Quan hệ xã hội và hành trình đi tìm sức sống trên những dặm đường khảo sát xã hội học: Phần 2

NguySn Quang Vinh

208

cua thiic t i i n . Hay chi lay mot t h i d u nho, chang h a n n h u ,
doi v6i cac q u a n n i e m ve do t h i va do t h i hoa, ve npi d u n g
n h i e u chieu cua p h a t t r i e n nong t h o n va p h a t t r i e n do t h i ,
dvTdng nhiJ ngay t r o n g doi n g i i q u a n l y N h a nxidc d t r o n g
v u n g v i n chifa dat t d i mot cai n h i n t h o n g n h a t va sang ro.
C h u n g h i a k i n h n g h i e m c6 le con dang dong mot v a i tro
dang ke t r o n g hoat dong ciia mot so' k h o n g nho cac can bo
q u a n ly N h a nu6c, n h a t la d cap cd sd.
Trxidc

nhutng t h a c h do' t a n g n h a n h dot ngot do'i v6i

q u a n l y p h a t t r i e n , n h a n dan dang k y vong vao sii dap l i n g
n a n g dong cua mot the he mdi cac n h a q u a n l y N h a nu'dc
t r o n g v u n g , diidc t r a n g b i c6 he t h o n g ve t r i thxic q u a n ly
p h a t t r i e n h i e n dai. N e u ho ke thijfa diidc c h i k h i each
m a n g , ban l i n h va k i n h n g h i e m hoat dong xa h o i cua the
he cac n h a q u a n l y d i trxidc, t h i hy vong ho se cong hien
dUdc n h i i n g h i e u qua cong tac doc dao h d n t r o n g mot doi
n g u q u a n l y N h a nxidc bao gom n h i e u the he t r e n tiifng dia
b a n l a n h tho. M o t doi n g i i q u a n l y N h a nxidc k h o n g ngvfng
doi mdi va diidc t r e hoa b^ng n h i i n g hxidc d i t h i c h hdp n h i i
the, se la bao dam chac chan cho sxi t h a n h dat n h f l n g m u c
t i e u p h a t t r i e n D B S C L , triidc v a n h o i lieh svL mdi.
(In trong cuo'n Dong bang song
CiCu Long - nghien cjjtu phat

trim,

Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1995).


C A U C H U Y E N V A N HOA
CUA M I E N TAY NAM BO

Ly thu nhat, nhifng dong thdi cung la thuoc loai kho
"dan xep" nhat la nhiing he luy van hoa cua siJ phat trien.
oi tham vong 16n lao phat trien kinh te - xa hoi trong vai
ap nien tcii d Dong h&ng song Ciiu Long (DBSCL) chic
chin khong the chi d i l n ra trong thuat toan cua nhiing can
doi dau vao - dau ra, cac nhip do tang trifdng GDP theo
nganh va tieu viing lanh tho, hoac viec x i i ly cac bien so" ve
von, ve cong nghe, thi triidng... Bdi vi, xet den ciing, day la
van de cua con ngiCdi, cua cac ca nhan va cong dong ngiidi,
va la s\l dap ling cua chinh ho triidc cac thach do' gay gat
cua tang triidng kinh te, b i n g nhiing cong hien sinh dong
trong tien bo van hoa. Va, noi mot each chat che t h i bat ky
mot thanh tiiu phat trien nao diidc coi la ben viing ciing deu
phai bao ham viec van dung kheo leo cac tiem nang van hoa
da tich liiy diidc, dong thdi gop phan boi d i p nhiing Idp phCi
sa van hoa mdi cho chat liidng cuoc song cua cac chii the
cua phat trien. Tien bo van hoa c6 y nghia viia nhif la dong
luc, viia nhii la muc tieu cua phat trien, chinh la diidc hieu
tii each tiep can bien chiing noi tren.
^ :,

NguySn Quang Vinh

212

Pi tim stye song cac quan he xa hoi

213

Tien t r i n h phat t r i e n cua D B S C L da va dang dien r a

va d a n h gia cao t i n h n a n g no cua n e n v a n hoa boat dong

xuyen qua n h i e u m a u t h u a n va nghich ly. M o t t r o n g n h i i n g

ciia cac l i i u d a n t h d i md dat, ciing n h i i cua kho'i c i i d a n da

nghich l y do, hoc 16 r a t d a m net t r o n g hien t r a n g phat t r i e n ,

toe ngiidi d D B S C L t r o n g suo't chieu d a i l i c h s\i 300 n a m

la siJ t a n g t r i i d n g n h a n h trong l i n h vUc k i n h te khong c6 siJ

nay. Do l a m o t s i i t h a t , v a l a m o t v o n q u y t h a t stf cho p h a t

song h a n h cua n h i i n g t i e n bo ro net t r e n l i n h viJc v a n hoa,

t r i e n . N h i i n g cuoc song dang k h o n g n g i i n g t i e n hoa. N h i e u

dan t r i , l o i song, chat liidng song v a cd cau n a n g \\ic cua

mo h i n h i l n g x i i , n h i e u p h a m chat v a n hoa t i n h t h a n ngay

ngiidi lao dong. T r a i l a i , t r e n mot so' mat n h a t d i n h cua t i e m

horn qua con to r a l a m o t dap l i n g n a n g dong do'i v6i doi h o i

n a n g v a n hoa d a n c i i D B S C L , dang c6 hxidc sa sut dang lo

cua cuoc song, t h i r a t c6 t h e ngay horn nay da to r a l a k h o n g

ngai. Biicic sa s u t do dang gay trci ngai cho s i i t a n g t r i i d n g

con day d i i n i i a . V a n e u h i i d n g t a m n h i n t d i m o t vien canh

v i i n g ch^c, t r d ngai cho cac muc t i e u chuyen dich cd cau k i n h

xa hdn, t h i c6 n h i i n g cai t h a m c h i l a i trci t h a n h liic can do'i

te va cho c h i n h miic hiidng t h u phuc Idi v a t chat va t i n h t h a n

v6i cuoc h a n h t r i n h q u a m d i me d i vao t i i d n g l a i . Co p h a n

cua d a n chung. C a m giac lo a u cua n h i e u n h a q u a n sat

nao qua Idi khong, k h i n o i r a n g m o t so' t a n d i i cua 16'i song

khach quan ve dieu ma ho goi l a "nghich l y dong b i n g "

l i i u dan va 16'i s6'ng t h i i d n g ho - diide n u 6 i diidng va v a n

k h o n g p h a i l a khong c6 cd sd. O mien dat nay, ndi t h a n h dat

dong t r e n m 6 t m a t b^ng d a n t r i k h a t h a p - r o i se p h a i dap

mot

l i n g l a m sao day trii6e cac y e u cau nghiet nga cua qua t r i n h

mijfc

san lUdng

l u a cao

nhat

ca

niidc

(700 k g

thoc/ngiidi)*", da so' ngiidi d a n v a n song diidi cac m a i l a sd

c6ng nghiep hoa, h i e n d a i hoa va do t h i hoa? Ro r a n g l a

sai, v 6 i nguon nii6c uong b i 6 n h i e m n a n g ne, miic do t h a t

dang CO mot doi h o i k h a c h quan biJtc xiic d6'i v 6 i chuyen d6'i

hoc cao, t r e e m b i suy d i n h diidng v d i t i le 16n, miic do t h u
hiidng v a n hoa ngheo n a n , h a m liidng t r i t u e t r o n g cac san
p h a m ciia vCing con k h a thap...
Theo m o t each h i e u nao do, t h i v a n hoa cung c6 n g h i a la
each t h e song ciia con ngvidi; l a p h i i d n g t h i i c de con ngiidi
t h i c h l i n g v 6 i m o i t r i i d n g t i i n h i e n v a x a h o i , de v i i d n len
dong hoa va cai tao m o i t r i i d n g do, theo n h i i n g muc t i e u cua
t i e n bo x a hoi. K h o n g i t giay miJc da diidc d a n h de p h a n tich

he th6'ng cac d i n h h i i d n g gia t r i ciia ngiidi d a n D B S C L , de
ho CO t h e diidng d a u t h a n g Idi vdi cac t h a c h do' m d i ciia cuoc
so'ng. O day, c6 h a i tuye'n v a n de can diidc song song x\l l y .
M o t mat, N h a niidc, cac d i n h che xa hoi, cac cong dong can
CO s i i ph6'i hdp de n a n g cap viidt bac he tho'ng k e t cau h a
t a n g xa h o i v a k y t h u a t , nhSm ho t r d cho viee t h i i c h i e n cac
chi t i e u ve t i e n bo v a n hoa t r o n g v i i n g . M a t khac, b a n t h a n
moi con ngiidi c( m i e n T a y ciing can y t h i i c ve t a t ca n h i i n g
gi m d i me dang d i l n r a t r o n g m 6 i t r i i d n g k i n h te - x a h o i ,
de k h 6 n g qua n g i i y e n va bang long v d i t r i n h do n a n g liic
hien c6 va m o t each i i n g x i i v a n hoa quen thuoc von dang b i

1. So lieu thong k e n a m 1993.

cuoc s6'ng t h a c h t h i i c va doi h o i p h a i t h a y doi.


Nguyen Quang Vinh

214

"Van hoa va phat trien" la mot chii de rat rong Idn.
Trong bai viet, chiing toi chi di vao phan tich hien trang
ddi song van hoa d DBSCL va nhiing khia canh nghich ly
cua no. Sau do, xin gdi len ba van de cua tien bo van hoa
ma chiing toi cho rang can diJdc xii ly tot, de gop phan hoa
giai nghich ly va bao dam phat trien ben viing. Do la van
de phat trien t a i nguyen con ngiidi, van de truyen thong va
each tan trong phat trien loi song c\i dan, va van de ve svt
ke thijfa c6 tinh sang tao giiia cac the he.
I. H I E N TRANG D C I SONG V A N HOA VA N G H I C H L Y
PHAT T R I E N CUA DONG BANG SONG C U U LONG

Chuyen ke r i n g , c6 mot cau con trai ci tuoi dang 16n rat c6
tai danh bat cua, ca. Cau chAng he thieu tien. Tren cd tay
chang trai thon que mien Tay ay c6 deo mot chiec dong ho
Seiko mdi "cau canh". Chi c6 dieu la la cau chang gap ai cdng...
hoi "May gid roi?". Ly do ddn gian thoi. Cau khong biet chii!
NhiJng giai thoai hien dai nhuom mau hom hinh cua
Ba Phi hay cua Triim Pho va 6ng 6 nhif the khong hiem.
No Cling la mot t h i i t\i trao thong minh, de nh^c nhd ve
nhiing khuyet tat van hoa ma ngiJdi dan biet minh chUa
viJdt thoat han dUdc. Diing vay. Nhiing con so' ngoan muc
ve san liidng liia cua mien Tay, ve miic san xuat binh quan
ciia viing nay bang 1,27 Ian ca niidc' la nhiing thanh t d u

1. Ti'nh toan theo so lieu 3 nam 1990 - 1992.

Di tim SLfc song cac quan he xa hoi

215

mo hoi nUdc m a t t h a t dang t i i hao. Song d phia sau nhiing
so' lieu kinh te tdng hdp ay, van con mot vai mang hien
thUc van hoa va dan t r i bi che k h u a t di. O do con niJdng

n a u khong i t van de gay can rat cham diidc giai quyet.
CCing vdi thdi gian, chiing c6 the tich t u lai de trd thanh
nhiing khung hoang cue bo, tao ra nguy cd pha hong nhieu
chiidng t r i n h phat trien day thien y. Hay t h i i di vao quan
sat mot vai trang thai cua ddi song van hoa hom nay.
1. Triidc het hay noi ve mi^c sink, nhif la mot chi bao
cua trinh do iing x i i van hoa. Ngiidi phu n i i nong thon
mien Tay Nam bo con sinh nhieu con. Mac dau trong vong
15 nam trd lai day, c\i dan trong viing da chap nhan mot
so' bien phap ngufa thai, va ci mot so' nhom xa hoi nhat dinh
(phu n i i tre, dan do thi, t h i tii) da c6 chuyen bien biidc dau
ve quan niem so' con hdp ly, song theo so lieu dieu tra qudc
gia nam 1992 -1993, so' con t r u n g binh cua cac ba me ci
DBSCL v^n con d miic 3,2 con' . So' ba me c6 5 - 6 con
khong phai la hiem d viing nay. Co mot hien tildng rat c^n
luu y la, neu nhii bay, tarn nam ve triidc, ci cac tinh trong
viing, viec giam t i le tang triicing t i i nhien dan so' hang
nam xuo'ng 0,1% khong phai la dieu qua kho khan; t h i bay,
tam nam gan day, keo xuo'ng mdi nam chiing 0,01% la mot
viec het siic chat vat doi vdi nhieu tinh. Co nhieu ly do de
ly giai hien tiidng nay. Nhiing neu chi xet rieng ve khia

