Đường lối kinh tế và mục đích của việc chiếm đoạt, khai thác mỏ của Thực dân Pháp ở Việt Nam

OirCftNC LOI KINH TE VA MliC DICH CUA VIEC CHIEM DOAT,
KHAI THAC MO CUA THUC DAN PHAP 6 VIET NAM''

TA THI THUY

K

hi tie'n hanh xam Ifldc thupc dia,
ngfldi Phap cd chu thuyet b i n hoi
la bien cae vflng d i t chid'm dUdc thanh thi
trfldng tieu thu hang hda ciia Phap va cung
d p cho Phap nhflng ngudn nguydn lidu ma
nd cin. Nam 1891, Etienne, mdt chinh
khach cila Phap ndi; "... thupc dia phai dflpe
dac biet danh rieng cho thi trfldng Phap"
(1). Mdline, Giam dd'c Hpi Ky nghe va Canh
ndng lue do cdn ndi rd hdn: "Trong mpt td
ehflc thupc dia td't, nd'n san x u i t thudc dia
ehi dfldc thu gon trong vide cung cap cho
chinh qud'e nguyen lieu hay nhflng vat
phim gi ta khdng cd. Ma neu di ra ngoai
chflc trach dd, nd"n san xua't thudc dia cd
the canh tranh tae hai eho ta thi nd se trd
thanh mdt dich thii nguy hiem" (2).
Nam 1895, Toan quye'n Ddng Dfldng De
Lanessan trdng cudn: Cong cuoc thitc ddn
cUa ngitdi Phdp d Dong DitOng eung viet:
"Trong sd' nhflng nganh ky nghe hien ed 6
Dong Duong, thi nganh nay (tfle cdng
nghiep khai khoang - TTT) eung elp cho
nfldc Phap nhflng nguyen lieu ma Phap

cin, nganh khac chi san xua't ra nhflng gi
ma thudc dia cin nhUng khdng gay nen
tinh trang canh tranh vdi nen edng nghiep
ciia chinh qud'c..." (3).
Nam 1923, Albert Sarraut Toan quyen
Ddng DUdng eung vie't trong cuo'n La Mise
en valeur des colonies framnises rang: "D6l
•PCS.TS. Vien Sfl hoc

vdi nudc Phap, cflng nhfl ddi vdi ta't ca cac
nfldc ddng minh efl, trfl My, nhflng vaii de ve"
kinh te qud'c dan da hoan toan ddi khac. Cai
ma ngUdi ta tim kie'm hien thdi - mac diu
nhflng ve ngoai Ifla ddi eua mdt cudc khung
hoang tam thdi... khdng cdn ehi la nhflng thi
trfldng, ddi tfldng lo au eua cac nha kinh te'
hpc the ky vfla qua, ma la nguyen lieu.
Trung tam eiia ddi sd'ng kinh te' ciia cac dan
tpc, theo mpt sfl tien hda nhanh chdng, di tfl
san pham che' tao sang nguyen lieu" (4).
Ndi tdm lai, xam Ifldc thudc dia, trong dd
cd Ddng Dfldng, ngfldi Phap khdng chii
trfldng cdng nghiep hda cac vung dat chiem
dfldc. Cai gpi la cdng nghiep d day chi la
cdng nghiep che bie'n nhflng thfl khdng
canh tranh vdi cdng nghiep Phap va la tang
cfldng khai thac tai nguyen mo de cung cap
nguyen lieu phuc vu eho cdng nghiep Phap
hay de cac nha tu ban Phap xuat khau
kiem ldi.

Va nhfl vay, chie'm va khai thac md n i m
trong dfldng lol xam Ifldc thudc dia cung co
nghia la tfl tfldng thupc dia ldn nhat cua
Phap. Tfl tfldng nay cang luc cang td ra
quyet liet hdn va ngay cang nhan dfldc sfl
ling hd cuong nhiet khong chi la ciia cae
quan chflc eao cap hay cae chinh khach d
ehinh qud'c ma cdn la va nhat la gidi cdng
nghiep va nhflng ngfldi boat ddng trong
llnh vflc mo d thude dia.


