Tìm hiểu về “tư duy lịch sử” và “phát triển tư duy lịch sử” cho học sinh ở Nhật Bản từ sau năm 1945 đến nay

L|CH sCr Vdi^NHA TRUdNG'

TIM HI^U Vg "Tir DUY LjCH SlT' VA " P H A T TRIEN TIT DUY LjCH SUT"
CHD HOC SINH QT NHAT BAN TUT SAU N A M 1945 Oiu NAY

NGUYfiN QU6C VUONG*

P

hat triln tU duy cho hoc sinh trong
hoc tfip ljch sd lfi mfit trong nhflng
vfi'n d l quan trong thu hdt sy quan tfim
nghifin edu vfl flng dung vflo thUc tiln eua
cfic nhfl gifio due ljch sd Nhfit Ban hifin dai.
Sau nfim 1945, khi cufic cai efieh gifio due
tofln difin nhfim xfiy dUng nUde Nhfit hda
binh, dan ehu bfit dfiu, hinh anh ngUdi efing
dan cd tU duy doc Ifip da trd thfinh ndi the
hifin tfip trung tritft ly mdi cua nen gifio due
(1). Giao due lich sii cdng vdi gifio due dja
Iy, giao due efing dfin the hien tfeh hpp
trong mfin Nghien cUu xd hgi (Social
Studies)-thudng dupe gpi tfit Ifl mfin Xd hgida trd thanh hat nhfin cua cfing cufic cai
each gifio due thdi hflu chitfn. Trong qua
trinh dli mdi sit hpc vfi eai each gifio due
lich sd, nhflng vfi'n d l nhU "tU duy ljch sd
la ^?", nflm thtf nflo d l phfit trien tU duy
Uch sd cho hpe sinh?" da trd thflnh cac chu
de tranh lufin hoc thuflt sfii noi va da cd
mot stf lupng ldn cfic "thitc tien gido due"
dupc tien hfinh (2). Bfli vitft nfly se dilm lai

mpt vai nfit chu ytfu v l sU phat triln d ca
phUdng dien ly lufin vfi thuc tifin xung
quanh vfi'n d l tU duy Ijeh sd vfl phat trien

tu duy ljch sd cho hpc sinh d Nhfit Ban td
sau Chitfn tranh thtf gidi thd Hai dtfn nay.
1. Q u a n nifim ve tuf d u y lich suf cua cfic
nhfl gifio d u e lich svf Nhfit Ban
Trudc Chitfn tranh thtf gidi thfl Hai,
trong chUdng trinh hpc tfip d cac trUdng
p h i thfing Nhfit Ban cd ton tgi mfin Quo'c
sd (Ljch sd Nhfit Ban), tuy nhien tritft lyrauc tifiu giao due luc bfl'y gid lfi giflo due
nfin nhiing t h i n dan trung thflnh vdi thign
hofing, vi the chflc nang cua bfi mfin Ueh sd
ddn thufin ehi Ifl cung cfi'p cfic su kifin,
nhfin vfit Uch sd dUpc "chpn Ipc" phfl hdp
vdi lpi feh eua nhfl nUde chuyfin che. Vfl'n d l
"tu duy Ijch sd" vfl "phfit triln tU duy lich
sd" khong dUdc cfie nhfi gifio due lich sd
Nhfit Ban quan tfim, nghien cdu. Tuy
nhifin, tfl sau thfing 8 nfim 1945, trong bfii
canh lfin sdng cai each giao due diln ra
mgnh me vfl tritft ly giao due thay dfi'i, vfi'n
d l "tu duy lich sd" da dUde dfit ra vfl tranh
lufin sfii noi (3). Cac nhfi gifio due lich sd
Nhfit Ban khi tranh lufin ve tU duy lich sd
dfi ddng d nhilu gfic dp cung nhU vfln dung
nhilu hpc thuytft khflc nhau vi vfly eac y
kitfn dUa ra rfl't phong phu, dfii khi khac

'ThS. Khoa Ljch ad - TrUdng Dai hoc Su pham Hfl Nfii


Rghifln cdu Ljch aiir. atf 11.2Q12

54
bi§t vfi khd di dtfn m§t djnh nghia hofln
ehinh, thtfng nhfi't. D5 ed ra0t stf luyng ldn
tfli Ii$u lifin quan dtfn vfi'n d l dfl dUpe cfing
btf, tuy nhifin trong khufin k h i hfli vitft nfiy
chdng tfii chi gidi thi$u nhflng y kitfn cda
cfie hpc gifi Nhflt Bfin v l tU duy Ijeh sd d
hai nhfim: nhfim nhin nhfin "tu duy ljch sd"
trong mfii quan hfi vfii "hpc lyc" vfl nhdm
nhin nh$n tu duy ljch sd trong mtfi quan
h^ vdi y thflc ljch sd vfl nhfin thflc ljch sd.
1.1. Tti duy lich svt trong mSii
hi vdi "hoc luc'*

quan

"Hpc lyc" Ifl mfit vfl'n d l quan trpng
khfing t h l thitfu trong vi^c dfinh gifi chfi't
lupng gifio dye vfl hifiu qua giflo dye. Cfic
nhfl giflo dye Nhtft Ban cho rfing dinh
nghia thtf nflo Ifl "hpc lUc" Ifl vific lflm rfi't
khfi khfin (4). Them nda, phUdng thdc titfp
c&n "hoc lue" rtft da dang nfin trgn thye ttf d
Nhfit Ban cho dtfn thdi dilm hifin tgi nhflng
tranh lufin ve v l "hpe lUe" vfin chUa di dtfn

hfii ktft. Trong stf cae y kitfn v l hpe lUc,
dang chd y Ifl y kitfn ciia nhfl giao due hpe
Tanikawa Akihide. 6 n g cho rfing "hpc lUc"
bao gom ba nfii dung:
u. Hpc lUc muc tiiu: hgc lUc vdi tU cdeh
Id tha hudng di'n cdn diidc hinh thd,nh vd
Id tha cdn phdi dgt dapc.
b. Hgc lUc do lUdng: hgc lite vdi tU each
Id tha dd hgc dagc, cd thi tiin hdnh do
dugc.
c. Hgc lUc tiim tdng: hgc lac vdi tU edch
la khd ndng hgc tdp trUdc cdc vdn di mdi
(5).
Cfie hpe gia Nhfit Ban cho rfing, ntfu tfin
thfinh npi dung trfin thi "hpe lye muc tieu"
trong mfin Xd hgi khi xem xfit d phgm vi
rong se trd thflnh "nhfln thflc xa hpi" hay
"phlm cha't cfing dfin" hofic cung ed t h l Ifl
ca hai. TUdng tu nhu the, "hpc lUc do lUdng"
trong mfin Xd hgi dUpc coi Ifl efie "tri thfle.

