Quan hệ Trung-Pháp trong việc giải quyết vấn đề Đông Dương tại Hội nghị Geneva năm 1954

QUAN HE TRUNG-PHAP TRONG VIEC GIAI QUYET VAN
DE DONG DUONG TAI HOI NGHI GENEVA N A M 1954
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NGUYEN VAN TRi*

H

di nghi Geneva ve Ddng DUdng
n i m 1954 cung nhQng nhan t d t a c
ddng tdi Hdi nghi n i y v i n l i mdt mdi quan
tam cua gidi sd hpc trong va ngoai nUdc.
Trong khudn khd nhQng t i i lieu hipn ed
trong tay, bii viet n i y t i p trung tim hieu
l i p trUdng cua Trung Quoc v i Phap trong
vipc giai quyet cudc chien tranh Ddng
Duong tai Hdi nghi Geneva n i m 1954 v i
t i c ddng cua mdi quan he giQa hai nUdc
n i y tdi ket qua cua Hdi nghi.
Ddng DUdng, cho den luc Hdi nghi
Geneva dien ra, l i dia b i n cd vi tri quan
trpng ddi vdi ldi Ich qud'c gia cua Phap v i
Trung Qud'c. Vdi Trung Qud'c, day l i phen
diu, l i d u ndi xud'ng phia Nam. TQ giQa
the ky XIX trd ve trUdc, Viet Nam l i ndi
Trung Qud'c cd nhieu anh hudng. Vdi P h i p ,
Ddng Duong l i "hdn nggc" d Vien Ddng ndi mang den cho hp nhidu ldi Ich tQ ngudn

tai nguyen thien nhien phong phu; tQ vi tri
an ngQ cac ludng giao thdng giQa Ddng Bic
A vdi Ddng Nam A, giQa Ddng An Dp
DUdng vdi Tay Thai Binh DUdng.
Chinh vi the, trUdc khi nUdc Cdng hda
Nhan dan Trung Hoa ra ddi, Ddng DUdng
da l i dia ban tranh chap quyen ldi giQa
Phap vdi Trung Qud'c. Trong cudc tranh
chip dd, cudi cung hai ben budc phai dung
hda, chia nhau quyen ldi d Viet Nam;
Trung Qude de cho Phap thiic hipn quyen
* Vipn Lich sd Quan si;f Vipt Nam

cai tri d Viet Nam; ddi lai, Phap nhupng
cho Trung Quoc mdt sd quyen vd kinh te,
giao thdng d ndi niy. Khi nUdc Cdng hda
Nhan dan Trung Hoa ra ddi (1-10-1949),
quan he giQa Cdng hda Nhan dan Trung
Hoa vdi Phap cung nhU quan diim cua
Cdng hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa vd v i n dd
Ddng DUdng cd sU thay ddi: Trung Qude
vipn trd cho Vipt Nam khang Phap gianh
dde l i p d i n toe, qua dd, bao v§ bien gidi
phia Nam cua minh. Vipn trd cua Trung
Qude cho Vipt Nam khdng chi cd v i t liic mi
cd ca nhan lUc- dpi ngu cd vi'n d cac nginh,
cic d p . Rieng ve vipn trp v^t chit, khdi
lupng h i n g Trung Quoc vi^n trd nhdng
n i m 1951-1954 Udc chdng 50.000 t i n v i
"xdt cho cung-vin dUdi 100.000 t i n , hay

cdn kdm xa mdc nUdc Phap n h i n cua My
cung trong thdi gian dd" (1). Vi^c Trung
Qude giup nhan dan Vipt Nam khang chidn
l i m cho quan he Trung - Phap trd nfin ddi
dich (2). Phap khdng cdng n h i n Chinh phu
nUdc Cdng hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa; hda
theo My, Phap thi h i n h chinh sich d m
v i n kinh te chdng Trung Quoc. Ddi vdi vin
dd Ddng DUdng, b§n canh vipc n h i n vi§n
trd quan sU cua My, td t h i n g 9 n i m 1950,
Phap ldi kdo My va mdt sd ddng minh khic
b i n bipn phap ddi phd vdi kha n i n g Trung
Qud'c dUa quan tn;(c tiep tham chidn d ndi
nay. NhU thd, Ddng DUdng trd t h i n h m^t
diem ndng trong cupc "Chidn tranh l^nh"


Quan ht Trung-Ph^p h\>ng viec.
giQa hai phe x i hdi chu nghla (XHCN) va
tu ban chu nghia (TBCN).
De'n n i m 1953, cudc "Chien tranh lanh"
da cd bien chuyen Idn. Cac nUdc Idn deu
mudn giai quydt hda binh nhQng xung dot
giQa hai phe. Ngiy 27 t h i n g 7 n i m 1953,
cac ben tham chien tren b i n dao Trieu
Tien ky Hipp dinh dinh chidn Bin Mdn
Didm. Ngiy 4 t h i n g 8 n i m 1953, Lien Xd
keu gpi cac nUde Idn (trong dd cd Trung
Quoc) trieu t i p mdt hpi nghi ban bien phap
lim giam cing t h i n g d Vien Ddng. Cung

luc nay, d Ddng DUdng, cudc chien cung
mang de'n mpt tinh the mdi khien ca Phap
Iin Trung Qud'c phai tinh tdi hUdng giai
quydt khic. TQ n i m 1950, cudc chien tranh
Ddng Dudng da phat trien thee hudng ngay
cang cd ldi cho liic lUdng khang chien. Cudi
n i m 1950, tuydn phdng thu bien gidi ViptTrung cua quan Phap bi pha vd, chien
trUdng Ddng DUdng khai thdng tren thtic td
vdi cic nudc XHCN. Dau n i m 1952, he
thdng phdng thu d trung du v i ddng bing
Bic Bd cua quan P h i p bi chpc thung, cac
cin cQ, khu du kich cua quin dan Vipt
Nam dupe lien thdng tQ vung nui phia Bic
xud'ng trung du, ddng bing Bic Bp v i vao
tdi khu vtic Bic Trung Bd. Cud! xuin n i m
1953, vung kiem soat cua quin P h i p d
ThUdng Lio bi thu hpp: toan bd tinh Sam
Neua, mdt p h l n tinh Xieng Khouang v i
Phong Saly n i m dudi sU kiem soit cua Itic
lUdng khang chidn Lio. Vung giai phdng
ciia Lio d khu vtic n i y dUdc ndi lien vdi cac
vung giai phdng cua Viet Nam d Bic Bd v i
Bic Trung Bd.
Su phat trien dd cua cudc chien mdt m i t
budc Phap phai yeu clu My vien trd ngay
cing nhieu hdn (3) nhUng m i t khac, tinh
hinh dd cung lai l i m gia tdng xu hUdng
mud'n thoit khdi cudc chidn trong ndi bd
cua hp (4). Den giQa n i m 1953, gidi d m
quyen Phap thd'ng nhi't chpn con dUdng

