Quan niệm của người Việt về cái đẹp qua ca dao

TRife'THOC, SO 5 (288), THANG 5 - 2015

QUAN NIEM CUA NGLfdl VIET VE CAl DEP
QUA CA DAO
LE HirdNG''!
Quan niem cua ngitdi Viet vi cdi dep Id mgt hinh
trong nin vdn hoa truyen

thdng Viet Nam.

hgc ddn gian vd Id nhdn tdquan
chi ra mgt sdquan

thi2c phdt

No trd thdnh

trien rdt cao cua cO cdu gia tri

he gid tri thdm

my dgc ddo trong vdn

trgng tgo nSn bdn sdc van hoa cua ddn tgc Viet Nam. Bdi viet

niem ve cdi dep cua ngitdi Vi§t qua ca dao dUdc bieil Men d nhihig khia

sau: ThU nhdt, quan niim
ngitdi; thii ba, quan niim

vi cdi dep cua thien nhien;

thd hai, quan

niem

canh

vi cdi dep cua con

cdi dep gan vdi viec ly tttdng hoa ddi sdng; thd tU, cdi dep gdn lien vdi

sU hdi hoa; thU ndm, cdi dep gdn lien vdi cdi td't.

/ S \ a dao la mdt trong nhflng loai hinh
1 vdn hpe d a n gian ke't t i n h nhieu gia
v J t r i van hda t h a m my phong phfl
cua dan tdc tfl ngdn ddi nay, trong dd ed
quan niem cfla ngudi Viet ve cai dep.
Quan niem cfla ngudi Viet ve cai dep
cua tu nhien, cai dep eua con ngudi
trong eae q u a n h e cua ddi sd'ng da p h a n
a n h chan thUc trf tue, t a m hdn n h a y
cam, tinh te cua ngfldi Viet. Quan niem
cai dep trong ca dao da 'trd t h d n h
rapt he chuan t h a m my t i n h hoa eua
dan tde. Chinh vi vay, ca dao la san
p h i m tinh t h a n va la n h u c l u t h a m my
khdng the thie'u trong ddi sd'ng, lao
ddng, da'u t r a n h eua ngfldi Viet. Bdi
viet nay di vao tim hieu quan niem cua

ngfldi Viet ve cai dep qua ca dao nhfl
mdt h a n h trinh trd ve vdi epi ngudn, tdn
vinh nhflng gia tri t h a m my dam da
ban s l e dan tde trong ddi sd'ng hien nay.
Sfl r a ddi vd p h a t trien quan niem
cua ngfldi Viet ve cai dep qua ca dao
dfla t r e n mpt ed sd xa hpi nhd't dinh.
Thii nhdt, cai dep cd ngudn gd'c tfl lao

ddng. Q u a n nidm cua ngfldi Viet ve cai
dep dfldc h i n h t h a n h trong ndn san
xua't t h u i n n d n g va sinh hoat mang
tfnh t a p the. Khdng k h i s a n xud't ndng
nghiep va s i n h h o a t t a p thd Id mdi
trudng nudi dUdng cac sang tac dan
gian: Nhflng cau ca dao, tue ngfl, nhflng
ldn dieu d a n ca, dieu hd, dieu vi... Cung
vdi lao ddng va t r o n g lao ddng, nhflng
sang tac n a y r a ddi, khdng ehi ddn
t h u i n de giai tri, md cdn cd muc dich
thda m a n n h u eau t h a m my cua ngflcJi
h a t va bde Id q u a n n i e m cua hp ve cai
dep. Q u a n n i e m ve cai dep cua ngfldi
Viet dfldc n a y sinh v a p h a t tridn "gdn
lien vdi mpi h o a t dpng lao dpng va sinh
hoat cua n h a n d a n va t h a m gia vao
nhflng sinh b o a t dd vdi tfl each la mot
thdnh phdn, mot nhdn to'edu thdnh eua
sinh hoat dd"(l).

(*)Tien sl, Phong Dao dfic - My hoc, Vien Triet hoc,
Vien Han lam Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam.
(1) Dmh Gia Khanh (chu bien). Vdn hgc ddn gian
Viet Nam. Nxb Giao due Viet Nam, 2010, tr.l4.


