Phân tích các lỗi ngữ pháp của sinh viên trên cơ sở so sánh các điểm khác biệt trong ngữ pháp tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt

s i 12 (242)-2015

N G 6 N NGff & s d l S 6 N G

57

PHAN TICH CAC LOI N G C PHAP CUA SEVH VIEN
TREN CO s d SO SANH CAC DEEM KHAC B i f T
TRONG N G f PHAP TIENG ANH VA TIENG VI$T
AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS' GRAMMATICAL ERRORS BASED
ON THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ENGLISH
AND VIETNAMESE GRAMMATICAL CHARACTERISTICS
BdnqLt (ThS; D«i hpc Ngoyi ngit, DHQG Hi N$i)
Abstract: The research was conducted to identity and analyse conunon graniinatical
eitors made by first-year non-majored Vietnamese students in ttieir writing. The analysis
based on the differences between Vietnamese and English grammatical features not only
provided closer insight into the typical lands of grammatical errors and threw light into the
reasons for such eirois as to both bilingual and intralingual errors.
Key words; grammar; grammatical errors; bilingual transfer; intralingual eirors; writing.
l.lMddiu
/./. Theo Ellis (1997), l5i ngO phip tiii
hidn khoing rSng trong kiin thdc cda hgc
vidn, xuit hito ^i ngirdi hgc ididng nhto thdc
dugc cii gi li ddng. Tnrdc diy, cic phuong
phip giing d^y tiing Anh cu nhu phuong phip
Audio-lingual khdng cho phdp loi ngd phip.
Ndi cich khic, vdi ngudi hgc ndi tiing Anh
chuin, l5i ngd phip li diiu khdng dugc chip
nh^n. Tuy nhidn, vdi phuong phip giing d?y
tiing Anh dinh hudng giao tiip phi biin hito
nay thl quan nidm vi l5i ngii phip di thay dii.

Ngiy nay, loi ngd phip dugc xem nhu m$t
phin cda qui trlnh hgc ngo^i ngd. Theo
lvliti;hell and Myles (2004),tiidngqua cic iii
ngd phip cd thi phit hito trlnh dd ngoai ngd
tai m$t thdi diim nhit djnh cua ngudi hgc;
ngoii ra, nd cdn gidp giio vidn nhto thiy dugc
nhdng khiim khuyin trong qui trlnh thu nhto
kiintildecda sinh vito.
Theo Muirow (2004), phin ldn cic giio
vidn d«y tiing Anh nhu mdt ngo^i ngd diu
nhto 1>^y ™9' khoang '^"^ Pda trhih dd kiin
tilde li thuyit vdi thyc ti thi hidn cda smh
vidn. Sinh vidn hgc tiing Anh cd tiii lim tit
cic bii tip ngd phip don thuin nhung \^ thit
b^\ trong vide chuyin tii cic kiin thdc ngii

phip vio thyc ti di hoin thinh mdt bii viet.
Ndi mdt cich khic, mic dd c6 ttii cd kiin thdc
vi li thuyit tit, suih vidn vin mic phii iSi ngd
phip khi viit bii tiing Anh. Cic nghidn cdu
cda Dams and Subramaniam (2009),
AbiSamra (2003), and Ridha (2012) vi lii ngd
phip trong bii viit tiing Anh cda sinh vito
diu chl ra cic l5i ngd phip nghidm ttgng vi
phi biin nhit
1.2. Dii tugng nghidn cdu cda chdng tdi
gim SO bii viit cda 2S sinh vidn khdng
chuydn nim nhit chuong trlnh d ^ tao ciiit
iugng cao khda 2013-2014 cda trudng D^i hgc
Khoa hgc Tv nhidn, D^i hgc Quic gia Hi Ndi.