• So con t r u n g binh cua cac ba me dong b i n g song Hong la 2,9 con
(so'lieu dieu t r a nam 1992 - 1993).
••

;


Nguyen

216

Quang

Vinh

canh van hoa ciia viec tai san xuat dan c\i, t h i da thay c6
nhieu van de phai giai quyet.
Nhieu cuoc dieu tra xa hoi hoc cho thay boh ly do muon
sinh nhieu con van dUdc lap di lap lai d ca hai gidi nam nQ va ci moi Itfa tuoi cua cxi dan nong thon DBSCL:
- Can ngiidi cham soc k h i gia yeu,
- Can du con trai, con gai,
- Muon gia dinh c6 nhieu sutc lao dong,
- Dong con t h i nhieu phifdc.
Doi v6i nam gidi, doi vdi ngifdi gia va t r u n g nien thuoc
ca hai gidi t h i quan niem nay con kha kien c6', mac dau
cung CO chieu hiidng hdi giam xuo'ng do tac dong tong hdp
cua nhieu cuoc van dong xa hoi. Tuy cac gia dinh tre muon
thay doi mo hinh ling xvL van hoa tren linh viic nay, song
tam anh hifdng tinh t h i n va sii kiem tra xa hoi cua cha
me, ong ba (thiidng cxi t r i i rat gan vdi ho) cung con kha 16n.
Trong so' cac anh hUdng va siic ep tinh than tH phia cac
bac trifdng thifdng do, c6 the ke den sxi binh gia thUdng
xuyen do'i vdi cac cap vd chong tre ve sil \xia chon cac bien
phap ngijfa thai (vi du: nhieu vi rat "ngan" bien phap triet

san nam hoac ni3), binh gia ve so con da sinh, hoac ve tinh
trang thieu vang con trai, v.v...^

1. X e m t h e m : N g u y e n Q u a n g V i n h - "Kehoach
bang song Cilu Long
cuo'n s a c h n a y .

hoa gia dinh d dong

nhin tii goc do bien doi loi song",

i n trong

01 tim sire song cac quan he xa hoi

217

Do mile sinh con cao, nen t i le mac benh (trong nam)
ciia cac ba me d DBSCL ciing cao hdn nhieu vung trong
nxidc va hien d miic 75,57%. O cac ba me c6 3 con trd len, t i
le mac benh cua me len den 80% (cac con so' tifdng iing d
dong bling song Hong la 66,01% va 67,1%).
2. Ti le tre em suy dinh di/dng d DBSCL ciing vao loai
cao nhat trong ca nxidc, mac dau cac dieu kien ve chat bot,
tom ca, trai cay trong vung nay khong phai la thieu thon.
Ngiidi ta Ixiu y ngay cang nhieu tdi viec di t i m nguyen
nhan cua tinh trang nay. Difdc neu len hang dau la cac
nguyen nhan: trinh do dan t r i chiia cao cua phu nxL
DBSCL noi chung va each thijfc cham nuoi con cua cac ba
me trong vCing noi rieng con chiia hdp ly, thieu khoa hoe.

Yeu to' 6 nhiem nghiem trong nguon nxidc mat d DBSCL
ciing la mot nguyen nhan gay benh dUdng ruot cho tre va
lam nghiem trong them tinh trang suy dinh difdng. Cac
cuoc khao sat gan day nhat cho thay chi eo 20% dan cxi
DBSCL CO diidc nguon nxidc uo'ng an toan. Cung each an d
tren song rach va xa phan rac tuy tien cua dong dao cxi
dan cung la mot nguon goc gay 6 nhiem niidc.
3. Trong k h i do, miCc do thu hildng cac dich vu y te cxxa.
ba con trong vung ciing con thap so vdi cac chi tieu cua ca
nude. Trong k h i chi tieu binh quan cua ca nifde la 103 y
bac si (trong do c6 40 bac si) tren 100.000 dan; cua dong
bang song Hong la 87 y bac si (trong do c6 38 bac si) tren
100.000 dan, t h i DBSCL chi c6 difdc binh quan 84 y bac si
tren 100.000 dan (trong do so bac si ehi c6 23). Mile giifdng


NguySn Quang Vinh

218

Pi tim sCfc song cac quan he xa hoi

benh t r e n 100.000 dan cua D B S C L c h i dat 5 1 % mijfc do

D B S C L chi dat mufc 663 (bSng 63,8%

b i n h q u a n ca nU6c, va 58,3% m\ic do b i n h q u a n ciia dong

43,2% mile ciia dong bang song Hong).

bang song Hong.

219

miic ca nudc va
-

Do la n h i n miifc hoc v a n dan ci:; tijf p h i a cac hoat dong

4. Nan mu chit, tinh trang tre em cham den Idp hoac bo

h i e n h a n h cua he t h o n g giao due pho thong. N e u xet h i e n

cua n g i i d i dan

t r a n g t r i n h do hoc v a n ciia t o a n bo dan c h u n g tii 10 t u o i

hoc va trinh

do hoc van binh

quan

thdp

len, t h i con c6 den 16% dan c h u n g hoan t o a n k h o n g

D B S C L cung la mot n h a n to l a m t r d n g a i Idn cho phat

trd

t r i e n ben vQng.

biet cha

• f N e u chi khao sat so hoc s i n h pho t h o n g cac cap (dau
n a m hoc

1992-1993) t r e n 100.000 dan, t h i thay

DBSCL

k h o n g t h a p t h u a bao n h i e u so v6i chi t i e u tvfdng ijfng cua ca

( t r o n g cong dong ba con Khdme, so' hoan

toan

k h o n g biet doc, biet viet t i e n g V i e t l e n t d i 51,58%). T i le c\i
dan (tijf 10 t u o i trci len) chi c6 t r i n h do cap I t r d xuo'ng,
chiem den 6 7 , 4 1 % .

nUdc. Song v a n de noi com len la 80% cd sd trUdng Idp t r o n g

Chi bay n h i e u con so' t h o n g ke k h a c h quan ve ddi song

v u n g deu r a t tho sd, t a m bd; giao v i e n t i e u hoc t h i e u nghiem

v a n hoa cua dan c h u n g cung da cho t h a y mot n g h i c h ly t r d

trough; mot so'vung sau, v u n g xa t h a m chi k h o n g c6 t h a y c6

t r e u cho sti p h a t t r i e n difdng d a i cua D B S C L . M o t t i n h

giao va cd sd t r i f d n g Idp^ T i le t r e em iii 6-14 t u o i chiia den

t r a n g n h i f the, neu k h o n g diidc cai t h i e n tii can ban

t n j d n g thuoc loai cao n h a t t r o n g ca niidc (34,17%).

n h i i n g c h i i t r d d n g , bien phap dau tu: m a n h me c6 k h a n a n g

N e u n h i n v a n de d t a m p h a t t r i e n theo h i i d n g cong
nghiep hoa va h i e n dai hoa, t h i t i le hoc s i n h cap I I I (pho
t h o n g t r u n g hoc) t r o n g v u n g con qua t h a p . T r o n g k h i ca
niidc c6 991 hoc s i n h cap III/IOO.OOO dan, t h i c h i so nay d

hkng

xoay v a n t i n h the l i e n tuc t r o n g k h o a n g mot h a i t h a p k y
tdi, t h i chac chan se l a m chiSng l a i da t a n g t r i f d n g k i n h te
viia lay l a i difdc, va se thtte siJ kho k h i biide vao mot t h d i
ky p h a t t r i e n toan dien, t r o n g do yeu to con n g d d i va t i e m
n a n g v a n hoa cua con ngUdi se diidc h u y dong den cao do.

1. Chi tinh d 3 tinh Can Thd, Dong Thap, A n Giang trong nam

I I . PHAT T R I E N T A I N G U Y E N CON N G l / O l - G I A I PHAP

1994, he thong giao due pho thong d a n g t h i e u k h o a n g 4000 giao

CO T I N H C H I E N L l / O C DE T I C H C l / C H O A T I E M N A N G

v i e n tieu hoc.

VAN

2. Co n h Q n g v u n g s a u , trifOng 16p pho thong quoc lap k h o n g vildn
tdi dUOc, ba con p h a i t\i dong gop cay, l a dvtng Idp, gop t i e n nuoi
thay giao d a n lap chon tif trong thon ap, de day tre v6i
c h u o n g t r i n h k h o n g day d u va c h a t lUOng t h a p .

mot

H O A CUA CU" D A N

1. Con ngddi m i e n Tay vo'n n o i t i e n g t i i l a u ve nhiifng
truyen

thong

van hoa quy bdu, t i f n g diidc t h i i t h a c h t r o n g


220

Nguyen Quang Vinh

Di tim sCfc song cac quart he xa hoi

221

l i c h s\i. Long can trvfdng, t i n h t h i e t t h i i c va k h a nang t h i c h

giao due pho thong; dao l u y e n tay nghe da dang cho c\i dan

l i n g l i n h hoat cua nhQng the he con n g i i d i d i k h a i pha

nong t h o n va do t h i , de ho c6 d u siic don n h a n chUdng

v u n g dat mdi, da difdc chijfng thiJc bang c h i n h v u n g giang

t r i n h ehuyen giao cong nghe m a n h me vao t r o n g vOing nay,

sdn t r u p h u m a ho la chu the xay d i i n g nen. M o t dac t i n h

chac chan se dien r a vdi mot n h i p do cao.

v a n hoa noi t r o i nQa cua con ngifdi m i e n Tay l a t i n h t h a n
t i i chu, phong each giao l i i u cdi mci, m l n cam v6i cai m d i va

2. Co le dieu dau t i e n diidc ngUdi t a Ixiu y den k h i b a n
ve cai t h i e n hoat dong giao due t r o n g v i i n g la p h a i c6 svi

k h o n g c h i u go bo t r o n g n h i i n g k h u o n m a u giao dieu cvfng

dau

nh4c. Do la nhiJng t i e m n a n g v a n hoa can p h a i diidc tiep

m a n h " nay, t h i D B S C L se k h o n g dat t d i dUde t r i n h do eo

tuc v u n boi va t i c h ciic hoa, trifdc n g i i d n g c\ia cua mot t h d i

du m a n g Ixidi t r i i d n g Idp n g h i e m ehinh, d u t h a y c6 giao deu

tu dung

mi2c cua Nhd

niCdc. K h o n g c6 "qua

dam

k y p h a t t r i e n mdi. Qua t r i n h xa h o i hoa the he t r e dang

k h a p cho t d i t a n v u n g sau, v i i n g xa. N h f l n g k h o k h a n dac

16n len cua D B S C L p h a i l a m sao gop p h a n t r a o t r u y e n l a i

biet do dia h i n h song r a c h chang chit, cac q u a n cif b i chia

diidc cac p h a m chat v a n hoa t r u y e n t h o n g quy b a u ay, va

cat, c i i n g can diide x i i l y k h i m u o n pho cap hoa t r i t h i i c pho

p h a t t r i e n len cho ngang tarn v d i nhutng doi hoi r a t cao cua

t h o n g va t r i thiifc k y t h u a t cho dan ehiing. D i i d n g n h i i

t i e n t r i n h cong nghiep hoa va do t h i hoa. The he nhQng

ngiidi t a con i t n g h i den viec v a n d u n g cac ed che giao due

n g i i d i lao dong m d i d D B S C L k h o n g the l a s i i t a i tao

tif xa - t h o n g qua sach bao, radio, t i v i - de tiep siic t h e m

n g u y e n ban l a i nhiJng g i cha a n h ho da c6 (va da tijfng

cho m a n g lifdi t r i f d n g Idp r a t k h o t r i e n k h a i t h a u k h a p

t h a n h cong 16n vdi cai von da c6 do) t r o n g qua khijt. Cac

t r o n g mot lue. C h u n g t o i cho r i n g cae the he dang Idn l e n

thiidc do dan t r i ciing c6 t i n h l i c h svL. Gid day, d n g i i d n g

CO the se d a n d a n tiep n h a n ed che nay, c h i i day k h o n g

ciia t h e k y X X I , n g i i d i lao dong m i e n Tay p h a i c6 d u t r i
t h i i c , n a n g l\ic de v i i d t qua c h u n g h i a k i n h n g h i e m , phong

p h a i ehi la chuyen " v i l n t i f d n g " .
H d n nijfa, do n h u cau t h d i dai, va do t i n h t h i e t t h i i c cua

each mo phong va " t h i i - s a i " mo m & m t r o n g san x u a t ma

con n g i i d i m i e n Tay, nen chu y l a m dam net t h e m cac t i n h

cha ong ho da n h i e u ddi v a n d u n g de l a m r a cay l u a , h a t

thiet thue va t i n h hifdng ve k y t h u a t cua cac t r i t h i i c can

gao, t r a i cay, dan gia suc....SiJ canh t a n v a n hoa cua dat

t r u y e n t h u . Day la mot each tiep can r a t c6 t r i e n vong, neu

nxidc noi chung, va cua D B S C L noi r i e n g c6 le trifdc het

ta xem xet n6 t r o n g stf ddi chieu vdi k i n h nghiem mot so"