kl nfing cd bfin" vfi "hpc lUc tilm tflng"
tUdng flng vdi "nfing lyc tU duy" (nflng Iyc
tu duy ljch sd, nflng lye tU duy dja ly),
nfing lyc sd dyng tu U$u... Ngofli ra "hpc
lyc" theo Tanikawa cdn t h l hi^n d "mtfi
quan tfim, lfing mong mutfn, thfii dfi" cua
hpc sinh.
Quan dilm v l "hpc lyc" vfi "nfing lyc tu
duy" cua Tanikawa duye nhilu hpc gia

khfic tfin ding, tuy nhifin trong thye ttf vific
coi cfi a, b, c cfi phfii lfi "hpc lyc" cua mfinXa
hdi hay khfing vfl trong ba hoc lUc trfin thl
hpc lyc nflo dfing vai trd trung tfim Ifl vtfn
d l gfiy tranh efli khfi di dtfn thtfng nhtft. Cfi
nhflng y kitfn eho rfing "hpc lyc" phai dupc
titfp cfin tfl gdc dfi xem xfit ctfu tao hfin
trong cua nd. Nhflng dgi difin tieu bilu tfin
thflnh phUdng cfich titfp cfin nfiy Ifi Hirooka
Ryozo, Katsuta Shuichi, Nakauchi Toshio,
Honda Koei... Trong dfi dang chu y lfi y
kitfn cua Honda Koei (6). Honda da dUa ra
ed cfi'u hpc luc mfin Xd hgi dUpc hinh thflnh
tfl "y thdc ngUdi Iflm chu". "Hpc lflc" nfiy
lien quan mflt thitft dtfn qufi trinh "hinh
thfinh con ngudi" vfi "nhfin thflc xa hfii mot
cfieh khoa hpc" xufi't phfit tfl tri thflc cd ban
v l sy vi$c, sU vfit, hifin tUpng vfi lunh
thflnh khfii nifim.
Theo "Ban hUdng dfin hpe tflp mfin Xa
h^i" cua BO Gifio dye Nh^t Bfin thi quan
niem "hpe lye" bao gfim "hilu bitft v l cufic
song xa h^i" vfi "phlm chfl't cong dfin cd
ban" (7). Hai thfinh phfin nfiy dUde Bfi Giao
dye Nhflt Ban ci^ t h l hda bfing 4 ytfu ttf:
"mdi quan tdm, Ibng mong mudn, thdi do
ddi vdi hiin tUdng xd hdi", "tU duy phe
phdn xd hdi", "kl nang quan sdt, sd dung tU
li^u, trinh bdy", "hieu biet, tri thac vi cdc
hiin tugng xd hdi".

Nhu vfiy, ehdng ta thtfy rfing d dfiy cac
hpe gifi Nhfit Ban d mfit mfle dp nfio do da
dUa ra ctfu tao, dfie dilm cua tu duy ndi


Tim hitfu v& "tir duy lich ai^..,
chung vfl tu duy trong mfin Xd hdi (Ljch sdDia ly-Gifio d\ic eong dfin) ndi rifing. Tuy
nhifin, d dfiy vfi'n di ey t h l "thtf nfio lfi tU
duy ljch sd?" vfin chUa dupe chi ro vfl trong
nhilu trudng hpp khfing tfich bgeh "tu duy"
vdi "hpc lfle".

cfich tuy$t dfii nhu "chfin ly hiln nhifin" lfi
khfing thl. Nhfl gifio dye Ijeh sd Tanaka
Masatoshi tiStng thfla nhtfn rfing "nhfin
thflc" v l "sy thye" cua fing cd gidi hgn vfl
fing "chi efi t h l nhtfn thfle dupe cfii cfi bi$t,
mOt phfin hifin tgi hay ehi lfi m$t mfit trong
1.2. Tu duy Uch sut trong mdi quan cfii hi$n thye tofln t h l phong phd" (9). Nfii
he vdi y thUc tich sul*' vA "nhdn thdCc m^t cfich ngfin gpn, theo Tanaka "sy thye
lich ad" chi Ifl m^t hfy phtfn nhfln thdc cua
Uch sti**
con ngUdi dfii vdi hi§n thye vfi con ngudi
Khi dtft ra cfiu hdi "tU duy ljch sd Ifl gi?",
cdng chi nhtfn thflc hi^n thye m$t cflch
phfin dfing nhflng ngUdi cd lifin quan dtfn
tong hpp, phdc tgp thfing qua trung gian Ifi
gifio due ljch sd d Nhfit Ban thudng cho
m(tt bfi phfin sy thye ljch sd tUdng ty. Ldc
rfing nd lfi "cflch nhin, cfich suy nghi v l Ijch

nfiy, hifin thye vfla cfi nghia Ifl hifin thye xa
sd". 0 dfiy "cflch nhin, cflch suy nghf nfly
h^i eua mfit thdi dai nhtft djnh trong qufi
cd hai n0i hflm: nd chi "cflch nhin, cfich
khfl, vfla cd nghia lfi hifin thUc cua hifin
nghi" vdi tU efich Ifl sy hUdng v l qufl khd,
thye xa hfii ehdng ta dang sinh stfng. Khi
nhfln thflc qufi khfl eua con ngUdi, mflt
dd, tu duy v l cfic vfl'n d l xfi hfii dang xfiy ra
khfie cung la "nhfln thfle hifin tai" nhfim
trong hifin thye dupe coi trpng. Ndi cu t h l
dpc hilu cfic hifin tUpng hifin tgi xufi't phflt
hdn thi dd Ifi vific "tU duy dUdi gdc do lich
tfl cfich nhin nhfln trong qufi khfl. Trong tU
sa vi hiin thitc nham gidi quyet cdc vdn di
duy dan cfii, tUdng h6 cua nhftn thdc qua
dang ddt ra" (10).
khd va nhtfn thflc hifin tai nfly, "cfich nhin,
Xufl't phfit tfl quan nifim tren, hifin nay d
efich suy nghi v l lich sd" se dUde lfim sfiu
sfic thfim. Trong khi tfin thflnh quan nifim Nhat Ban, trong efic gid hpc, gifio vifin
pho quat tren, cac nhfl giflo due lieh sd hudng dfin hpc sinh truy tim mm quan he
Nhfit Bfin cho rfing "tU duy lich sd" (nfing gifla "sy thuc Uch sd" vdi "nhfln thdc hifin
lUc tu duy Ijch sd) Ifl "tU duy so sfinh qufi thUc" thfing qua bp lpc cfi nhfln dang trd
khfl vfl hifin tai", "tu duy ve sU thay doi vfl thflnh vfl'n d l quan trong dupe quan tfim
bitfn chuyen", "tim kitfm sU khdi nguyfin sfiu KSC.
cua sU v|it", "tu duy v l mtfi lifin quan vfii
Cting vdi vific xem xfit tU duy lieh sd
cac dieu kifin xa hpi" (8). Tflc Ifl vfi stf cac trong moi quan hfi vdi nhfin thdc ljch sd,
thao tac eua cae dang thde tu duy phong cae nhfl giao dye lich sd Nhfit Ban con