Khi tiin iiinh nghidn cdu, 25 sinh vidn dang
hgc chuong trlnh tiing Anh ttieo Khung tham
chiiu chiu Au. Cic bii viet cui sinh vidn dugc
viit dudi d^g do^n vin dii khoing ISO td
theo ddng chucmg trlnh cung nhu tiinh dd mi
cic em dang theo hgc.
Cic dd lidu sd dugc thing kd vi phin tich
dva trdn bing ting hgp cic l3i ngd phip vi
ngd phip' cda Wakkad(l980). Trong n^idn
cdu cda mlnh, Wakkad dua ra S nhdm lii ngd
phip: l3i Sm vj, iSi sd dyng td chdc ning, iSi
ciu trde, lii trit tv td, loitiididdng td.


NG6NNGff&fl6ls6NG

S8

Biing tSnghfP cdc ldi ngBrpht^ cui Wakliad

(imt

l . l i l 9m
vi

A- Ldi frn vi dna
dOngtCr

D-Lfiidpi
tit dli djnh

B- CMn^v&dOng
till kbflng hop nhit

&Kh6ng
tuong
Ihkfav6s6

C- LSI ding ( ^ tft
khfing tuong M i l
2.1ilisik
A- Lii sA dvng 0Oi
dons tile
tb
dite nfing
A- Saitidt^thdi
3.L5i(iu
tr6c
4.L%ti«t
t^ter
dOoKtir

bit quy t k

G-Lffi
ngOpWp
trcdOng
tCr
I-Di^
sailo^itCt

tfringttdiiiuft
K-LS
dfli tir
quaohC

B- LSisi^di^m^tir
D-L&tfu&idOnglilt

B-LSittiilqdOng

G-L&diing"to'*

C-'nii4u"tobe?'

F- L& c&i trfic song
sone

A- L & t i 9 t l v ^ t t n h t ^ d a n h a
A- Lfii dilng sat thbi dOog tilr

2.Kitquivibinhi|n~
ll.Tnmg blnh moi d o ^ vin dii 18 ciu, nhu
viy ting si lugng ciu d u ^ phan tich vio khoing
900 ciu. Iheo ktt qui phin tich dd lid": 368 ciu
cd chda iii ngd pliip; t ^ i quin mii doan vfin
chiia xip xl 40% cic ciu sai. Ttong si 368 ciu
chda 724 loi, nhu viy, tinh tnmg blnh till mil mdt
ciu cd khoing 2 lii i ^ phip. Ttdn tiivc li si
lugng lii ngd phip nhieu bon 724 lii dugc thing
kd; tiiy nhidn 724 l3i li iSi ngd phip cdn cic lii

cdn i^ thudc vi td vvng, phong cich, diln d9t v i
iii chinh ti.
Ting s i v i si phan tiim chi tiit cua cic lo^i
hinh lii ngd phip tiong SO doan vin d u ^ ting
hop tiong bing dudi diy. liiy nhidn, chi 11 ldi
didn hlnh nhit ttiudc S nbdm iSi ttii. Cic lii khdng diin hlnh khic dugc dua vio
thinh mdt nhdm.
LKlmvi
48.7%

LofiKii«ft
pUp
Lfiifrnv)
diia dOnf! tilr
CUng(rv&
dOngtJkkhfli«
hvpnhlt
KhOos
bionKtfildi^s6
l A dflng djd

si
104

Fblo
trtm
MJ

66

9,1

77

10.7

U,

61

Lii c&i triic
20%

Si 12 (242)-2015

ttrihflog tucng
iildi
Dilng sai
loe.tiitaangDcMinpjl
LS^ttAc"