thUdng lUdng de' thoat khdi cudc chien

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trong danh dii. Tai mdt phien hpp Qude hdi
Phap vio t h i n g 5 n i m 1953, Thu tUdng
Laniel tuyen bd: "Cho den n i m 1953, trong
cdng chiing Phap cd hai xu hUdng ddi ngUdc
nhau. Mdt so' ngUdi mudn giai quydt cudc
chien bing con dudng thUdng lUdng, trong
khi sd khac lai cho r i n g cd the giai quydt
cudc chien bing chien tranh. Den luc niy,
cac cudc tranh l u i n dd can cha'm dQt. Tren
thtic te, chiing ta deu mong ring cudc chien
se giai quyet dUdc bing con dUdng thUdng
lupng" (5). Ddi vdi Trung Qud'c, cugc chidn
cing nghieng phan t h i n g vd phia liic lUdng
each mang Ddng DUdng thi cang mang lai
nhieu ldi the cho hg trong quan he qud'c te
v i trong viec bao ve bien gidi phia Nam ciia
minh. NhUng gid day, trong nhin nhin cua
Trung Qud'c, tinh hinh dd ciia cugc chien
cung dUa tdi khd ndng hg phai ddi phd vdi
My d Ddng DUdng (6). Trong cugc chien
tranh Trieu Tien (1950 - 1953), hai ben
Trung - My da dung dau vdi nhau. TQ cugc
dung diu nay, Trung Qud'c cho ring My la
con "bd gii'y"- khdng thiic sU hung manh vi
dang sd nhUng ciing tQ day, Trung Qud'c (It
nhi't la trong gidi quan sti) ciing nhin thi'y
nhQng ban che trong kha ning quan sU cda

minh. Theo Shaul Breshn trong tic phim
Mao Trach Ddng, thi, "d mdt mQc do nio
dd, chien tranh Trieu Tien da cho cac tUdng
linh quan ddi Trung Qud'c, nhi't la Banh
DQc Hoii, thi'y r i n g Trung Qude khd cd the
til bao ve minh. Md hinh chien tranh du
kich linh boat da giup ich nhieu va din tdi
thing ldi sau thdi gian ndi chien kdo dai,
nhQng nhQng cudc xung dot quoc te hien
dai lai l i vi'n de khac" (7). NhU the, mpt
cudc dung dau vdi My lln nQa, du tnic tiep
hay giin tidp, thi v i n l i mpt van de khien
Trung Qud'c cdn cdn trgng suy tinh. Trong
khi dd, tQ n i m 1953, Trung Qud'c thtic hipn
ke hoach 5 n i m lan thQ nhi't. Ke hoach nay
ddi hdi hp phai "ddn tim, ddn liic vio giai
quyet cac vi'n de trong nUdc" (8), dong thdi


50

phai tranh thu ngudn lUc tQ cac nUdc
phUdng Tay, ndi cd nen khoa hpc va cdng
nghp hien dai. Trong v i n kien vd chinh
sach ngoai thUdng trinh Uy ban Trung
Udng Dang Cong san Trung Qud'c ngay 8
t h i n g 3, Bp Ngoai thUdng Trung Quoc xic
dinh: 'Tich cUc phat trien quan he budn
ban vdi cac nUdc tU ban chu nghla du r i n g
Trung Qud'c phai ludn canh giac, khai thic

mau t h u i n v i phan bipt ddi xd giQa cic
nUdc dd tren nguyen t i c hai ben cung cd
ldi" (9). Phu hdp vdi dudng ldi kinh te dd,
Trung Qud'c chu trUdng thiic hien mdt
chi'nh sach ddi ngoai hda binh, d i thipn
quan he vdi the gidi ngoii khdi XHCN.
Trong mdt cudc hpp cua Bd Ngoai giao,
t h i n g 6 n i m 1953, Thu tUdng Trung Qud'c
phat bieu: Trung Qud'c " d n phai lam cho
thd gidi tin r i n g Trung Qud'c l i ngUdi ung
hd thUdng lUdng hoa binh cdn ddi phUdng
l i nhQng ke thich dung bao lUc trong vipc
giai quydt cac cudc xung dot qud'c td' (10).
Bdi the', ddi vdi vi'n de Ddng Dudng, Trung
Qud'c cung mud'n giai quydt bing con dUdng
thUdng lUdng. Ngay 24 t h i n g 8 n i m 1953,
sau khi ky Hipp dinh Ban Mdn Diem, Thu
tudng Chu An Lai tuyen bd': "Cd the thao
luan "cac vi'n dd khic" sau khi giai quydt
hoi binh van dd Trieu Tien" (11).
Chinh vi vay, d Trung Qud'c lan P h i p
deu tan thanh sang kien m i Lien Xd dUa
ra ngay 4 t h i n g 8 n i m 1953. Tai Hpi nghi
Berlin (DQc) b i n sang kidn dd cua Lien Xd
(tQ 25-1 den 18 - 2 - 1954), Phap nha't tri
trieu t i p mdt hdi nghi qud'c te (trong dd cd
sii tham gia cua Trung Qud'c) d Geneva vio
ngay 26 t h i n g 4 n i m 1954 de giai quydt
hoa binh cac vi'n de Trieu Tien v i Ddng
DUdng. Vd vi'n de Ddng DUdng, ngiy 5

t h i n g 3, tai Qud'c hdi Phap, Thu tUdng
Laniel xae dinh muc tieu: "Phai giinh dUdc
mgt nen hda binh ma d dd tdn trpng the
dipn qud'c gia, tU do c i nhan va dam bao an
toin cho Dao quan Vien chinh" (12). Ddi vdi

Rghidn ciJru Ljch sd. sg 6.2009
vai trd cua Trung Qude trong cudc thUdng
lUdng du dinh dd, ban ghi nhd ngiy 21
t h i n g 11 n i m 1953 cua Bd ngoai giao Phip
k h i n g dinh: "Rd r i n g khdng the cd mdt giai
p h i p vQng ben cho cac cudc xung dot d
chau A ndu khdng cd Trung Qude tham gia"
(13). Ngay 10 t h i n g 4 n i m 1954, Bd ngoai
giao Phap cho r i n g : "Tinh hinh quan h$ vdi
Trung Qud'c diu di (chUa phai l i mdt lien
minh vdi Trung Qud'c) l i mdt trong nhQng
dieu kipn thanh cdng cua Hdi nghi Geneva"
(14). Ve phia Trung Qud'c, trUdc khi Hdi
nghi Berlin hpp, ngiy 9 t h i n g 1 n i m 1954,
Thu tudng Chu An Lai keu gpi "ti't d cic
nUdc Idn lien quan ddn cic cudc xung dot
quan sti d chau A ngdi lai thao l u i n vdi
nhau de tim bipn p h i p giai quydt hoi binh
cac cudc xung dot" (15). Sau khi cic nUdc
tham gia Hdi nghi Berlin nhi't tri tripu t i p
Hdi nghi Geneva, ngiy 2 t h i n g 3 nim
1954, Ban BI thU Trung Udng Dang Cdng
san Trung Qud'c thdng qua ve nguyen tic
v i n kipn "NhQng n h i n dinh ban d i u vi

cdng tie c h u i n bi vd Hdi nghi Geneva",
trong dd, vd vi'n de Ddng DUdng, Trung
Qud'c chu trUdng: "Phai cd' ging hdt sQc de
dam bao Hdi nghi se khdng rdi vio tinh
trang kdt thuc m i khdng dat mdt kdt qua
nao. Ngay d khi Hdi nghi khdng di den
mdt hiep nghi, chung ta v i n khdng dQpc de
cho cudc thUdng lUdng ve vi'n de van hdi
hoa binh d Ddng DUdng bi pha hoai hoin
toan. Chung ta d n tao mdt tinh thd vQa
danh vQa d i m n h i m l i m gia t i n g nhQng
khd k h i n vdn cd cua P h i p v i khdi siu
them mau t h u i n giQa Phap v i My trong
vipc giai quydt vi'n dd Ddng DUdng, tQ dd
phuc vu mdt each ed ldi cho cdng cudc di'u
tranh gianh tU do cua nhan dan Ddng
DUdng" (16). Trong cudc thUdng lUpng dd,
Trung Quoc coi vipc P h i p cd mdt lip trUdng
dim phan dde l i p vdi My nhU l i bieu hipn
eua mdt y dinh thUdng lUdng thiic sU.
TrUdc khi Hdi nghi khai mac, theo Phring-


Quan h& Trung-Ph6p trong vi^c...
xoa Goay-d trong t i c p h i m Trung Qud'c vd
viec gidi quyet cudc chien tranh Dong
DiiOng lan thd nhat, cac dai dipn ban chinh
thdc cua Trung Qud'c d Hdng Kdng cho biet:
D i u tien Trung Qude phai xic dinh "xem
lip trUdng cua Phap le thudc hoin toin vio

chinh sich ddi ngoai cua My, hoic ngUpc
lai P h i p cd the k h i n g dinh rd rang y mudn
giai quyet h o i binh vi'n de Ddng DUdng
hay khdng" (17).

