Khảo sát về hiện tượng phó từ tu sức cho danh từ trong tiếng Hán hiện đại

106

NGON N G t r & B 6 I

S6NG

S& 10 (240)-2015

KHAO SAT VE HIEN TlTonVG PHO TlT TU SlfC
CHO DANH Ttr TRONG TIENG HAN HIEN DAI
A SURVEY ON THE USE OF ADVERB
AS MODIFIER OF NOUN IN MODERN CHINESE
TRAN THJ PHU"OfNG THU
(ThS; B^i hpc Ngo^i ngO-, B H Q G H^ N$i)
Abstract: As defined, an adverb modifies a verb or an adjective; however, in reality, it is
commonly used to modify a noun. We will analyze this special use based on the meaning of the
noun to find out the most fi:equently-used adverbs as modifiers of nouns. The nouns to be
researched include nouns of time and space, classification nouns, quantity nouns or nouns whose
grammatical fimctions have been changed under certain circumstances.
Key words: adverb; adverb modifies a noun.
1. Dat van de
/ . / . Tmdc dfiy, cac sfich ngQ phfip thircmg
khdng d^ c|p den h i ^ tin^ng ph6ti>co the tu sue
cho danh tur. Hon nOa, mpt so con cho rfing, chuc
nfing tu sQc ph6 tu dupc diing de phfin bi$t giiia
th^ tu va vj tu. Nhung trSn tiivrc te, trong qufi
trinh v$n dyng ngon ngQ, dfic bi^ la trong khau
ngQ thi hi^n tuong pho tQ tu sQc cho danh tQ khfi
pho bien.
Thyc te cho thay, hi^n tugng pho tQ tu sQc
cho danh tu ton t^i khaeh quan trong tieng Hfin

h i ^ dai. Vai hi$n tugmg nay, neu ta chi dung
hinh tiiuc tinh luqfc ho$c hinh thuc luge bo de
gifii thich thi F5 rang Ifi khdng day du.
1.2. Ph6 tij Ifi m^t h i ^ tugng tQ lo^i khfi d§c
bi^t trong tieng Hfin hi$n d^i. Bin ph6 tir c6 luc
dugc cot nhu mgt thyc tu, vi mpt bO ph^n pho tQ
c6 the don dgc trfi ldi cau hoi ho$c dfim nh§n vai
tr6 lam thfinh phan cau, nhung c6 luc 1^ dugc coi
nhu mgt hutii,vi co chuc nfing tu sue cho nhiJug
dgng tQ vfitinhtitkhac.
Ve (rfian lo^i ph6 tir, cuon "300 cau hdi ve
ngQ irfifip tieng Han" dfi chia ph6 tQ ra Ifim ba
lo^ 16n, d6 la: 1/ NhQng pho tu thu6ng g$p nhat
tiiongtiengHan, g6m co cfic loai nh6 sau: Pho til
chi muc dg, pho tu chi thdi gjan, ph6 tut chi phii
djnh, pho tu dii ph^an vi, ph6 tQ chi tin suit; 2/
NhQng ph6tiingQ khi, bi^u tfii y nghia nhu phan
dofin, xfic djnh, ngugc l^i ho§c nghi van; 3/
NhQng ph6 tu bi^u thi quan h?, thuong sQ dyng
de chi cfic quan h$ giQa cfictijrtrong cau ho$c c ^
phfin cau trong cau pAiiic. Trong ba lo^ nfiy, theo

thong ke cQa chung toi, chi c6 ph6 tQ chi tiifri
gian, p h ^ vi vfi muc dg m6i tu sQc dugc cho
danhtQ.
2. Nhihig danh tir chju sy tu sih; cua ph6 tilr
TQ bhih di$n ngtt n^Ta cQa danh til, c6 Ih^
thay, nhQng dfufih tijr mang nghTa tuin ty, nghia
phfin lo^i, nghia do ludng Ifi c6 thS n h ^ dugc s\r
tu sQc cua cfic nhdm phdti!r,nhQng ph6 tii