LiiHiKa
dOngtil
L5i dtmg tCr
diActiftig
9.7%
L5iti^tvtt£r
9.6%

IS

SM

dOogU
8.4%

Lii sidling
moottr
l i l t ttr tlnh
tftKtanlitii

LSi dilng sai
thdi dQng ttr
Lii khic

T&nggj

Phdn lich solicit:
Dva Hia kit qui phin tich s i lid". <:d ttii
rd ling, sinh vidn mic nhiiu iSi ngd phip vi (m
hon so vdi 4 nhdm lii cdn 1^ vdi gin mit nia 1'
si iii dugc phin tich; tiid hai li iSi can t i c
20%; tiid ba li lii ddng td chdc ning vi &it tv
chiim gin 10%; cuil cdng li lii ddngttididdng tir
vdi 8,4%.
Trong si 9 lii ngd p h ^ tiiudc nhdm lii Sm vj,
sinh vidn chd yoi mic phii S lii tG&l hlnh bso
gim: Lii im vj chia ddng tit (143%); Chd ngii \i
ddng tit khdng hgp nhtt (9,1%); Khdng tatnig

tiilch v i si (10,7%); Lii ddng d^ td khdng fticmg
ttiich (6,4%) v i Ditag sai loai td tin ngd- chd ngU
(8,2%). Hai tiong si 5 l8i lidn quantiSiddngtitcim
3 lii cen 1^ chi&n ting ti id Idn nhit li cic lii vi
cvm danh td. Dudi diy li mdt si vl dv vi phti
tich cic loi thudc nhdm lii im vj.
Cd ttii tii% smh vidn mic nhiiu iSi ngd phip
vdi vide chia dgng td mdt cich chinh xic vi phil
hgp vdi chd ngd, chinh vl viy, diy ii loai loi cao
nhit chiem hon 24%. Phan idn cic tiudng htip
sinh vidn qudn khdng tiidm 's* ho$c 'es' vio sau
ddng til ngdi tiid ba sd it. Mgt si khic l«i nhim lin
tiong vigc khi nio tiidm 's' khi nio thdm 'es'. Ci
nhdng tiudng hgp smh viol chia c i d ^ td idii
ehd ngd i & li aS nhik. Diiu niy xiy ta li <li>
tiong tiing Viit khdng c6 sv ttiay dii d p g Mc
cda ddng tit dii vdi titeg M <^ "^ ^^^ "''*'
tiong khi d6 d ti^ Anh djng td phii dugc chil


S6l2(242)-2015

NG6N NGC & Ddl S6NG

59

n ^ diu ngQ I^ ngditfiur3 s6 ft. Svr kfa^ ln$t n&y tfate diia d ^ tIjc ho$c sinh vign khdng nSm dugc
^ g&yl&ig tiing dio ^nhvi€n khi h g v i ^ n h i ^ cfiu.
bdndi^cOan^i^vfdvinhukh&igrSnhuthl
{ c i c loi ngQ f d i ^ v^ chia d ^ tur cung c6 tfil bfit

nao thl (bi<7c ggi I&n^ithi^inh^tfiurh^ vil thirba.
nguon tfr vi6c fip dvmg khdng difcih x6c cdc c6i^
Lcnitti
Ciuaai
caujaiig
Nfvfiilhg-woritfora bank fBiJ&S am vifc frwignafa MvfattierworiBfora bankf&j tdi ldm viec trone ne&i
hdn^.
hdng)
MvmoIhgtcadigEDElish in a secoodaiy sdiool (A^ tdi Mymottierteadies Engli^ in a seooodsy sdiool (Me >ci
doytiingAiitt^mCttvdrgc^l)
diiyti&igAiitKam^lrudngo/i>2)
Lftfrnvj
Now tiiqr are j ^ r a at anottxr univasi^ {B&y pd lip NcBvfliey are lew^lng at anoflier uniygsity {B&vsddrho
chia il^ng tilr dang hc)Ct(fini^ trudng difi hpc ihdc)
dmg hpc tai mdl tntdng dgi hpc khdc)

CMngfTvA
dQng tit
khflng h(v
nhit

MyastesMtglistminelDmuacfGiccAtfatfifcftf^i^
nhpc}
Students at h i ^ sdiool leami harder dian at university
{Hpcsinhc^3hpcdidmhonslnhviindgihpc)

Mvsislnspkelislemnp to music f Gic cWffiifftfchHeAe
nhpc).