51

sdc minh l i p lai hda binh". Minh chQng cho
thien chi dd, VUdng Binh Nam ndi: 'Trung
Qud'c khdng nhi't thiet khuyen khich Viet
Minh hudng hoat dgng quan sti vd vung'
ddng bing". Nhan xet ve tuyen bd' nay,
Phring-xoa Gioay-d cho ring dd la "mdt
cau ndi trgng yeu giQa luc viec phdng thu
khu vtic H i Ndi - Hai Phdng l i mdi quan
t i m Idn nhi't cua cac gidi hQu trach quan
sU Phap" (20). TQ cudi thing 5 den dau
Nhu viy, trUdc khi bUdc vio Hgi nghi thing 6, hai ben Trung - Phap lien tiep td
Geneva, hai ben Trung - Phap ddi dau chQc 6 cudc gip rieng (27-5; 30-5; 1-6; 5-6;
nhau vd vi'n dd Ddng DUdng, Trung Quoc 6-6; T-6). Trong cac cudc thao luan dd, hai
ung hd cudc khang chien cua nhan dan ben vQa trao ddi nhQng vi'n de mang tinh
Viet Nam chd'ng lai cudc tai chidm Ddng nguyen tic trong dam phan vQa thao luin
DUdng cua Phap. NhUng, de phu hop vdi loi nhQng van de cu the ma Hgi nghi dang
ich qud'c gia cua minh, hai ben Trung - thUdng thao (van de tap ket chuyen quan d
Phap lai tim den con dudng thUdng lUdng Viet Nam; van de uy ban qud'c te giam sat
thi hanh hiep dinh). Ve cac van de cu the
de kdt thuc cudc chien.
Hdi nghi Geneva vd Ddng DUdng khai dd, phia Phap da cd nhQng nhUdng bd dang
mac ngiy 8 t h i n g 5, kdt thuc ngiy 21 ke. Ve vi'n de iiy ban qud'c te giam sat thi
t h i n g 7 n i m 1954. Tham gia Hdi nghi cd hanh hiep dinh, tai cugc gip ngay 30 thing

cac doin dai bieu cua 9 nUdc (18) (doin dai 5, dai dipn Phap Chauvel tuyen bd: 'Tdi
bieu Phap do Ngoai trUdng G. Bidault din hoan toin ddng y vdi quan diem cua ngii
diu, doin dai bieu Trung Qud'c do Thu VUdng Binh Nam ring nhiem vu cua uy
tudng kiem Bd trUdng Ngoai giao Chu An ban li ngin chin sU tai dien xung dot d
Lai l i m trUdng doin). Vao nhQng ngiy diu ben trong v i ngin chin viec dUa phUdng
cua cudc thUdng lUdng, hai ben Trung- tien chien tranh cung quan ddi nUdc ngoai
Phap cdn khdc biet nhau ve quan diem dam vao lanh thd Dong DUdng. Chung tdi cung
p h i n den mQc phia Trung Qud'c thi'y khdng nha't tri nghien cQu vice lap sii giam sat d
the dung hda dUdc. Chu An Lai nhan xet ca tren di't hen Iin tren bien" (21). Ve van
ban de nghi 9 diem ngiy 8 t h i n g 5 cua de tap ket chuyen quan d Viet Nam, trUdc
Phap l i "lim theo y cua My"; l i "sU chuan viec Trung Qud'c de nghi Phap thao luin
bi cho mUu dd l i p khdi phdng thu d Ddng vdi Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda cac
Nam A cua My" v i vi the "khdng phai la nguyen tic tai Hpi nghi, ddng thdi thao
thQ ding de thUdng lUdng" (19). Du thd, luin cac ndi dung cu the d Ddng DUdng, tai
Trung Qud'c v i n mud'n thUdng lUdng vdi cudc gip ngay 5 thing 6, Chauvel phat
Phap tren mdt Idp trUdng khach quan m i d bieu: phia Phap 'Vin tin ring mgt thda
dd phia Phap cd the trdng ciy de trao ddi. t h u i n ve nguyen t i c phai dat dUdc d
Tai cupc gip b i n chinh thQc d i u tien giQa Geneva trUdc khi b i t diu cac cupc thao
Trung Qud'c vdi P h i p ngay 18 t h i n g 5, dai luan d tai chien trUdng. NhUng du sao di
dipn Trung Qud'c, VUdng Binh Nam tuyen nQa, (Chi'nh phu P h i p d) Paris da yeu d u
bd: "Chung tdi den day khdng phai de ung (chinh quyen P h i p d) Sai Gdn cii cic n h i
hd quan diem cda Vipt Minh m i de l i m hdt dim phan Phap tiep xiic vdi phia Viet


52

Nam" (22). Ben canh dd, ve nhQng van de
nguyen t i c trong dam phan, Trung Qud'c
k h i n g dinh mpt each rd rang hdn lap
trUdng khach quan cung nhU mdt thai dp

thUdng lupng thUc sti, qua dd hp Id ra kha
n i n g nhUdng bd phia Phap khi giai quyet
vi'n dd Ddng DUdng. Tai cudc gip Chauvel
ngay 30 t h i n g 5, VUdng Bi'nh Nam tuyen
bd': "Bi't ky mpt giai phap nao cung phai
diia tren ldi ich rieng cua mdi qud'c gia
n h i m dUa den sQ ddng t h u i n va h i i Idng
cho cic ben d i m phan" (23). Cu the, VUdng
Binh Nam ndi: "Ong Pham V i n Ddng ndi
nUdc Phap v i n cd the de cac cd sd v i n hoi
va kinh td d Viet Nam. Sau khi t i i l i p hoi
binh, Viet Nam se xem xdt vipc tham gia
khdi lien hipp Phap va xay diing quan he
than thipn vdi Phap" (24). Tinh than
thUdng lUdng dd cua phia Trung Qud'c lai
dupe Chu An Lai k h i n g dinh trong cudc
gip Bidault ngay 1 t h i n g 6. Cd the ndi, day
l i nhQng quan diem mang ndi dung^dn vdi
nhQng dieu m i Thu tUdng Phap de ra ngay
5 t h i n g 3 n i m 1953. Bdi the, ngay trong
cudc gip Chu An Lai lan d i u tien, ngiy 1
t h i n g 6, Bidault d i k h i n g dinh quan diem
giQa hai ngUdi g i n nhau nhU hai n h i lien
kd (25). Tie'p dd, trong cupc thao l u i n vdi
Chu An Lai ngiy 7 t h i n g 6, Bidault, khdng
gii'u didm, ndi r i n g quan diem giQa dng v i
Chu An Lai ri't g i n nhau v i nhQng cudc
ndi chuyen giQa hai ngudi "cd tinh xay
diing hdn nhQng cupc ndi chuyen vdi ngudi
khac" (y mud'n am chi Lien Xd) (26). Diu

the, neu nhU phia Trung Qud'c diia ra quan
diem thiiOng liiOng mdt cdch rd rdng - tdn
trpng the dien cua Phap cung nhU chip
n h i n sti duy tri d mdt mQc dp quydn ldi v i
anh hudng cua Phap trong rridt giai phap
dti dinh ve va'n de Ddng DUdng, thi, phia
Phap, trong cudc gip ngay 7 t h i n g 6,
Bidault chi "biy td mong mud'n hda binh v i
hd Id vdi phia Trung Qud'c (ring phia Phap)
se khdng sd dung bi't ky mdt sQc dp q u i n