phd vfl n l n tang hoat dfing cua nfi nhU '"dpc quan tam dtfn mfii quan hfi gifla f thflc lich
hilu su thflt ljch sd", "danh gifi y nghia sU sd vfl tu duy lich sd (11). Dai difin tifiu bifi'u
thfit lich sd" vfl vfln dyng vflo cufic song cho xu hudng nfiy Ifl Saito Hiroshi, ngUdi
vtfn dUde coi lfi hpe gia cfi nghifin cdu sdm
hifin tgi.
Cac nhfl gifio due lich sd Nhfit Ban cho nhtft ve y thdc Ijeh sd d Nhfit Ban (12).
rfing, ntfu nhin tfl quan dilm tu duy Ijch sd Trong nghifin cflu fing da sd dung phUdng
Ifi "cfich nhin, cfich nghi v l Uch sd" thi "sU phfip tien titfn thdi bfi'y gid Ifl bang hdi d l
th§t lieh sijf Ifl thfl chi "thUe" vdi tU cfich Ifl phdng vtfn 1.800 hpc sinh tilu hoc, trung
san phtfm cua nhfin thflc dfii vdi xa hfii ban hpc cd sd. Saito da titfn hanh dilu tra dya
trgn gia thitft dfit ra Ifl y thflc lich sd (duyc
than chdng ta. Theo dd, sU thUc ton tai mot


Rghifln eflru L|ch aiSr. atf 11.2012
hilu Ifl d i n g nghia vdi tu duy ljch sd) cfi
cfl'u tgo 5 tfing vfi ktft qua Ifl fing dfi djnh
hinh hda dupe cfic giai dogn phfit triln y
thdc ljch sd cua hpe sinh tfl tilu hpc tdi
trung hpc cd sd. Nflm tfing bfic cua y thflc
ljch sd (tu duy ljch sd) duye Saito chi ra lfi:
1. Y thac vi qud kha
2. Y thac vi sU khdc bi^t giQa qud kha
vd hiin tgi
3. Su hiiu biit vi sU biin thiin vd phdt
triin
4. Ndm dugc mdi quan h^ nhdn qud cda
lich sa
5. Hiiu biit visa phdt triin cda lich su".
Saito cflng phfin tfeh cy t h l nfii dung

cua tflng tfing bflc tU duy Ijch sd dfi chi ra d
trgn, "Y thflc v l qufi khfl" lfi sU suy nghi
bfing thudc do thdi gian vtf cfle hifin tUpng
cua qufi khd. Ong cho rflng tU duy nfly sfi
dupe nfing cao d hoc sinh Idp 3, ldp 4 trd di.
"Y thdc v l sU khac bifit gifla qua khfl vfi
hign tgi" Ifi sy tU duy trong dd hpc sinh cd
the so sfinh dpng hUdng cua tofin t h l xa hpi
qufi khfl vdi hign tai. Tu duy nfly dupe nfing
cao tfl Idp 4, Idp 5 cfi'p tilu hpe. "Sy hilu
bitft v l sy bitfn thifin vfl phat triln" lfi
khuynh hUdng eo gfing nflm dUpc rfing cfic
hifin tupng xa hfii tie'n triln trong mfii
tUdng quan lfin nhau. Tu duy nfiy dupe md
rfing tfl cfl'p trung hpc cd sd. "Nflm dupe mfii
quan h§ nhan qua cua ljch sd" Ifi kha nflng
tu duy da difin, da chilu trong mtfi lien
quan gifla nguyen nhfin vfi kfi't qua cua sy
vfit, hi^n tupng. "Hilu bitft v l sy phfit triln
cua Ijch sd" dUdc h i l u Ifl vific hpc sinh nfim
ddgc rfing cae yeu to chfnh tri, xa hpi, kinh
ttf, vfln hda... cd lifin quan mfit thitft vdi
nhau vfi phfit triln m^t cfich t i n g hdp.
Sau Saito, eac nghifin cflu tUdng tu cung
duyc ehu trpng d cfi'p trung hpc cd sd vfi
trinh bfly trong cac hfii thao khoa hpc. Cfic
nhfi gifio due Ueh sd Nhfit Ban da lfim ro

nhilu vfl'n d l lifin quan dtfn logi hinh eiia
tu duy ljch sd vfl con dudng phfit triln tu

duy. Tuy nhifin, tfl thtfp nifin 80 cua thtf ki
XX trd di, do chju tflc d^ng tfl nhflng thay
dli vl ly lutfn sd hpc xung quanh cfic vtfn
d l nhu "nghifin cdu v l ljch sijt xa h$i cua
phfli Annal-Phfip", "cutfc tranh lutfn vl sU
hinh thflnh qutfc gia-dfin t0c d Nhflt Ban",
"ly lufin v l hfi thtfng thtf gidi"... nfing lUc "tu
duy ljch sd thdc tiln nhfim giai quytft vtfn
dl" dfin duye coi trpng trong stf cfic nfing lUc
tu duy da dtf ctfp d trfin.
G i n dfly, trong qufi trinh cai cflch gifio
dye nhfim thfch flng vdi xu hUdng tofin cfiu
hfia vfl dfin chu hfia, cac nhfi giao dye ljch
sd Nhtft Ban Igi chd trpng nhilu hdn tdi "tu
duy lich sd phfi phfln". O dfly, xin dupe gifii
thifiu khfli qufit v l quan dilm eua nhfi gifio
due ljch sd Kodama Yasuhiro, mfit trong
nhflng dgi bilu nhtfn mgnh tfim quan trpng
cua "tu duy ljch sd phfi phfin".
Kodama khfing dinh, nflng lyc tu duy
ljch sii d nghia rfing Ifl hoat dfing tinh thin
vfl xfit v l bfin chfi't nd Ifl hoat dfing tu do
ciia mfii cfi nhfin ngn nd khfing phai Ifl thd
cfi tfnh chfl't djnh hUdng m^t cfieh cufing
chtf bdi ngUdi khfie. Tuy nhifin, fing cung
nhfi'n mgnh gifio due trUdng hpc (gifio dye
ljch sii trong mfin Xd h^i) sfi dam nhfin
nghia v\t cai tgo tflng phfin tU duy nfii tren
lflm cho nd trd thflnh thd "co hiiu qud, tdc
dung hdn ddi vdi bdn thdn ngudi dd vd