thudng dugc dung Ifi nhiJng phdtijrchitiidigian,
chi ph^m vi vfi chi mQc d^.
Th^ nhit, cdc phd tu tu site cho danh tu
mang nghia tuin pte
Danh tix trong bfin than ngQ nghTa dfi mang
nghTa tuan ty l^i dugc chia lfim hai lo^: danh ti^
thdi gian vfi danh tQ chi ngudi. Danh tQ thdi gian
l^i cd the chia lam hai lo^i Ifi danh tQ chi th^
gian tuan hofin va danh tQ chl thdi gian kto dfii.
Vidy:
- Cfic danh tQ chi thdi gjan tuan hofin : i : ^

m.m-. mm-. a ^ z , Kmm...
- Cfic danh tQ chi tiidi gian k6o dfii: — ^ ,
Cfic danh tQ tuan ty chi ngudi cDng c6 hai
lo^, mgt I09I chi chQc nghidp vj trf vfi mgt lo?)
chi tuoi tac. Cfic dartii tQ chi chuc nghi?p vj tri

nhu: ^ ± . «ili±,

ff±,'>^±,«J*i.K*4,


MlO_P40)-201S

N G 6 N NGtr & Bfn S 6 N G

*h-fe,B-fe,^-fe,SSHfc,3K-fe,»-R,S-K,g-K:....
Cic danh til chl tu6i tic nhu: 8SJL,«r*JL,?UL,
»JL,«iJL,'>|IS;L,'>'f*^,li?5K,«*JL,

107

Si::tB*i,8iaiiaJEg3lE7.

Hai cau tren diu n6i den m$t hgc sinh di Iln
pho thdng tnmg hgc, nhung vdi hai y khic nhau:
Mgt li, m6i Iln phi thfing tnmg hgc chua ngn
vgi n6i chuygn ylu duong (tiic li c6n nh6 tu6i);
tt»,:3>Jg,jaA,«**,...
Hai li, da li hgc sinh ph6 thSng tnmg hgc rii tW
M$t so danh tCr chi dja dilm cung mang nghia khong nSn luM nhic nOa (vi di li mgt ngudi I6n
tuan tvi nlu chung cung nSm tren mgt tryc tuyin rii).
tinh nio do theo -y nguoi noi, vi dy: -hSS,^^,
Ngoii cic ph6 ttt chi thiri gian trfn, ci5 luc
Se,đ*l,ôJr,ằm... ; Jb!S,ôS,ll*tl, danh tir mang nghTa tuin ty kit hgp dugc vdi cic
ph6 ttt pham vi nhu : S , ^ , ± S S , A * , ^ j*^:
Cic danh ttt c6 mang nghia tuan ty ci3 thl tiyc
tilp lim vi ngtt, vi nh§n du(;fc sy tu sue ctta cic
ph6 ttt chi th6i gian. Theo 1i^ ty tuyin tinh cua
th6i gian thi c6 3 thdi dilm li qui khtt, hi?n tai
vi tucmg lai.
X6t vl trinh ty cua cic ph6 ttt tu sue cho cic
danh ttt c6 nghia tuan ty vl thdi gian theo tiyc
tuyin tinh, c6 thl thiy: THM qui khtt li cic ph6
ttt nhu: :^,H!l,Hmi,l?,^H,lô,.?ôt,:f f5!l,H,H
^,... ;Thai hiĐn tai li cic ph6 ttt nhu: X,iE,iE
Jf ,S,t&Jf, t&15 V.V.; ThM tuong lai li cic pho
ttt nhu: ^,1*,^1*,^Jtt,8«,49S,H, J:,1*g
,v.v.

C6 luc cic ph6 ttt c6 the cung xuat hi?n bilu
thj kit hpp nhieu ^ nghTa thdii gian, vl dy:

(1) m^mtmi,

^-hiSST , a ?

(2) BWB#?E2J , !»-tfi^Affid>.
(3) - > ^ s s a ô . WM'h'j^sdSfls

(4) Stt-fc-bffi^>iliaô6*HằƠôW , ?B
6*l?Wff7.