Rghien cijru Lich sd. sd 6.2009
sU nao" (27). Thtic chi't, Phap v i n mudn
thUc thi chinh sich dung My de tao ldi the
trong thUdng lUdng. Trong cudc hdi dim ba
ben (Phap, Anh, My) ngiy 17 t h i n g 6, tai
Geneva, Phap va My thdng nhi't "khdng
giai tda mdi lo ngai cua Trung Qud'c vd vi'n
dd d c c i n cQ quan sQ My d Lio vi
Campuchia" (28). NhU viy, sau mdt thing
dam phan, hai nUdc tuy da nhlch lai gin
nhau nhUng v i n cdn khoang cdch trong
thUdng lUdng. Trong cudc hdi dim vdi
trudng doin Anh, Eden ngiy 19 t h i n g 6,
trudng doin Lien Xd, Molotov n h i n dinh:
"Quan he Trung - Phap (trong qua trinh
Hpi nghi), du da cd sU d i thien ding ghi
n h i n nhUng chUa thay ddi nhieu" (29).
Ddn giQa t h i n g 6, Hdi nghi ve Ddng
DUdng lam vao be t i c do hai ben dam phan

khdng thda t h u i n dupe vdi nhau ve vipc
xem xdt rieng vi'n de Lao v i Campuchia
vdi vi'n dd Viet Nam; vd vi'n dd rut quin
dpi Viet Nam ra khdi hai nUdc dd. Su be tic
n i y gdp p h l n dan den vipc Chinh phu
Laniel that bai trong cudc bd phidu tin
nhipm tai Qud'c hdi Phap ngiy 12 t h i n g 6.
Vdi Trung Qude, sU be t i c dd cua Hdi nghi
khidn hp lo l i n g ve kdt cue cua cudc dim
phin. Bdi viy, de hdi nghi khdi dd vd, trong
cudc hpp ba doin phia eac nUdc XHCN
ngiy 15 t h i n g 6, Trung Quoc da thuyet
phuc phia Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hoi
(DCCH) rut quan ra khdi Lio v i
Campuchia. Chu An Lai k h i n g dinh: "Ndu
chung ta khdng thQa n h i n sti cd m i t cua
quan dpi Viet Nam d Lio v i Campuchia thi
cudc thao l u i n vd Lao v i Campuchia se
khdng the tidp ttic dUdc v i tQ dd se lim do
vd nhQng cudc thUdng lUpng vd Viet Nam.
Do dd, chung ta phai thQa n h i n r i n g cd
quan tinh nguypn Viet Nam d Lio va
Campuchia". Ddi lai, Chu An Lai cho ring
Viet Nam DCCH cd the ddi Phap nhQdng
bd ve vi'n de p h i n chia vung kiem soat. Y
kien cua Trung Qud'c dUde Lien Xd ung hd


Quan he Trung-Phap h-ong vi^c.
v i cudi cung doin Viet Nam DCCH chip

t h u i n (30). Theo gdi y cua phia Anh, trUa
ngiy 16 t h i n g 6, trudng doin Trung Qud'c,
Chu An Lai gip trudng doin Anh, Eden
trao nhQng nhUdng bd cua phia cic nUdc
XHCN. Chu An Lai k h i n g dinh: "Se
"khdng khd" de budc Viet Minh ddng y rut
q u i n cua hg ra khdi hai nUdc i'y trong
khuan khd qui dinh q u i n ddi nUdc ngoii
nit khdi (Ddng DUdng)" (31). Ve Lao v i
Campuchia, Chu An Lai ndi: Trung Qud'c
"sin s i n g cdng n h i n tinh chi't hdp phap
cua hai chinh phu Hoang gia d Lio v i
Campuchia" ngay khi nao Trung Qude
"dupe dam bao r i n g khdng cd mdt cin cQ
quan sU n i o cda My dupe xay diing d hai
nudc niy" (32). Trung Qud'c cung "mong
mud'n hai nUdc Lio va Campuchia duy tri
quan he vdi Phap". De di de'n hoa binh d
hai nUdc nay, Chu An Lai cho ring: Vd
trudng hdp Campuchia, "vi liic lupng khang
chidn nhd nen chi d n mdt thoa t h u i n
chinh tri giQa Chinh phu Hoing gia vdi liic
lupng k h i n g chien". Vd trUdng hdp Lio, "vi
liic lupng khang chidn Idn hdn nen can tao
nhQng khu tap kdt cho liic lupng dd dgc
bien gidi Viet Nam va Trung Qud'c" (33).
Ndi dung nhUdng bd tren dUdc Trung Qud'c
trinh biy lai trong cudc gip Bidault ngiy
17 t h i n g 6. Tren cd sd dd, ngay 19 thing 6,
Hdi nghi di ddn thoa t h u i n : De thiic hipn

ddng thdi v i nhanh chdng di den ngQng
b i n d Lao v i Campuchia, Bd tu lenh hai
ben nghien cQu trUdc bet vi'n de rut quan
dpi v i n h i n vien q u i n sU nUdc ngoii ra
khdi hai nUdc niy. Cung tai phien hpp niy,
cic ben cung nhi't tri r i n g sau khi cac
trUdng doin ve nUdc bao cio, Hdi nghi v i n
tidp tuc hpp. Nhu viy, nhUpng bd m i
Trung Quoc dUa ra da thao gd bd tic, tao cd
sd de Hdi nghi tiep tuc giai quydt cac vi'n
de cdn lai.
Trong luc Hdi nghi cd bUdc chuyen tich
ctic nhu thd thi tinh hinh chinh trUdng

53
Phap cung cd sU chuyen ddi cd Ipi cho cudc
dam phan. Sau khi Chinh phu Laniel do,
ngiy 17 t h i n g 6, Qude hdi Phap bau
Mendes France (thanh vien dang Xa hdi
ci'p tidn, ngudi khdng t i n t h i n h chi'nh sach
t h i n My trong d i m p h i n cua Chinh phu
Laniel) lim Thu tudng chinh phu mdi. Tai
le n h i m chQc (18-6), M.France cam ket dUa
Hdi nghi di den hipp nghi trong vdng mdt
t h i n g (20-7). Nhu viy, cdng chiing vd chinh
gidi Phdp mud'n mdt chinh sach thiiOng
liiOng dgc lap vdi My hOn; mong mud'n sii
ke't thuc chien tranh bdng thiiOng liiOng
mg.nh me hOn. Sti bien chuyen dd cua phia
Phap dupe Trung Qude hoan nghenh. Hp

