“Hồ Chí Minh và cuộc chiến tranh ở Việt Nam” trong hồi tưởng của Khrushchev

Ta UfU - OiNH CHfNH sCf UfU

"HO CHI MINH VA cude CHIEN TRANHffVIET NAM"
TRONG H 6 | TUdNG COA KHRUSHCHEV
PHAM H 6 N G TUNG*

N

ikita
Sirgeyevich
Khrushchev
(1894-1971) la Bi thu thfl n h i t Ban
chip hanh Trung Udng Dang Cpng san
Lien Xd tU nam 1953 den nam 1964, kiem
gifl ehflc Chii tich Hdi ddng Bp trudng Lien
Xd tu nam 1958 den nam 1964. Ong la mpt
nhan vat het sUe dac biet trong lich sii Lien
X6 ndi rieng va trong lich sii Lhe gidi hien
dai ndi ehung. Ten tudi cua Khrushchev
gin lien vdi mpt loat sU kipn va qua trinh
dac bipt trong IjcL sxi the gidi hipn dai, nhU
cupc d i u tranh cndiig tp sung bai ca nhan
Stalin, hoc thuyet "ehung sd'^ng hda binh"
vdi nhflng no lUc hda hoan gifla Lien Xo vdi
My va phUdng Tay va cupc xung dot Xd Trung... Sau khi hi bude phai rdi khoi
cUdng vi Bf thU thU n h i t Ban chip hanh
Trung Udng va Chii tich Hpi ddng Bp
trudng, dng v i n cdn la iiy vien Ban chip
hanh Trung Udng Dang Cong san Lien X6
cho tdi khi nglu huu vao nam 1966.
Ngay trUde khi Khrushchev qua ddi vao

ngay 11 thang 9 nam 1971 mpt tap hdi ky
cua dng da dUde dich va x u i t ban d My vao
nam 1970 vdi tieu de
"Khrushchev
Remembers" (Khrushchev
nhd lgi) (1).
Trong bdi canh cua cupc Chien tranh lanh
khi dd, vipe ngUdi My eho dich va cdng bd
cudn hdi k^ tren day ciia Khrushchev la cd
dyng ^ rd rang, n h i m cung cip nhflng tfl
li§u eho eae chien dieh chd'ng pha Lien Xd

PGS.TS. D^i hoc Qudc gia Ha Npi

va phong trao cdng san quo'c te ciia phUdng
Tay, Trong lan xuit ban dau tien nay, nha
x u i t ban Little, Brown and Company
khdng eho biet rd x u i t xfl cua tai lipu va
vipc tai lipu nay da dUde dich va bien tap
nhu the nao. Mac du khi dd Khrushchev
cdn sd'ng, nhUng gidi nghien cflu ehfla tflng
nghe thiy b i t cfl phan hdi nao ciia dng vdi
tu each la tac gia ve tinh xac thUe ciia tai
lipu da dupe cdng bd d My. DUdng nhien,
trong dieu kipn eiia Lien Xd lue dd va d vad
vi the ciia minh, Khrushchev khd ed t h i
cdng khai bpc Id thai dp ve cudn hdi ky, va
du neu dng cd bde Id thai dp nhU the nao thi
dieu dd cung khdng t b i dUde ecng bd cdng
khai. Vi vay, vipe sii dung nhflng thdng tin

va tu lipu dUcfc cung cip trong cud'n sach
nay cin phai bet sUc cin trpng trong cac
nghien cflu lich sii.
Do vi tri quyen Iflc ciia minh trong
nhflng nam tU 1953 den 1964 chic chin
Khrushchev ed vai trd r i t quan trpng ddi
vdi mdi quan hp Xd - Vipt, dac bipt khi md'i
quan he dd dUdc dat trcng bdi canh phUe
tap cua eudc Chien tranh lanh, ciia cupc
khang chien chd'ng thUe dan Phap va de
qudc My cua nhan dan ta va trong nhflng
b i t ddng va xung dot dien ra trong npi bp
phe Xa hpi ehu nghia luc dd. Trong cudn
hdi ky ndi tren Khrushchev ed danh mpt
chUdng - chUdng sd 19, tU trang 480 den


98
trang 487 dUdi tieu de "Ho Chi Minh vd
cuoc chien tranh d Viet Nam" de ghi lai
nhflng hdi tUdng va suy nghi cua dng ta ve
lanh tu Hd Chi Minh va hai cupc khang
chien cua nhan dan Viet Nam. Chung tdi
xin gidi thieu mot so' npi dung chinh ciia
ehUdng sach nay de ban dpc cung tham
khao va trao ddi.
1. Khrushchev va nhiing hoi tudtag cua ong
Thdi diem ma Khrushchev viet nhflng
trang hdi ky nay h i n la vao cudi nam 1969
hoac ngay dau nam 1970, khi Chu tieh Hd