LE HUCJNG
ThU hai, q u a n n i e m ve cai dep cfla
ngfldi Viet dfldc h i n h t h a n h k h i n a n g
Ifle t h a m my eua hp p h a t t r i e n d mpt
mflc dp nhd't dinh. Ve va'n de ndy,
C.Mac cho r i n g , "ehi ed thdng q u a sfl
phong phu, da dUdc p h a t trien ve mat
vat cha't, cua b a n chd't con ngudi, thi sU
phong phfl cfla t i n h cam giac chfl q u a n
eua eon ngfldi mdi p h a t trien"(2). Dieu
dd cho tha'y, chi khi cam xuc t h a m my
khdng bi le thudc vao nhflng n h u c l u
thflc t i l n thd thien, thi khi do, q u a n
niem ve cai dep mdi la mdt p h i n td't
yeu cua ddi sd'ng.
Y thfle t h a m my eua ngfldi Viet
trong ca dao dUdc h i n h t h a n h tfl trflde
k h i xa hpi xud't hien giai ca'p. Nhflng y
thflc t h a m my dd ehi thUc sU p h a t t h e n
t h a n h q u a n n i e m t h a m my va ngay
cang dUde h o a n t h i e n k h i ed sfl p h a n
cdng lao ddng va sfl xua't hien cua ehfl
viet. C h i n h dieu kien lich sfl xa hdi do
da tao dieu kien eho n h a n d a n Iao dpng

p h a t t h e n cac n a n g lflc t h a m my cua
minh. Bdng viec s a n g tac edc loai h i n h
n g h e t h u d t d a n gian, t r o n g do ed ea
dao, n h a n d a n lao dpng cd t h e thda
m a n n h u c l u n h a n thflc, cai tao thflc
t i l n va thd hien eae q u a n n i e m ve eai
dep cua minh.
Q u a n niem cua ngfldi Viet ve cai dep
q u a ca dao dflde bieu hien d nhflng khia
canh sau:
ThU nhdt, quan niem ve cdi dep cua
thien nhien.
R u n g dpng trUdc ve dep cua thien
n h i e n Id mdt p h a n t r o n g y thflc t h a m
my cua ngfldi Vidt. Theo q u a n niem eua
ngfldi Viet, eai dep eua t h i e n nhien
trong ca dao la edi dep trdn ddy sU

sd'ng. T h i e n n h i e n t r o n g ca dao Id ca
rapt the' gidi vd cflng phong phu, da
dang, tfl hoa ed - eay la, de'n n u i - sdng,
rafla - n i n g , gid - may, de'n dd't eat, sdi
da,... deu chfla e h a n sfl sdng; la mdt the
gidi sd'ng dgng tdn tgi ben canh cude
sd'ng cua con ngUdi. Trong gd'c r l sau
xa, ngfldi d a n eoi sfl sinh t r u d n g vd v a n
dpng cua v a n v a t Id sfl sd'ng va b a n
t h a n sU sd'ng dd la dep. Cai dep cua
eua t h i e n n h i e n t r o n g ea dao la d eanh
vdt ed sinh khi, sdn t h u y hflu tinh,

sdng n u i h a i hda. C a n h vat luan
chuydn, boat ddng, t r a n d l y sflc sd'ng
x a n h tUdi nhUng cung gdn bd, tUdng
t h d n g vdi con ngUdi mdt each "hflu
tinh". C a n h dep d'y ben canh h i n h dang
u y e n chuyen va m a u s l e tfldi t a n cdn
la h i n h a n h efla a'm no, h a n h phue. Ve
dep x a n h tfldi cua c a n h ddng lfla hfla
h e n rapt mfla gat no d'm, nghia la g i n
vdi eara giac ve sfl sung tfle, vdi cai cd
ieh. Ve dep efla ddng sdng khdng chi
vdi h i n h d a n g ud'n cong m e m mai, md
edn cd gia tri bdi d i p phfl sa cho mfla
m d n g bdi t h u . Trong thara my eua
ngfldi Viet, cai dep va cai cd fch gdn
c h a t vdi n h a u . Do dd, ve dep t r a n d l y
sfle sd'ng eua t h i e n n h i e n trong ea dao
vfla m a n g gia t r i t h a m my, vfla m a n g
nhflng gia t r i thUc te bdi nhflng ldi ich
cua t h i e n n h i e n nudi dfldng sfl sinh tdn
cua con ngfldi.
Cai dep cua thien nhien trong ca dao
cdn dUde the hidn b cdi tinh cua con
ngudi vdi thien nhien. Do dac trUng lao
ddng va sinh hoat m a n g t i n h t h u a n

(2) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Todn tap, t.42. Nxb
Chinh tri Quo'c gia, Ha Noi, 2000, tr.lTS.