ddnh gid cao vd tin tiidng vdo cugc dam
phan vdi Chinh phu M.France. Ngay 19
t h i n g 6, tiep chuypn dai bieu Canada l i
Chester E. Ronning, Chu An Lai ndi: 'Tdi
sung sUdng thi'y nUdc Phap cd mdt chinh
phu kha manh de h i n h dgng... 6ng
Mendes d i thi'y dupe tinh hinh vi da hinh
ddng mdt cich khdn ngoan" (34). Do dd,
n h i m thuc dly Hdi nghi, Trung Qude d i de
nghi vdi phia Phap td chQc mdt cupc gip
giQa Chu An Lai v i M.France. Cupc bdi
dam giQa hai vi Thu tudng dUdc td chQc vio
ngiy 23 thing 6 tai Bern, thii dd Thuy Sy.
Trong hdn hai gid ddng hd trao ddi, TrungP h i p di den ddng t h u i n ve thii tuc dam
phan: dim phan ve v i n de t i p kdt d n di
vao b i n cu the; vi'n de phan vung tip kdt
giQa hai ben d n giai quyet trUdc. Hai ben
cung nhi't tri thuc day cic ben lien quan
cua phia minh trong vipc giai quydt cic vi'n
dd cua Hdi nghi. Die bipt, theo nhin xdt
cua phia P h i p , trong cudc gip niy Chu An
Lai da dUa ra mdt sdquan diem quan trpng
the hipn "mdt budc tie'n ding ke" - mdt sti
nhupng bd nQa so vdi quan diem trUdc dd
cua hp. "Lan ddu tien Chu An Lai thda
n h i n sU tdn tai tren thiic te cua Chi'nh phu
Vipt Nam qud'c gia"; lan ddu tien Trung
Qud'c ddng y vdi phia Phap ring "cd hai giai

54
doan cho mdt giai phap d Viet Nam: TrUdc
tien la giai quyet van de quan sU, sau dd
giai quyet van de chinh tri" (35). Doi lai,
M.France cung the hien mdt thai dp rd
rang mud'n di den thUdng lUdng thtic sUdieu m i Trung Qud'c khdng tha'y khi dam
thoai vdi Bidault. Ldn ddu tien phia P h i p
de cip den giai phap ehlnh tri cho ba nUdc
Ddng DUdng v i M.France td y s i n sing
tiep xuc tnic tiep vdi Pham V i n Ddng.
NhUng hdn ta't ca, ldn ddu tien Phap the
hipn mdt l i p trUdng d i m p h i n doc lap vdi
My hdn. M.France tuyen bd: 'Tdi mud'n ndi
rd rang r i n g chung tdi khdng dinh lap mpt
cin cd My nao d Ddng DUdng" (36). Cd the
thi'y ring, cugc gip nay da dUa hai ben
Trung - Phap xlch lai gan nhau hdn nQa.
Hai ben da tha'y dUdc rd hdn quan diem
thUdng lUdng cua nhau, tin vio y dinh dam
phan cua nhau hdn, tQ dd cd them quyet
tam dam phan, cd cd sd de dUa ra nhQng de
nghi thuc day cugc dam phan di den t h i n h
cdng.
Trong luc niy, ben ngoai Hdi nghi, tai
Washington, ngay 28 t h i n g 6, hai nUdc
Anh, My ra tuyen bd' chung, trong dd,
thd'ng nhi't d i t ra bay dieu kien cho vipc
tdn trpng mpt hiep dinh d Geneva. Vd vi'n
de phdng thu d Ddng Nam A, hai nUdc thoa
thuan se "thuc day cac bien phap n h i m

thanh lap mdt khdi phdng thu d Ddng Nam
A" (37). Vdn kien bdy diem ma Anh, My
dUa ra tao cho Phap mgt sU h i u t h u i n de
mic ca vdi ddi phUdng. Vi vay, ben canh
vipc thuyet phuc My trd lai Hdi nghi, Phap
chii trUdng "tranh td ra vdi ving di den mgt
hiep nghi" khi ma yeu d u cua hp khdng
dUdc thda man. Phap khdng chap nhan
chia cit Viet Nam d vi tuyen 13 theo de
nghi cua Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda (tai
cudc hpp Phap - Viet ngay 28 t h i n g 6) (38),
ma, tai cugc hpp ba ben (Anh, P h i p , My) d
Paris ngay 13 t h i n g 7, Thu tudng Phap chi
ra: Phap chi n h i n "dudng gidi tuydn lui ve

Rghien curu Lich sd. sg 6.2009
phia Nam mdt chut" (so vdi md'c l i vi tuyen
18 m i hp da de nghi ngiy 26 t h i n g 6)- cd le
theo dudng Ddng Hdi- Thakhek hoic hoi
qua vd phi'a Nam con dudng dd" (39). Ngiy
14 t h i n g 7, Phap cung My ra tuyen bd
chung, trong dd Phap bay td mong mudn
giinh dupe hipp dinh phu hdp vdi Vdn kien
bdy diem. Doi vdi Trung Qude, sU kipn Anh,
My ra tuyen bd' chung ve vipc lip khdi
phdng thu Ddng Nam A khien hp lo ngai
hdn vd kha n i n g My nhay vio Ddng DUdng.
Vi viy, Trung Qud'c chu trUdng di den hipp
nghi trong ban m i Phap d i dUa ra (20-7)
n h i m n g i n c h i n h i n h ddng dd cua My

(40). Theo dd, dieu kipn thUdng lUdng se
dUa ra phai cdng b i n g hdp ly de cho phia
Phap "cd the chip n h i n dUdc". Tai cudc gip
Chu tich Hd Chi Minh d Lieu C h i u tQ ngiy
3 den ngiy 5 t h i n g 7, Trung Qud'c dinh
dudng gidi tuyen phan chia vung kiem soat
giQa hai ben d Viet Nam tai vl tuydn 17gin vdi de nghi d i t dudng gidi tuyen tai vi
tuydn 18 cua phia p h i p ngiy 26 t h i n g 6;
ve thdi ban tdng tuyen cd sau ngdng b i n l i
2 n i m (Viet Nam de nghi dudng gidi tuydn
tai vi tuydn 16, thdi ban tdng tuyen cd l i 6
t h i n g sau ngQng bin) (41). Ngay 10 thing
7, Trung Qude khdng nhi't tri vdi quan
diem cua Viet Nam: NhUdng cho Phap
dudng sd 9 v i Da Ning, ddi lai, Vipt Nam
DCCH kiem soit Lien khu 5 (khu vtic Nam
Trung Bd v i Tay Nguyen). Thay vio dd,
Trung Qud'c khuyen Vipt Nam nen nhUpng
bd ve VI tuydn, ve vi'n dd Lio v i Uy ban
qude te giam s i t thi hanh hipp dinh (42).
NhUng, tinh t h i n nhUdng bd dd cda Trung
Qud'c v i n khdng phdi Id sU di de'n hiep nghi
bdng mgi gid. Trung Qud'c chd dinh nhUpng
bd n h i m n g i n My vio Ddng DUdng viy nen
hp mud'n sU nhUdng bd cua minh cd y nghla
thiic sU. Ngay 8 t h i n g 7, quydn trUdng
doan Trung Qude l i Ly Khic Ndng ndi
t h i n g vdi dai dipn P h i p Chauvel: Trung
Qud'c se giup Phap trong cudc thUdng lUpng

Quan hg Trung-Phap trong vigc.
ndu "mong mudn duy nhi't" cda Trung
Qud'c ve vipc khdng cd cin cQ My d Ddng
Duong dupe thoa m i n (43). NhU viy, trUdc
khi cac trUdng doan trd lai Hdi nghi, Trung
- P h i p ddu s i n s i n g di den nhupng bd de
dUa cudc thUdng lUdng de'n t h i n h cdng.
NhUng hai ben cung d i t ra khung gidi ban
cu the cho sti nhUpng bd dd - mpt sti cdng
r i n hdn ve m i t nguyen t i c thUdng lUdng.