(5) fifllB.Sf'BtMWSSffiSnjL, tll<^
tfe**»H£, it*;M7.
ThU hat, cdc phd lit tu sue cho danh lu mang
nghta phdn logi
Cic phd ttt khi tu sttc cho danh ttt mang nghTa
phin loai thudng li cic ph6 ttt chi phgm vi, dl
han chl va khii quit doi vdi cic danh ttt, thl hi?n
trong hai tnidng hgp li diln dgt tinli duy nhit vi
dien d^t tinh ting quit.
a. Cic phd ttt pham vi diln d^t tinh duy nliit
gim cd: ^,n,
3434, Ot ( t t ) 34,«l,;^,H,v.v. Vi dy:
(6) mnn^.
m^Mis.
(7) SJftStt^ , S:*;JB, #fflrrt, « a

m) )

Cic phd ttt ph?m vi tren da hjn chl vl si
MOt djc dilm cin chii y li, khi stt dyng cic
ph6 ttt chl thdri gian niy, i nghTa chii quan cua lugng ngudi, sy vjt, hi?n tugng mi danh ttt de
ngudi n6i the hi?n r& lO nft. VI dy, khi cung n6i c4p tdi. Cinctt vio si ngtt nghia mi danh ttt bao
ve mOt hgc sinh da Iln ph6 thong tnmg hpc, vAi him, cd the c6 rat nhieu cich kit hgp, chSng h?n:
s,: ^tm (ia-'hfflH.) , a s n + f t
hai y chd quan khic nhau, c6 thl dimg nhOng ph6
ttt khic nhau. Vidy:


108

N G 6 N N G C & Bdi S6NG

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s i 10 (240)-2015

fliiJifi!«4SfiSfft-tt#f«Sii«»

HTEO

S3: «SJH (a-w+L*!) , Wi^Jtkn.

+*,
S4: MUm ( S-SISp°q ) , sta7=:H

+m.
S5: « s « i (a-ffWj*=) ,

n«t9ii-

85: *sja (fi-gssiiR) , ^mmji.
ETC.
Ttt vl dy trSn ta thiy, phd ttt Jt inh hudng
tryc tilp din cic doin ngtt si lugng ding sau
danh ttt # r a , cdn danh ttt Sffi d diy bin chit
chi li m$t chu ngii' hlnh thttc.
b. Cic phd ttt ph^m vi dien dat y nghTa ting
quit thudng li: /l,Jlft,;^/L,#/l„fl/L,«/l
,v.v. VI dy:
(8) fljiKaWA ,
^m—t-^^&fl'A
65. ( C?t<t5Kigi^»> )
Cio phd ttt phjm vi trln khii quit ve si
lugng; doin ngtt phd danh niy thuimg lim chu
ngtt, phia sau thudng cd th€m cic phd ttt nhu
U,^,Ml dl hd ttng.
Thdr ba, ale phd tiir lu site cho danh lir
mang nghia lu0ig hda
Cic phd ttt mftc dg nhu a,f8,Sl,S,H;i3
c6 thl tu sttc cho nhttng danh ttt mi bin thin
ho$c trong m$t vin cinh nio dd cd nghTa mttc
dO, hofc bj lugng hda, hojc vdi cic danh ttt di

bivjttthda.
a. Cdc danh lit mang nglua luQnghda
1/ MOt so danh ttt mang nghTa lugng hda cd
the nh§n dugc phd ttt mftc dO tu sftc, vi dy:

(9) mxW7-^9L^mt^m^ik

, ««f

Cic danh ttt khic tfauOc thl lo^ niy cd thl
chju sytu sttc ciia phd ttt cdn c 6 ^ n . SI'S,

%*, tt», ajs., «», « a . mill,...
2/NhOng danh ttt cd kit ciu ngit ti dau tien li
cic tft phuong vi nhu W!,B,.t,TJil,'P,M,&
cung deu nhan du^ sy tu sttc ctta cic phd ttt
mftc dO. VI dy:

(ii)«W!a«i6('Sfiara4«,
Ngoii ra cdn cd thl kl din mgt si vl dy nhu:
Trong mOt si vin cinh thl mOt si danh ttt vdi
ngtt nghta lim thdi cttng cd thl mang dirge phd
ttt miic do tu sftc, vl dy: ft^A, ftS;S,MZ3R