nhiing ngudi khdc sinh sd'ng trong xd hdi
ddn chu" (13). Ong dUa ra ktft lutfn dd vi
cho rfing, cting giong nhU nfing lUc tfnh
tofin hay nfing luc ngfin ngfl, vdi tu c&ch Ifl
nfing lUc, tu duy lieh sd lfi khfing t h l thitfu
vfi "gifio dye nflng lye tu duy lieh silt dl hoc
sinh ed t h l ddng vai tro chd t h l trong phfi
phfin sy giai thfch ljch sd nhtft djnh" ngfly
nay da trd th&nh yfiu c l u dfit ra cfi'p thitft
vfi yfiu elu nfiy chi ed t h l duyc giai quytft


Tim hilu v& "hr duy lieh ad"..
dUa vflo cac mfin hpc trong nhfl trUdng.
Kodama cho rfing, xa hfii ngay nay lfi xa
hfii da nguygn hda vfl eac gia trj da dgng
cdng ton tai vi thtf di kfim theo nd lufin Ifi
sU hifin hiiu cua nhdng sU giai thfch lieh sd
khfic nhau, doi Iflp nhau vfl va chgm vdi
nhau (14). Ddng sau sU giai thfch lich sd
trong phfin Idn eac trudng hpp lfi cfic gifi trj
quan nhfi't dinh vfi sU dfii Ifip trd thflnh hai
dudng thfing song song. Theo fing, trong
phfin ldn cac trudng hpp ngUdi ta chi dUa ra
cac sy thUc lich sd cd lpi vfi d l cho sU dfii
lap ndi trfin khfing kfi't thdc mfit cfieh vfi vi,
nhat nheo mfi dem lai thfl hflu feh hdn, thd
vj hdn, nfing lue ly giai khfich quan quan
dilra lich sd vfl su giai thfch ljch sd dUpc
dfit ra. Ong cho rflng sU giai phdng bfin

than khdi su bd bufic bdi quan dilm Uch sd
cung sU giai thfch Ueh sd nhfi't dinh vfi dUa
dtfl thoai thudng tdi tUdng lai thong qua
Uch sd lfi nfing lUc cfin thie't trong xa hpi
toan cfiu hda.
Kodama da khai qufit mfi hinh mfiu vl
"tu duy Uch sd phg phfin" vdi 4 mflc do nhu
sau:
MOc do 1: Tu duy mang tinh sit thUc =
tuduy hiiu dUdc sit gidi thich
- Su thuc Ueh sd tai sao lai xay ra? (tU
duy ve nguyen nhfin, die'u kign, mue dfch,
ly do).
- Su thye lich sd da xay ra nhU the nflo,
vl sau nd ra sao? (tU duy ve ktft qua, anh
hudng, chflc nfing, y nghia, phitdng hudng)
- Y nghia, ban chfl't eua sU thflt lieh sd lfi
gi? (tu duy v l dac dilm, ban chfi't, y nghia
ljch sd)
Miic do 2: Tu duy "phdn tinh" = tU duy
xem xet mgt cdeh phi phdn sit gidi thich
- Su thUe lich sd dfing vai tro lfi cfln cd
cua giai thich la gi?

- Cfic efin cfl mang tfnh sU thUc chdng
minh cho giai thfch ed dfiy du hay khfing?
(tu duy vl mfii quan h$ tUdng h i gifla sU
that Uch sd vfi giai thfch lich sd: su thUe
lieh sd vfl giai thfch ljch sd phfln chia m0t
efich tUdng dfii thflnh hai ting, cfii sau

thuytft minh cho cfii trUde, cfii trUde lfi cfln
cfl eiia cfii sau).
- Su giai thfch dd hflu dung dtfn mde
nfio? Nd cd kha nflng thuyfi't minh cho sU
thUc Ijch sd khflc hay sU trifin khai vl sau
khfing? (tu duy vl gidi han trong nflng lUc
thuytft minh eua sU giai thfch nhfl't djnh).
• Cd sy thye nfio bi eoi nhg hay khong
dupc dua ra vdi ly do khfing t h l thuyet
minh bfing giai thfch dd hay khong? (tu duy
v l vific khi chi dUa trfin sU giai thich /ly
lufin nfio dd thi cac sU thUc khfing bao ham
trong dd se bj loai trfl).
- Cd sU giai thieh nflo khac hay khong?
Neu nhu cd giai thfch khac thi eai nfio hflu
dung hdn (tu duy dUde rang cae sU thUc trd
thanh nguyfin lieu phan chflng doi vdi giai
thieh /ly lufin nao do se trd thflnh nguygn
ligu tao thanh giai thieh khac).
Mac do 3: Tu duy phdn tich gid tri
- Su quan tam vfi'n d l cua ngUdi xay
dung giai thfch dfi la gi? Tinh hinh xa hfii
vay quanh anh ta nhu the" nflo? Mo'i quan
hfi cua nhiing thfl nfiy vdi sU giai thich nhU
the nao?
- Tai sao cung vdi sU thay dfi'i moi quan
tfim dtfi vdi vfi'n d l hay thdi dai ma sU giai
thich edng eac sU thflt dupe dUa lai eiing
thay dfi'i theo? Su thay do'i dfi dien ra nhU
the nfio?

Mac do 4: Ta duy mang tinh ly ludn
' Bfing viee nghien cdu so sanh nhilu
giai thich cd t h l hinh thfinh nen giai thich
mdi nhu thtf nfio?