23

QUAN NIEM CUA NGUDi VIET VE CAI DEP QUA CA DAO
ndng nen ngUdi Viet gdn chat vdi thien nhien thi eflng la hdp vdi dao sdng cua
nhien, la'y thien nhien lam le sd'ng eua eon ngfldi. Sfl hda hdp gifla eon ngfldi
minh va d dau hp eung tim tha'y cai vdi tfl nhien t a o n e n sfl can b l n g tinh
tinh cua con ngUdi vdi thien nhien xung t a i trong t a m the' eon ngfldi. Con ngudi
q u a n h rainh. Cai t i n h d day la cai tinh binh tinh, tfl t i n doi m a t vdi nhflng khd
cua eon ngudi vdi nfli sdng, trdng sao, khan, vd't va t r o n g cupc sd'ng, diing cam
may gid, dat dai, cay cd. Cai tinh dd lai vfldt qua nhflng k h i c nghiet cfla tfl
cang sau n a n g hdn khi ngUdi Viet g i n nhien. Q u a n n i e m cua ngudi Viet ve cai
thien nhien vdi edi ngudn: "Con ngUdi dep eua t h i e n n h i e n qua ca dao eho
CO cd", cd dngl NhU cdy co cgi, nhU sdng tha'y, ngay tfl xfla, ngfldi Viet da y thflc
cd ngudn"(3); g i n thidn nhien vdi tinh r a t sdm ve sfl g i n bd eua con ngudi ddi
cha nghia me: "Cong cha nhU nui Thdi vdi mdi trUdng sd'ng. Ngdy nay, mdi
San I Nghla me nhU nUdc trong ngudn quan he gifla con ngudi vdi thien nhidn
chdy ra"(4y, g i n thien nhidn vdi tinh dang la va'n de sd'ng cdn cua n h d n loai.
yeu lfla ddi: "Ngdy ngdy em ditng em Tfl quan niem eua ngfldi Viet ve cai dep
trdng I Trdng non, non ngdt, trdng sdng, cua thien nhien qua ea dao, giflp ta
sdng ddi I Trdng mdy, mdy keo ngang n h a n thfle s a u s l e hdn vd'n d l eon ngfldi
trdi I Trdng trdng, trdng khuyet, trdng va mdi trudng, n h i e m vu bao ve mdi
ngudi, ngUdi xa"{S). Chinh cai tinh vdi trudng trong t h e gidi hien nay.
thien nhien da ddn de'n tinh yeu gia
Thi^ hai, quan niem vi cdi dep cua
dinh, tinh yeu que hfldng, dd't nflde. Cd eon ngUdi.
the ndi, ve dep cua thien nhien trong ea
TrUde bet, ngfldi Viet q u a n niem cai
dao khdng chi Id t i n h yeu cua ngfldi dep cua con ngudi qua ca dao dUde the
Viet vdi nhflng eanh vat xung quanh hien d tinh thdn lao ddng. Dd Id thai dd
minh, su chiem ngudng nhflng canh dep eham chi, c l n cfl trong lao ddng: "Bdi

hang ngdy gan bd vdi minh ma edn la anh chdm viec canh nong I Cho nen mdi
tinh cam thieng lieng hUdng ve gia CO bd trong bich ngodi I Ngdy miia tUdi
dinh, que hUdng, Td qud'e.
dgu ngd khoai I Ngdy ba thdng tdm mdi
Quan niem eua ngfldi Viet ve eai dep
dfldc hinh t h d n h tfl boat ddng lao dpng
tieh cfle va tfl n d n g lflc giao cam ciia
eon ngudi vdi thien nhien. Thien nhien
la le sdng cua ngfldi Viet, ddng thdi la
cdsd cua cdi dep. Thien nhien la cai dep
d i u tien, eai dep cd trflde. Ngudi ed dep
thi ngudi eung chi la mdt bp phdn cfla
t u nhien: "NgUdi Id hoa ddt". Thien
nhien trong ca dao chfla dflng tfl tudng
vd sfl thdng nhd't gifla con ngfldi vd tfl
nhien. Nhflng h d n h ddng nao hdp vdi t u