,ằ!l!^,ôlô!|9iJi,...
Cd thl nhĐn thiy, doin ngtt phd danh d trln
cd tinh chit cua thl ttt, thudng li lim djnh ngii
trong ciu, mOt si cd thl lim tin ngtt.
b. Cdc danh tit At^c v/tithda
MOt so danh ttt trong vSn cinh di V) tft hda vi

lugng hda vl ^ n^ila, nln ciing nh^ dugc sy tu
sftc cua phd ttt, A diy cd Ihl li phd tft mftc dO
ho$c phd tir bilu thj y nghTa ngtt khl, ta x& ba vi
dy dudi diy:
S,:fiI*B«Hftai'i>BJU
S3:HB>,-K:;*:«ir3;A.
Trong ba vl dy tren cic danh tft di vj ttt hda
mang mOt tinh chit i ^ d i ^ nio dd, cd cich sDr
dyng giing nhu tinh lir. Nlu luge bd thinh phin
l^d ttt Irong dd thl khdng inh hudng g) dbi ^
nghTa cfta ciu. Phd ttt dugc dttng d diy dl nhfa
manh thim vl ngtt n ^ a .
Cic danh ttt chi nhttng ting Idp khic nhau
trong xi hOi ho$c chl cic vai trd, t^h chit khic
nhau cua con nguiri trong xi hOi, vl dy: "^fit, Jt
H, ilTtt, 2t(S, ^ * , * l l , f t K , ^ S B , R a , »

±,fflffl;,*s,'>riTS,iAs,w

M j O (240)-2015

109

N G 6 N N G f & sin S 6 N G

a i , a i S a ? , J i B ^ / > i ; hay mOt si danh tft
bilu thj gidi tinh nhu: l ? t t , A t t , X t t , S 1 4 ,
5 A , A A v.v. Vidy:
(12)@âS$ifejĐA*.

(13) SBftjesesft-iiSiiiaiSs, mtn
(14)S=SƠđ*:1, e s , S i l .
Cd khi dd li sy khii quit cic d$c tnmg cua
cic vung miln nhu lim mOt tinh chit, d$c
dilm nii b$t (vi dy: t B , 0 * , S:&, B;S,
±38,db»:,li|3K,ff^) hojc mOt si danh ttt
chi thdi gian nhu (3ft,5llft,Scflng bj vi ttt hda nhd cic phd ttt. VI dy:
( I 5 ) e - S ; # ® a ,
(16) nmxmmn. miija?, mf-±m
mm-n-m. saj357
(i7)«ci*maiisj7««*'t>, « » j i

(25) ^mn^'SSk-m

i&M-^

^^.
(26) m^»Bmm,

»HS)Bsifej6a

js, asaw7.
Trong trudng hgp cic danh tft di vj ttt hda
thl cym phd danh mang tinh cliit giing nhu
mOt tinh tft, cd thl lim dugc thinh phin vj
ngtt, trjng ngtt, bi ngtt, djnh ngtt vin vin.
3. Kitlu^n
HiOn tugng phd tft tu sue cho danh tft cttng

vdi thdi gian, cing ngiy cing dugc sft dyng
nhiiu hon, phong phu hon, linh hoat hon.
Thyc tl da chftng minh ring, hi§n tugng phd
tft tu sftc cho danh tft li hiOn tugng tilng Hin
dang phit triln theo ddng chiy xa hOi, phyc vy
kjp thdi hon cho nhu ciu giao luu ngdn ngtt
cua thiri d^i.
TAI LEpU TIIAM K H A O

1. » « (2004), m<-e;iiigmm$F^. B

2. •Anif'. mam (2001) ,^Mm^3i
isms, ssa-ai^ttUiKtt, db».
3.3Kist (2001), mnnsamwge,
(19) iiDS@aAfi-^«», stft*m^
7,
MOt si danh ttt mang him nghTa trim tugng
4. &m& (2002), mfimmAsm, B

ciing nh§n dugc sy tu site ctta cic phd ttt mftc
do, nhu: ®»J, ?;*,ffiSE,S # , * Ơ , Sôl,

Xft, SSH, e a , If Hf, •»!«, US, fett, ffl

5. * s (2001), m^p-xmisw^M, iS

»,i**....Vidy:
(20) /jN^BIft-'hfafiiKMAA.

6. 5P2T(2007) , BJi3ằôf=SffilĐl!ô#

(21) i'p^RSiWiftitSHWftiatt
S , Vol 20, No 2 (2007)42.
(22) s « t ^ f f i » t # i J i ^ * , # a * .
(23) WlS'WSStttSZ*.
(24)4f*-«-tSSJ«d>*ilR*.

7. s e s (2003) , BI^»W«i^l^& ,

Msii^^ft^«^is.
No4 (2003)4.

asx , Vol 19,