Chl Minh vfla qua ddi va vao gifla luc de
qudc My dang hi sa liy trong cupc chien
tranh phi nghia d Viet Nam. Md diu,
Khrushchev viet: "Khi quan xam lUdc My bi
bupe phai ngUng nhflng cupc nem bom mien
Bic Viet Nam, ehung da phai ginh chiu
that bai nang ne. Gid day, theo nhflng gi bao
chi dUa tin, thi cd the thiy rd r i n g My
khdng b i n da tuan thii nhflng cam ket khi
hp ngUng nem bom, nhUng thUe te la My
bupe phai ngUng ndm bom la do cupc khang
chien anh dung eiia nhan dan Viet Nam.
Cupc khang chien dd da dUdc td chUe dudi sU
lanh dao ciia vi cd' Chu tich - mpt con ngUdi
dac biet - Ddng chi Hd Chi Minhs" (2).
Tiep dd, Khrushchev da danh nhUng
dong hdi tUdng rat dae biet ve Hd Chi
Minh. Ong nhd lai: "Trong cupc ddi boat
dpng chinh tri cua minh, tdi da gap rat
nhieu ngUdi, nhUng Hd Chi Minh da tao
eho tdi nhflng i n tUdng theo mpt each thUc
rat dac biet. Nhflng tin dd ton giio thUdng
ndi ve nhflng thien sfl thieng lieng (holy
apostles). Theo each sd'ng ciia minh va theo
each ma dng tao nen nhflng an tUdng ddi
vdi ngUdi khae, Hd Chi Minh gid'ng nhU
mpt trong nhflng "thien sfl thieng lieng" dd.
Ong la mpt Thien sfl eua Cach mang" (3).
Ve dac tinh "thien sfl cua Cach mang"
ma dng cam nhan dUdc d Hd Chi Minh,

Rghien cuu Lich sir. sg9-t-10.2008
Khrushchev viet: 'Tdi se khdng bao gid
quen dflde anh m i t nhin eua dng, eii nhin
trung trUc toat len mpt ve thanh that va
trong sang rat dac bipt. Dd la sU thanh
thUe cua mpt ngUdi cpng san liem khiet va
sU trong sang cua mdt con ngUdi da luon
tuan thu nhflng nguyen tie va hy sinh cho
sfl nghiep. Ong ed the gianh dflde thien
cam cua b i t ky ai nhd sfl chan thanh va
niem tin tUdng vflng chic r i n g sfl nghiep
cpng san la mpt sfl nghiep chinh nghia ciia
nhan dan ciia dng va cua tat ea loai ngfldi.
Dudng nhu mdi ldi ndi cua dng deu toat len
niem tin tUdng, r i n g tat ca nhflng ngUdi
cpng s i n deu la anh em va do vay t i t ea
nhflng ngUdi cpng san deu phai thanh that
va chan thanh khi hp lam vipe vdi nhau. Hd
Chi Minh thUe sU la mpt trong sd nhflng 'vi
Thanh' cpng san" (4).
Khrushchev nhd lai, r i n g dng da gap Hd
Chi Minh lan d i u tien tfl khi Stalin con
sd'ng. Dd chinh la dip Hd Chi Minh thfle
hien chuyen tham bi mat d i u tien tdi Lien
Xd vao t h i n g Hai nam 1950 (5).
Khrushchev cdn nhd viee Hd Chi Minh da
ke lai cho eae nhd lanh dao Xd viet nghe ve
hanh trinh chuyen di ciia NgUdi tfl nui
rUng Viet Bic tdi Matxcdva nhU the nao.

Sau dd dng ke lai:
"Trong lue ndi chuyen. Ho Chi Minh
ludn ludn cham chu nhin Stalin vdi anh
m i t r i t la. Tdi ed the ndi r i n g trong anh
m i t ciia dng cd eai ve gi dd gidng nhU sfl
ngay thd eua con tre (childlike nauvete). Toi
cdn nhd mpt l i n dng da thd tay vao trong
cap va liy ra mdt cud'n tap ehi Xd viet - tdi
nghi dd la td Liin Xd trin dUdng xdy dUng
(The USSR under Construction) - rdi hoi
xin chfl ky tay eiia Stalin. 6 Phap ngfldi ta
hay xin chfl ky kieu nay va Hd Chi Minh da
lam theo tuc lp dd. Ong mud'n sau nay ve
nUdc se cho ddng bao dng xem chfl ky tay


Tt6 Chi muih va cuOc chien fronh 6 Viet Ram"

99

cOia Stalin. Stalin da cho Hd xin chfl ky
nhflng ngay sau dd da chi dao liy cip lai
cudn tap ehi vi dng ta lo ngai khdng biet Hd
se sii dung chfl ky tay ciia minh lam gi.

