kien trUdc
day bi lung lay, xao tron va bien do’i manh me. To’ chiic va
thiet che ton giao, cu the la Giao hoi trUdc kia rat cd the liic
nay bi mat dan vai-tro va quyen liic thong tri trong ddi song
xa hoi trUdc siic ep cua hoat dong kinh te dien ra soi dong.
Viec nha thd bi tach khoi nha nUdc va nha trUdng la mot bieu
hien rd ret nhat cua sii bien doi xa hoi trong llnh vUc to chiic
ddi song vat chat va tinh than d xa hoi chau Au the ky 18-19.
Do do, luat phap ngay cang phai tap trung vao viec dieu tiet
cac qua trinh kinh te, cac quan he ldi ich va quan he xa hoi mdi
xuat hien, chUa tiing cd trong xa hoi phong kien. Vi du, luat
phap trd nen duy ly de thiet che hoa va dieu tiet cac quan he
mua ban siic lao dong sao cho cd ldi cho chu tu ban trong viec
tim kiem ldi nhuan lam giau va boc lot cong nhan. Ngay ca thiet
che hanh chinh, to chiic hanh chinh, to’ chiic xa hoi kieu phong
kien, quan chu doc doan, chuyen che cung buoc phai thay doi

dan” va thay the ngUdi nong dan bang cong nhan lam thue.” C. M ac.
Tu ban: Phe phan khoa kinh te chinh tri, trong C. M ac va Ph. Angghen.
Toan tap. Tap 23. Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia-Sa that. Ha Noi. 1993. Tr. 713.

22


theo xu the duy ly, theo hudng thi dan hoa va cong dan hoa.
Tom lai, su xuat hien va phat trien he thong kinh te tu
ban chu nghia da pha vd trat tu xa hoi phong kien gay nhufng
xao tron va bien doi sau rong trong ddi song xa hoi. Quan he,
tUdng tac va cau true xa hoi trci nen philc tap, mat on dinh
gay ra nhiing he qua kho lUdng. Tu: do nay sinh nhu cau thUc
tien phai lap lai trat tu, on dinh xa hoi. Doi vdi khoa hoc, do
la nhu cau tim hieu, giai thich cac hien tUdng, cac qua trinh
kinh te-xa hoi va giai quyet cac van de cua thdi ky khung
hoang xa hoi luc bay gid. Noi cach khac, xa hoi hoc da ra ddi
mot cach tat yeu trong boi canh kinh te-xa hoi chau Au the ky
19 nham dap ting nhu cau nhan thiic va nhu cau thUc tien ve
thiet lap sU on dinh, trat tu xa hoi.

2. Boi canh ch inh tri, van hoa va titf tvfotag
Cac sU kien chinh tri-xa hoi quan trong nhat gop phan lam
thay doi can ban the che chinh tri, trat tu xa hoi va cac thiet che
xa hoi chau Au the ky 18-19 la cac cuoc cach mang, nhat la Dai
cach mang Phap nam 1789. Cuoc cach mang nay da md dau cho
thdi ky tan ra che do phong kien, nha nUdc quan chu va thay the
trat tU xa hoi cu bing mot trat tu chinh tri-xa hoi mdi vdi sU
thong tri kinh te va chinh tri cua giai cap tu san.

Ve mat van hoa-tu tUdng, Dai cach mang tu san Phap
the ky 18 v6i khau hieu utyCdo, binh dang, bac ai” da khdi day
nhiing bien doi mang tinh cach mang trong van hoa, tu
tUdng, nhan thiic va hanh dong chinh tri cua giai cap cong
nhan va quan chung lao dong ve quyen con ngUdi va quyen
binh d in g giai cap.
23