55

cd the dat dUdc hipp nghi trong vai ngiy
tdi". Trong hipp nghi dd, Trung Qud'c cdn
dinh de cho Phap duy tri quan d Nam Viet
Nam mdt thdi gian (ti't nhien khdng qua
thdi gian td chdc tdng tuyen cd) nhim ldi
dung Phap ngin chin sil lien ket giQa My
vdi Bao Dai. Nhu da ndi, de di den hiep
nghi, Trung Qud'c mud'n cd sU dam bao
trUdc ve viec khdng cd cin cQ My d Ddng
DUdng v i ngiy 17 thing 7, hp trao ddi van
Vio thUdng t u I n t h i n g 7, cac trudng
de dd vdi phia Anh (47). Tuy nhien, tai cudc
doin trd lai Hdi nghi (44), hai ben thd'ng
gip giQa Caccia vdi TrUdng Vin Thien trUa
n h i t thao l u i n rieng giQa cic doan trUdc
ngiy 18, phia Anh lai mud'n phia Trung

khi b i t d i u cic phien hpp chung. Theo dd,
Qud'c nhUdng bd trUdc v i trong phien hpp
trong mdt tuIn, da cd nhieu cudc gip tay
ban che chidu ngay hdm dd, khi "My biy td
ddi, tay ba giQa cac doin vdi nhau. Trong
quan diem rd rang", "phia Anh va Phap b i t
khi cac cudc gip tay ddi Xd- P h i p (10, 15dau the hien tinh than boa nghi thiic sii"
7), tay ba Xd - P h i p - Anh (16, 17-7) khdng
thi, nhu Chu An Lai ndi, phia cac nUdc
di den thda t h u i n n i o (ngoai trQ vi'n de di
XHCN tha'y "khdng d n gay them sQc 6p
lai cua Uy ban qud'c td giim sat thi h i n h
(len ddi phUdng) nQa" va quyet dinh nhan
hipp dinh) thi d cic cudc gip Trung- Phap
nhUdng ddi phUdng trUdc. Trong gid giai lao
quan diem cua hai ben lai tie'n gdn den
ciia phien hpp, Chu An Lai ndi vdi Eden
mQc cd the di den hipp nghi dUpc. Tai cudc
ring dng ddng tinh vdi quan diem cua doin
gip M.France ngiy 13 t h i n g 7, Chu An Lai
Phap ve t h i n h phan iiy ban qud'c te giam
gdi y phia Phap nhUdng bd ve vi'n de Viet
sat thi hanh hiep dinh, dd la, tiy ban: gom
Nam de ddi li'y sU n h i n nhUdng nhieu hdn
An Dp, Ba Lan v i Canada, trong dd An Dp
tQ phia cac nUdc XHCN: 'Tdi tin la neu cac
lim chu tich (48). NhU viy, vi'n de thanh
ngii tidn len mdt budc thi ben kia se di
phln iiy ban qud'c td giam sat thi hanh hiep
nhidu budc hdn ve phia cic ngii" (45). Ngiy

dinh dugc giai quyet. Hanh dgng cua Trung
hdm sau, 14 t h i n g 7, phia Phap hudng Qng
Qud'c lam cho phia cac nUdc phUdng Tay
gpi y dd b i n g mdt dd nghi mdi, trong dd cd
hai long. Trong khi doan Lien Xd dUdc nhin
sQ nhupng bd vd gidi tuydn phan vung kiem
n h i n "li t h i n h vien cQng r i n va khd dam
soit giQa hai ben. Guillermaz thdng bao vdi
phan nhi't trong doan cac nUdc xa hdi chu
VQdng Binh Nam: phia Phap se chi chip
nghia" (49) thi vipc Trung Qude dUa ra
n h i n dQdng gidi tuye'n d phia Bic dQdng sd
nhUdng bd dd khien hp trd thanh diem de
9 (khoang vl tuyen 17, trUdc dd, hp de nghi
che phia ben kia tap trung hy vpng va ddn
dudng n i y d vi tuydn 18). Vd thdi gian tdng
nd lUc dam phan vao.
tuyin cd sau ngQng bin, Guillermaz cho
That viy, trUa ngiy 19, cd Eden cung
bidt, phia P h i p cung chi ddng y khoang
thdi gian l i 2 n i m (46). NhQng quan diem du, M.France den gip Chu An Lai. Hai ben
gin vdi quan diem m i Trung Qud'c da neu nhan nhUdng l l n nhau ve vi'n de Lao. Phia
ra cho phia Vipt Nam d i u t h i n g 7. Vi viy, Phap ddng y vung t i p ket cua Itic lUdng
tai cudc hpp ba doin (Viet Nam Dan chu khing chien Lio d khu vUc Ddng Bic giap
Cdng hda. Lien Xd, Trung Qud'c) ngiy 16 vdi Vipt Nam va Trung Qud'c, ddng thdi
t h i n g 7, Chu An Lai, n h i n dinh: "Chung ta dam bao quyen cdng dan cho lUc lUdng nay.


Rghi&i cdu Lich sd. sg 6.2009

56
Doi lai, Trung Qud'c chip nhan cho Phap
d i t cin cQ d Lio, nhUng khdng dUdc d i t d
gin bien gidi Viet Nam, c i n cQ Xieng
Khouang phai chuyen cho ngUdi Lio n i m .
Thay vao dd, quan P h i p phai ddng cin cQ d
phia Nam cua Lao (50). Ngay sau cudc gip
tay ba nay, dai dipn Anh, Caccia gip dai
dipn Trung Quoc, TrUdng V i n Thien
thUdng thao ve van dd Viet Nam. Caccia
nha'n manh phia Phap nhi't quydt ddi
dudng sd 9 v i de cho vipc sd dung "an toin"
con dudng nay, dng gdi y dudng gidi tuyen
la "mdt trong hai con sdng" n i m trong khu
vUc giQa dudng sd' 9 v i vi tuydn 18; trong
n i m 1956 se td chQc tdng tuyen cd Viet
Nam. NhUng ve vi'n de niy, phia d c nQdc
XHCN khdng hoan toan nhi't tri vdi de
nghi cua ddi phQdng. Chieu cung ngay,
TrUdng V i n Thien gip Caccia v i tuyen bd:
"dudng gidi tuyen se dUdc thidt l i p cich
dudng sd' 9 mUdi kildmet ve phia bic"; hai
n i m sau khi ngdng b i n se td chQc tdng
tuyen cd. Ve diem niy, "thdi gian v i
phUdng thQc tuyen cd cu the se dQdc dai
dipn cua cac chinh quydn d hai mien Nam
v i Bic Viet Nam quydt dinh nhQng khdng
dupe mudn hdn t h i n g 6 n i m 1955"; vipc
t i p kdt quan dpi d Viet Nam se phai thtic
hien trong 245 ngiy. (Ngay sau cudc gip

niy, VUdng Binh Nam gip Guillermaz dUa
ra nhQng quan diem tUdng tU ve vi'n dd
Viet Nam). Do dd, dap ldi TrUdng V i n
Thien, Caccia cho r i n g nhQng vi'n dd dd
d n thao luan them giQa Pham V i n Ddng
vdi M.France. Ve gidi tuye'n, Caccia ndi:
"Ngudi Phap cd le mud'n mdt vai kildmdt