Minh bao vdi tdi r i n g tinh hinh d Viet Nam
la tuyet vpng va r i n g neu ehung ta khdng
sdm dat dUde mpt hiep dinh dinh chien thi
ngUdi Viet Nam khd cd the cam cU dUde vdi
bpn Phap. Vi vay, hp da quyet dinh se nit

len bien gidi Trung Qudc neu cin thiet, va
hp edn mudn Trung Quo'c sin sang dUa
quan vao Viet Nam nhU ehung tdi da lam d
Bic Trieu Tien. Ndi each khae, ngUdi Viet
Nam mud'n ehung tdi giup hp duoi ngUdi
Phap di. Chung tdi thi di nhien khong the
dam bao vdi ddng chi Hd Chi Minh ve
nhflng yeu eiu dd. Chung tdi da mit qua
nhieu ngUdi d Trieu Tien - cupc ehien dd
thUc sU lam ehung toi bi tdn hai. Dieu kien
hien nay khong cho phep ehung tdi dinh liu
vao mpt cupc chien nfla" (7).

Hd Chi Minh da ke lai vdi ehung tdi ve
cupc da'u tranh eiia ddng bao dng chdng lai
Ifle lUdng chiem ddng P h i p va de nghi
ehung toi giup dd ve vat chit, n h i t la sung
dan. Sau khi rdi Matxcdva, Hd Chi Minh
viet thu yeu cau ehung toi cung cip thudc
quinine vi lue dd ddng bao eua dng dang
phai chiu dUng dich sdt ret. Nen cdng
nghiep dUdc pham cua ehung tdi khi dd san
xuit rat nhieu thudc quinine va Stalin da
to ra bet sflc hao phdng khi ra lenh 'giii cho
ong ta niia t i n " (6).
Khrushchev cho biet, sau nay dng ta eon
gap Hd Chi Minh nhieu lan, nhat la trong
khoang thdi gian hpi nghi Geneva.
Khrushchev viet: 'Tdi nhd viec ehung toi da
cung nhau lam viee trong thdi gian cupc

Hpi nghi Geneva (nam 1954). Vao thdi gian
dd ehung tdi v i n cdn cd quan hp r i t tdt vdi
Dang Cdng san Trung Qud'e. TrUde Hpi
nghi Geneva ed mpt cupc hpp tru bi d
Matxcdva. Chu An Lai dai dipn ehe Trung
Qudc, cdn Chu tich Hd Chi Minh va Thu
tudng Pham Van Ddng dai dipn cho Vipt
Nam. Chung tdi thao luan ve lap trUdng
ciia minh tai Geneva dUa tren ed sd tinh
hinh d Viet Nam. Tinh binh khi dd r i t xiu.
Phong trao khang ehien d Vipt Nam khi dd
dang b ben bd cua sU sup dd. NhQng ngUdi
khang chien [bd dpi Vipt Nam - PHT] trdng
chd viee Hpi nghi Geneva se mang lai mpt
ban bipp dinh dinh chien cho phdp hp gifl
dupe nhflng gi ma nhan dan Viet Nam da
gianh dflde trong cupc vat ldn vdi quan
chiem ddng Phap... Sau mdt trong nhflng
budi hpp dien ra tai Phdng Catherine trong
dipn Kremlin, Chu An Lai niu ao va ldi tdi
ra mpt gdc. Ong ta ndi: 'Ddng chi Hd Chi

Khrushchev ke tiep: 'Toi cung dfla ra de
nghi eiia minh vdi ddng chi Chu An Lai:
'Mpt cupc diu tranh quan trpng cdn dang
dien ra' - tdi ndi - va ngfldi Vipt Nam dang
chien diu ngoan cUdng. Bpn Phap dang chiu
tdn that nang ne. Khdng cd ly do gi de ddng
chi ndi vdi Hd Chi Minh ring cae ddng chi se
tfl chdi giup dd dng ta neu quan dpi cua dng

iy rut len bien gidi Trung Qud'e de tranh bi
quan Phap t i n cdng. Tai sao ddng ehi khdng
eho Hd mpt ldi ndi ddi vd hai? Hay de eho
ngUdi Vipt Nam tin ring cac ddng chi se
giup bp neu can thiet, va dd se la mpt nguon
nhi't tinh cho nhflng chien si Viet Nam
chd'ng lai ngUdi Phap". Chu An Lai ddng y
khong ndi vdi ddng chf Hd Chi Minh ring
Trung Qudc se khdng tham ehien ehdng lai
quan Phap tren lanh thd Vipt Nam".
"Va rdi dieu m i u nhipm da say ra. Khi
cac doan dai bieu den Geneva de dfl Hpi
nghi, bd dpi Viet Nam da gianh dflde thing
ldi vi dai va chiem dUde can cU Dipn Bien
Phii. Ngay trcng phien hpp diu tien,
trUdng doan Phap, Mendes France de nghi
gidi ban chiem ddng phia Bic eua quan