Cung vdi sU bien doi chinh tri co tinh chat cach mang d
Phap la cac bien dong chinh tri theo con dudng “tien hod" d
Anh, Dilc, Italia va cac nUdc khac. Dac diem chung cua nhiing
thay doi to ldn trong ddi song chinh tri chau Au luc bay gid la
quyen luc chinh tri chuyen sang tay giai cap tu san va mot
thieu so ngUdi nam giut tu lieu san xuat. Bien doi chinh tri-xa
hoi da gop phan cung co va phat trien chu nghia tu ban. Dieu
nay the hien b viec hinh thanh nhiing dieu kien co ldi cho tu
do buon ban, tu do san xuat, tu do canh tranh, tu do ngon
luan tu san va dac biet la tu do boc lot siic lao dong cong
nhan, lam cang thang them quan he mau thuan doi khang
giufa giai cap thong tri - tu san va giai cap bi tri - vo san.
Mau thuln sau s&c ve ldi Ich giufa cac tang ldp xa hoi va
nhat la giiia giai cap cong nhan vo san va giai cap tu san da
len tdi dinh diem lam bung no cuoc cach mang vo san dau
tien tren the gidi vao nCia cuoi the ky 19 - Cong xa Pari nam
1871, va sau nay la cuoc cach mang thang Mudi Nga vi dai
nam 1917. Cac cuoc cach mang nay da thdi bung len ngon lvfa
nhiet tinh cach mang va ly tudng xa hoi chu nghia trong cac
tang ldp tien bo xa hoi, nhat la giai cap cong nhan, vo san va
cac dan toe bi ap bufc tren pham vi toan the gidi.

Nhufng bien dong chinh tri-xa hoi va dac biet la cuoc cach
mang Phap da de lai dau an khong phai md trong lich suf xa
hoi hoc nhu sau:
TrUcic het, do la sU kien xa hoi hoc ra ddi lan dau tien
tren the gicii v6i tu cach la mot khoa hoc d nude Phap - cai noi
cua Dai cach mang Phap roi sau do mdi xuat hien b cac nUdc
Anh, Dufc, Italia, My.
Thuf hai, cac cong trinh cua cac nha xa hoi hoc ngudi
24


Phap nhu Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, nha xa hoi hoc
ngudi Anh Herbert Spencer, nha xa hoi hoc ngudi Diic Georg
Simmel, va dac biet la nhiing ngUdi sang lap ra chu nghia
cong san khoa hoc, lanh tu thien tai va ngudi thay cua giai
cap vo san Karl Marx va Friedrich Engels deu chiu anh
hudng cua hoc thuyet xa hoi chu nghia Phap.
ThCf ba, nhiing bien dong kinh te-chmh tri-van hoa d xa
hoi Phap da khien cac nha xa hoi hoc tien boi dat ra nhiing
cau hoi ly luan CO ban khong chi doi vdi xa hoi hoc cua Phap
ma cua toan bo ly luan xa hoi hoc the ky 19. Do la van de trat
tu xa hoi, bat binh dang xa hoi va van de lam the nao phat
hien va sii dung cac quy luat to chiic xa hoi de gop phan tao
dung, cung co trat tu xa hoi va tien bo xa hoi.
Trong boi canh kinh te-chmh tri-van hoa-xa hoi nhu vay,
cac nha tU tUdng xa hoi, cac nha xa hoi hoc chau Au the ky 19 da
ra siic tim hieu, mo ta, phan tlch cac qua trinh, hien tUdng xa
hoi de phan anh va giai thich day du nhiing bien dong chinh tri,
xa hoi dang dien ra xung quanh ho. Cac nha xa hoi hoc the ky 19
tap trung vao nghien ciiu nhung van de ldn nay sinh tu: nhiing

khung hoang, mat on dinh, mat trat tu chinh tri-xa hoi luc bay
gid. Mot so' nha xa hoi hoc tien bo da chi ra con dudng va bien
phap de lap lai trat tu va duy tri sii tien bo xa hoi.

3.

Cac tien de ly luan va phvfOng phap luan

n gh ien cvfu k h oa hoc
Tien de ly luan va phUdng phap luan lam nay sinh, phat
trien xa hoi hoc co nguon goc tii nhiing tien bo to ldn ma loai
ngiidi da dat dUdc “tit xita den nay", nhat la tii thdi ky vi dai md

25