CHU

nQa (ve phia Bic)" (51). V i , den ngiy 20
t h i n g 7, sau nhidu cupc thao luin, hai ben
mdi di den thda t h u i n : dUdng gidi tuyen d
Viet Nam d i t d vl tuydn 17, thdi ban tdng
tuyen cd sau ngdng b i n la 2 n i m . Ngiy 21
t h i n g 7, Hdi nghi di den ky kdt cic hipp
dinh dinh chien ve Viet Nam, Lio,
Campuchia v i ra Tuyen bd cuoi cdng, ket
thiic cudc thUdng lUdng ve vi'n de Ddng
DUdng.
Nhin chung lai, trong Hdi nghi Geneva
ve Ddng DuOng, nhQng cudc tidp xuc
Trung- Phap l i nhQng boat ddng d i m phan
quan trpng v i cd hieu qua. O dd, x u l t p h i t
chu yeu tQ ldi Ich qude gia cda mdi nUdc,
hai ben da nhan nhUdng nhau, phia Trung
Qud'c da nhUdng bd phia Phap nhidu hdn.
NhQng nhUdng bd l y da gdp p h l n thuc dly
cudc thUdng lUdng di den thanh cdng. Die
bipt, trong nhQng cudc tiep xuc niy, phia

Trung Qud'c da dUa ra nhQng quan diem
mang tinh nguyen t i c l i m cd sd cho vi^c
giai quyet cac vi'n de cua Hdi nghi. Qua
day, chung ta hieu rd hdn vai trd cua cic
nUdc ldn trong vipc giai quyet vi'n de Ddng
DUdng; chung ta cung thi'y rd hdn xu
hudng h o i nghi giQa hai phe trong vipc giai
quydt cic tranh chip qud'c td luc dd. Cd t h i
ndi, Hdi nghi Geneva ve Ddng DUdng
khdng chi giai quyet rieng vi'n de Ddng
DUdng m i cdn giai quydt d cic v i n dd
ngoii Ddng DUdng; Hdi nghi khdng chi dem
lai hoi binh eho ban dao Ddng DUdng m i
cdn gdp p h l n mang lai hda binh d vdng
Vien Ddng va the gidi.

THICH

(1). Phring-xoa Gioay-6, Trung Quoc vd viec
gidi quyet cugc chien tranh Ddng Duung ldn thii
nhd't, Nxb. Thong tin ly luin. Hi Npi, 1981; tr. 90.
(2). Phap di sdm ludng dinh hinh dpng dd eua
Trung Qud'c. Tii t h i n g 5 n i m 1947, tUdng Salan,

To'ng ehl huy quin viin chinh Phip cl Dong DUdng,
da dupc ehl thi "lim mpi vifc de khdng cho Vi^t
Minh ed the tie'p xiic dUpc vdi cac ddn vj ciia Mao".
Cupc t i n cdng len Vi^t Bic cua quin Phip thing
10 nim 1947 m$t phin nhim myc dich dd. Thing

Quan h& Trung-Ph6p h*ong vt^c.

57

5 n i m 1949, khi chinh q u y i n T r u n g Hoa Quoc d i n

de giiip hui'n luy$n c i c n h i n vien ky t h u i t P h i p

dang s i p thi't thii, tudng Reveres, Td'ng t h a m mUu

v i bao tri may bay m i hp vien trp; de'n t h i n g

t n i d n g q u i n dpi P h i p , dupc cii sang Ddng DUdng

Gieng n i m 1954, My lai dUa 200 nhan vien ky

tim bi^n p h i p phdng thii b i n dao. Reveres ki^n

t h u i t khdng quan niia sang Ddng DUdng giiip

nghj: q u i n P h i p c i n "thUc hiSn mot h§ thdng lien

P h i p . Hdn the, trUde nguy cd Phap n i t khdi Ddng

h o i n cho ph6p bao dam vi6c phdng thu bien gidi tii

Dudng, tii d i u n i m 1954 cac n h i hoach dinh chi'nh

Mdng C i i d^n Thi't Khe", ddng thdi t i p t r u n g

s i c h My cdn b i n tinh den viec dUa quan My true

q u i n phdng thii dong b i n g B i c Bp. (Phring-xoa

tiep t h a m chien tren chien trUdng n i y . (William

Goay-6, Trung Qude vd viec gidi quyei cudc chien

Conrad Gibbons, The U.S government

tranh Ddng DuOng ldn thii nhdt, sdd, tr. 74,77).

Vietnam war - Executive and Legislative

roles and

relationships,

Princeton

(3). N i m 1950, so vi§n trd ciia My cho q u i n
P h i p d Ddng DUdng l i 52,0 ty franc, n i m 1953 len
tdi 285,0 ty v i n i m 1954 d a t tdi 555,0 ty chiem
73,9% chiJfn phi cua P h a p d Dong DUdng. (Ban Chi
dao Td'ng ket chien t r a n h trUc tbupc Bp Chinh tri,
Chien tranh cdch mgng

Viet Nam

(1945-

1975)-

Thdng lai vd bdi hgc, Nxb. Chfnh tri Quoc gia, H i

part

I:

1945-

and

1960,

University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1986;
p.158- WilUam Conrad Gibbons, Chinh phii My vd
cudc chien tranh Viet Nam- Vai trd cua cO quan
hdnh phdp vd lap phdp, p h i n I: 1945- 1960, Nxb.
Dai hpc Princeton, Princeton, New Jersey, 1986,
tr. 158).
(7). Shaul Beslin, Mao Trgch Ddng,

N$i, 2000, tr. 498).
(4). Theo dieu tra cua Vipn Du l u i n Phap,
t h i n g 7 n i m 1947 cd 37% ngUdi P h a p t i n t h i n h
cu§c chi^n t r a n h ciia P h i p d Ddng Dudng; t h i n g

the

Nguyen

HQu Quang dich, Nxb. Tri Thiic, H i Npi, 2008, tr.
254.
(8). U.S Department of State, Foreign

relations

10 n i m 1950, con sS'dd l i 27%; t h i n g 5 n i m 1953

of the United

l i 2 1 % v i de'n t h i n g 2 n i m 1954 chi cdn 8% (Bd

Geneva conference,

Ngo^i Giao, Hiep dinh Gianeua- 50 ndm nhin lgi,

Printing Office, Washington, 1981; p. 898 (Bp

Nxb Chinh trj Quoc gia, H i Ndi, 2008, tr. 76).
(5). Ilya V.

Gaiduk,

Soviet policy toward
1963,

Stanford

Confronting

the indochina
University

Press,

1952-1954,

vol. XVI- The

United States

Government

Ngoiii Giao MJ, Quan he ddi ngogi cHa Hop chung

Vietnam-

conflict,

States,

1954-

Stanford,

California, 2003; p. 17. (Ilya V.Gaiduk, Gidt quyet
vdn di Vift Nam - Chinh sdch ciia Lien Xd vi cu^c

chien tranh Ddng DUdng, 1954 - 1963, Nxb. Dai
hpc Stanford, Stanford, California, 2003, tr. 17).

qude

Hoa

Ky,

1952- 1954, t i p

16- Hpi

nghj

Geneva, Cd quan in i'n Chinh phu My xua't ban,
Washington, 1981, t r 898).
(9). Shu Guang Zhang, Economic Cold war:
America's

embargo

Soviet alliance,

agaisnt

China and the Sino-

1949- 1963, Stanford University

Press, Stanford,

California,

2001, p. 149. (Shu

(6). TrUdc sii thi't b^i cua P h i p , de chd'ng cich

Guang Zhang, Chien tranh Ignh vi kinh te: My

m?ng Ddng Dudng v i n h i m th6' c h i n P h i p , My

cdm vdn Trung Quoc vd sU lien minh Xd- Trung,

c i n g n g i y c i n g can thifp s i u v i o cupc chien cua

1949 - 1963,

P h i p trgn b i n dao n i y . N6'u nhU n i m 1950, khi

California, 2001, tr. 149).

cdng khai vi^n trd eho P h i p tien h i n h ehifi'n t r a n h
cl Ddng DUdng, sii vi$n tnj cua My ehi gom tien b^c
v i vu khf thi de'n n i m 1953, sii vifn tn? dd cd si,!
ddng gdp tnic tie'p cua ca " b i n tay, khdi dc" cua

Nxb. Dai hpc Stanford,

(10). Shu Guang Zhang, Economic

America's

embargo

agaisnt

Stanford,

Cold war:

China and the Sino-

Soviet alliance, 1949 - 1963, ibid, p. 143.

ngUdi M9. C i c n h i quan sii My t h a m gia l$p k^

(11). Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Quoc vd vi^c

hoiich Nava; til t h i n g Gifing n i m 1953, M9 d i cho

gidi quyet cugc chien tranh Ddng DUOng ldn thii

P h i p "mUdn" 28 n h i n v i i n kS t h u i t khdng q u i n

nhdt, sdd, tr. 124.