Rghien curu Lich 5i3r. sg 9-I-10.2008

100
Phap la Vi tuyen 17. Tdi phai thu that la
khi ehung tdi nhsln dUdc thdng tin ndi tren
tfl Geneva, ehung tdi da ha hdc mom vi
ngae nhien va sung sUdng. Chung tdi da
khdng mong ddi mpt dieu gi tudng tu nhU
vay. Vi tuyen 17 la dieu tdi da tuyet ddi
(absolute maximum) ma ehung ta cd the ddi
hdi (...) Sau mpt thdi gian tranh cai ngin,

ehung tdi chap nhan de nghi ciia Mendes
France va hiep dinh dUdc ki ket. ChUng tdi
da thanh cdng trong vipe ciing cd'viing chic
nhflng gi ma nhflng ngUdi cpng san Viet
Nam da dat dUdc" (8).
Ktirushehev cung chi ra, r i n g le ra mpi
viec se deu td't dep neu t i t ca cac ben cung
tdn trpng nhflng cam ket tai Hipp dinh
Geneva. Theo dd, mpt cupc tdng tuyen cii se
phai dupe td ehflc vao hai nam sau va chic
chin la Hd Chi Minh va nhflng ngfldi cdng
san va tien bp d Viet Nam se gianh t h i n g
lpi. NhUng nhflng ngUdi nhfl Dulles va
nUdc My dd can thiep va day ngUdi Viet
Nam vao mdt cupc chien kdo dai.
Doan tiep theo cua chUdng sach nay
Khrushchev danh de ndi ve "nhflng khd
khan ma ngUdi Viet Nam phai ddi mat do
cupc xung dot gifla Lien Xd va Trung Qudc".
TrUdc het la nhflng hdi tfldng ciia
Khrushchev ve cupc Hpi nghi cac Dang
Cpng sail va cdng nhan toan the gidi nam
1960 tai Matxcdva va nhflng cd' ging ciia
Hd Chi Minh trong vipe hda giai mau
t h u i n gifla Lien Xd va Trung Quo'c. Ong
ke: "Trong phien hop sau cung eua cupc hpi
nghi cac dang cpng san va cong nhan toan
the gidi, mpi ngUdi deu ddng y ky vao Ban
Tuyen bd' cua Hdi nghi, trfl doan Trung
Qudc - nhflng ke Udng bUdng tU chdi mpt

trong nhflng diem trong van ban. Day la
mpt diem quan trpng va vipe dUa diem nay
vao Ban Tuyen bd' - ddi vdi ehung tdi, la
mpt va'n de nguyen tic. Vi the ehung tdi

khdng the nhan nhUdng vdi ngUdi Trung

Qudc."
Trong tinh hinh dd, Hd Chi Minh da the
hipn vai trd hda giai rat quan trpng va day
cd le la mdt trong nhflng ddng gdp to ldn
cila NgUdi vao phong trao cdng san va cdng
nhan qud'e te ma ehung ta cdn it dUde biet
tdi. Khrushchev ke: "Hd Chi Minh da den
gap tdi va ndi: 'Ddng chi Khrushchev, cae
ddng chl nen nhUdng bd cac ddng ehi Trung
Qud'e ve diem nay.' 'Chung tdi nhUdng bp
the nao dUdc?' - toi dap: 'day la mpt vin de
nguyen tie'. 'Ddng chi Khrushchev, Trung
Qudc la mdt nUde r i t ldn vdi mdt dang cung
rat ldn Cae ddng chi khdng the cho ph6p
phong trao bi chia re. Cac ddng chi phai
dam bao r i n g eae ddng chi Trung Qud'e se
ky vao ban tuyen bd' cung vdi ta'^t ea ehung
ta. Chl khi nao van ban dd dUde thdng qua
tren ed sd n h i t tri h o i n toan thi nd mdi ed
mpt tam quan trpng qudc te*'.
TrUdc cd ging thuyet phuc eiia Hd Chi
Minh, Khrushchev giai thieh: "Ddng chi Hd
Chi Minh, doan dai bieu ehung tdi dang no

lUc bet minh de duy tri khdi thd'ng nhit
eua phong trao cdng san. DUng nghi ring
ehung tdi xem thUdng dia vi va sUe manh
cua Dang Cdng san Trung Qudc. Chung tdi
dang lam t i t ea nhflng gi cd the de gifl
Trung Quo'c trong khdi cae dang cpng san
anh em. Nhflng chic b i n ddng ehi cung
hieu la ehung tdi khdng the nhan nhUdng
ve nguyen t i c . (...) Ddng ehi ndi r i n g Trung
Qudc la mpt nude ldn va dang Trung Qudc
la mpt dang ldn. Chic chin ddng chf cung
ddng y r i n g Lien Xd cung khdng phai la
mpt nUde nho va dang cua ehung tdi cung
khdng nho. NhUng dd chi la v i n de phu.
T i t ca cie dang cdng san deu binh ding va
deu phai ed quyen binh d i n g va cd hpi nhU
nhau. v a theo each dd thi t i t ca nhflng cao
vpng ciia ehung ta deu phai dat dudi mpt