Students at h i ^ sduoi learn harder dian at univcraty

(HpcsbAc^Shpcchdmhansinhviindfdhpc^.

val tr6 khfic nhau trong cSu. Khi l i d$ng tfr chfnh
tid chia theo diu ngfr, c6n Idii ddng vu trd l i bo
ngQ. tfin i ^ v i b6 ngQ thl d$ng tfr ph^ biln doi
thfinh danh d$ng tfr. EHoi niy cGng tuong ttf nhu
cfidi biln d&l cua cfic d$i tfr. Trong tilng Anh cd
b$ tfi^ ^ tfr diu ngQ. ( ^ tfr tfin ngQ, d^titsd
hQu vdi cfic Mnh thfrc tfr khfic nhau cho tfrng vi trf
cOa ^ tfr Iim chfr ngQ hay tfin ngQ. Cdn d6i vdi
t i ^ V i ^ chl cd 1 hlnh Ihfrc tir cOa d$ng tfr h£^
d^i tfr dio mgi vj trf. Ndi tiieo cfich khfic, dil dfrng
d vi trf nio tnmg cfiu till hlnh thfrc cua tfr lo^i
khdng thay d&i.
ciuatii^
(JGia Srix tdi c6 S X^ftmilvhasfivfmembersrtjtot&iAiiyOli 5 npaW
tJfy iomly has five
IMke reading books and tdavinewKHiti
ngudii
I like reading Jiodcand playing sogrt
(Tdi^^dpcs^vddiaiM^]^
(TdiMdidocsdcJiyddiailhiAap)
I eat a kit of brnd evoy mcHiiing (T(9 & nfti^ ^ ^
1 eat atatof breads evav morning
(TdidnnhiiukMMni&sdng}

Sinh vi&i cung mdc c ^ iSi li€n quan t6i danh
tilt s6 ft, danh tfr s6 n h i ^ danh ti^ dim dugc. danh
tfr khdng d^m dupc. sfr dvmg sai danh dgng tfr U
tSn ngfr v& SVI nhim llbi gjQa d^i ti^ nhSn xung vd

da) tfr tan ngfr. NhOng l5i ngfr phfip nily cQng nSm
trong nh6m svi khfic b i ^ giQa t i ^ g V i ^ vdi t i ^
Anh. Trong t i ^ Anh khi danh tfr s6 ft m i c h i Q ^
sang s6 n h i ^ ph&i b i ^ dhi ho$c thdm's' - *es' cdn
tilng Vi$t thl danh tfr khdng thay d&i. Svr phfin b i ^
s6 ft hay s6 nhieu trong t i ^ V i ^ nSm 6 tfr chl s6
lugng. l^iong tvi nhu v|.y, trong tilng Anh c6 svr
bi4i d&i hlnh flifrc cfra <^ig tfr Idhi n6 dhm nhi$m
Khfing tUDDg
thldi\^s&

IKteprfngdwniMnawilfamyfiiaids
DikQg sai k>vi tit I like gs flopping with n ^ fiiends
(T&Oddti&muasiimvAibpnbk)
tfln ngCt- diA TaddOi^muas&nvdibpnbi}
FngluJi is veiv difScuh (Hoctiin^Arh rA
^ . ^ m Enciidi is very difficuK (fioc timg Art rA
ngQ

Lfij ding d»i tnr She an] SLVB bestfiienfs(Ci»4}id^[ja tpn lU;) She n d iaie bestfiiendsrC54l!vd ^ Jd i t n A»;)
kbfing
tuong MyMia-oflBntooksstDtbeiDO...tMnfOidina&M.)
Ldi ciUi t n ^ song song v i ldi thUu d^ng tfr l i 2
l5i chfnh trong nhdm iSi c ^ trfrc d i i ^ iln lugt

10,5% v i 8.4%. Sinh vidn sfr dvmg ddng thdi c i
d$ng tfr nguydn thl vdi danh <^ng tfr, danh tfr cCing