24

ngdi md an"(6). Su khd nhpc, lao ddng
vd't va dUde den bfl, vdi ngfldi ndng ddn
dd chinh la cai dep t r o n g lao ddng, thfl
lao ddng vd't va, khd nhpc nhUng t r a n
day lac q u a n h y vpng. Chfnh sfl lac
quan va h y vpng Id khdi ngudn cua cai
dep. Niem vui dude m u a tao ddng lflc

(3) Vu Ngoc Phan. Tuc ngU ca dao. d&n ca Viet
Nam. Nxb Thdi dai, 2010, tr.277.
(4) Vu Ngoc Phan. Sdd., tr.274.

(5) Vu Ng9c Phan. Sdd., tr.l87.
(6) Vii Ngoc Phan. Sdd., tr.l56.


LE HUbNG
thuc ddy con ngfldi l a m viee chdm chi,
nd lflc sdm h d m de vu mfla nol tie'p bpi
thu. T i n h t h a n lae q u a n trong lao dpng
dem lai hflng thfl k h d n g ehi eho mpt ea
n h a n rieng le m a m a n g lai sfl hflng thfl
phd bie'n ed t i n h x a hpi. Khi rapt hien
tfldng tao n e n sfl hflng t h u ed t i n h chd't
xd hdi rdng ldn nhfl vdy, t h i nd chinh la
cai dep.
Vdi q u a n n i e m cua ngudi Viet trong
ca dao, eai dep cdn dUdc thU thdch trong
lao ddng. Gifla cai dep chan thflc va cai
dep gia tao, ngfldi lao dpng chpn cai dep
eua sfl ehan thUc: 'Td't gd hdn td't nUde
sdn". Chi cd cai dep eua tfl nhien, eai
dep dflde thfl t h a c h t r o n g lao dpng mdi
cd gia tri chan thUc vd dfldc t r a n trpng.
Nhfl vay, q u a n niem eua ngfldi Viet
ve cai dep khae vdi q u a n niem duy my
cd t i n h bay bdng, lang m a n trong xa hdi
vdn m i n h vat cha't, eung khac vdi q u a n
nidm duy ly, dflng cai dep eua ly tri
trd'n ap cai dep efla b a n nang. Ngfldi
Viet chudng cai dep tfl nhien, khdng bi
gd bd, khdng gia tao, dd Id cai dep t r a n

trd sfle sd'ng xud't p h a t tfl ngudn sd'ng
m a n h me trong b a n cha't cua con ngfldi.
Thli ba, quan niim cdi dep gdn vdi
viSc ly tudng hda ddi sd'ng.
Ngfldi Viet ly tfldng hda ddi sd'ng de
ldm gi? Xua't p h a t tfl triet ly: Con ngfldi
la mpt ca the cua tfl nhien, chiu sfl tac
ddng theo quy l u a t cua vu t r u thi con
ngfldi mdi cd t u do va tU do dd mdi ed
t h e giflp hp tdn t a i dflde. Trong che dp
phong kidn, ddi sd'ng cua ngfldi Viet het
sflc cd cflc, hp bi bdc lot, lao ddng cfldng
bflc. Cai dep eua con ngfldi, cua ddi sd'ng
khdng t h e dflde tao r a tfl thfl lao dpng
cflc nhpc, bi cfldng bflc. Con ngfldi phai