Rghi&n cdu Lich sd, sd 6.2009

5S

(12). U.S Department of State, Foreign
relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. XVIThe Geneva conference, ibid; p. 437.
(13). Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Quoc vd viec
gidi quyei cugc chien tranh Ddng DUcmg ldn thd
nhdt, sdd, tr. 130.
(14). Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Quoc vd viec
gidi quyet cugc chien tranh Ddng DUOng ldn thii
nhdt, sdd, tr. 212.
(15). Shu Guang Zhang, Economic Cold war:
America's embargo agaisnt China and the SinoSoviet alliance, 1949- 1963, ibid; p. 144.

(24). />WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p.27.
(25). />WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p. 30.
(26).http://wv(rw .Wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/C
WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p. 41.
(27) />WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p. 40-41.
(28). U.S Department of State, Foreign
relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. XVIThe Geneva conference, ibid; p. 1174.
(29). />
(16). />WIHP
Bulletinl6_pl.pdf,
Woodrow
Wilson
international Center for Scholars, Cold war
international history project: Bulletin- Inside
China's Cold war. Issue 16, Fall 2007/ Winter
2008; p. 12. (Trung tam hpc gia qude te Woodrow
Wilson, Du i n lich sii quoc te ve chien tranh l^nh:
Tap vdn bdn bdo cdo- Chien tranh Ignh trong phe
Trung Quoc, i'n ban tha 16, tr. 12).

(17). Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Quoc vd viec
gidi quyet cugc chien tranh Ddng DiiOng ldn thii
nhdt, sdd; tr. 148.
(18). (Lien Xd, Trung Qude, Viet Nam Dan chu
Cpng hoi, Phap, Anh, My, Viet Nam quoc gia,
VUdng quoc Campuchia, Vudng quoc Lao).
(19). />WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p. 17.
(20). Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Quoc vd viec
gidi quyet cugc chien tranh Ddng DUcfng ldn thii
nhdt, sdd; tr. 237.
(21) . />WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p. 28.
(22). />WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p. 36.
(23) . />WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p. 28.

WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p. 101.
(30). Qiang Zhai, China and the Vietnam wars.
University of North Carolina Press, (USA), 2000;
p. 56-57. (Qiang Zhai, Trung Qude vd nhiing cudc
chien tranh a Viet Nam, Nxb. Dai hpc Bic
Carolina, 2000, tr. 56- 57).
(31). U.S Department of State, Foreign
relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. XVlThe Geneva conference, ibid, p. 1174.
(32). Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Qude vd viec
gidi quyei cugc chien tranh Ddng DUOng ldn thii
nhd't, sdd, tr. 253.
(33). U.S Department of State, Foreign
relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. XVIThe Geneva conference, ibid, p. 1171,1173.
(34). Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Qude vd vi^c
gidi quyet cudc chien tranh Ddng DUOng ldn thii
nhdt, sdd, tr. 268.

(35).

U.S

Department

of

State, Foreign

relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. XVIThe Geneva conference, ibid, p. 1239-40.
(36). />WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid, p.53.
(37). U.S Department of State, Foreign
relations of the United States, 1952-1954, vol. XVIThe Geneva conference, ibid; p. 1255.


Quan he Trung-Ph6p trong viec...
(38).

U.S

Department

of

relations of the United States,

59

State,

Foreign

1952-1954, vol. XVI-

The Geneva conference, ibid, p. 1279.
(39).

U.S

Department

of

relations of the United States,

(43). Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Qude vd viec
giai quyet cudc chien tranh Ddng DUOng ldn

State,

Foreign

1952-1954, vol. XVI-

The Geneva conference, ibid; p. 1349.

thii

nhdt, sdd, tr. 284.

(44). M.France trd lai Hdi nghi n g i y 10, Chu
An Lai cd m i t n g i y 12 t h i n g 7.

(40). Trong cudc hdi dam n g i y 10 t h i n g 7, tai
Moscow, trUde viec Lien Xd cho r i n g , thdi diem
n i y "khdng nen lam phiic t a p

chi Chu An Lai, sd 1 n g i y 10 t h i n g 7 n i m 1954.

rUdm r i kdo d i i

(45). Phring-xoa Gioay-d, Trung Quoc vd viec
gidi quyei cudc chien tranh Ddng Duong ldn thii
nhdt, sdd; tr. 291.

d i m phan, l i m Ipi cho My p h i hoai" v i , chu
trUdng "dUa ra dieu kipn cdng b i n g hpp ly m i
Chinh phii P h a p cd t h i n h i n dupe d l ...mau chdng

(46).http://www,Wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/C
WIHP Bunetinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p. 97.

di den dinh chien" trong h a n m i phia P h i p da d i t

(47). Ve vi'n d l khdi phdng thii Ddng Nam A,

ra- n g i y 20 t h i n g 7, Chu An Lai k h i n g dinh:

theo Trung Qud'c, giiia My v i Anh cd mau thuan

"Quan diem v i sU p h a n tfch tinh h i n h eiia T r u n g

nhau ve y dinh t h i n h l i p . Do dd, Trung Qude g i p

Udng Lien cdng vdi q u a n diem v i sU p h a n tich tinh

d o i n Anh n h i m Ipi dung mau t h u a n dd giiJa Anh

hinh cua chiing tdi khi d Lieu C h i u v i B i c kinh l i

vdi My.

nhi't trf. Vi nhi't tri nen (vi'n de) chia khu vUc, vi'n
d l L i o , Mien, Uy ban quoc te k i l m soat ciing deu
c i n suy xdt theo phUdng c h i m tren de t r a n h thii
mau ehdng di de'n hipp nghi". (Bp Ngoai Giao, Td'
Td'ng k i t , Ho sd so' 182, Tdp ghi chep d Vdn

phbng

Trung uong (til n g i y I d i n n g i y 6 t h i n g 10 n i m
1973), dipn cua dong chf Chu An Lai, sd 1 n g i y 10
t h i n g ? n i m 1954.

WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid; p. 72,73.
(49).

Gianeva-

50

U.S

(42). Bp Ngoai Giao, To' Td'ng k i t , Hd sd sd 182,
Trung

UOng (tvf n g i y

I d i n n g i y 6 t h i n g 10 n i m 1973), dien cua ddng

of

State,

Foreign

The Geneva conference, ibid; p. 1429.
(50). />Bunetinl6_pl.pdf,

ibid;

Department of State, Foreign
United States,

ndm nhin lgi, sdd, tr.60, 256.

Department

relations of the United States. 1952-1954, vol. XVI-

WIHP

(41). Bd Ngoai Giao, Hiep dinh

Tap ghi chep d Vdn phbng

(48).s0ncenter.0rg/t0pics/pubs/C

1952-1954,

p.76-77.U.S

relations

of the

vol. XVI- The Geneva

conference, ibid; p. 1466.
(51).http://www.W1lsoncenter.0rg/topics/pub8/C
WIHP Bulletinl6_pl.pdf, ibid