fl6 Chi fffmh vb cu^c chi^n franh d Vi&t Ram'
mue tieu ehung, va mue tieu dd la sU t h i n g
ldi eua phong trao cdng san".
Khrushchev ke: "Hd Chi Minh ddng y
vdi tdi, nhUng dng ndi: "Vipe dd vdi ehung
tdi dudng nhU rat khd. Dflng quen r i n g
Trung Qud'e la l i n g gieng cua ehung tdi'.
Sau khi ndi ebuypn vdi tdi rd rang la Hd
Chi Minh da di ndi chuyen vdi ngrudi Trung
Qud'e. Sau cung, do nd lUc ciia dai dipn

doan ehung tdi sau nhflng cupc thfldng thac
keo dai vdi ngUdi Trung Qud'e, ehung toi da
tim dUde each dien dat ma ca hai ben cung
CO the chip nhan va Trung Qud'e ddng y ky
vao Ban Tuyen bd" (9).

101

mang" va "Vi T h i n h Cdng san". Can phai
luu y r i n g trong tat ea cac ban thao Di
chdc cua minh, Hd Chi Minh chi mpt lin
phai dung chfl "dau long" khi ndi ve sfl bat
hda trong phong trao cdng san the gidi.

Cdn ve phia Khrushchev, ong viet: 'Tdi
da r i t dau long khi Trung Qudc cudi cung
da cit dflt ta't ea cac mdi quan he chinh tri
vdi ehung toi" (11). Tuy nhien, ong ta lai
nhan dinh kha chii quan ve thai do ciia Ho
Chi Minh va Dang Lao dpng Viet Nam khi
d6. Khrushchev vie't- "Khi sfl chia re gifla
Dang Cdng san Lien Xo va Dang Cone san
Trung Quoc trd nen cdng khai. Trung Qudc
b i t d i u lanh dan Dang Lao dpng Viet Nam
Tuy nhien, nhU ehung ta da biet, du Ban
bing mpt Rdi day thUng. Mot bo phSn ldn
Tuyen bd da dUdc Hpi nghi 81 Dang Cpng
dan cU d Viet Nam • do do mpt bp phan ldn
san va cdng nhan qudc te thdng qua, nhflng
ciia dang

la ngUdi Trung Qudc. Trung
bit ddng gifla Lien Xd va Trung Quo'c ngay
Qudc da bSt dau dung anh hUdng dang ke
eang trd nen sau sic vh eay g i t bdn. Cudi
cua minh de gay ra sU tranh cai gifla Vipt
cung, xung dot vu trang da nd ra tren bien
Nam va Lien X6 va hUdng Dang Vipt Nam
gidi Xd - Trung. Tfl nhflng gi Khrushchev
den chd chd'ng lai ehung tdi Gid day mdt sd
ke lai, ehung ta cd the hinh dung dflde Chu
vi tri ehii ehdt trong lanh dao Dang Vipt
tieh Hd Chi Minh da dau long nhfl the nao
Nam deu do cac ddng ehi than Trung Qudc
trUde sU chia re, xung dot npi bd cila phe
n i m gifl. Trong luc ehung tdi lam t i t ca
Xa hpi chii nghia. Vi vay, trong Di chdc cua
mpi viee kha di ed the giiip Vipt Nam thi
minh, NgUdi da viet: "Ve phong trdo cdng
nhflng nhan td than Trung Qudc lai ra sflc
sdn thi'gidi... Ld mot ngUdi sud't ddi phuc
lam t i t ca nhflng gi c6 the dUdc dl khiSn
vu cdch mgng, tdi cdng tU hdo vdi sii ldn cho Trung Qudc hai ldng. Ndi each khae, hp
manh cua phong trdo cdng sdn vd cdng khdng nhflng lam nhflng viec chdng lai
nhdn qudc te bao nhiiu, thi tdi cdng dau ehung tdi ma cdn chdng iai ldi fch cua chfnh
ldng bdy nhiiu vi sii bdt hoa hien nay gida Viet Nam That la dang tiec" H'^)
cdc ddng anh em! Tdi mong rdng Ddng ta Khrushchev cdn viet them; "Chung toi da
se ra sdc hogt dgng, gdp phdn ddc lUc vdo ludn thanh that va hao phdng trong cac nd
viic khdi phuc lgi khdi dodn ki't gida cdc Iflc chi vipn cho Viet Nam. va sU thu dieh
ddng anh em trin nen tdng chd nghia Mdc hudng ve phia ehung tdi cua nhflng nhan to
- Linin vd chu nghia qudc te ud sdn, cd ly, than Trung Qudc b Vipt Nam la mpt vien