p h a i diidc "cay" vao chiidng t r i n h p h a t t r i e n t a i n g u y e n con

quoc gia t r o n g k h u w^ic. M o i ngvfdi deu biet H a n Quoe va

n g i i d i ci v u n g nay. M o t qua t r i n h tri tue hoa lao dong p h a i

Singapore la n h i i n g niidc di len ra't n h a n h n h d vao sii

difdc khcii dong mot each eo chu dich v a c6 p h i i d n g phap

nghiep giao due quoc dan. M o t t r o n g n h i i n g bai hoc Idn cua

d u n g dan. B a t dau tijf viec mci r o n g va n a n g cao chat lifdng

ho la N h a nifdc dau t i i m a n h vao giao due, n h i f n g dieu quan


Nguyen Quang Vinh

222

£)i tim sire song cac quan he xa hoi

223

t r o n g hdn la viec dau t\i nay dat dau n h a n vao mot nen gido

qua viec phat h u y v a i t r o cua D a i hoc Can Thd, cung n h u

due hitdng ve ky thudt. H a n Quoc tr\ic tiep k h a i thac n h i i n g

ciia h i n h t h i i c giao due tCf xa (qua radio va t i v i ) , ngUdi t a

bai hoc quy ciia N h a t va Dijfc t r o n g k h u y n h hifdng n h a n

cung C O the dat dau nhan

m a n h giao due k y t h u a t . Con Singapore t h i t r o n g k h i co

t i e m n a n g v a n hoa eiia dan chung. Rieng d cap d a i hoc,

g i n g de thoat ra k h o i vong a n h hiicing ciia he thong giao

hang n a m co 8.000 con em ci D B S C L nop ddn t h i , song D a i

dung

mite cho ky thudt

trong

due thuoc dia cua nxidc A n h t r o n g qua k h i i , cung dong thdi

hoc Can T h d chi tiep n h a n noi t o i da 2.000 em. N e u cho

n h a n m a n h hdn den dao tao k y t h u a t va nghe nghiep cho

t r i f d n g nay thUc h i e n quy che D a i hoc Cong dong, t h i co

n h a n dan t r o n g chvTdng t r i n h giao due quoc dan. V a chinh

the t h u nap k h o a n g 4.000 - 5.000 em vao hoc g i a i doan I

nhd d d i n h h i i d n g t h i c h hdp n h i i the, h a i quoc gia noi t r e n

(chiJdng t r i n h d a i hoc ed sci), tao nen mong t r i thiie va t a m

da don dau difdc cac thach do eua t a n g trufdng va phat t r i e n

the hxidng nghiep sau cho cac em di vao cac ehuyen khoa

n h a n h , k h i e n cho viec phat t r i e n t a i nguyen con ngiidi co

cua D a i hoc Can T h d va cac dai hoc khae d v u n g N a m bo

the " t r d bo" k i p triidc cac k h i i c q u a n h den ehdng m a t cua

n h i i n g n a m tiep sau. H i e n nay, D a i hoc Can T h d da co

toe do t r i e n k h a i ddi song k i n h te - xa hoi h i e n dai. Con giao

quan he hdp tac vdi n h i e u t r i f d n g dai hoe t r e n the gi6i,

due d M a l a i x i a , Indonesia va T h a i L a n , t r o n g k h i da l a m

thuoc h a u het cac chau lue, va do la ed sci t o t de co the

mot dieu r a t xac dang la coi t r o n g d u n g mile cac khoa hoc

t r i e n k h a i h i n h thijfc dai hoe eong dong. V a neu biet d i n h

xa hoi va n h a n van, l a i co t h d i k y coi nhe hoac gay r a t a m ly

hu6ng d u n g cho ed che dao tao mem deo nay, t h i dau n h a n

coi nhe dao tao k y t h u a t t r o n g xa hoi, nen da p h a i dieu

k y t h u a t se c6 the dUde t h i i c h i e n k h o n g may kho k h a n cho

ehinh mot each i t n h i e u b i dong.

so'thanh n i e n D B S C L co hoc v a n cao.

N o i l a i bai hoc k i n h n g h i e m nay, c h u n g t o i n g h i r ^ n g c6
le no C O y n g h l a doi v6i sii nghiep eai each giao due d ca
rvddc t a , ehil k h o n g c h i r i e n g la v a n de cua D B S C L . Song
ngay ca k h i cac s i p xep c h u n g cua nen giao due ca nii6c
eon ehiia diide thiJc h i e n sdm sua, t h i , theo c h u n g t o i , viec

d i n h h u 6 n g sau hdn vao k y t h u a t cho c\i d a n D B S C L v l n
C O the diide t r i e n k h a i t h o n g qua n h i e u ed che sSn co t r o n g
t a m t a y . Chang h a n t h o n g qua viec t h u c day thUc hien
n h a n h p h a n b a n d cap H I cho D B S C L , t h o n g qua viec xav
d i i n g cac t r u n g t a m day nghe d nong t h o n va do t h i , thong

3. Viec gay d i i n g tUng hxidc cho D B S C L mot nen san
x u a t C O h a m l\Jdng khoa hoc va t r i tue cao r a t co the diidc
thue h i e n t i i h a i nga. M o t m a t la n a n g cao d a n qua t r i n h
t r i tue hoa lao dong cua ngifdi san x u a t d ed sd t h o n g qua
cac hoat dong k h u y e n nong, k h u y e n ngif, k h u y e n eong da
dang. M a t khae, thuc day sii r a ddi cua mot t a n g 16p t r i
thutc da dan toe t r e t u o i t r o n g v u n g , l a m t h a n h mot diem
tr-oi ve t r i tue t r o n g ed cau xa hoi.
Co le cung p h a i n g h l den p h a t t r i e n mot m a n g \\idi
t r u y e n t h o n g khoa hoc pho cap t r o n g v u n g , tii do tao dUng


1 0i tim sLfc song cac quan he xa hoi

mot phong each van hoa m6i cho cac the he cii dan D B S C L
cuoi the ky X X , dau the ky X X I - phong each t i m doc va
nghe - nhin nhQng noi dung c6 tac dung hiidng dan cho su
di dong xa hoi - nghe nghiep va dich chuyen cO cau kinh te
cua vung. Day ciing la nhiing bien phap ky thuat va xa hoi
de phat huy truyen thong ve tinh nang dong, phong each
cdi md, kha nang thich iing cua cif dan D B S C L trong dieu
kien lich stC mdi.

4. Phu nH DBSCL la mot ehu the xa hoi rat quan trong

cua san xuat vat chat va tinh than, ciing nhii cua siJ nghiep
tai san xuat cac the he dan c\i cho vung dat dang bien doi
nhanh chong nay. Bao ve va nang cao siie khoe cho phu nQ,
nhat la cho cac ba me trong tuoi sinh san, la mot noi dung
rat then chot cua cong euoc phat trien tai nguyen con ngiidi.
Bcii vi, vdi t u each la ngUdi vd, ngifdi me, ngvfdi noi trd, neu
chi em phu niJ trong vung diidc tiep silc de cai bien phUdng
thiic nuoi day con, cham soc cho moi trifdng song cua gia
dinh, dieu chinh hdp ly miic sinh, quan tam den viee hoc
hanh lien tuc cua con cai trong tudi den trvfdng, t h i siie tac
dong cua 161 song cua chi em se cham tdi dUdc nhQng tang
rat sau cua sii tien hoa cd cau xa hoi.

I I I . XU" L Y D U N G M O I Q U A N H E GIU"A T R U Y E N T H O N G

vA cAcH T A N
vA

T R O N G L O I S O N G C U A CAC TOC

NGUOI

C U A T O A N BO C U D A N T R O N G V U N G

1. D B S C L la mot vung da van hoa, la nOi cU tru xen ke
cua nhieu toe ngiidi tvi nhieu the ky, vdi mot moi giao lifu

225

van hoa sau rong va lanh manh. NgUdi Viet, ngiJdi Khdme,

ngiidi Cham Hoi giao da ciing nhau chia se cong trinh khai
pha va phat trien xa hoi rat manh me suot ba the ky qua,
tuy moi toe ngUdi v&n gin giQ nhiing ban sic van hoa dae
thu cua minh trong to chiic san xuat, to chiic cac quan he
cong dong, va chia se cac niem t i n ton giao, t i n ngvfdng i t
nhieu rieng biet. Cac moi giao thoa van hoa da diidc the
nghiem sau sic thong qua cac giao liiu va bd sung cho
nhau ve ky thuat san xuat, thiidng mai, ve ngon ngii, ve
sinh boat l l hoi va t i n ngiidng, ve trao ddi hon nhan, ve cac
qua t r i n h qu^n cii va di cM noi vCing v.v..
Cac cuoc dieu tra xa hoi hoc trong thap ky 90 nay cho
thay qua trinh trao ddi hon nhan giiia ngifdi Viet, ngiidi
Hoa va ngUdi Khdme da de lai nhiing dau an van hoa sau
dam trong viee cai bien phong each lam an va sinh boat
cua khong it gia dinh. Mot cuoc khao sat xa hoi (chon m^u)
d vung nam song Mang Thit (thuoc tinh Tra Vinh va Vinh
Long) vao nam 1992 cho thay eo 7% cac ho ngifdi Viet
(dUdc khao sat) c6 quan he trao ddi hon nhan vdi ngiidi
Hoa va 6% khac c6 quan he trao ddi hon nhan vdi ngUdi
Khdme. Trong k h i do, d 7,1% so ho Khdme diidc khao sat
CO ghi nhan thay hien tUdng lay vd lay chong la ngUdi Viet
va 1,2% so'ho CO thanh vien lay vd lay chong la ngUdi Hoa.
Trong k h i khao sat cong viee lam an sinh song cua ba eon
ngiidi Khdme, ehung toi thay d nhiing ho c6 quan he trao
doi hon nhan vdi ngifdi Viet hoac ngiidi Hoa, mijte song
thudng CO phan cao hdn, phong each to ehijfc san xuat kinh
doanh c6 phan nang dong, da dang hdn. Neu nhu xet


NguySn Quang Vinh

226

c h u n g cpng dong K h d m e v u n g n a m M a n g T h i t , t h i n h o m

Di tim SL/c song cac quan he xa hoi

227

tach biet ( n h d t r d d n g hdp cac d a n toe i t n g d d i d m i e n n u i )

CO miic t h u nhap t h a p chiem den 4 4 , 1 % t o n g so'ho Khome

t h i viee x d l y cac dac t h u cua v a n hoa san x u a t dd gap kho

dddc khao sat. T r o n g k h i do, d n h o m cac ho K h d m e c6

k h a n hdn n h i e u . D a n g nay, n g d d i V i e t , n g d d i Hoa, ngddi

q u a n he t r a o doi h o n n h a n vdi ngddi V i e t hoac n g i i d i Hoa,

K h d m e l a i h a u n h d cong cd t r e n ciing n h i i n g dia ban d d an

t y le ho CO t h u nhap t h a p chi con chiem 35,7% so' ho cua

rong Idn, cho nen, cung mot d d a n phat t r i e n , k h o n g the c6

n h o m sau nay ma t h o i .

h a i mo h i n h , h a i n h i p do d i chen Ian vao n h a u .

Mac dau c6 n h i e u khac biet ve t r u y e n t h o n g v a n hoa,

N o i cho d u n g r a , mot so' k h u vdc d a n ed K h d m e d

dac diem t i n ngifdng, ngon ngU, phong tuc, nep q u a n cu

D B S C L da t h i i n g h i e m dan t h a n l a m h a i v u l u a . Ho l a m

v.v.., song t r o n g l i c h s\i c i i n g n h d h i e n t a i , k h o n g t h a y x u a t

dddc, n h d n g n a n g suat n h i n c h u n g v a n con t h a p , t r o n g k h i

h i e n n h i i n g x u n g dot ve q u a n he toe ngifdi giiia cac cong

mde doi h o i d^u t d de v d d t qua sdc c h i u d d n g cua k h a

dong d a n cd t r o n g v i i n g do canh t r a n h k i n h te hoac khac

dong cac ho K h d m e ngheo. V i vay, de chuyen hoa d a n mo

biet v a n hoa. T u y vay, n e u n h i n ci goc do ciia cac

chddng

h i n h v a n hoa san x u a t cua ba con Khdme, c6 le p h a i xac

t r i n h p h a t t r i e n quy mo Idn, dong c h a m sau xa t d i mo h i n h

d i n h chddng t r i n h t h u hep l u a m u a d mot n h i p do v i i a

canh tac, san x u a t , k i n h doanh da t h a n h t r u y e n t h o n g cua

p h a i , k h o n g qua voi va. Dong t h d i can c6 sd ho t r d t i n d u n g

m o i toe ngddi, t h i c i i n g con n h i i n g t r d n g a i Idn can p h a i

vdi dieu k i e n de dang hdn cho cac v u n g ma ba con dan toe

vddt qua. Do la mot dang t r d n g a i v a n hoa cua p h a t t r i e n .