ly tfldng hda ddi song de ed niem tin vd
sfl lae quan, tfl do hp tim thd'y eai dep
cua b a n t h a n m i n h vd cai dep cua ddi
sd'ng x u n g q u a n h hp.
Khi ly tfldng hda lao dpng, ngfldi Viet
mdi ed the thda m a n n h u cau thfldng
thflc vd sang tao cua minh, bdi thfle te',
ddi sd'ng cua hp khdng cd dfldc nhflng
dieu kien nhfl vay. De'n vdi nghd thuat:
"Con ngfldi gap gd chinh minh; tinh
t h i n con ngfldi gap gd t i n h t h a n eon
ngUdi"(7). Dd la giay phflt con ngfldi
t a m quen di sU ngheo ddi, tflng qudn
cfla cude sd'ng h a n g ngay. Dd la nhiing

k h o a n h k h i e de con ngfldi giao tie'p vdi
cai dep mot each vd tu. Khi ly tudng hda
lao dpng, ngUdi d a n lao dpng dudng n h u
t h o a t khdi mpi xieng xich, mpi quy t i e ,
thoat khdi sfle m a n h nghiet ngd cua cac
quy luat, sfl nghiet nga cua hien thflc.
Hp da de cho the gidi cfla t i n h cam, ehp
tri tudng tfldng bay bdng de sang tao va
thudng ngoan eai dep eua thien nhien,
cai dep cfla t i n h ydu ddi lfla.
K h u y n h hfldng "ly tudng hda" ddi
sd'ng cdn dUde bpc Id rd hdn nfla trong
nhflng udc md ve cude sd'ng gia dinh
s u n g tfle, giau cd: "Vdc gi anh lay duac
ndng I De anh mua ggch Bdt Trdng ve
xdy I Xdy dgc roi lgi xdy ngang I Xdy hd
bdn nguyit cho ndng rita chdn"(8). Cupc
sd'ng md ngudi lao ddng md Ude la ta't ea
nhiing gi md hp khdng cd trong ddi
thflc. Vi vay, nhflng md fldc v l eudc
sd'ng gidu sang, phfl quy nhfl bfl d i p
cho mpi thie'u thdn, ngheo khd, bfl d i p
cho mpi sfl b a t eong vd vat va m a hp
(7) Immanuel Kant. Pfie piidn ndng lUc phdn dodn
(Bm v a n Nam Sdn dich). Nxb Tri thiic, 2007, XLII.
(8) Vii Ngoc Phan. Sdd, tr.l82.

25

QUAN NIEM CUA NGUDi VIET VE CAI DEP QUA CA DAO
phai ehiu dflng. Nhiing hinh a n h ly
tudng ve eudc sd'ng trong ea dao Id mpt
hinh thflc t h a m my hda thfle te ngheo
nan, nd p h a n a n h cupc d a u t r a n h giai
ca'p cua t i n g ldp n h a n dan lao ddng ndi
ehung cho mdt eudc sd'ng tfl do, khdng
cdn bd't cdng vd dau khd.
Cd the ndi, viee ly tfldng hda thara
my trong lao dpng cua ngUdi Viet ed
mdt y nghia q u a n trpng trong ddi sd'ng
tinh t h a n vd trong sang tae nghe t h u a t .
"Ne'u eon ngudi khdng bie't nhin vao
boat ddng cua minh t r e n quan diem
t h i m my, thi hp khdng the ndo chiu
dung dUde edng vide Iao ddng vat va de'n
kidt sfle, khdng the chiu dung dflde
nhflng bd't cdng, ap bflc dd n a n g len vai
hp trong xd hdi phong kie'n"(9). Do vay,
bang vide ly tudng hda ddi sd'ng, ngudi
lao ddng tao r a cam giac h a n h phuc cho
minh. Cude sd'ng cua hp cd sinh k h i
hdn, hp cd y thflc ve sflc m a n h cua
minh, ve quyen cua minh, ve sfl t u do
Clia minh dd dflng len chd'ng lai sfl b^t
cdng vd dp bflc eua ehe' dp phong kie'n.
ThU tu, cdi dep gdn lien vdi sit hdi hoa.
Trong quan niem thara my cua ngfldi
Viet, eai dep g i n lien vdi sfl hdi hda. Tfl
trong sau t h i m y thflc con ngfldi, nhflng