58
• Sflc thuytft phyc cua gifii thfeh mdi cd d
mflc d$ nfio? Nfi cfi hflu di^ng dfii vdi cfi cfic
sy thye d khu vvte khfic hay thdi dgi khfic
hay khfing?
Dl cfi duyc nfing lyc tu duy trfin thye ttf
thi ngudi hpc phfii trfii nghidm tU duy
thfing qua bfli hpc Ijeh sii ey thl. Tfl sau
nflm 1945 dtfn nay, giflo dye ljch aii Nh^t
Ban da phfit triln qua nhilu ch$ng dUdng
vfl dgt dupe nhilu thflnh tyu trong dd cfi
cfic thye tiln ehu trpng phflt triln tU duy
ljch sd eho hpe sinh. O p h i n titfp theo,
chdng tfii sfi gidi thifiu thye tiln gifio dye
cua Kato Kimiaki nhu lfi vf dy tifiu bilu.
2. Ph&t tritfn tit d u y lich suf c h o h p c
s i n h t r o n g thi^c t i l n *'Gid h p c Ijch sti
N h ^ t B a n bfing tt^ d u y phfi ph&n" c u a
K a t o Kimiaki
Kato Kimiaki sinh nflm 1950, tot nghi$p
cao hpc trudng Dgi hpc Waseda nfim 1976
vfl giang dgy Ijeh sd Nhtft Bfin tgi cfic
trudng trung hpc pho thfing tinh Chiba,
Nhfit Ban. Tfl nflm 2005, fing trd thflnh

giang vifin thinh giang ttUdng Dgi hpc
Yamaguchi.
Kato trong giai dogn dfiu khoang 7 nflm
mdi vao n g h l da titfn hflnh gid hpc tjch sd
kilu thuytft trinh vdi trung tfim ifl nfii dung
sfich giao khoa, chu trpng truyin dgt thfinh
tUu sd hoc tdi hpe sinh. Tuy nhifin tfl nfim
1983, fing bfit d i u titfn hfinh cai cfieh gid
hpe lich sii nhfim hUdng tdi gid hoc d dfi hpc
sinh sfii n i i hpc tfip vfi tU minh hinh thfinh
nfing lUe eua ban thfin d l trd thfinh ngudi
lflm ehu xa hfii. ThUe tifin giao dye nfly
dUde ong dfit tfin Ifl "Gid hgc lich sii Nhdt
Bdn bdng tU duy phi phdn" (15).
Theo Kato, "Gid hgc lieh s& Nh^t Bdn
bdng tu duy phi phdn" Id m^t loat gid hgc d
do hgc sinh trung hgc phd thdng suy ngdm
vi lich su! trong tU edch la chu thi, thdng
qua qud trinh thdo ludn, trao doi y kiin.

Rghifln eihi Ljch a&. atf 11.2012
giao liiu, phi phdn ldn nhau md phdt triin
nhdn thUc Ipch sit cua bdn thdn, hinh
thdnh vd ndng cao ndng lyle nhdn thOc lich
sa khoa hgc (tinh th^c chang, tinh Id-gic,
tinh chd thi) (16).
Theo quan dilm eiia Kato thl dfiy khfing
phfii lfi gid hpc gitfng nhu thfing thudng d dfi
gifio vifin gifing gifii, thuytft minh cfie khfii
ni$m, Bd ki$n thfing set mi^t chilu, mfi trudc

htft giflo vifin sfi sii dyng cfic sy thye ljch sd
lflm cho nhflng tri thflc ljch sd thfing
thudng hay quan ni$m ljch sii mfl hpc sinh
dang cd dao dtfng hoflc bj phu djnh khitfn
cho hpc sinh dtft ra c&u hdi "tai sao lai
thtf?", "thtft sy thi dilu dd Ifl nhu thtf nflor.
Titfp nhtfn vtfn d l dflt ra, tflng hpe sinh se
titfn hflnh efic hogt d$ng dilu tra thfing tin,
nghifin cflu tU lifiu, huy dtfng tri thflc sfin cfi
di tgo ra efic cfiu trfi ldi cua chfnh minh.
Titfp dd, ktft qua nfiy sfi duyc mfli sflc qua
vi§c tranh lufln trUdc ldp vdi trung tflm lfi
vi^e phfi phan lfin nhau vfl nhd dd nhfln
thflc ljch sd cua bfin than trd nfin ting hop
hdn, khoa hpc hdn.
Cd sd ly lufin cua gid hpc kieu nfly Ifl viec
Kato cho rfing: "Miic dich cua gido due lich
sa la ldm trudng thdnh nhdn thOc lich sU
cua hgc sinh vdi tU edch Id chd thi" vfi de
dgt dupe myc dfch nfly c i n phai nflng cao
"hpc Iyc ljch sii" ciia hpc sinh. Cy t h l hdn,
Kato dfl dua ra djnh nghia v l "hoc lUc lieh
sii" nhu sau; "Vifiy thi hgc /ut lich su" Id gi?
Tdi cho rang do Id ndng lUc tU duy dung
dan vi lich sii tdc Id ndng lUc nhdn thOc
lich sii mdt each khoa hgc. Mgt cdeh cu thi
cd thi tdm tdt lgi thdnh ndng lUc tU duy
dUa trin cdc sU thUc dd dUOc kiim chiing
hay cdc nguSn sd liiu phong phu (tinh thiic
chOng), ndng lUc tU duy thdng nhdt, l6-gic

(tinh Id-gic) vd ndng lUc tU duy bang chinh
cdi ddu ciia minh sut dung cdm tinh vd tri
thac cua bdn thdn cha khdng phdi Id subat
chudc ngadi khdc" (17).