K h d m e dang m a n h dan d i vao mo h i n h h a i v u lua. Sd u n g

T r o n g k h i ngddi V i e t da d i sau vao t h a m canh lua 2 - 3 v u /

ho k h u y n h h u d n g doi m d i cong nghe canh tac nay t d p h i a

n a m va bddc dau p h a t t r i e n cac dang boat dong p h i - nong

cac v i luc ea va cac v i sd sai t r o n g cac ngoi ehiia K h d m e

nghiep va dich v u n o n g t h o n , t h i k h o n g i t ba con ngddi

cac t r u n g tarn v a n hoa t i n h t h a n ciia cong dong -

K h d m e v a n con d a m c h a n k h a l a u t r o n g t i n h t r a n g l a m

mot y n g h i a r a t to Idn. 0 day, cac n h a q u a n l y p h a t t r i e n

l u a m i i a mot v u . P h o n g each t i c h l i i y , t i e u d i i n g v a t a i dau

can de t a m sau sic h d n den m o i tac dong qua l a i giiJa bo'n

t d cho p h a t t r i e n d h a i toe ngddi nay c i i n g khac biet. K h i di

n h a n to: t a p tuc v a n hoa - cong nghe m d i - dieu k i e n d a u

sau vao cac d d an p h a t t r i e n t d n g hdp t i e u v u n g , t h i cang

t d de doi m d i - va c h i n h ban t h a n h a n h v i san x u a t cua cac

t h a y sd khac biet ve v a n hoa san x u a t do dang l a m x u a t

chu t h e k i n h te n g d d i Khdme.

h i e n n h i i n g bai t o a n hoc bua, n e u m u o n xac d i n h n h i p do
va quy mo doi m d i cd cau m i i a v u , k h a i thac t o i d u cac cong
t r i n h t h i i y Idi, h i n h t h a n h cac d i e m do t h i m d i v.v... N e u sd
q u a n cd cua cac toe n g d d i t r o n g v i i n g da dddc t h i e t lap

-

mang

N h d vay la viee x i i ly d u n g dan moi q u a n he t r u y e n
tho'ng va each t a n t r o n g 16'i song, trddc bet dddc t h e h i e n
t r o n g l i n h vdc h a n h v i san x u a t . V a de thue day mot bddc
chuyen bien t r o n g l o i song, n g d d i t a p h a i c h u y den r a t

NguySn Quang Vinh

228

n h i e u y e u to, dac biet la nhiJng yeu to thoat n h i n c6 ve n h u
la k h a each xa vdi p h a m t r u "van hoa" n i i a .
2. Ben canh viee doi m d i v a n hoa san x u a t cua n g i i d i
dan, t h i viee doi mdi Unh
hdnh

cua cac quan

viCc

he cgng

van hoa tinh than va
dong

sU van

cung l a m o t t h a n h to

q u a n t r o n g cua p h a t t r i e n . No se i n d a u a n trci l a i t r e n l o i
song cua cM d a n v a l a m n e n dien mao dac s^e cua mien
Tay N a m bo t r o n g tong t h e n e n v a n hoa dang doi m6i cua

Qi tim sCrc song cac quan he xa hoi

229

khong p h a i la m o t t h e m a n h Idn, n e u dem so sanh v d i cd
cau l a n g xa k i e n co h d n n h i e u ciia d i a b a n p h i a Bac. T u y
vay, t r u y e n t h o n g v a n hoa nay cung can dUdc v u n dip, v i
no se l a t i e n de q u y bau cho cac h i n h t h i i c hdp tac da dang
va n h i e u t a n g bac t r o n g nong t h o n , m o t k h i cac hoat dong
nong nghiep, cong nghiep va dich v u nong t h o n difdc h a n g
hoa hoa cao do h d n n i i a . D i e u dac biet can l i i u y d m i e n
Tay N a m bo l a cac q u a n he cong dong t h o n ap t r d n e n
k h a n g k h i t gap n h i e u Ian m o t k h i no diidc dan det

nhudn

V i e t N a m . C h i c6 t h e gdi len ci day k h a n a n g chuyen hoa tir

nhuyen

t r u y e n t h o n g l e n h i e n d a i ci m o t v a i l i n h vvfc dvfdc coi la

t i n h cam t o n giao. 6 cac l a n g T h i e n Chua giao, l a n g theo

quan trong.

dao Hoa Hao, n g i i d i t a co t h e q u a n sat t h a y r a t n h i e u hoat

vdi tinh lien ddi ciia cac q u a n he t i n n g i i d n g hoac

dinh cua n g i i d i m i e n T a y c6 net dac sSc

dong xa h o i cong i c h hoac co t i n h chat t\i t h i e n diidc p h a t

rieng. B e n canh n h i i n g n e t c h u n g cua gia d i n h t r u y e n

t r i e n da dang vdi siJ t h a m gia ttf n g u y e n cua dong dao d a n

t h o n g V i e t N a m , to chiic gia d i n h ci v u n g nay diidc h a t

c h u n g t r o n g t h o n ap: dvlng cau g6, l a m dUdng giao t h o n g

n h a n hoa k h a n h a n h , t i n h d a n c h u t r o n g gia d i n h k h a cao;

nong t h o n , l a p cac doi chQ t h a p do, m d cac t r a m p h a t thuoc

a. Thechegia

do C O k e t n o i t a i v a t i n h t\i c h u cua gia d i n h h a t n h a n k h a
16n; gin h e n v 6 i m o t k h a n a n g t h i c h i i n g l i n h hoat triidc
moi bien dong cua m o i t r i f d n g k i n h te - x a h o i v a cac giao
l i f u v a n hoa. Dac d i e m n a y cua t h e che gia d i n h c6 t h e tao
dieu k i e n t h u a n Idi h d n cho s\i p h a t t r i e n cua cac ca n h a n
t h a n h vien, cua n i i gidi v a cua t h a n h n i e n . G i n g i i i v a phat
h u y cac s i c t h a i ay c6 le se tiep t h e m siic m a n h cho s i i di
dong xa hoi, cho sU m d r o n g cac q u a n he t h i trUdng va cho

Dong N a m difdc m i e n p h i cho d a n v.v... D a y l a n h i i n g
n h a n to v a n hoa va lo'i song t i c h ciJc, m a n g t i n h n h a n b a n
cao, hoan toan co t h e dvfdc t h u h u t m o t each m e m deo vao
t r o n g k h u o n k h o eac phong t r a o q u a n c h i i n g d cd sd de eai
t h i e n dieu k i e n song va chat lUdng m o i t r i f d n g eho n h a n
dan nong t h o n .

Rieng doi v d i ngifdi Khdme, p h u m , soc l a m o t k h o n g
gian v a n hoa t h i e n g lieng, co k h a n a n g co' k e t eon n g i i d i va

cac chieu giao lUu v a n hoa se difdc md r a r a t m a n h t r o n g

CO tac d u n g k i e m t r a xa h o i - dao diic t h a t h o n n h i e n .

tifdng l a i .

Dong t h d i , sii r a ddi cua cac xa ap h a n h c h i n h cQng l a m o t

b. Cac quan

he thon

ap va lang gieng

la m o t t r u y e n

t h o n g v a n hoa t o t dep cua nong t h o n t r o n g v u n g - t u y do

n h u cau k h a c h q u a n cua he q u a n l y n h a nifdc h i e n d a i .
N h u n g , C O n e n chang, t r o n g t a t ca m o i t r i f d n g hdp, cac


Nguy§n

230

QuangVinh

k h o n g gian p h u m , soc x i i a deu can p h a i diidc "hoa t a n "
t r i e t de vao cac r a n h gidi h a n h c h i n h - l a n h tho? Cau t r a
Idi cua n h i e u n h a khoa hoc la: K h o n g ! '

Qi tim SLfc song

cac quan

he xa

hoi

231

l a noi d u n g v a n hoa quan t r o n g n h a t cua mot nong t h o n
diidc do t h i hoa.
d. Canh q u a n t h i e n n h i e n D B S C L da t i f n g t h a m nhap

c. Do thi - h i e u theo d u n g n g h i a cua no - la mot dau

s a u dam va t i n h te vao t r o n g cac cung each quan c\i va to

h i e u tong hdp cua t i e n bo k i n h te v a t i e n bo xa hoi. STJ r a

chiic cac q u a n he xa hoi cua nong t h o n va do t h i m i e n Tay.

ddi cua n h i e u t h i t\i, t h i t r a n , t h a n h pho mdi t r o n g v u n g

Old day, t r o n g qua t r i n h doi m d i s i i chiem l i n h k h o n g g i a n

D B S C L dang keo theo t d i do r a t n h i e u t h i dan mdi c6 goc

do cac n h u cau cong nghiep hoa, h i e n d a i hoa va do t h i hoa

r l nong t h o n n h i e u ddi. M o t v a n de cua v a n hoa va phat

dat r a , co le viec nang

t r i e n dat r a d day la p h a i n a n g cao n a n g \\ic quan ly cac do

nhien nen diidc t i n h den mot each t h a u dao n h i i la mot bao

t h i de svi p h a t t r i e n ket cau v a t t h e cua do t h i p h a i d i song

dam ve chat lifdng v a n hoa cho qua t r i n h p h a t t r i e n v u n g

h a n h vdi s i i nay nci va c h i n m u o i cua q u a n he k i e u do t h i ,

va cac t i e u v u n g . Se kho co the chap n h a n mot v i i n g

cua loi song do t h i . Do la con d i i d n g de n g a n ngvfa t\i xa x u

D B S C L h i e n d a i hoa, n h U n g h i t r i e t t i e u het cac ban s^c v6

h i i d n g "nong t h o n hoa do t h i " da tijfng l a m xuong cap hang
loat do t h i l a u n a m ci t r o n g v a ngoai v u n g D B S C L . T r a i l a i ,
ben canh sii cung co cac d i e m do t h i dich t h i i c , mot qua
t r i n h do t h i hoa nong t h o n ciing p h a i dUdc t r i e n k h a i . Cach

cao gid tri cua canh

quan

thien

gia cua m i e t vifdn, m i e t n i i i , m i e t bien, m i e t rijfng ngap
m a n , cung n h i f canh q u a n song niidc, t r a m c h i m , ho ruing,
hai dao....

to chxic, sap xep k h o n g g i a n cua cac xom ap p h a i diidc cai

e. T r o n g mot tUdng l a i gan, d D B S C L se d i l n r a m a n h

to l a i cung vdi qua t r i n h xay diJng cac k i e u loai n h a ci mdi,

me h d n viec tiep n h a n cac san p h a m va n h a n to" v a n hoa tijf

k i e n co hdn, hdp l y h d n cho nong t h o n . Nep an, d, s i n h boat

nude ngoai d u nhap vao qua sach, bao, p h i m a n h ,

v a n hoa, g i n givi m o i t r i i d n g song t r o n g l a n h can diidc coi

phUdng t i e n nghe n h i n , qua cac d u k h a c h , cac doan giao

cac

thUdng va k y t h u a t gia ngoai quoc, cac hoi ehd, t r i e n l a m v.v...
NhvCng cu soc van hoa chSc chSn se d i l n r a . V a neu nhxi s\i

1. X i n tham khao them quan diem cua cac n h a khoa hoc ve v a n de nay:
-

P h a n A n - "Phum,
KhOme
Nam.

-

Nam

Bp".

soc trong erf che quan ly xd hoi vung dan
T r o n g s a c h NhSng

van de xd hoi hoc a

tgc
mien

N x b . K H X H , H a Noi, 1993, tr.86-94.

P h a n X u a n B i e n - "L6i song cqng dong truyen thong va van de hien
dai hoa xd hoi cac dan toe Tdy Nguyen".

S a c h vila dSn, tr. 70-83.

tvt k h a n g d i n h cua mot ddi song v a n hoa m a n g ban skc dan
toe t r o n g v u n g k h o n g d u m a n h , t h i siJ tiep n h a n va giao

l u u se dien r a t r o n g mot the r a t chong chenh. Ch^c c h i n
se kho t r a n h k h o i nhufng h i e n tUdng v a n hoa va 161 song
"dau Ngo m i n h Sd" l a i cang, 16 bich, k h 6 n g p h a i la d a n toe,
nia ciing ch4ng p h a i la h i e n dai.

, ,,


^ Di tim
f. D i e m s a u chot, chung toi m u o n noi den cong viec
trifdc mat: cdi thien dcfi song van hoa d cd sd.

M i i c do t h u

h i i d n g t h o n g t i n va cac gia t r i v a n hoa cua cif dan D B S C L

SLfc

song cac quan he xa tioi

233

t h i d day, v a i t r o hoach d i n h chien lifdc p h a t t r i e n v a dflu
t i i chieu sau v i n thuoc ve N h a niidc va cac n g a n h chiic
n a n g h i i u q u a n cua N h a nUdc.

h i e n nay r a t k h o n g dong deu. Ngay d ca cac t h a n h pho, t h i
xa, t h i t r a n , cac xa gan diidng giao t h o n g h u y e t mach, mvfc
t h u hifdng v a n hoa cung k h o n g on d i n h ; chat lUdng cac

IV.