gi hai hda thudng Id ed sd tao nen cam
giac dep, d l chiu. Trflde het, dd la ve
dep hai hda trong thien nhien. C h l n g
ban, trong ca dao, n u i sdng la mot trong
nhiJng bieu tfldng cua ve dep hdi hda.
Ddl vdi ngfldi Viet, nfli - sdng Id nhflng
sfl vat g i n bd chat che vdi ddi sd'ng con
ngfldi, nfli sdng la edt t u y cfla sfl sd'ng,
nui khdng the thieu sdng, sdng c l n phai
cd nui, thie'u mot trong hai eai do, sfl
sdng khdng tdn tai nhfl am thie'u dUdng,
26

dUdng k h d n g ed am. \ ^ vay, M n h anh
sdng nfli ben n h a u tUdng trflng cho ve
dep hdi hda cua trdi, dd't, con ngUdi.
Dd'i vdi con ngudi, ve dep hdi hda
dUdc t h e hien b sit cdn dot gifla cac ye'u
to' bd p h a n ve m a t h i n h thfle. Trong ca
dao, ve dep h a i hda eua ngfldi phu nfl la
sfl ke't hdp gifla k h u d n m a t vdi dang
hinh. Ngudi p h u nfl cd k h u d n m a t dep
la sfl cpng hfldng eai dep eua cac bp
phan: Ddi m a t dep, "ddi m l t bd eau",
"ddi m l t la ddm" di lien vdi "ddi chan
raay la lieu", h a m r d n g den nhflc,
"mieng cUdi n h u t h e hoa ngau", "ian da
t r l n g " , "mai tde den". Khudn m a t dep
phai di lien vdi d a n g h i n h m a n h mai,
" t h i t day lUng ong"...

Cai dep ve sU h a i hda edn dUdc the
hien d sU phfl hdp gifla hinh thitc vd ngi
dung. Ngudi p h u nfl dep ngodi gfldng
mat, dang h i n h dep edn phai cd cai dep
eua ldi a n tie'ng ndi. Trong ca dao cd r^t
nhieu eau ca ngdi cai dep trong ldi an
tie'ng ndi eua eon ngudi: "Chim khon ndi
tidng rdnh rang I NgUdi khdn ndi tidng
diu ddng di nghe"{10). Cho nen, ne'u da
la ngudi dep t h i p h a i cd gipng ndi dep,
dd la gipng ndi t h a n h tao, ngpt ngdo, va
eao hdn cd mpt t a m hdn dep, mdt n h a n
each dep.
Cai dep ve sU hdi hda edn dUde thd
hien trong lao ddng, chi sU phdi hap
nhip nhdng, dn y trong lao ddng: "Trin
ddng cgn, dUdi ddng sdu/ Chdng cdy vg
cdy eon trdu di bita'\ll).
Sfl hdi hda
(9) V.Guxep. My hgc Folkor (Hoang Ngoc Hig'n
dich). Nxb Da N i n g , 1999, tr.499.
(10) Nguyin Tan Long, Phan Canh. Thi ca bink
dan VietNam, t . l . Nxb Hoi nha vSn, 1998, tr.380.
(11) Vii Ngoc Phan. Tuc ngS vd dan ca Viet Nam.
Nxb Stt hoc, Ha Noi, 1961, tr.69.


LE HUbNG
nay tao n e n mdt k h d n g k h i vui tfldi,
rapt t i n h t h i n h d n g say trong lao dpng.

Sfl hdi hda cflng dfldc tao n e n tfl sU
tUOng xihig lfla ddi: "Anh con son em
cdng con son I Vde gi ta dugc ldm eon
mdt rt/id"(12). Nhfl vay, h a i hda tao
t h d n h mpt dac trflng q u a n trpng ciia cai
dep. Ddi vdi ngfldi Viet, ve dep cua sfl
hai hda dUdc bieu hien ra't sinh ddng.
Q u a n niem cai dep g i n lidn vdi sfl hai
hda ed t i n b bid'n ddi linh hoat, do thUc
tidn t h a m my cua ngfldi Viet quy dinh.
ThU ndm, cdi dep gdn lien vdi cdi tot.
Trong n e n v a n hda cua ngfldi Viet,
sfl d a n h gia t h a m my mot h d n h vi h a y
mdt n h a n each trflde h e t dfldc n h i n
n h a n thdng qua gia tri dao dfle. Gia tri
dao dfle chidm mpt vi tri ndi bat trong
sfl dieu tie't cac h d n h vi q u a n h e ngudi
va mpi q u a n he xa hpi. Cho nen, trong
ddi sd'ng t i n h t h i n thi y thflc t h a m my
cung bi ehi phoi m a n h me bdi gia tri
dao dfle. Vi vdy, cai dep ve h i n h thflc
phai di lien vdi cai dep ve ndi dung. Cai
dep vd h i n h thflc phai g i n lien vdi cae
e h u l n mUc dao dfle td't va nhieu k h i eai
dep h i n h thflc p h a i n h u d n g chd cho eai
dep t a m hdn: "Cai net d d n h chet cai
dep" hoac "xd'u ngfldi dep net cdn hdn
dep ngfldi".
Trong ca dao, eai dep efla cupc sd'ng
sinh boat gia dinh dfldc bieu hien d y