Tim hilu vi "hr duy lieh sd"..
0 day ta thfi'y, Kato cung xem xfit tU duy
lich sii trong mfii quan hfi vdi hpe lye lich
sd vfi nhfin thfle lich sd gitfng nhU efie hpc
gia khac mfi chdng tfii da d l cfip d p h i n
tren.
Thfing thudng "Gid hpc lich set Nhfit Ban
bfing tu duy phfi phfin" cd cfi'u trdc gfim 3
phfin: 1. "Gido viin di xUdng vdn dt, 2.
"Hgc sinh thiii lap gid thuyit vd tUn hdnh
thdo ludn", 3. Hudng ddn hgc sinh hgc tdp
sau thdo ludn.
Theo Kato thi sy thflnh bgi eua "Gid'hgc
lich sU Nhdt Bdn bdng ta duy phi phdn"
phu thufic phfin Idn vflo vfl'n d l dUpe di
xufing. Theo fing mfit vfl'n d l hay, thfch hpp
phai dgt dupe 4 dilu kifin cd bfin: 1. Phdi Id
vdn di CO sUc cuo'n hut, hdp ddn khiin cho
hgc sinh mong mud'n suy nghi vi nd. 2.
Phdi Id vdn di md edng suy nghl sdu sdc
thi hgc sinh cdng eo dupe nhdn thUe lich sU
diing dan; 3. Phdi Id vdn de md hgc sinh cd
the dUng trin nhiiu lap trUdng di suy
ngdm, tnidc kei la lap tnidng cua ddn

chung; 4. Phdi Id vdn de eo khd ndng triin
khai thdnh cugc thdo ludn sdi noi vdi cde y
kien khdc biet nhau.
Trfin cd sd ly lufin ndi tren, Kato da titfn
hanh 3 kilu gid hpe thao lufin chu ytfu
nhfim phat trien tU duy lich sii (nhfln thfle
Uch sd) cho hpe sinh:
Kiiu 1: Gid hgc thdo lugn si? dung tranh
dnh lich sU
Kiiu 2: Gid hgc thdo ludn sie dung tU
lieu cha vii't
Kiiu 3: Gid hgc thdo ludn si dung kenh
cha trong sdeh gido khoa
Dudi dfiy xin dUdc tdm
due cua Kato cd tgn "Tgi
chdn d u vo sd?" di lflm
phfit triln tu duy Uch stt
Kato.

tflt thye tiln gifio
sao eho lgi dagc
ro cac bifin phfip
cho hpc sinh cua

5S
Gid hpc duye bfit d i u tfl mfit bflc finh.
Dfiy Ifl bflc anh Itfy tfl cutfn 'Xjeh sd thflnh
phtf Chiba". Tfl'm finh chyp b0 xUdng chfi efin
nguyfin Iflnh duye phfit qu$t d di chi y vo sd
Kasori. Dfi'i vdi hpc sinh thi u vd sfi lufin

dupe xem nhU lfi ndi nfim rflc cua ngUdi
Jomon vi thtf vific phfit hi$n ra bfi xUOng chd
cfin nguygn vpn trd thflnh sU thye ngofli sflc
tudng tupng. Hpc sinh bfit dfiu hinh thflnh
nfin cfiu hdi tgi sao vfl hpe sinh rdi vflo trgng
thfii mong mutfn tu minh suy nghi tim kitfm
cfiu tra ldi thda dfing (18).
Sau khi gifio vifin di xUdng vfi'n dl, hpc
sinh sfi xfiy dyng gia thuytft, phfit bilu gifi
thuytft vfl titfn hfinh thfio lufln. Khfio sfit
"hd sd gid hge" eua Kato cho thfl'y tdy theo
nfim hpc vfl cfic ldp mfl cd sU khfic bifit
nhUng nhin chung hpc sinh da tfeh eye giai
quytft vfl'n di dUde dUa ra (19). Vi dy trong
thye tiln 'Tai sao ehd lgi dUpc chfin d u vd
so?" (nfim 1993), hpc sinh da xfiy dUng nen
6 gia thuytft:
1, "Con chd ndy Id chd nu6i ldy thit"
2, "Con chd ndy Id cho sdn"
3, "Con cho ndy Id cho ritng"
4, "Con chd ndy Id cho gia nhd"
5, "Con ehd ndy la ddi tUOng cua tin
ngudng" (eho thdn)
6, "Con chd ndy Id vdt nudi ldm cdnh"
D l thuyet minh hpp ly cho gia thuytft
"tgi sao con chd thdi Jomon lgi cd nguyfin
hinh dang ban dfiu khi khai quflt?", hpc
sinh da xfiy dUng nfin gia thuytft dUa trfin
chfnh kinh nghifim, tri thfle, hinh finh (bilu
tupng) v l thdi ky Jomon cua ban thfin. Titfp

dfi, thfing qua qua trinh thao lufin nhdm vfl
tranh lufin d cfi'p dp ldp, hinh anh thdi ky
Jomon cua hpc sinh se titfn gin hdn dtfn sU
thflt lich sii. Cufii cflng sau phfin thao lufln
d vflo thdi dilm gid hpc ktft thuc se cd hogt
dfing bd phitfu de danh gifi cac gia thuyet.


Rghifln cihi Ljch aJr. atf 11.2012
Theo Kato, vi$c titfn hflnh bd phitfu d dfiy
khfing phfii Ifi d l xfic djnh tflng gifi thuytft
dd ddng hay sai dtfl vdi vfi'n d l dflt ra. Tdy
theo tlnh hinh ldp hpc, phUdng thdc triln
khai thao lufin mfi khfing phfii khi nfio gifi
thuytft thu dupe nhilu phitfu ung hO nhfi't
eung trflng khdp vdi thflnh qufi nghifin cflu
sii hpc mdi nhfi't. Do dd d gid hpe thfio lufin
dgng nfiy thi phfin ktft lutfn cutfl cflng lufin
d dgng md.
Sau khi gid hpc ktft thdc, Kato thudng
dua ra d l tfli vifi't tilu lutfn (bfio cfio) cho
hpc sinh. Vific yfiu clu vitft tilu lufln nfiy
nhfim phfit triln vfl lflm sflu sfic thfim nhfin
thflc ljch 8ii-tu duy ljch sd cua hpe sinh.
Trong qufi trinh dUa ra gifi thuyfit vfl thao
lufin trgn ldp se ed rfi't nhilu dilm tranh
lufin dupe dUa ra vfl dflt hpc sinh vflo tlnh
huong phai xem xfit lgi y kitfn cua ban thfin
xem nd cd dung dfln, 16-gfe hay khfing.
Thye tien giao due "Gid hgc lich sii Nhdt

Bdn bdng tU duy phi phdn" cua Kato chu
trpng phfit triln tu duy Ijch sii cua hpc sinh
tien hfinh tfl nfim 1983 dtfn nay da cd finh
hudng tfeh cUe tdi eac gifio vifin gifing dgy
lieh sfl d trudng pho thong vfi cd ddng gdp
quan trpng v l ly lufin. Dfic dilm nfi'i bflt vfl
cung Ifl ddng gdp dfing k l eua Kato lfi sU
thfla nhfln tfnh da dang cua nhfln thflc ljch
sd trong dd tu duy phfi phfln dupe coi trpng.
Kato da coi mue tifiu cua giao due ljch sfl lfi
nang cao nflng lUc nhfln thflc lich sfl (nflng
lUc tu duy lich sfl) eho hpe sinh vdi tu efieh
Ifi ehu t h l cua qufi trinh hpc tflp tfl dd titfn
hflnh cfic bifin phfip to ehfle, hUdng dfin hpe
tflp nhfim phfit huy eao dp tU duy dfic l^p
vfl nflng lyc tu hpc cua hpc sinh.
Tfi't nhien, thue tiln eua Kato cung ehi
Ifl mfit sU thfl nghifim, m^t lfii di rifing cua
fing. Ngofii "Gid hgc lieh sQ Nhdt Bdn bdng
tu duy phi phdn" cdn cd nhilu cfic thuc tiln
khac chu trpng phat t r i l n tU duy Ijeh sfl

cda hpe ainh duye titfn hfinh d Nhfit Ban tfl
sau nflm 1946 dtfn nay.