Sy

K E THLTA

CO T I N H SANG TAO

GICA

CAC T H E

HE

VA TirONG L A I CUA T I E N BO V A N HOA

mon a n t i n h t h a n cho dan c h i i n g cung chvfa cao. 0 n h i i n g
v u n g s a u , ngifdi dan thUdng m u o n d i t i m mot td bao t i n h
cung p h a i m a t n\l& ngay chong xuong d i ve. Cac buoi t r i n h

1. Tac gia cua bai viet nay dac biet hao h i i n g k h i bat

d i i n s a n k h a u , chieu p h i m ; cac t u sach cong cong, cac t u

gap t r o n g t a t ca cac cuoc dieu t r a xa hoi hoc (thiic h i e n

diem g i a i t r i con qua h i e m hoi.... D a x u a t h i e n n h i i n g sang

c i i n g cac dong nghiep) t r e n dat m i e n Tay, n h i i n g dau h i e u

k i e n v a n hoa ciic k y dang quy n h U to chiic "con t h u y e n v a n

het silc dang k h i c h le ve tiim nang sang tao cac gia tri van

hoa" (Ian Ivfdt ghe ben cac xa ap) cua m i e t v i f d n , hoac nhif

hoa

sang k i e n lap " k h u v a n hoa gia d i n h " hit

t h a n h cua the he 1 8 - 3 0

dau t ^ k h d i

mdi cua

Idp cii dan

tre DBSCL.

Qua t r i n h trdcing

t u o i chiia p h a i da t r o n ven. Cac

xifdng cua mot nong d a n d V i T h a n h la ong H a i Tich... Do

p h a m chat xa hoi - v a n hoa n d i ho v i n con n h i e u k h i e m

la n h i i n g dom sang dau t i e n cua mot qua t r i n h cac Idc

k h u y e t can p h a i hoan t h i e n . Song, ci bat cut chang t h d i g i a n

lifdng xa hoi t i i n g u y e n t h a m gia p h a t t r i e n v a n hoa dang

khao sat nao, Idp t r e D B S C L k h o n g n g i i n g noi tiep n h a u

difdc k h d i dong, dem l a i hy vong gop p h a n lap day khoang

deu cho t h a y t r o n g ho t i e m t a n g n h i i n g n a n g liic each t a n

t r o n g qua Idn lao ve s i n h hoat v a n hoa, i t n h i e u m a n g t i n h

v6 cung quy gia. 6 day k h o n g c6 v a n de hdn - k e m g i i i a

k h u n g hoang h i e n nay. N g i f d i t a dang the n g h i e m cac h i n h

cac the he. Song ro r a n g , t r o n g biidc tiep noi sii nghiep cua

thttc s i n h hoat v a n hoa da dang v a mem deo h d n ci ngay

cac the he cha a n h , Idp t r e dang hoc 16 t i n h sang tao t r o n g

t r o n g k h u o n v i e n cac ngoi chua Khdme, t r o n g k h u o n vien

ke t h i i a mot each ngay cang ro net.

cac n h a t h d T h i e n Chua giao, ci cac chd, cac ben song v.v...

Co the t i m t h a y d Idp t h a n h n i e n n a m n i i D B S C L mot

Cac " M a n h t h i i d n g q u a n " dan g i a n c i i n g dang x u a t hien.

miic hoc v a n t r u n g b i n h cao hdn c a c the he trudc. Ho

tiep tay cung n g a n h v a n hoa ve m a t de x u a t cac loai h i n h

hu:dng m a n h t d i n h i i n g k e n h t r a o t r u y e n k i e n t h i i c v a k y

s i n h hoat t h i c h hdp, gop siic t r a n g b i phvidng t i e n va to

n a n g mdi m a n g t i n h khoa hoc cao hdn, c h i i k h o n g d i i n g l a i

chiic m a t bang, t h a m gia q u a n ly theo t i n h t h a n N h a niicic

qua n h i e u d each hoc hoi t r i i c quan, k i n h n g h i e m

va n h a n d a n cung c h u n g sijfc. N h i i n g , d u noi gi chang niia-

nghia. O m d i t r i i d n g x i nghiep c6ng nghiep t a i d6 t h i , Idp

chu


Nguyen Quang Vinh

234

Di tim site song cac quan he xa hoi

235

t h d tre dvfdc khao sat - von triidc day chiia l a u con song d

t h a n h m e n t d i n h i i n g i i n g x i i t h i e u hdp l y den dudng nao.

moi trvfdng nong t h o n - da to r a c6 k h a n a n g t h i c h xing

N h i e u n h a giao due d D B S C L da canh bao ve h i e n tUdng so

n h a n h v6i cac

t h a n h n i e n nong t h o n c6 t r i n h do cap I I I , k h i k h o n g

quy t r i n h k y t h u a t tUdng doi phiic tap.

hoc

T h a n h n i e n nong t h o n c6 moi giao l i i u k h a m a n h vdi cac

len dai hoc, t r d ve que nha, da to r a mot t h a i do t h d d dang

diem do t h i gan l a n g que, vdi Cin T h d va vdi T P . H C M .

ngai doi vdi cac hoat dong p h a t t r i e n nong t h o n doi hoi

Ben canh cac muc t i e u c6 t i n h ich d u n g t r i i c tiep cho san

k i e n t h i i c . T i i ngay c6 c h i n h sach doi mdi, cac do t h i va

x u a t , t i e u dCing, ho c h u y n h i e u h d n (so vdi cac n h o m xa

n h a t la T P . H C M da t h u h u t mot so k h o n g nho n a m n i i

hoi khac) den viec d i day d i do de md m a n g h i e u biet, va

t h a n h n i e n nong t h o n D B S C L di vao moi t r i i d n g do t h i de

hifcing l i n g cac hoat dong v a n nghe, the thao, hoi chd cua
do t h i . C h i c chan r a n g nhQng chuyen d i k i e u con t h o i ay
da m a n g den cho hp nhQng quan n i e m m d i ve mot the gidi
r o n g Idn h d n dang bien chuyen va chiia dtfng n h i e u dieu
can k h a m pha. N h i i n g d i i an ddi song cua t h a n h n i e n cung
hufdng n h i e u h d n t d i viec t i m t d i cd hoi hoc h o i cac k i e n
thiic khoa hoc k y t h u a t ( c h i n g h a n nh\i t h o n g qua cac Idp
h u a n l u y e n ngSn ngay). Ho cung to r a skn sang h d n t r o n g
cac hoat dong d i dan, t a i d i n h cM de t i m cac nguon m i i u
sinh C O t r i e n vong h d n . T h i e t n g h i , do la n h i i n g t i e n de
giup ho hoi n h a p d l hdn vao t i e n t r i n h do t h i hoa nong
t h o n , md r o n g cd cau n a n g l\ic, t h a m gia mot each hdp ly
vao qua t r i n h d i dong xa hoi (c6 bao gom hoac k h o n g n h a t
t h i e t bao gom viec d i c\i ve p h i a do t h i ) .
2. T u y n h i e n , nhQng t i e n de v a n hoa quy b a u ay k h o n g
the cil de t\i p h a t nay s i n h r o i l a i t i i p h a t l u i t a n . M o t
chinh

sdch van hoa doi vdi thanh

nien can p h a i difdc xac

t i m viec l a m mot each k h a p h i e u l u u ; mot so nho da r d i vao

cac te n a n xa hoi n h i i buon l a u va d i diem.
Va nhxi da de cap d p h a n t r e n , mot k h i cac giao l i f u v a n
hoa vdi nUde ngoai t r d nen da dang hdn, t h i c h i n h t h a n h
n i e n se la ngtfdi t h a m gia n a n g dong n h a t vao sU giao l i i u
ay. N h i i n g v a n de ve sU d i n h h\Xdng cho y ehi lap nghiep,
cho he t h o n g n h u cau, t h i h i e u , t h d i t r a n g , t i n h yeu - hon
n h a n - gia d i n h , cho y thtic g i n g i i i t h u a n phong m y tuc va
ban sac van hoa dan toe, phong n g i i a t h a i do vong ngoai v6
loi hoac t i e u d u n g cac san p h a m t i n h t h a n doc h a i v.v...
chae c h i n p h a i t r d t h a n h n h i i n g chu de Idn hifdng t d i doi
tUdng t h a n h n i e n . C h i n h t h a n h n i e n D B S C L se p h a i la
chu the quan t r o n g n h a t , d u miie t r i f d n g t h a n h ve xa hoi van hoa, de hoa giai cac "nghich ly dong bang" ma t a da eo
dip mot Ian n o i den.
K h i n g h i e n etiu sau vao D B S C L , c6 ngifdi t h o t l e n : ehi

lap va t r i e n k h a i n h i i mot bo p h a n hdp t h a n h h f l u cd cua

CO mot cuoc bien doi each m a n g t h a t s i i d i l n r a ci cac t i n h

he t h o n g cac c h i n h sach p h a t t r i e n t d n g hdp v i i n g D B S C L .

mien

Da C O n h i i n g d a u h i e u cho t h a y t i n h t u phat c6 the d i n

vat chat di song h a n h vdi mot ddi sd'ng t i n h t h a n va v a n

Tay N a m bo t h i m d i bao d a m c6 dUdc sii phon v i n h

236

Nguyen

Quang

Vinh

hoa phong p h i i , x i l n g dang v6i tarn voc cua v u n g dat nay.
C h u n g t o i n g h i rang do la mot y tUdng d u n g . K h o n g c6 t i e n
bo v a n hoa, t h i muc t i e u p h a t t r i e n ben vQng c h i v i n h v i l n
la mot giac md.
(In trong cuon Dong bang song
Ciiu Long - nghien ciCu phat trien,
Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1995).

K E HOACH HOA GIA DINH

6

DONG BANG SONG

N H I N Tir

ClJtJ

L O N G

G O C DO BIEN DOI L O I SONG

K h a c h t\i xa t 6 i t h a m cac t h o n ap v u n g dong bang song
Cvfu L o n g ( D B S C L ) , ngay til nhQng p h u t l a m quen d a u
t i e n da c6 the diidc gidi t h i e u v 6 i " a n h Sau", " c h i T a m " ,
;"chu M i f d i " . . . N h i i n g cai t e n goi t r u y e n t h o n g gan l i e n v6i
cac con so - t h i f d n g k h i len den r a t cao — do la chi bao xa
hoi hon n h i e n ve mot v u n g que da iii l a u ddi c6 mot n h i p
do t a i san x u a t d a n c i i k h a cao. Vcii quy mo gia d i n h t r u n g
b i n h la 6 n g i i d i , va t y le t a n g t r i f d n g t\l n h i e n d a n so h a n g
n a m la 2,2% (1988), D B S C L ngay nay v&n la v u n g dat
d i i n g vao h a n g d a u t r o n g ca nifdc ve miic t a n g d a n so" va ve
m a t do d a n so''.

1. So' lieu nam 1988: V u n g Tay Nguyen c6 ty le tang t u nhien
2,65%, dijtng dau cac vung trong ca nU6c, t u y mat do thap nhat
trong ca nU6c. M a t do cao nhat la dong bang song Hong (801),
dong bang song Cuu Long (366).


238

I.