thUc hoa thudn de xdy dUng vd bdo vi
hgnh phuc gia dinh.
Cai cd't ldi t r o n g gia dinh, theo q u a n
niem eua ngfldi Viet, Id ye'u t d hda
thudn, hda t h u a n mdi tao ndn sfl nghiep:
' T h u d n vd, t h u d n chdng, t a t bien Ddng
cflng can". Hda t h u a n la ngudn gde eua
h a n h phuc gia dinh. Trong y thflc gia

dinh, ngfldi Viet khdng ldy ye'u td' tai
n d n g l a m can b a n m a eho ye'u to' hda
t h u d n la q u a n trpng can ban. Mudn tao
khdng k h i hda t h u d n trong gia dinh, vd
chdng thudng ldy n h a n n h i n lam d i u .
Ngfldi Viet ed cau: "Mpt cau n h i n la
chin cau ianh". Di nhien, n h d n nhin
phai tfldng flng. C h a n g nhflng vd phai
n h i n chdng m a chdng cung phai nhin
vd. Dd la sfl hda t h u d n trong m a u
t h u d n . O trudng hdp n a y ly- tri vUdt b a n
b a n ndng. Ca dao cd cau: "Chdng gidn
thi va hdt ldi I Cam sdi bdt l^a khdng
ddi ndo A/ie"(13). Y thflc n h i n nhin nay
p h i n ldn phu thudc vao ngfldi dan bd,
bdi y thfle h e phong kie'n ra't coi trpng
ngudi dan dng, theo do md ap dat trong
gia dinh, ngUdi chdng ed vai trd quye't
dinh mpi vide, edn ngUdi vd va con cai
phai phuc tflng. ^^ vay, de gifl hda
t h u a n trong gia dinh, ngUdi dan ba phai

cam ehiu mpi thiet thdi, phai n h d n n h i n
"nghe theo ldi chdng".
Bao ve gia dinh b l n g phUdng thflc
nhudng nhin cd tac dung k h a quan, tac
d u n g nha't thdi, nhUng ehUa dfl. Trong
gia dinh, ngfldi Viet ehu trpng sfl
n h u d n g nhin de t r a n h dd vd, ddng thdi,
dung dgo vd ehdng de cdm hoa ldn
nhau. Day Id mdt bieu hien sinh ddng
eua cai dep trong cude song gia dinh
ngUdi Viet.
Dao vd ehdng Id ye'u to' cd't loi de
n g a n chdn bao lUc gia dinh. Chdng ban,
trUde n a n d a n h vd cfla ngfldi ehdng,
ngfldi dan ba da kheo leo cam hda ngfldi
(12) Vii Ngoc Phan. Tuc ngU ca dao, ddn ca Viit
Nam. Sdd., tr.l69.
(13) Nguyin Tan Long, Phan Canh. Thi ca bink
dan VietNam. Sdd., t.2, tr.284.