60

N G 6 N N G C & B(n

S6NG

S 6 12 (242)-2015

tfnh tii; tfohti>vi d ^ tfr. £>6i vdi loi thilu d$ng tfr
M phin ldn sinh vi&i tiiilu dgng tfr t o be* Idii
dimg tbih tfr lim b& ngfr. Dieu niy c0ng xult
phfit tii' thdi quen sfr dvmg tilng Vipt Mgt s& vf
dy vl hai l5i ngfr p h ^ niy nhu sau:
She asked me to go out and having dinner
with her. (Co qy moi tdi ra ngodi dn toi vol co
dy): Cfiu d6np: She asked me to go out and
h&ve dinner with her.
She loves flowers, tnusic and playing
pontes (Cd dy ihich hoa, dm nhgc va chai
game). Cau dung: She bves flowers, music and

I passed the exam university (Tdi dd vupT qua
fd tk ckfi hoc): Cfiu dfrng: I passed die universe
exam.
L3i ngfr phfip thdi dgngti^c h i ^ 8,4% t&ng s6
cfic l&i ngfr p h ^ . Hlln Idn cfic l3i d^ng niy xu&
h i ^ gjQa tiidi h i ^ t ^ v i qui khfr. Sinh vidn dilng
thdi h i ^ t^i de midu t i cfic sy vi$c diln ra tnmg
qui Idifr. Tnmg t i ^ Anh, thfri d ^ tfr dugc di2
M ^ qua vi$c thdm cic fim vj qui khfr 'eJ* vfio

sau d$ng tfr bo$c sfr dyng cfic d ^ tfr qufi khfr b&
quy tic;tisynhidn trong t i ^ V i ^ d ^ g tfr kh&ig
fli^ d&i gjQa cfic thdi. Do v§y, sinh vidn tiiudng
q u ^ v i mic l5i ngfr p h ^ d d ^ g niy. Vf dy:
Heisadoaorandveiypolhe(Cd4yldbdcsTvd
Last year, myflmily gp to Ha Long bayfisrdt lfch S{r): Cfiu dfing: S3ie is a doctor and she is the summer holithy (Ndm ngpdi, gia dinh tdi di
veiy polite.
ngfli hk & Vinh HQ Long); Cfiu ddng: Last year,
/ like living in the city because U exddng tmd my femily went to Ha Long Bay for tiie summer
modem (Tdi thtch sor^ d thdnh f^ vi nd vui holiday.
nhpn vd hi^n dgi); Cfiu dung: I like living in flie
When lama child, myfiaher often play with me
ci^ because it is very exciting and modem.
(Khi toi cdn nhd, bd thudng chai vdi tdi); Cfiu
Rit nhieu sinh vien mfic loi ngQ p h ^ trong ddng: When I was a child, my £ither often played
vi§c sfr dyng m ^ tfr vdi 9.7% troi^ t&ng so cfic loi with me.
dugc li^t kd. Phin ldn sinh vidn g$p vln dl vdi
Cfic lo^i l&i khfic bao g&m sai gidi tfr, l&i ng(t
mfio tfr 'a'. Hg thudng khdng dung m^o tfr 'a' p h ^ giQa tfnhtiisv i tr9ng tfr, tiiilu diu phly giQa
trudc danh tir s& ft dim dugc mang nghla hai m ^ dl; t&ng cdng chilm 3,6% t&ng s& c^
chung. Dieu niy cCng l i do inh hudng trong iSi.
tilng Vi^t. Trong tilng Vi§t khi ndi danh tfr s6
Nfftyen tihdn ddn tM ldi ngj&ph^:
ft thl diu sfr dyng tfr chl s6 lugng. Ngoii ra.
Tfr v i ^ t&ng hgp v i phfin tfch cfic vt dy v^ iSi
cdn m$t s6 iSi dfrng sai m^o tfr 'a', 'an*. Vf dy: ngQ p h ^ cfra sinh vidn cd thl tiily r l i ^ phin ldn
Computers pltty important role in our life cfic l3i dli^ l ^ n g u ^ tfr ngi^dn nhfin lidn ngdn
Mdy tlnh ddng vai tro quan trQng trong CUQC ngQ; hay ndi cfidi Idific, li ldi qiQ^ chilu ngdn ngi^
sdng cda chung ta); Cfiu dfrng: Computers tis tilng me dd do trinh d^ ngo^i ngfr cda nnh
v i ^ cdn tfa^. Cy till, vi^c quy chilu tfr t i ^ Vi^