32
Ddi vdi Ddng Dfldng ndi chung, Viet
Nam ndi rieng, trong Thfl de ngay 2-1-1896
giii Toan quye'n Ddng Dfldng, eac nha thfle
dan ngfldi Phap khi yeu eau siia ddi nhflng
quy dinh ve' quan ly md trong Sac lenh
ngay 16-11-1888 cho ring: "... viec khai
thac ngudn tai nguydn md la mdt trong
nhiing yd'u to chinh, neu khdng mud'n noi la
ed ban eua sU thinh vUdng trong tUdng lai
eua Ddng DUdng eiia ehung ta" (5).
Rdi, ngay 18-6-1901, trong phien hpp
toan the ciia Hdi Dia ly thfldng mai Paris,
cd Toan quyen Paul Doumer tham du, ky
sU md J.Marc Bel cd bai phat bieu neu eao
vi tri eiia nganh cdng nghidp khai mo 3
Ddng Dudng, r i n g dd la "... mdt nganh edng
nghiep... cd the gdp phan ra't ldn vao sfl

giau cd eua nfldc nha (tflc nfldc Phap), ma
cac dan tdc khae tren the gidi luon luon coi
do la mpt trong nhflng ddng cd manh nha't
ciia cac cudc di cfl cua ho hay ciia sfl nghiep
thfle dan" (6).
Vien ky sfl nay keu gpi tie'n hanh khai
thac md va xay dflng mpt nganh cdng
nghiep khai khoang that sU ddi vdi "... cai
ngudn tai nguyen giau cd mdi va manh me
a'y, cai khdng phai mdt eanh bac ve" mo (une
loterie miniere), ma that sU la mpt nganh
cdng nghiep khai khoang (I'industrie
rainerale)" (7).
Trong viec chie'm Viet Nam, ngUdi Phap
chu y trUdc het de'n md ciia Bac Ky va cho
r i n g "... chinh tUdng lai to't dep nha't la
gianh cho Bac Ky, nhd vao sfl giau co ve" md
cua nd... rang Ble Ky co nhflng tai nguyen
rieng vao loai quan trpng nha't...." (8) va
r i n g "cd the rut ra tfl da't dai va ldng da't
ciia no mdt ngudn thu nhap ldn cho nfldc
Phap"... (9). Dd la ldi ciia mdt vien ky sfl mo
Charpentier vao dau the' ky XX trong mdt
bai vie't dUde dupc tac gia Pham Dinh Tan
dan ra trong cdng trinh ciia minh: Chu

Rghien curu Ljch s&. so 8.20U
nghia de quoc Phdp ud tinh hinh cdng
nghiep d Viet Nam diidi thdi thuoc Phdp.
Cflng vdi tie'n trinh cua viec chie'm dit,

cae nha thUc dan da tien ehiem khdng phai
chi md than eua Ble K:^' r^a ca eac loai mo
kim loai eua nd va khdng chi Ble Ky ma ca
d Trung Ky, Lao va tham ehi nhdm ngo ca
ngudn khoang san eiia cac tinh phia Nam
Trung Qud'c. Va, khdng ehi nhin tha'y gia
tri ve kinh te' eiia nguon tai nguyen md, cac
nha elm quyen, ngay tfl eudi the' ky XIX da
nhin thay y nghia to ldn ve' chinh tri • xa
hdi cua viec khai thac eac khu md, n h l t la cl
nhflng vflng cdn bi eho la "roi logn". Ciing
nhfl ddi vdi chinh sach nhupng dat lap don
dien, chinh quyen thUe dan da hy vpng bien
nhflng khu khai md thanh nhflng trung
tam thUdng mai va thu hut dan cfl ra khdi
nhflng khu vfle qua dong due va nhd viec
khai md ma giai quyd't nhie'u v i n de khac,
ndi tdm lai "nhd't ci^' nhUng khdng phai la
Hiidng tien" ma la "nhieu cdi tien".
Nam 1888, de thu phuc thii linh bang
dang ngfldi Hoa da dau hang la A Coc
Thfldng, ehinh phii bao hd chap nh^n
nhfldng md vang Ha Hien d Cao Bang cho
A (mo vang nay vd'n do A khai thac trUfic
day). Khdng nhflng vay cdn ddng y elp cho
A dung cu khai thac va gao an cho 80 nh^n
cdng ngfldi Hoa trong 2 thang (10), mac dii
theo quy dinh thi chi cdng dan, t h i n dan va
dan bao hd Phap mdi dfldc cap nhfldng md 3
Ble Ky va Trung Ky.