27


QUAN NIEM CUA NGUtil VIET VE CAI DEP QUA CA DAO
ehdng blng each nhle nhd ho lflc vd
chdng ddng cam edng khd: "Gia roi
ddnh thiep sao ddnh,/Anh khdng nhd
thud rach ldnh ed nhaur(l4). Hoae
trong trfldng hdp ngfldi vd mic lam ldi,
ngudi ehdng thay vi danh dap vd anh ta

cung phai din do: "Khong ddnh bau di
bdu ludng tudng/ Dang tay ddnh bdu,
them budn dg anh"(15).
Trong gia dinh ngUdi Viet cdn dung
tinh yeu thUdng vd chdng de sfla chfla
thdi hfl tat xd'u eua nhau. Chlng han,
gap ngfldi ehdng mai rfldu che, cd bac,
ngfldi vd da dfla vao dao vd chdng de
khuyen can: "Anh ai! Anh d lgi nhd, /
Thdi dUng cd bgc nUa md hU than/
Ham ehi nhiing cua phii vdn, / Ld ra
edng nd nhiiu phdn xau xa"(16). Hoac
gap phai ngudi chdng bieng nhac,
khdng lo xay dflng sfl nghiep gia dinh,
ngfldi vd khuyen: "Trieu dinh con
ehuong thi thU, / Khuyen anh den sdch
sdm trUa hgc hdnh / May nhd phgn co
cdng danh / Md anh phu quy, dy minh
ve vang"(17).
Nhflng ldi cam hda tren day ed mdt
sfle manh phi thfldng thflc tinh nhflng
ngfldi chdng be tha, truy lae bie't trd ve
vdi trach nhiem eua minh trong gia
dinh. Ne'u khdng cd sfl cam hda do thi
ngfldi chdng cdng sa vao tpi ldi vd ciing
chlng bao gid cd nhiing ldi an nan tha
thiet: Dim thanh, nguyit xe, sao td/
Anh nguyen thi tu bi, d nhd vdi em"(18).
0 day, ehflng ta thay ea mdt nghe
thudt flng xfl, flng bien khdn kheo,

mem mdng vd quye't het trong gia dinh
cua ngfldi Viet ma phan nhieu thude ve
ngfldi dan ba de gifl dflde hda thuan
28

trong gia dinh. Day la mdt ndt dep
trong gia dinh ngudi Viet, khdng ehi
thdi xfla ma ca thdi nay, eang cln dfldc
coi trpng.
Nhfl vay, ddi vdi ngfldi Viet, tinh
ngbia vd ehdng hay edn gpi la dao vd
chdng la pham trfl mang y nghia dao
dfle - tham my. Dao vd chdng la bieu
hien sinh dpng ve eai dep trong cudc
sd'ng gia dinh efla ngfldi Viet. Nhd cd
dao vd chdng ma gia dinh ngUdi Viet
dUde eau ke't ben chat, mang gia tri
thieng lieng; ddng thdi vUdt qua mpi
sdng gid, khd khan de duy tri, tiep ndi
nhiing gia tri tdt dep tfl thd he nay sang
the he khac.
Cd the ndi, quan nidra ve eai dep cua
ngfldi Viet bi quy dinh bdi dieu kidn
sinh boat vat cha't va quan he dao dUc.
Quan niera vd cai dep cfla ngUdi Viet,
ve ed ban, la sfl thdng nhd't gifla cai
thuc te - cai my - cai td't. Chinh sfl gin
bd gifla cac gia tri dd da trd thanh ddng
Ifle tinh than, tao ndn sflc sd'ng manh
liet, niem tin eua nhan dan vao sdc

manh eua minh trong lao dpng vd cuoc
sd'ng. Quan niem ve cai dep ciia ngUcii
Viet trong ca dao la mot hinh thflc phat
trien eua ed ed'u gia tri trdng nen van
hda truyen thd'ng Viet Nam. Nd trfi
thanh hd gia tri tham ray dpe dao trong
vdn hpc dan gian va la nhan td' quan
trpng tao nen ban sic van hda cua dan
tdc Viet Nam. Q

(14) Nguyin Tlui Long, Phan
(15) Nguyin Tah Long, Phan
(16)Nguyln Tan Long, Phan
(17) Nguyin Tan Long, Phan
(18) Nguyen Tail Long, Phan

Canh. Sdd,
Canh. Sdd,
Canh. Sdd,
Canh. Sdd,
Canh. Sdd,

t.2, tr.285.
t.2, tr.287.
t.2, tr.293.
t.2, tr.293.
t.2, tr.294.