play an important role in our life.
She is football player (Cd ^ Id cdu thu sang tilng Anh xfiy ra do siitii vidn hp dyng cAc
qi^ tfic i^^i^ifip cfra tilng V i ^ vio tilng Anh
bdng dd): Cau dung: She is a football player.
Loi b^t tvr tfr chilm 7,6% trong t&ng s& iSi m i khdng nfim dugc cfic ndt khfic bi^t gjOa hai
ngfr phfip cfra sinh vidn. L o ^ l5i niy xult hi$n ngdn ngfr. N^)ii ra, mdt s& l3i ngfr [di^ cia anfa
khi sinh vien d$t sai vj trf cua tfnh tfr v i danh vidn cung bfit n g u ^ tfr \i$c t&ng qufit hda ngOo
tis; d^ bi^t li khi danh tfr ddng vao trd l i tfnh ngfr v i fip dyng sai cfic cdngtiifrcngfr p h ^ .
tfr bo nghta cho danh tfr theo sau. Loi ngQ
Ngoii nhfrng ndt khfic b i ^ daxjc hgc gifi Giangt
phfip niy li do inh hudng cua tilng Vipt Do Tang (2007) dll ra, dudi dfiy li t&ng hgp vi vf dv
SVI ddi \%p giQa vj trf cfra tfnh tfr v i danh tiJr cy tie mgt && d^c dilm khic bi^ giOa ngQ i^i^
trong tilng Vi$t v i tilng Anh. Vf dy:
dixtg Vigt y i tilng Anh.
A(K hometown has landscape beautifid emd
peaxfid (QuS htang toi cd phong cdnh d^ vd
My fimi^ has one OiadliditAi cd mOl
thanh binh); Cfiu ding: My hometown has
beautiful and peaceful l a n d s c ^ .
Gia dhh tfli c6 nto
Mv fimily h « five


S612 (242)-2015
D«itir

N G 6 N NGf & sdn S 6 N G

memlim
My Mier often tocdc

us to die 200..„
Wearebestfiiends

neirirf
Bfl thudng dua
duing tfii tdi sar fliil
Chting tfli Ul b^n
flifin cOa nhau
HQC ti£i« anh lAt
kh6
lliat khtag dgd£ hQC
tilneAnb
M^tflitfafchn^Sn
T&i ttfch nlu fin

L e t n u ^ Friiglfcfh is
veiydifiBcutt
It's not easy to team
Endish
C U a dQng My mother
lik^
oocddng
tilt
lUkecocMiK
Clb tn^ She likes cooking, CO Ity flifdi nfiu Xn,
sraigscxig
sin^iQ and painting ca bAt vil vC
She leams to cook, CO 1^ hoc niu Xn,
dng and paint
caUtvftvE

Shelsagtioddoctor
COftyI& bik sr giti
M^oiir
A dodor must be Bte ST ph^ bitt kien
patients
nhin
My house bas a big Nh& titi c6 mOt c^
Ti^tvlb
garden with many vubn Um vtn ik
nhi^c^c6i
trees
My hometown has Que tfli cfl phong
beautiful
and cflnh tuoi dfp \k
thanh blnh
peacefiillandscape
I like living in the city TAi flildi sflog d
lueu
because It li very flUbih ph6 vl n6 vui
dOngli^
eidting
and nhfn vft hifn dfi
TOl m u ^ Irfr flidnh
modem
I want boccmie a mOt nhft Idioa hoc ^4
sdenlist because it b n 6 r i t t u y ^
•ogood
Last year, my &mily NSm ngo^ gia (finh
Cht^
ttibi d ^ went to Ha Lmg tfli tM H» Lmg vdo