CO tinh. Tdi tin chdc rdng cdc ddng anh em thude ding khd nudt trni" (13).
vd cdc nUdc anh em nhdt dinh se phdi dodn
ki't lgi" (10).
Giai thich cho vipe tai sao Khruschehev
lai
viet ra nhflng dieu tren day vao thdi
Day chinh la ldi bde bach, la quan diem
diem
do (1970), dng ta viet- 'Toi dfla nhflng
va hy vpng ciia Hd Chi Minh - mpt ngUdi
ma Khrushchev gpi la 'Thien sU ciia Cach dieu nay ra bdi le nd lien quan tdi van de


102
ehung tdi cd the hy vpng gi khi ma gid day
Hd Chi Minh da mat".
Theo nhflng ngudn tin ma Khrushchev
va ban lanh dao Lien Xd khi dd nhan dflde
thi: "Gid day, vdi cai chet ciia ddng chl Hd
Chl Minh, sU ldn manh cua anh hudng than
Trung Quo'c se cd the lan truyen rpng ldn
hdn bao gid het. Va neu dieu nay xay ra thi
dd la mpt dieu rat dang tide, va dd se la each
tdi tp nhat de tUdng nhd ve ddng chi Hd Chi
Minh, ngUdi da dd'c bao nhieu sUe lUc va suy
nghi de cung ed' tinh hflu nghi gifla td qud'e
eiia dng vdi Lien Xd" (14). Khrushchev da
dpc ky nhieu tai lipu lien quan den vin de
nay dflde cdng bd' tren bio chi, dae bipt la
ban Di chuc cua Chu tich Hd Chf Minh dUde

cdng bd' sau khi NgUdi qua ddi va dng khdng
giiu giem sU quan ngai khi khdng tim thiy
trong dd mpt eau nao ndi ve sU giiip dd to ldn
eua Lien X6 doi vdi each mang Viet Nam.
Sau cung, Khrushchev bdy to hy vpng ciia
dng va ban lanh dao Lien Xd ve mpt sU cai
thien quan he gifla Lien Xd va Viet Nam vi
thing ldi cua cupc khang chien cua nhan
dan Viet Nam va vi phong trao cpng san the
gidi ndi ehung.
2. Mot vai n h a n x e t
2.1. Nhu da trinh bay d tren, tap hdi ky
cila Khrushchev dUde xua't ban lan d i u
tien d My trong mpt thdi diem dac bipt
nhay cam, sau khi dng ta da hi ha be va
Chu tich Hd Chi Minh vUa mdi qua ddi, lai
vao gifl lue cupc Chien tranh lanh dang d
cao trao, mdi bat hda Xd - Trung cung vd
cung eang thang va cupc khing chien
chd'ng My cua nhan dan Viet Nam dang d
vao giai doan het sflc khd'c liet. Trong bdi
canh dd, nhflng thdng tin do tap hdi tudng
nay cung cap chic chin dUde cac the lUc de
qud'e, dae biet la My, ldi dung de chd'ng pha
phong trao cpng san qudc te ndi ehung va
each mang Viet Nam ndi rieng.

Rghien cuu Lich sir. s6 9-t-10.200a
2.2. Do x u i t xfl va tinh hinh chuan hi ban
thao cho lan xuat ban cua cudn hdi ky nay

khdng dUde cdng khai va nhieu thdng tin
trong tai lieu nay chi la hdi Uc eua mpt ea
nhan Khrushchev nen tfnh xac thUe eua nd
khd dupe xdc nhan neu khdng dUde kiem
chUng chec (cross-checked) bdi nhflng ngudn
sii lipu khae thi chi cd y nghia tham khao
n h i t dinh trong nghien cflu s i hpc. Day la
nguyen t i c ehung trong khai thac va phe
phan thdng tin ddi vdi ngudn s\i lieu hdi ky mpt ngudn sii lieu thfl cap va gian tiep.
2.3. Du cdn ed nhieu eho tdn nghi,
nhflng mpt so' diem sau day cd the dUde coi
la dang tin eay:
Thd nhdt, dd la nhflng cam nhan ca
nhan cua Khrushchev ve nhan each va
nang Iflc cam hda ngUdi khae eua Chii tich
Hd Chi Minh. Trcng tap hdi ky nay
Khrushchev da md ta Hd Chl Minh nhfl
"mpt vi thien sfl each mang", "mpt vi thanh
cdng san" vdi i n tfldng r i t manh ciia dng ve
sU chan thanh, trung trUe va trong sang
toat len trong anh mit, ldi ndi, eii cbi va
viee lam cua Hd Chi Minh. Day cung la i n
tUdng va cam nhan da dUde nhieu ngUdi
ghi nhan khi cd dip tiep xuc vdi Hd Chi
Minh. Dieu dae bipt b day la: Khrushchev
da ghi nhan lai i n tUdng dd vdi tu each la
nha lanh dao Xd viet eao cip n h i t .
Thd hai, dd la mpt sU xac nhan chic chin
ve nhflng nd Iflc khdng mpt mdi ciia Hd Chi
Minh n h i m ngan chan, hda giai nhflng bit

ddng, ciing cd' khdi thd'ng nhit, doan ket cd
ly, cd tinh trong phong trao cpng san va cdng
nhan qudc te. Ghi nhan eiia Khrushchev ve
boat dpng cila Hd Chi Minh tai cupc dai hpi
cac dang cpng san va cdng nhan the gidi tai
Matxcdva vao nam 1960 la mpt minh ehflng
cu the ve tam huyet va t i m vdc qudc te cila
lanh tu Hd Cbi Minh.