Nam 1890, khi ngfldi Phap la Jeanning
xin nhfldng cac md vang, bae, kem d dia hat
Lang Giang, huyen Luc Nam, tinh B5c
Giang, Kinh Iflpe Hoang Cao Khai da giii thif
cho Thdng sfl Bic Ky (ngay 3-11-1890) de
nghi: "Vay xin tinh sfle eho nhflng ndi co mo
ay hd thiy ngfldi Tay budn ay (tfle Jeanning)
den khai md ma cd eIn cu li hay la dd dung,
do an gi thi giup cho ngudi ay..." (11).


Birtmg ldi hinh t€ va myc dich ciJa viec chiem doat..
Ly do dUdc Hoang Cao Khai dua ra la:
"Tinh ky xdt nhU mdt day nui d i t l y la cay
cd ram rap, quan giae nd hay I n len ma tu
hop nhau nay ngudi Tay budn de'n khai mo
dat ddn d dd, ma gifla nhflng quan giae d nfli
ly thi dan sfl se dfldc ddng dao ddn ma lam
thue budn ban, thue nha nfldc se dupe nhid"u
hdn ra thiet la sfl cd ldi ieh lim..." (12).
Trong eae nam 90 the ky XIX, khi tie'n
hanh "binh dinh" ndt eac tinh tren vflng
thfldng du Ble Ky, ben canh viec danh
chiem bing quan sfl, khai thac md dfldc
chinh quyen thudc dia xem la mdt trong
nhflng giai phap quan trpng hang d i u de
duy tri sif "on dinh" va "dep yen" dflpe sfl
"noi logn" cua dan ehung. Trong la thfl giii
Toan quye'n Ddng Dudng ngay 1-3-1890,
Dai ta Gallieni, chi huy Dao quan binh thfl

2 (Lang Sdn) vid't: "Tdi gtii eho dng la thfl
ciia vien ehi huy tieu khu phd' Binh Gia,
lien quan dd'n nhflng thong tin ma dng ta
dfldc hdi ve' cac md vang cua khu vflc nay.
Tdi r i t d6ng y vdi nhflng ke't ludn ciia vien
SI quan cao cap nay. Dd la:
Nhiem vu d i u tien cua chflng ta la danh
ngudn tai nguyen md ciia vflng Thupng du
Bic Ky cho cac nha thflc dan. Nhflng,
chung ta cung phai tinh dd'n tinh hinh
chinh tri Men nay ciia xfl sd nay.
... Hien nay dan cac lang trd ve sau cudc
ehinh phue (tfle vide pha nhflng bang dang
ngfldi Hoa trdn vflng thfldng du - TTT) da
yeu clu dflpe trd lai vdi cdng vide khai md
trfldc day. Kd't qua ma hp tflng thu dupc va
sd thu dfldc that it di do ky thuat qua sd
ding, nhflng cflng du de cho phep hp tdn tai
v& gin hp vdi d i t dai, tranh cho hp quay trd
lai vdi cac bang cfldp ma hp da tflng phuc vu
rfl't tan tuy do hp khdng the lam khac. Bdi
trudc khi ngfldi Phap tdi Ble Ky, eac md
vftng b day la do eac bang dang ngfldi Hoa
tid'n hanh khai thae... Nay phai khdi phue

lai nhflng md dd de keo ngfldi ban xfl trd lai
vdi cdng vide yen on va du de sinh ldi va tdi
da edging he't sfle de lam dflpe viec dd.
Dd eung chinh la ddi vdi nhflng thd md
cua md Td'ng Tinh, gin Nguyen Binh, Cao