MOT

V A l SUY N G H i VE

Nguyen

Quang

PHUONG PHAP

LUAN

Vinh

1. Thiic kho ma ly giai diidc chieu hiCdng vd khd ndng tdc
dong cua chiCOng trinh kehoach

hoa gia dinh neu chung ta

t\i bo hep qua l a u t r o n g each tiep can y te - k y t h u a t , mac
d u doi k h i c6 diidc "bo sung" mot each ng&u h i l n g bang mot
vai dong tac quan sat xa hoi khong c6 he thong l a m . V d i t u
each mot ngxibi nghien ciiu xa hoi hoc, c h i i n g t o i m u o n \\iu y
den hxidng tiep can xa hoi hoe loi song doi v6i chvfdng t r i n h
ke hoach hoa gia d i n h , ma ehung t o i cho r ^ n g eo the c6
n h i e u t r i e n vong. D i i an " N g h i e n ciiu khoa hoc xa hoi ve
v a n de dan so'd V i e t N a m " difdng nh\i dang tao r a nhQng
k h a nang va dong liic mdi cho hifdng tiep can nay. Theo do.
hanh vi tdi sdn xuat cU dan ciia eon n g i i d i ci D B S C L khong
chi diidc quan sat va g h i n h a n t r e n n h i i n g stt k i e n trUc
quan, ma eon diide eoi n h i i mot thdnh tohQu cd trong cd cau
hoat dong song on dinh cua con ngiCdi, chiu siJ che d i n h cua
cd cau xa hoi nong t h o n t r o n g v u n g , von c6 n h i i n g goc r l sau
xa t r o n g iich

Cung theo do, cae dac diem cua sii to ehiic

san xuat, cua cae n h a n to v a n hoa eong dong, eiing n h i i t i n h

hen tue va dutt doan giiia eac the he dang dien r a theo dong
t h d i gian v.v... se diidc xem xet, khong p h a i n h i i n h i i n g yeu
to CO lap ben ngoai con ngiidi, ma n h i i la sii thdm nhap dac
t h u cua c h i i n g vao ehinh t r o n g cd cau hoat dong song ciia
cae c h i i the t a i san xuat. N o i each khac, mot k h i diidc n h i n
qua l a n g k i n h cua each tiep can loi song, cae dong t h a i ciia
svt sinh san r a con n g i i d i t r o n g moi gia d i n h se h i e n r a n h i i

Pi tim sire song cac quan he xa hoi

239

thoa m a n ciia su t i i giac Iiia chon t h a m k i n ciia moi ca
n h a n . Trong k h u o n kho do, viee do liidng nhiing xu

thebien

doi cua he thong cdc dinh hiCdng gid tri se la mot t r o n g
n h i i n g mo'i quan t a m hang dau ciia n h a nghien ciiu.
2. Co mot t h d i k y , t r o n g mot v a i gidi n g h i e n c i i u khoa
hoc xa hoi (bao gom ca n g i i d i viet ban t h a m l u a n nay) c6
q u a n diem cho rSng: triide mot khaeh the n g h i e n c i i u la xa
hoi va eon n g i i d i p h i i d n g Dong, k h o n g d l dang gi c6 the ap
d u n g C O h i e u qua eac eong cu do l i i d n g va p h a n t i c h xa hoi
von r a ddi t i i moi t r i i d n g t i i duy duy ly p h i i d n g Tay diidc
du nhap vao eac niidc dang p h a t t r i e n . N o i cho e h i n h xac,
q u a n diem do eiing eo m a n g mot h a t n h a n hdp ly nao do.
D i n h i e n la eac dac diem v a n hoa A chau, t i n h chat t h a m
k i n k h o n g de nSm bat cua t a m l i n h eon n g i i d i A chau, doi
hoi n h a n g h i e n c i i u xa hoi hoc ve l o i song, ve gia d i n h va

dan so" p h a i eo mot siJ t h a n t r o n g n h a t d i n h t r o n g viee t i m
chiee chia khoa de md vao the gidi ben t r o n g cua con ngiidi.
Da k h o n g t h i e u n h i i n g txkc t r d , n h i i n g t i n h h u o n g " t i e n
thoai l i i d n g n a n " , va ca n h i i n g sai l a m v6 doan n i i a , k h i
t h i i ap d u n g mot each may moc, song sUdng n h i i n g k i n h
n g h i e m c6 the da to r a la t h a n h eong d n h i i n g moi t r i i d n g
v a n hoa khac. Cho nen, k h o n g p h a i la n g a u n h i e n , c h i i n g
toi da bat gap d v a i niide chau A l a n g gieng c6 mot v a i diJ
an n g h i e n c i i u ve khd ndng thich itng cua eac p h i i d n g
phap, k y t h u a t xa hoi hoc A u M y vao t r o n g m o i t r i i d n g xa
hoi va t a m ly cae dia phifdng chau A.

la mot diem gap gd t i n h te n h a t giiia mot ben la cae qua

Song than trong khong c6 nghla la khiidc tii. ThiJc ti§n

t r i n h k i n h te - xa hoi - v a n hoa rong Idn, va ben k i a la niem

nghien c i i u xa hoi hoc va d a n so' hoe cl mot so' quo'e gia va


Nguyen

240

Quang

Vinh

lanh tho vung chau A - Thai Binh Diidng da chiifng to mot

each hung hon r^ng viec tiep nhan va kheo van dung cac
ky thuat nghien ciiu hien dai - dac biet la d quy mo phoi
hdp - da dem lai nhijtng kham pha ciJc ky ly thu. Kha nang
nghien cilu so sanh ma cac ky thuat nay dem lai, dang md
ra nhiing vien canh 16n lao, chang nhiing cho siJ hieu biet
Ian nhau giQa cac dan toe, ma con cho cd hoi dao sau
nghien ciiu mot each thau dao cac dac diem cua tijfng xa
hoi rieng biet. Thanh cong cua viec ap dung d\i an lien
quo'c gia ve " Cach tiep can gia t r i cua con cai" (The Value
of Children Approach - VOC), ddt I : 1972 - 1973, va ddt I I :
1975 - 1976, trong tong cong 9 quoc gia va lanh tho, la mot
hien thUe sinh dong khong the choi cai. Chinh la v6i cac
kham pha d giai doan I ma hai tac gia Lois Hoffman va
M a r t i n Hoffman, vao nam 1973, da de xuat mot he thong
gia t r i (kinh te va phi kinh te) cua con cai do'i v6i cha me'.
De xuat nay da day them mot bii6c kha nang nghien ciiu
sau hdn cac dinh hudng gia t r i con ngiidi trong hanh v i tai
san xuat dan so'. Mot chi tiet t h u v i : Viec cha me muon c6
con trai hay con gai, von khach quan la mot chieu kich
quan trong, song cho tdi luc do van bi nhieu ngUdi lang
quen trong bo may khao sat cua minh, da difdc hai tac gia
nay nhan manh dung mile.

Pi tim SLfc song cac quan he xa hoi

241

Ket qua dieu tra d Thai Lan, Indonesia, Philippines,
Singapore, Dai Loan, Nam Trieu Tien, Tho N h i Ky, v.v...
trong dU an VOC noi tren da cho thay:

1^ Cha me d vung nong thon c6 xu hxidng nhan manh cac
Idi ich kinh te va thiJc tien do con cai mang lai (ke ca viec
con cai trd giup trong luc minh ve gia).
Cha me d vung do t h i (nhat la so' c6 hoe van cao) lai c6
xu hiidng nhan manh nhieu cac khia canh tinh cam, tam
ly cua viec sinh con.
0 Dai Loan va Nam Trieu Tien, ndi dila con trai c6 y
nghia ve mat t i n ngiJdng kha dac biet, t h i viec mong moi
sinh con t r a i da diidc nhan manh nhat.
K h i dilng d ngifdng ciia cua mot giai doan d\i dinh di
sau vao hiidng tiep can xa hoi hoc lo'i song doi vdi chiidng
t r i n h ke hoach hoa gia dinh d nong thon dong bang song
C\iu Long, nhutng thong t i n txi cac chan trdi be ban dxia
den da khuyen khich chung toi rat nhieu. Va khong phai
khong CO nhiing gdi y rat trxic tiep va gan gui, neu ta thvL
di sau hdn mot chut vao thiJc tien trien khai ke hoach hoa
gia dinh d DBSCL trong nhiing nam qua.
I I . Ttf G O C D O L O I S O N G , NGHIEN CUXJ
NHITNG K H ANANG TANG CUONG

Ml/C DO TIEP NHAN

CUA CU" DAN D O N G B A N G S O N G CUtJ L O N G DOI V6l
CHirONG TRINH "KE HOACH HOA G I A DINH"
1. L. Hoffman, M . Hoffman "The Value of Children to Parents". I n
Psychological perspectives on Population. Ed. J . Fawcett,
York, 1973, Basic book, pp.1976.

New

1. Can ghi nhan rSng trong vong 10 nam trd lai day,
ttiot so' khia canh trong viec dieu chinh hdp ly cac qua


NguySn Quang

242

Vinh

t r i n h dan so hoc d D B S C L da bat d^u p h a t h u y tac d u n g
th\ic t i l n . T r o n g do, c6 viec cif dan v u n g nay chap n h a n

viec t r i e n k h a i cuoc v a n dong k e hoach hoa gia d i n h d v u n g
nong t h o n dong bang p h i a N a m nay.

mot so bien phap ngiia t h a i va hxidc dau c6 chuyen bien
t i c h cvic ve q u a n n i e m so con hdp l y t r o n g mot so n h o m x a
hoi n h a t d i n h . 6 t a t ca c h i n t i n h t r o n g v u n g deu g h i n h a n
mot s U g i a m ha t y le t a n g trUdng tvi n h i e n dan so, n h U n g
difdng bieu dien x u the do r a t dao dong. Cuoc khao sat gan
day cua c h u n g t o i t a i t i n h C\iu L o n g cho t h a y suot tii n a m
1985 den n a m 1988, t y le do dam chan h e n tuc d mile
2,23%. N e u nhxi vao nhutng n a m triidc, viec h a n g n a m c6
the g i a m t y le t a n g t r i i d n g i\i n h i e n mot p h a n n g a n (0,1%)
la dieu k h o n g qua k h o k h a n , t h i v a i n a m t r d l a i day, chi
keo xuong m o i n a m 0 , 0 1 % da la mot viec het siic chat vat,
N e u c h i d i t i m coi nguon cua h i e n t i i d n g nay d n h i i n g
k h i e m k h u y e t cua dich v u y te va cua ciidng do cac thao
tac v a n dong ke hoach hoa gia d i n h "co dien" t h i ro r a n g la

C h u n g t o i m u o n noi den v a i t r o cua gia dinh

nong

dan

t r o n g viec to chiic ddi song k i n h te cua con ngUdi d nong
thon dong bang song Cxiu Long.
Quy l u a t k h a c h q u a n t r o n g svf v a n dong ciia liic lifdng
san x u a t ci t r i n h do h i e n nay vkn dang trao cho ho gia d i n h
nong dan cai s i i m e n h la mot h i n h t h i i c to chile san x u a t cd
ban, CO do ben chat va l i n h hoat cao. T r o n g mot t h d i k y
n h a t d i n h , viec p h a n bo quy mo r u o n g dat m a m6i gia d i n h
du'dc phep svL d u n g , da difdc quy chieu theo so n h a n k h a u
t r o n g ho, n e n da thuc day n h a n h x u the con cai Idn m u o n
s6m tach r a t h a n h ho r i e n g ngay sau hon n h a n . T u y vay,
p h a n Idn c a c ho gia d i n h mdi tach r a nay v l n l a m n h a ci
m a n h dat gan n h a cha me. Gia d i n h n h i e u the he t u y c6 b i

i'

xoi mon bdi p h a n ijtng tach ho, song no v ^ n giQ l a i mot

ndo do, c6 le p h a i difdc t r u y t i m it n h i e u c6 he

trUdng a n h hu:dng m a n h , vdi n o i d u n g Idi i c h k i n h te va

k h o n g day d u , t u y do la dieu c6 t h a t . V a n de ve mot
v6 hinh

243

Di tim sire song cac quan tie xa hoi

"SJ2C

t h o n g d t r o n g chieu sau cua cd cau xa h o i va gia d i n h .

v a n hoa cong dong ro net.

t r o n g dac diem to chiic cac h i n h t h a i san x u a t va s i n h ton

T r o n g bo'i canh to chiic san x u a t va q u a n c\X nh\i vCfa

ndi t h o n ap, t r o n g m o i t r i i d n g v a n hoa va cac m o i q u a n he

noi

cong dong, t r o n g he t h o n g cac d i n h h i i d n g gia t r i cua con

h u d n g t r i i c tiep t d i v a n de t a i san x u a t dan so:

n g i i d i - n h a t la cac c h u the dang t r o n g do t u d i t a i san xuat
c\l d a n trvic t i e p .

t r e n , it n h a t c6 h a i dieu can iufu y, v i c h i i n g c6 a n h

a/ Viec s i n h n h i e u con - n h a t la con t r a i - v i n la mot
n h a n to trtfc tiep tao nguon lao dong cho to chile san x u a t

2. Tvf mot so cac khao sat t h a m do t r o n g v o n g 5 n a m tro

cd ban la ho gia d i n h . H d n n i l a , viec con cai cham soc cho

l a i day t r e n cac l i n h vtfc vvfa noi, c h u n g t o i m u o n gdi len

cha me liic ho ve gia c i i n g con la mot n h u cau to 16n c6

n h i i n g k h a n a n g de t h a m nhap vao nga difdng nay, n h a m

thuc, t r o n g dieu k i e n c a c h i n h t h i i c bao h i e m xa hoi d nong

CO g i n g l y g i a i cac nguon

t h o n luc nay con k h a t h o sd.

dong lUc va cac rdo can doi vdi


Nguyen Quang Vinh

244

Di tim SLfc song cac quan he xa hoi

245

hi Tkm a n h hiJdng t i n h t h a n va sii k i e m t r a xa h o i cua

Co the t r o n g chd nhutng n h i p do bien doi k h o n g qua

cha me, ong ba doi v 6 i cac gia d i n h t r e c\X t r u ci r a t g a n ve

c h a m chap t r e n Hnh viJc t i n h t h a n d v i i n g nong t h o n nay,

m a t dia ly, v ^ n con k h a 16n. T r o n g so cac a n h hifcing va

STIC

neu n h i i t a t i n h den t r i n h do giao liJu v6i v a n hoa do t h i da

ep t i n h t h a n do, c6 bao h a m ca nhQng s\i b i n h gia t h i i d n g

v a dang d i i n r a k h a m a n h , n h d cl t r i n h do p h a t t r i e n san

x u y e n doi v6i cac quyet d i n h cua cap vd chong t r e ve s i i

x u a t va trao doi h a n g hoa ciia D B S C L h i e n dutng vao loai

chon cac bien phap ngCfa t h a i , ve so con da s i n h , ve su

cao n h a t so vdi cac v u n g chau t h o khac t r o n g nxidc.

t h i e u ving

con t r a i v.v...