Tl6 Chi minh va cu^c c h i ^ franh 6 Vi^t Ram"

103

Thfl ba, nhflng q u a n ngai sau s i c cua
K h r u s h c h e v ve cai gpi la "nhflng n h a n t d
than T r u n g Qud'e" va "ehdng Lien Xd" t r o n g
Dang Lao ddng Vipt N a m va dae bipt la
trong b a n l a n h dao eua D a n g s a u k h i
nhflng b i t ddng Xd - T r u n g cdng k h a i b u n g
nd cd the dUde xay dUng dUa t r e n nhflng
ngudn t h d n g t i n k h d n g xac thfle, k h d n g
chic c h i n . Nhflng t a p hdi ky cua
Khrushchev da cho e h u n g t a t h i y r i t rd
rang, r i n g sU tdn t a i eua nhflng q u a n ngai,
nghi ngd, t h a m ehi la ea nhflng d a n h gia
tieu efle eiia gidi l a n h dao Xd Viet doi vdi
lanh dao va D a n g Lao ddng Viet N a m thdi
ky 1964-1970 la mpt sfl t h a t . Dd la sfl tdn
tai cila nhflng "vien thuo'c d i n g khd nud't

trdi" t r o n g cd h o n g eiia b a n l a n h dao Xd
viet luc dd. Sfl t h a t n a y b i t n g u d n tfl dau
thi c i n cd nhflng n g h i e n cflu k h a e , dfla t r e n
sfl khai t h a c n h i e u n g u d n t a i lieu lUu trfl d
Matxcdva, B i c K i n h va H a Npi mdi cd the
dflde l u a n giai va m i n h ehflng d i y du. Tuy
nhien, chi rieng vdi vipe cho biet sfl tdn tai
nhflng q u a n ngai, n g h i ngd va d a n h gia
tieu efle nhU t r e n t a i Matxcdva da eho t h i y
p h i n nao nhflng khd k h a n , phfle t a p cua
cupc dau t r a n h cila D a n g Cpng san Vipt
Nam khi dd n h i m mpt m a t gifl vflng dfldng
ldi lanh dao dpc l a p , tU chil, m a t k h a e ed
the t r a n h t h u dUpe sU giup dd, u n g hp to

ldn ciia ca Lien Xd, T r u n g Qudc va cae nUde
a n h em, cac lUc lUdng tien bp tren toan t h e
gidi de t a o n e n sUe m a n h tdng hdp, vUdt
qua thii thach, gianh t h i n g ldi cudi eung
trong cupc k h a n g chien chdng My cflu nfldc.
Tim h i e u s a u s i c bdn nhflng q u a n ngai,
nghi ngd va nhflng d a n h gia tieu efle ten tai
d Matxcdva n h u da dupe bde Id ra trong
nhflng ddng hdi tfldng cua Khrushchev se
gdp p h i n m a n g lai nhflng kinh nghiem quy
b a u cho chien Ifldc ddi ngoai cua Dang va
N h a nfldc ta trong giai doan each m a n g
hipn nay.

CHU

2.4. C i n phai n h i n m a n h mpt lan nfla,
r i n g mpt so' thdng tin Khrushchev dfla ra
trong cudn bdi ky nay c i n phai dflde tiep
n h a n bet sflc than trpng, c h i n g ban nhfl
nhflng dien bien hen quan den Hpi nghi
Geneva va tac dpng ciia cude xung dot Xd Trung ddi vdi Dang Lao ddng Vipt Nam... Chi
khi nao nhflng thdng tin dd cung dflde xac
n h a n bdi nhflng ngudn sii lipu khach quan
khae thi ehung ta mdi ed the k h i n g dinh dflpc
gia tri xac thfle cila ehung. Du sao day cung
chi la sfl ghi n h a n va phan anh cua mpt ea
n h a n n h a n vat hch sii - mdt ngfldi trong cupc
d mpt vi the r i t te nhi, nhay cam la nguyen
Bi thfl thfl nha't Ban C h i p h a n h Dang cpng
san Lien Xd Nikita S. Khrushchev.