Bing. Cung nhfl vay ve' phia Ngan Sdn...
Ndi tdm lai, viec trd lai vdi cdng viee
khai md la mpt phan ciia ehfldng trinh binh
dinh b Dao quan binh thfl hai. Ne'u ngflng
cdng viec nay thi se tfldc mat eiia ngfldi dan
phUdng tien song va cd the se nem hp trd
lai vdi hang ngu cua cac bang cfldp" (13).
6 Trung Ky, nam 1890, Cotton xin
nhfldng md than Nong Sdn vdi dfl dinh se
lap van phdng d Ndng Sdn, xay dflng 1
dfldng day dien thoai keo tfl Da Nang vao
va mdt dfldng xe liia ndi gifla Ndng Sdn va
Da Ning... Ngay 30-5-1890, Brou Thanh
tra, Chanh chu Sd Bflu dien b Trung K;^ giii
Kham sfl ndi rd ldi ich eiia viec nhupng md
Ndng Sdn la: "Lam nhU vay, Ndng Sdn se
trd thanh 1 trung tam dan cfl va mot nguon
thu ve buon ban cho chinh quyen..." (14) va
td y mudn trd giup md vi "Chinh quyen cao
cap cbo rang tfldng lai ciia xfl bao hd gin
lie'n vdi ngudn tai nguyen md va mudn trp
giup b mflc cd the" (15).
Nam 1889, trong Bao eao ngay 4-8-1889,
Chi huy quan sfl Ngan Sdn gifi Chi huy
quan sfl Cao Bing bao cao ve" viec khai thac
mo bac Lucie d Cao Bang, cd doan; "... quan
trpng hdn la viec khai md khdng chi vi ly do
ldi nhuan ma cdn la vi de Ily lai eho vung
nay nhflng boat ddng ma no cd tfl xfla kia...
Viec khai thae thue day thd md md rdng

chd va md ra mdt thi trfldng mdi cho san
xuat ndng nghiep ciia xfl nay tang gip ddi
trong mdt thdi gian ngin sil giau cd eiia
khu vfle.
Cin tie'p tuc khai thac de Ily lai sfl thinh
vfldng da mat tfl 30 nam nay, din dan trd lai


Rghien cihi Lich si^. so 8.2Q14
md (vi md nay trfldc day (1860) da dflpe
Amock khai thac nhflng sau bi bd)" (16).
Cung vd' md nay, ngay 29-1-1896, tfldng
Duehemin, chi huy quan dpi Dong Dfldng
giii Tong thfl ky Phu toan quyen Ddng
Dfldng cdn viet: "Tdi nghi... khong phai chi
la mpt va'n de kinh te' ma cdn ca ve quan
sfl. Viec do - tflc viec khai thac md dem lai
viec lam eho mgt so' ngfldi khdng cd ngudn
sd'ng nao khae la lam giae cfldp. Bang cfldp
Quay Cuo'c Ly San va Chung Qui Hoa, da
chie'm vung Lung Ket vao nam 1889 ndi
Dai iiy Ramadre bi gie't chet nam 1890, da
dupc hinh thanh chinh la tfl cac cUu thd
mo. Vide khai thac md se dfla chu md cu
(tfle Amock) ve" trong vung...
Viec cap nhfldng tam thdi md nay cho
ngfldi ban xfl se c6 hieu qua la keo trd lai
vung nay mdt sd kha ldn cong nhan ngfldi
Hoa" (17).
Nam 1898, khi ehuan bi xay dflng mo