Su thfi't bgi cua Nhfit Bfin trong Chitfn
tranh thtf gidi thfl Hai dfi dfit ra cflu hdi
nghifim khfic v l sU t i n tgi cua hfi thtfng
gifio dye trUde dd. Trong btfi cfinh bj qufin
d i n g minh chitfm ddng vfi gifim sfit, Nhflt

Bfin dfi thye hi$n thflnh efing cfing cufic
cfii cfich gifio dye tofln ditfn nhflm phuc
hung, xfly dyng nfldc Nhfit Ban mfii.
Trong eufie cai cfich dd mfln Xa h$i (tfeh
hyp dja ly, efing dfin, ljch sfl) dfi ddng vai
tro trung t&m. Tritft ly gifio due mdi
nhfim xfiy dyng nfldc Nh&t hfia binh, dfin
chu, tfin trpng con ngUdi da dupe t h l hifin
tap trung d hinh anh ngUdi cfing dfin cd
phtfm ehtft cfing dfin vfi nfing lUc tU duy
dtfc Iflp (20). Vi thtf dUdng nhifin tU duy
ljch sd da trd thflnh vtfn di hpc thufit
quan trpng duyc nghign cflu, bfln lufln sfii
noi sutft tfl nflm 1945 dtfn nay. N l n giao
due hoat dtfng dfla trgn moi quan hfi cfin
bfing gifla "ehUdng trinh khung" cua Bfi
Giao due vfi thye t i l n gifio due phong phd
eua gifio vifin da tgo d i l u ki$n vfl dam bfio
v l mfit phfip ly eho nhflng flng dung ly
lufln vtf tfl duy ljch sfl vfio thflc tiln (21).
Thflc t i l n "Gid hgc lich si Nhdt Bdn bdng
tu duy phi phdn" cua Kato Kimiaki lfi mpt
trong nhflng thii nghifim nhu thtf. Trong
gid hpe cua Kato hpc sinh khfing thy dong
lfing nghe, ghi chfip vfl ghi nhd nhflng
giang giai, thuytft rainh rafit chilu ciia
gifio vifin rafl chu dfing tich cflc khfim pha
chfin ly (sy thflc ljch sfl), gifii thfeh nfi
bfing kinh nghi$m, ly lufin cua minh vfl
bao vfi sfl giai thfch d6. Dudi sd hudng dfln

cua giao vifin, hpc sinh da cd trai nghifim
giong n h u nhflng nhfl "sfl hpc tf hon" trong
vigc phfit hitfn, tim kitfm sfl thflc lich sfl vfl
suy ngfim v l nd. Nhflng nghifin cflu v l ly


Tim hi^u v& "hr duy iich aii"...
lufln vfl thflc t i l n lifin quan den tU duy
ljch sfl vfl phat t r i l n tU duy Iich sfl cua
Nhfit Ban tfl sau 1945 den nay ed t h l se
chfla dyng nhflng thfing tin tham khao

c I n thitft c h o c a c nhfi gifio d u e Iich afl Vifit
N a m t r o n g qufi t r i n h d o i m d i s d h p e vfi
gifio d u e ljch sfl t r o n g boi cfinh tofln cfiu

hda.

CHU THtCH
(1). NguSi Nhflt thudng goi n l n gido dye sau

(8). Cflc nhfl giflo dye lieh sii Nhat Ban ddi khi

Chien t r a n h thtf gi6i thii Hai Ifl "giflo dgc mdi"

khdng phfin bi§t thu^t ngQ "tU duy lieh sil" v&

hoflc "giao dye dfin chii".

"nftng lyc tu duy ljch sil".

(2). Thye t i l n giflo dgc x4t cl nghia h^p khdng

(9). Xem thfim Tanaka Masatoshi, Higashi Ajia
no hohou (Phitqng phdp lich sii c^n

phai ddn thufin chi Ifl giflo fln hay n6i dung hk\

kingendaishi

giang ciia giflo vifin mfl cdn Ifl tofln b^ nhi!ng hoat

hiin dqi Ddng A), Meichokangyokai, 1999,

dong dgy-hoc d i l n ra trfin ldp, nhQng t&i h^u, dung

(10). HOi giflo dye mdn Xa hdi Nhflt Ban,

cy ail dyng trong gid hpc, nhQng ldi phflt biou, cflc

Shakaika

cau hoi dUa ra vfl p h a n hdi ciia hoc sinh trong v&

hpi). Gyosei. 2000, tr. 156.

sau bfli giang. Sau n&m 1945, Nhflt Ban thye hi^n
m&t chitdng t i i n h dflo tgo cd n h i l u bd sflch gi&o
khoa nen thye t i l n ciia giflo vifin rfl't phong phii.

kyoiku Jiten (Tit dien gido due mdn Xd

(11). y^ thdc lich sir vft nhan thflc lich ail 1ft
nhflng thuftt ngQ khd dat dUOc sU thd'ng nha't trong
tranh luIln hoe thuat d Nhftt Ban. Chung tdi se

(3). d Nh|lt Ban "triet ly giao dye" Ifl eym tit
duoc diing tUdng dfii pho bitfn. Trong lotit cong

tifi'p tye bftn sau thfim v l vft'n d l nfty d mdt dip
khac.

trinh t^ng ktft v l cai each gi&o dye thdi hftu chifi'n b

(12). De bitft them v l cac cdng trinh nghien cilu

Nhflt Ban do D ^ hoc Tokyo thye hifin gom 7 t§ip c6

eua ong, mdi tham khao: Saito Hiroshi, "Chiriteki-

rifing tap II dfly 462 trang bfln ve "triet ly giao due

rekishiteki

Nhflt Ban" thdi hflu chitfn do Nhfl xufft ban Dai

thitc dia ly, lich sO"), Shinano kyouiku kenkyu

hoc Tokyo xutft ban vflo nSm 1976.