THICH

(1). Xem: Khrushchev, Nikita S., Khrushchev
Remembers, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1970.
(2), (3), (4), (6), (8), 9), (11), (12), (13), (14).
Khrushchev, Nikita S., Khrushchev Remembers,

sdd, tr. 480, 480, 480-481, 481, 482-483, 483-483,
484, 484, 485, 485.
(5). CClng di thim Lien X6 djp niy con c6 Mao
Tr^ch Dong v i Chu An Lai. Xem mo ta dien bien
(Xem tU(p trang 96)

Rghi&i curu Lich sir, sg 9+10.2008

96
(13). "1.000 stux diverse porceleynen, 100 soo
schotels, als pierings en copiens voor de taeffeF.
(Chii thich 4, Dagh-Register Batavia, 19-12-1663)
(14). "50 stucken porceleyne bloem flessen,
lang en small". (Chii thfch 4, Dagh-Register
Batavia, 4 Maert 1666)
(15). Hoing Anh Tui'n, Silk for Silver: DutchVietnamese Relations, 1637-1700, Leiden-Boston:
Brill, 2007, Appendix 11, p. 238. Tic gia da cung
ci'p nhQng so lifu kha cv t h i trong nghien cflu cua
minh.
(16). Chii thich 4, Dagh-Register Batavia, 24
June 1681, pp. 389-390.
(17). "Instruction for Anthonij van Brouckhorst
to Tonkin, Nagasaki, 22 October, 1644", inNIHON
KANKEI KAIGAI SHIRYO
: HISTORICAL
DOCUMENTS
IN FOREIGN
LANGUAGES
RELATING
TO
JAPAN
(JAPANESE
TRANSLATION)
SELECTION I : GRAND A
SHOKANCHO NIKKI, Volume VIII (Part II), bien

soan bdi Vi$n Nghien ciiu Ljch sii ciia D^i hoc

Tokyo, 1997, pp. 128-130 k6m theo vin ban gfic,
1993, pp. 289-292.
(18). Chii thfch 4, Dagh-Register BatavUi, 1661,
p. 32.
(19). Chii thfch 4, Dagh-Register Batavia, Anno
1666, 1667, 1668, 1672, 1675, 1678, 1681; Chii
thich 15, Hoang Anh Tui'n (2007), Appendix 8, pp.
231-232.
(20). Chii thfch 4, Dagh-Register Batavia, Anno
1661, 1663, 1664, 1666.
(21). Bang thong ke niy cin cii vio so li^u lien
quan den buon ban tai Phu luc 10 trong cuon sich
Silk for Silver cua Hoing Anh Tui'n (Chii thfch 15:
Hoing Anh Tui'n, pp. 236-237). Nguon tii Ii$u
Hoing Anh Tui'n tham khao tii cac so li^u ch^t loc
trong Overgekomen Brieven en Papieren; BL OIOC
G/12/17; Dagh-register Batavia 1624-1682; Volker,
Porcelain. Phin danh diu "*" l i do toi b^ sung
them cho chi tifi't.
(22). Chii thfch 4, Dagh-Register Batavia, Anno
1666, 1667, 1668, 1678.

"Hd CHiMINH VA CUOC CHIEN THANH

II

(Tidp theo trang 103)

chinh cua chuyen thim Lien X6 ciia Ho Chf Minh
trong: Hoc Vifn Chfnh trj Quoc gia Ho Chf Minh Vi^n ho Chi Minh, Hd Chi Minh - Bien nien tieu
sd. Tip 4, Nxb. Chfnh tri Quoc gia. H i Noi, 2006,
tr. 404-407 v i Duiker, William J., Ho Chi Minh. A
Life, Hyperion, New York, 2000, tr. 421-422.
(7). Nhfl tren, tr. 482. Theo Hd Chi MinhBien nien tieu sd , t i p 5, do NXB. Chfnh tri Quoc
gia i n hinh nim 2007 thi trong thdi gian tfl khi
Chien dich Di?n Bien Phu bit d^u (13-3-1954)
cho tdi khi Hi?p dinh Geneva dfl^c ky ket (21-71954) thi Chu tich Ho Chf Minh khong tham d\l
cupc hpi nghi nio

d Matxcdva. De thong nhi't6 lip trUdng tai H$i
nghj Geneva, Ho Chf Minh chi tham di^ m$t cu^c
hpp t^i Lilu Chau (Trung Quoc) til ngiy 3 d^n
ngiy 5 thing 7 nim 1954. Tham di^ h^i nghj vl
phia Trung Quoc c6 Thii tudng Chu An Lai. VI
phia Viet Nam, ngoii Ho Chf Minh con c6 V6
Nguyen Giap v i Trin Vin Quang. (Xem: Vi$n
Nghien cfiu Ljch sii Dang, Hd Chi Minh - Biin
nien tieu sd , t i p 5, Nxb. Chfnh tri Quoc gia, Hi
Npi, 2007, tr. 470). Nhu v^y. th5ng tin mi
Khrushchev dUa ra vl cupc hpp b MatxaJva rit
dang lUu y, cin du(10). Ho Chf Minh, Toan tdp, t i p 12, Nxb.
Chfnh trj Quoc gia. H i Npi, 2002, tr. 511-512.