s i t Ban VUdc (Lao Cai) thanh mot khu
cdng nghiep vdi viec khai thac md sat, xay
dflng 16 cao, vdi nhan cdng ngUdi Viet,
ngUcii Hoa va vdi than ciia Van Nam, ky sfl
mo Belard cho ring: "Viec lap mpt trung
tam cong nghiep tai thung lung song Hong
chi CO thd la mot sU kien rat td't. Nd se la
hat nhan thu hut dan cfl de'n cU tru tai
vung nay, dan vflng cao se xud'ng it nhat la
vao mfla ddng, dan tfl Van Nam cflng di cfl
xuo^ng. Hdn nfla, khu cong nghiep nay se
giiip cho viec budn ban tren tuyen dfldng
sat dfldc dam bao va hap dan" (18).
Nam 1915, trong Thdng tu torn t i t ngay
24-3-1915 ciia Tdng Thanh tra Cdng chinh
Dong Dudng cd doan: "Viec duy tri hoat
ddng khai thac md co the bieu hien hai ldi
ich ciia dia phfldng: chinh tri va kinh te.
Lpi ich ve chinh tri nam d cho trudc he't
the hien trong viec ed' dinh mpt dan cfl cu li
md, nhflng ngfldi bi tfldc doat mpi phfldng

tien sinh song, ed the tao thanh yd'u td cua
rdi loan, nhat la khi nd bao gdm ca nhflng
ngfldi Hoa, gan nhfl ludn la nhflng phin tii
"khdng mong mud'n" (indesivables). Ching
ban nhfl sfl hien dien d Ke Bao, 3 nhan
vien ngfldi Au va mpt dan efl tfldng dfldng
vdi hdn 300 ngfldi Hoa.
Tdi b i n g long t n n h bay, sau day, mdt vai

nhan xet ve tam quan trpng tren phUdng
didn kinh td' cua mdt so' md xflng dang dfldc
ke de'n d Bic va Trung Ky..." (19).
Tom lai, xam Ifldc thupc dia, mue tieu cua
ngfldi Phap khdng phai chi ddn thuan la bie'n
thupc dia thanh thi trfldng tieu thu hang hoa
ma cdn bien thupc dia thanh ndi cung cap
nhflng nguon nguyen lieu can cho cac nganh
cdng nghiep va thfldng nghiep Phap.
Va, khong chi nhin tha'y gia tri ve kinh
te cua nguon tai nguyen md, cac nha cam
quyen Phap, ngay tfl cudi the ky XIX da
nhin thay nhflng tac dung to ldn ve' chinh
tri - xa hpi ciia nganh cdng nghiep khai
thac nay. Nhd vao vide dfla nhflng ngUdi
dan vd'n thupc ve cac bang dang vao khai
thac cac khu md, chinh phii thflc dan hy
vpng CO the binh dinh dfldc nhflng viing con
bi cho la "roi loan". Rdi, mpt khi dflpe dfla
vao khai thae, eac khu md se trd thanh
nhflng trung tam do thi ldn phat trien ca ve
cong nghiep, ndng nghiep va thfldng mai,
dem lai nhieu ldi nhuan cho eho eac nha tU
ban Phap. Ddng thdi nhd vao viec khai mo
ma thu hut dan ra khoi nhflng khu vflc
dong bing, giam bdt sflc ep ve dan so va
giai quye't dfldc nhie'u van de' khac. Ndi torn
lai, khai thac mo khdng phai la mpt hanh
dpng "nha't cit, liidng tien" ma la "nhiiu cdi
tien" dd'i vdi ca ehinh quye'n va gidi tfl ban

thflc dan.
Vi the, ngay tfl khi tie'n ehiem Viet Nam,
thflc dan Phap da khdng cham t r i chie'm


I

I

Birimg loi hinh te va mue dich ciJa vice ehiem doat..
doat quyen quan ly doi vdi khoi cdng san md