Cac cuoc dieu t r a , phong van d cac xa thuoc t i n h M i n h
H a i va t i n h H a u Giang n a m 1984 da giiip phat hien 4 ly do

hang ddu ma cac chu ho nong dan da neu len de ly giai v i sac
ba con nong dan t a thiidng sinh dong con: Do la "can ngUdi
chdm

s6c

khi gid yeu"; "can du con trai, con gdi"; "muon

nhieu site lao dgng" va "dong con thi nhieu

c6

phUdc".

6 day, t r o n g gia t r i cua con cai c6 s i i d a n x e n giiJa n h a n
to thuoc n h u cau k i n h te va bao h i e m s i n h t o n , v d i n h a n to
thuoc cac n h u cau t i n h t h a n ( t i n h cam, t i n ngiidng). C h u n g
t o i t i n r a n g cac cuoc khao sat r o n g r a i t h a u dao v a c6 he
t h o n g h d n sau nay, c h i c chdn se cho t h a y r o m o i t i i d n g
q u a n giiJa cap do n h a n thCtc, cap do xac t i n va cap do h a n h
dong t r e n l i n h vUc quan t r o n g nay cua ddi song cif dan
n o n g t h o n . D u sao, v 6 i n h i i n g t h o n g t i n sd khcii da c6,
c h i i n g t a cung c6 t h e t h a y , de t a n g ciidng mxic do chap
n h a n chifdng t r i n h ke hoach hoa gia d i n h , ben canh n h i i n g
hoat dong t u y e n t r u y e n , t h u y e t phuc v a cac dich v u y te

..."

3. SiJ p h a n hoa ve miic do tiep t h u chiidng t r i n h ke
hoach hoa gia d i n h g i i i a h a i gidi nam va ni/ d D B S C L da

dUdc h\idc d a u g h i n h a n . Theo siJ quan sat c u a c h i i n g t o i ,
cho t d i nay, gidi niJ, mac d a u d i a v i x a hoi v a t r i n h do hoc
v a n t r u n g b i n h chifa cao, n e n con b i k h o h g che' bdi n h i e u
yeu to' can t r d tii ben t r o n g va til ben ngoai, song ho da la
gidi t r i i c tiep tiep n h a n chiidng t r i n h n a y ro net h d n n a m
gidi. SiJ tiep n h a n p h u d n g phap t r i e t san d n a m gidi dien
r a r a t cham chap. T r o n g cac t h i i n g h i e m do lUdng t a m l y
sinh san t r o n g n a m 1988 v i i a qua, t h a i do khong

dinh

trUdc so con, t d i d a u hay do, l u o n l u o n d n a m gidi cd t y le
cao h d n so v d i n i i gidi. D i i d n g n h i i cd mot do lech da xay r a
theo h i i d n g c h i i n g t a con buong long siic t a c dong t d i n h d m
xa h o i - gidi t i n h nay, dhxi den t a m l y coi ke' hoach hda g i a
d i n h h a u n h i f l a "chuyen cua m a y ba". Do lech ay, r a t cd
the gay r a h i e u qua x a h o i t i e u ciic l a u d a i h d n la ngifdi t a
van tiidng.

t i f d n g l i n g , c h i c c h i n con p h a i t i n h den n h i i n g cai t h i e n

4. S i i ke t h t f a v a doi m d i cua cac t h e he c i i d a n nong

chu dong h d n t r e n H n h vvfc cac c h i n h sach k i n h te va an

t h o n dang md r a mot dia b a n hoat dong t h u a n Idi cho toan

s i n h x a h o i , cung n h i i n g cai bien t r e n l i n h viic v a n hoa

bo chien ludc d a n sd, m a dUdng n h i f cac to chiic N h a nvfdc

t i n h t h a n trong moi trifdng nong thon.

va x a h o i chiia k i p t a n d u n g het. Q u a n h i e u cuoc h o i


246

Nguyen Quang Vinh

chuyen trvfc tiep 6 cac gia d i n h , c h i i n g t o i da c6 the do

£)/ tim sCfc song cac quan he xa hoi

247

16p t r e t h i c6 the se la nga d i i d n g tUdng do'i i t gap t r i e t r d

lUdng t h a y mot x u the t i e n bo ro net t r o n g n h a n t h i i c ciia

nha't. Q u a n n i e m ay, theo c h u n g t o i , mot k h i bam r l vao y

16p t r e nong t h o n do'i vdi cac yeu cau g i a m bdt n h i p do t a n g

thijtc xa hoi k h u vvfc n o n g t h o n , c6 the tao de dang cho siJ

triiOng t i i n h i e n dan so'. O cac gia d i n h t r e nong t h o n da

tiep n h a n cac bien phap n g i i a t h a i da dang h d n , nha't la d

x u a t h i e n mot do sSn sang cao h d n so v6i cac gia d i n h

n a m gidi.

t r u n g n i e n , t r o n g viec chu dong thvic h a n h cac bien phap
ke hoach hoa gia d i n h . Ro r a n g vdi k h a n a n g tiep n h a n
t h o n g t i n da dang hdn, hoc v a n t r u n g b i n h cao hdn, n h i p
do va b a n k i n h tiep xuc v6i moi t r i i d n g do t h i 16n hdn, n h i n
c h u n g 16p t h a n h n i e n n a m nut d D B S C L da c6 difdc nhCtng

5. D i e m cuo'i ciing chung t o i muo'n neu len d day la ve
k h a n a n g tac dong va tiep siifc cua cac nhan
trong xa hoi nong thon,
gia d i n h .
Co mot dau h i e u h d i c6 ve bat t h i i d n g , la t r o n g k h i p h a t

t i e n de t i n h t h a n de tiep n h a n cai m d i t r e n l i n h viJc nay.
Cuoc dieu t r a xa hoi hoc do n h o m c h u n g t o i t i e n h a n h
vao m u a he n a m 1988 d 4 v i i n g sinh t h a i khac n h a u , da
g h i n h a n diidc mot svf n6i long hdn cua quyen Ixic gia
triJdng nong t h o n t r e n l i n h \\ic to chtic san x u a t , t i e u d u n g

vat c6 uy tin

do'i vdi chiidng t r i n h ke hoach hoa

bieu quan n i e m ve so' con hdp ly, cac cu ong, cu ba t r e n 60
t u o i l a i to r a "c6 c h i i n g mxlc h d n " la cac ong cac ba t r o n g
n h o m dan c\i t r u n g nien. Day la mot dau h i e u can dao sau
nghien c i l u de xac n h a n t h e m ve t i n h on d i n h cua no.

t r o n g gia d i n h va t r e n s i i d i i n g vd ga chong cho con cai

D u sao, t r o n g moi trvfdng v a n hoa t h o n ap, y k i e n cua

(63,8% lao dong nong t h o n da g h i n h a n r i n g h d n 10 n a m

cac v i t r i i d n g lao, cua cac bac giao p h a m t r o n g dao, cua cac

qua " n a m n i i t h a n h n i e n c6 t\i do h d n t r o n g viec lay vd lay

nha giao nong t h o n , v.v... bao gid c i i n g c6 mot t r o n g lifdng

chong"). Cac dieu k i e n xa hoi k h a c h q u a n ay t r o n g q u a n he

r i e n g , r a t dang c h i i y. K i n h n g h i e m t h i i c te quy bau ve

cong dong c6 the gop p h a n vao viec t h u c day y c h i t\i do l i i a

h i e u qua n h i i n g Idi k h u y e n cua cac v i l i n h muc

chon cua t h a n h n i e n t r e n l i n h vvfc t a i san x u a t dan so'.

Chiia giao, t r e n l i n h viJc gia d i n h va ke hoach hoa gia d i n h

C h u n g t o i CO the m a n h d a n neu l e n d day - n h i f l a gia
t h u y e t cong tac - r i n g n h o m xa h o i nay, r o i day, c6 the se
la n h o m t i e n phong c6 k h a n a n g va c6 tarn l y san sang
t i e p n h a n q u a n n i e m h i e n dai ve svf p h a n biet gifla quan

Thien

t a i mot so'viing theo dao T h i e n Chua d D B S C L la dieu can
dudc tiep tuc n g h i e n c i i u v a n d u n g mot each k y lUdng. V i i a
qua, t r o n g cuoc trao doi khoa hoc ciia c h u n g t o i vdi cac n h a
xa hoi hoc va dan so hoc Indonesia, c h i i n g t o i dUdc biet cac

he t i n h due va h a n h v i s i n h con. Q u a n n i e m nay c6 ve de

dong nghiep ben do r a t q u a n t a m den viec c h i i dong p h a t

b i p h a n \ing k h i dUdc diJa vao m o i t r i i d n g v a n hoa nong

huy

t h o n p h i f d n g Dong. N h i f n g diia vao theo nga dUdng cua

( i n f o r m a l leader) t r o n g qua t r i n h t h i i c day siJ bien doi cua

anh

hifdng cua

cac

thu

linh

khong

chinh

thi2c


248

Nguyin

Quang Vinh

y thilc xa hoi tren linh viic ke hoach hoa gia dinh. Chiing
toi cho r^ng chi c6 the xii ly van de nay di^di dnh sang cua
cdc ly thuyet ve quan he van hoa cgng dong, t h i m6i tan
dung het sii tiep s,\ic cua doi ngii da dang cac t h u linh
khong chinh thiic. Chung ta khong nen chi b l n g long v6i
mot vai thao tac "Idi dung" ca nhan ddn le, c6 tinh chat ich
dung nhat thdi, theo kieu gap dau lam do.
Mci ra hiidng tiep can khoa hoc ve loi song mot each
mach lac va on dinh vdi mot hien tiidng xa hoi phiic hdp va
tinh te nhu linh viic tai san xuat dan so, qua la mot viec
lam kho khan. Chung toi chvfa c6 nhieu kinh nghiem. V6i
mot vai dieu gdi y sd sai tren day, chiing toi chi muon bay
to mot khat vong nhSm day manh tien t r i n h phat trien
vCing nong thon giau tiem nang k i n h te nay, tren cd sd cac
qua t r i n h dan so' hoc ci do diidc quan ly mot each c6 hieu
qua bang cac cong cu khoa hoc da dang.
(Tap chi Xa hoi hoc,
so 2, nam 1990)

Tir "SONG C H U N G " T R l / d C HON NHAN
D E N GIA DINH B E N V U ^ G

i

(Suy nghl ve nhiifng dau hieu dau tien)

I . K H O N G P H A I L A C H U Y E N CUA CAC CA N H A N
• ^

Cac quan sat xa h o i hoc ci vCing N a m bo n o i c h u n g va
t h a n h pho' Ho C h i M i n h n o i r i e n g , d i n c h i i n g ta tiep xiic
v6i n h i e u h i e n t i f d n g xa h o i m d i me c6 l i e n quan den t i n h
yeu, hon n h a n , gia d i n h , t r o n g do c6 h i e n tiJdng t r a i gai
song c h u n g trifdc hon n h a n , va c6 biet bao n h i e u cuoc song
c h u n g chang bao gid t r i i c tiep dan den hon n h a n ca.
Tiep can xa h o i hoc buoc c h i i n g t a p h a i dat n h i i n g h i e n
tifdng bien doi cua gia d i n h t r o n g k h u o n kho va difdi a n h
hifdng ciia n h i i n g bien doi xa h o i r o n g 16n. Mac dau t r o n g
so r a t n h i e u cac chi bao va cac bien so difdc khao sat c6 bao
h a m dong cd va l i n g x\i ciia cac ca n h a n , song cac

nha

n g h i e n c i i u v a n k h o n g n g i i n g nhac n h a u r i n g k h o n g bao
gid de t u o t k h o i t a m n h i n vai trb quan trong cua ca cdu

xa

hoi dang tao ra nhiing ItCc li/cfng xd hoi tdc dong manh me


Nguyen

250

Quang

Vinh

tdi llnh vac nay, ma moi sii quy gian chung ve cac dong cd
ca n h a n l u o n l u o n la k h o n g day d u va t h a m c h i c6 h a i .
C h i i n g t o i n g h i r a n g se k h o n g c6 gi la kho h i e u neu cac
n h a n g h i e n c\in muo'n t i m r a cac moi not giiJa h i e n t i i d n g
song chung triidc h o n n h a n v6i so' p h a n cua cac gia d i n h
t r e t r o n g xa h o i t a ngay nay. Bdi v i c h i n h h o n n h a n se

Di tim

SLTC

251

song cac quan he xa hoi

C) M y , ngUdi ta phan r a h a i loai h i n h song chung chii y e u :
- Loai song c h u n g cua cap t i n h n h a n (khong c6 y d i n h
song chung ca ddi - courtship cohabitation);
- L o a i song chung l a u dai k h o n g c6 dang k y k e t h o n

theo l u a t (nonlegal m a r i t a l cohabitation)
M o t cuoc dieu t r a quy mo toan quoc d M y n a m 1988 da

t h i e t lap nen gia d i n h n h i i mot ddn v i cua t a i san x u a t xa

p h a t h i e n t r o n g so' n h i i n g p h u niJ c h U a bao gid ket hon,

hoi, vay ma, t i i chuyen song c h u n g tvxidc h o n n h a n cho den

1 1 % da tufng C O so'ng c h u n g ; va t r o n g so' p h u niJ Hoa K y k e t
hon dau t h a p n i e n 80 t h i 44% da tvfng t r a i qua song c h u n g

h o n n h a n difdng n h i i - theo q u a n sat - con la ca mot doan
diidng xa xoi, gap ghenh va qua n h i e u bat t r i e .

tvxidc dam cxidi.