kiyo dai 19 shu (Kl yeu nghifin eClu giao due

(4), (5). H6i giao due mfin Xa hfii Nhflt Ban,
Shakaika

kyoiku jiten {Tit dien gido due mdn Xd

hoi), Gyosei, 2000. tr. 74.
(6). Xin t h a m khao Honda Koei, Shakaika

ishiki no hattatsu"

Shinano tftp 19) Shinano kyoiku shuppanbu, 1953.
(13). D^i hoc Hiroshima, Hiroshima
fuzoku chutogakko

no

gakuryoku zo (Hinh dnh hqc hic mdn Xd hqi), Meiji
Tosho, 1980.
(7). Tfli U | u nfly do B6 Giao dgc Nhflt Ban bifin
eoan vfl ban hflnh trong d6 t6m lUdc v l m.uc tieu,

{"S^ phdt triin y

daigaku

no kenkyu kiyo, dai 47 go (Ky

yg'u nghien cQu tnidng THCS-THPT true thuoc

Dai hoc Hiroshima, stf 47), 2000. tr. 3.
(14). Kodama Yasuhiro quan nifim cong vifie
cila nha sil hge 1ft "tim kifi'm, Iftm rd cac sQ thuc
lich sil" vfl "giai thich" cflc sQ thuc lich sd dd.

nfii dung, phUdng phflp hifdng dfin hoc ainh hoc tflp

(15). De bitft thfim chi tiet ve thUe tien giao due

trong cac trUdng pho tliSng. CU khoang 10 nflm bo

cila Kato Kimiaki, mdi tham khao bfli viet ^Hitdng

giao due Nhflt Ban lai titfn hflnli siia doi ban

ddn hqc sinh tU hoc trong "Gib hoc lich sit Nhdt

hudng d i n hoc tflp mot Ifin. Moi iSn sda doi c6 the

Bdn bdng tit duy phi phdn: cda Kato Kimiaki" cila

coi Ifl mdt cudc cai each giao dye. Sau Chien tranh

Nguyin Quoc VUtJng trong Ky yi'u Hoi thdo khoa

th^ gidi t h a Hai, ban hudng dSn hoe tap dfiu tidn

hqc quo'c gia: Nghien citu, gidng day lich sit trong

ban hflnh nfim 1947 vfl ban hudng d i n hoc tap mdi

bdt cdnh hqi nhdp quoc ti'vd phdt triin ky ndng tU

nhift ban hflnh thflng 3 nflm 2008.

hqc cho hqc sinh, Bd Giao dye vfl Dfto tao-Tnidng


Rghl&n cflu lilch aJr. atf 11.2012

62

Dgi hgc Su phgm Hfl Nfii, Hfl Nfii, 2011, ir. 246- cflng tflc nghifin cflu. Trong hi ad gid hpc cd ghi diy
dil vft khfich quan vl gifio fln, tfti lifiu, dfi diing
260.
(16). Kato Kimiaki, Nihonshi toron jugyo no giflng dgy dfi ad dyng, diin bitfn gid hpc, hogt d$ng
susume kata {Phitdng phdp tO^n hdnh gid hqc thdothiy-trd, y kii'n cua hpc sinh vfl dftc bi§t 1ft cam
lu^n lich sdNh^t Bdn), Nihon Shoseki, 1996, tr. 1. tudng, cfic y kitfn tranh lufln ctia hpc sinh.
(20). Hda blnh, dfln chii, tfin trflng con ngUdi 1ft
(17). Kato ICimiaki, Nihonshi toron jugyo no
susume kata {fhitang phdp tii'n hdnh gid hqc ba try cfit cQng gpi Ifl ba nguyfin ly cila Hitfn phftp
thdo ludn lich aCl Nhdt Bdn), Nihon Shoaeki, Nhflt Bfin 1947. Hitfn phflp nfly cdn dupc gpi 1ft
1996, tr. 1.
Hii'n phflp hda blnh.
(18). Jomon 1ft tSn gpi m$t giai dogn ljch sil
(21). Luflt giflo dgc trUdng hpc, Luflt giflo dgc cd
Nhflt Bin (13.000-300 tr.CN).
bfin vfl c&c bfi luflt gi&o dgc cfi lifin quan dam bao
(19). Hfi BO gid hgc Ifl nhflng ghi ch£p to&n di$n cd ed phflp ly cho c&c sflng tgo cua gi&o vifin trong
vl gid hgc dfl thye hi^n eiia gifto vifin phyc vy cho c&c hogt dfing thye tiln gifto dye.

H0P TAC VIIT-TRUNG TRONG VAN DE BIEN Gldl
(Tidp theo trang 52)
(8). 6y ban Nhftn dfin tinh Quang Ninh, Bflo
c&o ktft qua thye hi^n ban ghi nhd hfli nghj Iln thfl
hai UBCTLH giQa cac tinh phfa bic Vi§t Nam vft
khu ty trj dftn tfic Choang Quang Tfly, ngfly 6
thftng 9 nfim 2010, Ha Ixing, tr. 4.
(9). Cyc Hai quan Quang Ninh. Bdo c&o iSng
ktft cdng tftc kilm soflt Hai quan 5 nftm (20062010) atf 2005/HQQN-CBL, Quang Ninh, ngfty 2612-2010.
(10). Dia chi Qudng Ninh (2001), tftp 1.
(11). tly ban Nhfin dfin tlnh Quang Ninh

(2009), B&o c&o ttfng ktft hofln thftnh cdng tftc
PGCM trfin dogn biln gidi dtft Uln do tJnh Quang
Ninh quan ly, th&ng 12/2009.
(12). Cy ban Nhfln dfln tinh Quang Ninh
(2009), B&o c&o ting ktft hoftn thftnh cdng tftc
PGCM trfin dogn bifin gifii dfl't hin do tinh Quing
Ninh quan ly, tilt nflm 2000-11/2009, thfing
12/2009.
(13). Bfti phdng vfo Thfl tnidng Bfi Ngo^i giao VG
Diing, Chii nhi$ra Oy ban bifin gidi Quflc gia, Tgp chf
Nghiin ciht Trung Qu&. atf 1 (80), 2008, tr. 4.