tri^n cua nganh cdng nghiep md da keo

tfl tay ehinh phii Nam trieu va tid'n chie'm

theo nhflng thay doi quan trpng trong ddi

din cac khu mo d cac xfl Bic Ky va Trung

sdng kinh te, chinh tri, xa hdi eua xa hdi

Ky cua Viet Nam, rdi dfla cae khu md da

thude dia, tao cho phong trao d i u tranh

ehiem dupe vko khai thae. Tren thflc te, cdng

giai phdng dan tdc cua nhan dan Viet Nam

cupc nay cho den khi ke't thue chd' dp thudc

mdt Idi the' ngoai y muon cua Phap. Do

dia b Ddng Dfldng ndi chung da dem lai cho

chinh la sfl ldn manh ciia dpi ngii edng

chinh phii thflc dan eung nhfl gidi thflc dan

nhan mo ndi ridng, ciia giai cap cdng nhan

ngfldi Phap nhflng ngudn ldi nhuan khdng Id

Viet Nam ndi ehung, lflc lfldng se lanh dao

cung nhflng ldi ich tren nhidu linh vflc.

phong trao dan tde danh do chinh che' dp

Tuy nhien, cflng vdi sU phat trien eua
nen kinh te thude dia ndi ehung, sU phat

CHU

thudc dia de xay dflng nen Nha nfldc kieu
mdi b Viet Nam vao ngay 2-9-1945.

THICH

(*), Nghien cilu nay diroc tai trO bdi Quy phat
triln khoa hpc va C5ng nghe Quo'c gia (Nafosted)
trong d l tai ma so IVI.2-2011.16 (10/2012/IV/HD •
KHXH).
(1). Dikn theo Charles Robequain: L'Evolution
economique de I'lndochine fran(;aise, Paris, 1939,
tr. 146.
(2). J. Harmand' Bomination et Colonisation,
1910, p. 311. D i n theo Charles Robequain:
L'Evolution economique de I'lndochine
francaise,
Paris, 1939, tr. 146
(3). De Lanessan. La Colonisation francaise en
Indochine, Paris 1895, tr. 250-251.
(4). Albert Sarraut: La mise en valeur des
colonies frant^aises, Paris. 1923, tr. 75.
(5). Trung tam Luu trfl Quoc gia (TTLTQG) IV
Dh Lat. RSA/HC/IU Reaction des colons francais
relative k ...
(6), (7). En Indochine - Du sous-sol. Conference
de M. J. - Marc Bel. Paris 1901, tr. 6. 18. Dkn theo
Pham Dinh Tan: Chu nghia dequd'c Phdp va tinh
hinh cdng nghiep d Viit Nam dUdi thdi thudc Phdp.
Nxb. SiJ th^t, Hfl Noi, 1959, tr. 105.
(8), (9). Henri Charpentier: Le devellopement
industriel et minier du Tonkin, tr. 4, 5. 6.
Din theo Pham Dinh Tan: ChU nghia de qud'c
Phdp.. Sdd. tr. 36, 37.

(10),

TTLTQG I-Ha Noi. RST. 76985. A/S
de la mme d'or de Ha Hien a I'ancien Chef

de soumissionnaire A Coc ThUdng 1888.
(11). TTLTQG I -Ha Noi. RST. 76763. Demande
en concession de mines h Luc Nam (Bfic Giang)
formulae par Jeanning fils 1890-1891.
(12). TTLTQG I - Ha Noi. RST. 76763.
(13), TTLTQG

I

Ha Noi. RST. 77064.

Demande d'exploitation des mines d'or a Pho Binh
Gia. Lang Sdn, 1895.
(14). TTLTQG IV. Da Lat, RSA.-HC-126 RSA HC-126 Mine Nong Sdn. Quang Nam
(15). TTLTQG IV Da Lat. RSA.-HC-126.
(16). TTLTQG I Ha Noi. RST, 76987, Mine
d'Argent de "Lucie" a Compagie Bedat et Saint
Marthurin
(17). TTLTQG I Ha Noi. RST. 76987-1, A/S
concession de la mine d'Argent de Lucie a Cao
Bang de Bedat 1888-1895, ky sil ngu tai Hai
Phong 1896-1901
(18).

TTLTQG

I

Ha

Noi. GGI. 2471.

Renseignements sur les gisements de fer au
Tonkin et miniere a 1900.
(19), TTLTQG l Ha Noi
exploitation

RST, 69.980. AS

des concessions mineres dans les

provinces au Tonkin 1913-1915