bey In die summer mOahft
tCr
Gia holidEty
My femily go to Ha tMH^Longvtomtla
Long b ^ in flie hft
summer
3.KgtIu^viddxiiftt
Kit qui khio sit cho thiy, Idii nfing ngQ phto
cua sinh cdn t h ^ . Cy till, trung blnh cfic bii vidt
cd khoing 40% cfic cfiu chfra l3i ngQ p h ^ . Dilu
nfiy phfr bgp vdi ttinh dd cfra sinh vien nfim nhit
PMn ldn cic em dang d tiinh dd Al ho$c A2 tiieo
ldiui% tiiam chilu chfiu Au.
DenhdOng
tile

Vide [Aifin tfch t&i cung cho tiily cd 3 nguy&i
nhfin chfnh ^
din loi i^Q phfip cda sinh vi&i:
tiifr nhit li do vi$c qiiy chilu khdi% chfnh xfic cfic
quy tfic ngfr phip tfr tilng Vift sang tieng Anh;
tiifr hai l i l5i t&ng quit hda cic cdng tiifrc ngtt
phfip; tfifr ba l i fip dyng sai cfic cdng difrc ngQ
phfip tilng Anh.
Dya trdn kit qui khio sit, difrng tdi xin ndu
ra mdt s& ^

™ ^ ^^

^"^ ^

^ ^ ^

'^^ < ^ S

61

nhu ^fing dfiy dinh dio gifio vien v i hgc sinh:
Thie rdidt, dk QA^ sinh vidn khdi^ mic ph^ cfic
l&i ngfr phfip, gifio vidn ndn h& trg d l sinh v i ^ ty
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cfic ldi i4;Q{4ifip m i b^n mhih m i c i ^ . TAif/ui/.
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TAI U^M THAM KHAO
1. Brown, C. ^OOOX The interrelation Ixtween
^xedi percqjtkm and phondo^cal acquisition fran
Ufant Ui adidt. Great Britain: Blackwell Publishes

Limited.
2. Carder, S J . (1967). The sign^cance t^leamers'
errors, Inteniatiaial Review of ^ipliedLinguisticst 5/2-3:
161-169.
3. Ellis, R (1985), lAiderstmdii^ second lat^uage
ocguMJon-Oxfimi: Oxfind Universi^ ftess.
4. Ferris, D. ^002X Ti-etOment of error in second
Ita^uage spiden writing Ann Aibn: I M v o u ^ of
NGdiigati Press.
5. H a z a y m ^ Y. A. (1996),'^n ane^ais cfthe etrors
nuuk by Jordanim second secondly ^udaits In leamo^
Er^i^
verb tenses. Uipiblished mastei's diesis,
Yarmouk IMversi^, Und, Jordan.
6. Mitchell, R. and Myles, M. ^004), Saxmd
hB^tage leeoTong theories. New Yak: Hodder Aniold.
7. Taoog, Giang (2007), Cross-ld^fdstic ancd^is cf
Vietnamese tmdEn^ish w ^ in^icationsfir Vietnamese
languor acquisition and mmntenance in the United
States, Journal of Souflieast Asian Amraican Education
ani Advancanait: VoL 2, Aiticte 3.
8. S a w a h n ^ Murad Hassan Mohammed (2013),
Emr ancdysis ofv^itten English essays: The case cf
students of tite prq>aratory year program in Saudi
Ardfia. English fiir ^lecific Purposes Wt^kl 14 C2013):
1-17.
9. Waldcad, M. (1980), Arabic intrusion in the
lecoTung f^ witten En^ish in EgjjOian prqtarMjry
jE^wib. lA^uUisbed P h i ) . Dissertation, Uiuvetstty ColL,
Cardiff United Kingdom.