Ci A n h , ngUdi t a q u a n n i e m r a t ro r a n g rSng song
Id mot glai doqn
I I . L O I TV

N H U : T R A M T I N H vA

THAN TRONG

Cac v a n l i e u quoc te cho t a k h o n g i t cac con so", cac dii
k i e n va s\l p h a n t i c h ve h i e n t i f d n g song c h u n g -

hien

tvfdng ma A n t h o n y Giddens (Anh) goi la cohabitation, va
Christopher Bates Doob (My) goi la l i v i n g together.

Con

cac n h a dan so hoc D a n M a c h t h i l a i goi h i e n tUdng song
c h u n g nay la " hon n h a n k h o n g gia t h u " (marriage w i t h o u t
papers). Sii thUc, song c h u n g d p h i i d n g Tay - dxidi tac dong

cua cac bien doi k i n h te - xa h o i dxi doi va cac q u a n he v a n
hoa da chieu - da trd t h a n h mot t r o n g nhijfng h i n h t h a i
t h a y the hoac bd sung cho hon n h a n va gia d i n h h a t n h a n
da t o n t a i n h i e u the k y (song k h o n g hoan toan t h a y the
no), dac biet phd bien la tii t h a p n i e n 80 cua the k y X X trd
l a i day.

c6

thii nghiem

tri/dc hon nhan.

chung

P h a n dong

cac cap song c h u n g k h i dudc h o i cho biet ho c6 dxi d i n h se
ket hon mot ngay nao do t r o n g ddi, n h d n g khong nhat thiet
vdi ngiCdi phoi ngdu hien tai. H i e n t i i d n g song c h u n g d A n h
da nay nd dan dan c h i i k h o n g b u n g p h a t dot ngot. C h i c6

4% t r o n g so' p h u nut s i n h r a d t h a p k y 20 cua the k y v i i a
qua la c6 thUc h i e n viec song c h u n g . Den cac p h u nuE s i n h
r a d t h a p k y 40 t h i t y le t h a m gia so'ng c h u n g len den 19%;
Ty le nay dat t d i 50% do'i vdi p h u mi s i n h r a d t h a p k y 60.
V a vao n a m 2000, k h o a n g 80% cac cap vd chong l a m d a m
cxidi da c6 song c h u n g triidc k h i k e t hon;
.,
M o t cuoc dieu t r a cua trvfdng d a i hoc Essex (Anh) vao
n a m 1995 da phat h i e n t h a y : sau 10 n a m c h u n g song, 62%
n h i i n g cap song c h u n g (diidc khao sat) da ket hon vdi
n h a u ; 30% cac cap t h i da k e t t h i i c quan he song c h u n g ma
k h o n g C O dam ciidi; va k h o a n g 8% cac cap v a n tiep tuc song
chung ma chifa n o i gi den chuyen k e t hon ca.


NguySn Quang Vinh

252

Di tim SLfc song cac quan he xa hoi

253

X e m nhxi vay t h i h i e n tifdng song c h u n g da t h a n h mot

hoi khac. Be r a t c6 y n g h i a n e u c h u n g t a de cong t i m h i e u

x u h\i6ng 16n t r o n g quan he xa h o i d n h i e u quoc gia phat

xem v i sao song c h u n g l a i x u a t h i e n s6m h d n v a day hdn, ci

t r i e n phUdng Tay, diidc d i n h che hoa k h a k i e n c6' va diidc

mot doi tiJdng xa h o i v o n x u a t t h a n tu: m o i t r i i d n g c6 q u a n

xa hoi hoan toan chap n h a n .

n i e m k h a k i e n co ve t a m q u a n t r o n g cua h o n n h a n v a c6
dem

q u a n n i e m n o i c h u n g k h a bao t h u h d n do t h i ve v a n de

Tay do sang

q u a n he t i n h due t i e n h o n n h a n . P h a i chang t i n h dac t h u

thi/c tien Viet Nam. Bdi v i chuyen song chung c h i mdi nay

cua to chile lao dong v a c\i t r u , sxi long leo cua cac cd che

s i n h d t a (nhU mot h i e n tUdng xa h o i sd k h a i ) vao t h d i gian

k i e m t r a xa h o i d diem d e n cua d i dan, cac n h u cau chia se

gan day, va difdng n h u c h u y e u t a p t r u n g vao nhiJng k h u

chi p h i t r o n g dieu k i e n t h u n h a p t h a p , v.v... dang gifl m o t

vxic CO dieu k i e n xa h o i dac t h u cua lao dong d i d a n nong

v a i t r o dang ke d day? D i n h i e n l a n h u cau chia se t i n h y e u

t h o n - do t h i va mo t h i i c c\i t r u n h a t r o . O cac k h u vxic

va dap i i n g cho n h a u ve n h u cau t i n h due l a n a m t r o n g so

khac, h i e n tifdng song c h u n g c6 x u a t h i e n song con r a t md

cac dong \\ic q u a n t r o n g , song n e u k h o n g c6 nhiJng dieu

n h a t va p h a n 16n t r i i d n g hdp dang dUdc xep vao h i e n t i i d n g

k i e n k h a c h q u a n dac t h u n h i f t r e n t h i ngifdi t a k h o n g t a t

q u a n he t i n h due t i e n h o n n h a n , h d n l a song c h u n g hay

yeu Ilia chon dang song c h u n g n h i i t a c6 t h e q u a n sat t h a y

song thik. V i vay, viec p h a n loai, p h a n t i c h , d a n h gia hien

h i e n nay... Theo suy n g h i ciia c h i i n g t o i t h i d day chuyen

tiJdng song c h u n g d Viet N a m can r a t t h a n t r o n g t h i m d i

t h i i t h a c h t i n h y e u t h a t s i i chang c6 y n g h i a g i ; chuyen

hy vong c6 diidc nhufng n h a n xet khoa hoc g a n v 6 i thtfc te.

" c h u a n b i " cho h o n n h a n l a i cang k h o n g he diidc d a t r a r o

Song, se Id rat nguy
"phien

ngang"

hien

hai neu chung

ta ddn gidn

ti/cfng xd hoi d phiidng

ret. Viec h i i d n g t d i h o n n h a n cua cac cap doi n a y t u y c6
diidc g h i n h a n m o t each t d n g q u a t ci miic do cao, nhiJng
I I . M O T P H I E N B A N C U A H I E N Tl/ONG S O N G C H U N G

diidng nhxi so n a m t h a n g song c h u n g cang d a i t h i cai n h i n

XUAT HIEN S 6 M SUA N H U N G Q U A DACT H U

ve tifdng l a i h o n n h a n v a ve viec cCing n h a u s i n h de con cai
CO ve... m d m i t h d n . C h i n g h a n nhxi, theo khao sat ciia

N g i i d i viet bai nay m u o n n o i den h i e n t r a n g cua chuyen

n h o m dieu t r a x a h o i hoc do n h a n g h i e n c i i u L i l u P h i i d n g

song c h u n g d Viet N a m . Co m o t dieu k h a dac biet da diidc

Thao d i i n g dau, t h i doi v 6 i cac cap da song c h u n g t r e n ba

g h i n h a n t r e n thvfc dia bdi v a i n h o m n g h i e n ciiu la, hien

n a m , c6 den g a n 6 0 % thijfa n h a n " k h o n g biet trifdc difdc

tifdng song c h u n g dang nay nd d cac k h u n h a t r o cua lao

t i i d n g l a i " ciia s i i song c h u n g v a 2/3 t o n g so' cac cap cua

dong v a s i n h vien cac t i n h den tarn t r u de lao dong, hoc tap

" n h o m t h a m n i e n " n a y da k h o n g c6 dxi d i n h ve viec s i n h

d t h a n h pho' t i i d n g doi day dac h d n so v 6 i cac k h u viic xa

con hoac n g h i rang

" d e n d a u h a y d e n do". N h o m m 6 i song


254

Nguyen

Quang

Vinh

chung trong vong 2 nam (diidc khao sat) to ra con c6 mot

cai nhin tifdng lai hon nhan i t bi quan hdn. Tuy vay cung
nen ghi nhan rang trong boi canh do, gan 55% cac cap
dang song chung (diidc hoi chuyen) da bi "vd ke hoach" va
thuc hien viec nao thai. Kha ro rang la cac cuoc song
chung nay chang dong gop gi dang ke cho viec tien t6i mot
cuoc ket hon nghiem chinh, thiet lap nen mot gia dinh
nghiem chinh va sinh con de cai binh thvfdng. Co the nhan
dinh r i n g , giai doan song chung triidc hon nhan kieu nay
dang gay hai cho si( on dinh cua cdc gia dinh tre (trong
tuang lai) nhieu hdn Id cung co cho cdc gia dinh do. Mot
dang ga nghia "gia nhan ngai, non vd chong" mang nhieu
tinh tam bd vi cac cam ket Idng leo, tuy thdi, cung nhQng
thay doi bat thiidng it gan vdi trach nhiem cua ca hai ben,
phai chang dang khien ngiidi ta chai l i hdn trif6c nhiing
trach nhiem xa hoi cua hon nhan va gia dinh sap tdi?

III. D E T I M RA X U H U O N G . . . .

NhQng nhan xet c6 tinh chat gdi md de thao luan va
nghien ciiu sau them tren day c6 the diidc tam goi gon lai
nhu sau: diidng nhii d Viet Nam, chuyen song chung triidc
hon nhan da xuat hien day do d khu viic thanh thi, nhiing
tildng doi day va s6m sua hdn ca lai la mot phien ban dac thii
cua nhom lao dong va sinh vien di dan cii t r u d cac nha tro.
Mac dau vay, theo chung toi, song chung van chiCa dat
den miic do diiOc xem Id mot xu hiCdng d Viet Nam. Va c6 le

255

Di tim sdc song cac quan he xa hoi

'^phai sau mot thap nien ni2a t h i diidng net cua mot xu hiidng
song chung kieu Viet Nam mdi 16 dang ro net hdn chang?
Chung toi cho rang, sSp t6i day, cac khao sat khoa hoc
tren linh vvfc nay nen chu tam nhieu hdn den khu viJc
thanh nien nam niJ c6 go'c gac do t h i lau nam va gang t i m
ra d day mot phien ban song chung khac, c6 le se khac biet
nhieu so v6i "phien ban nha tro" dang ndi bat len hien nay.
Va chung toi nghieng ve gia thuyet rang, cac dang song
chung cua thanh nien goc do t h i se trd thanh mot xu
hufdng CO tinh dac trifng hdn cho hien tifdng song chung d
Viet Nam trong tUdng lai.
(Tham luan khoa hoc,
thang 4 nam 2006)


257

Di tim sire song cac quan he xa hoi

sau p h a n a n h (qua cac t a i l i e u khach q u a n vila tap hdp
them) nhutng tie'p can mdi ve si2 menh
trong boi cdnh todn cau

cua trUbng dai

hoc

hoa.

MOI QUAN H E G l t A T R l / d N G DAI HOC

1. M O I QUAN H E D A I HOC - D O A N H N G H I E P TRONG

VA MOI T R l J d N G SAN X U A T H I E N DAI

CAC CUOC T R A N H CAI GAN DAY T R E N T H E G I 6 1
T h o a t n h i n t h i t h a y difdng n h i f viec siet chat mo'i q u a n

T r o n g n h i i n g n a m gan day, do n h u cau bvfc xiic cua viec

he giijfa t r i i d n g d a i hoe va doanh nghiep se diidc don n h a n

cai each nen giao due V i e t N a m , n g i i d i t a da c6 s\i c h u y

n h i i mot y tUdng hay, k h o i can m a t t h d i g i a n t r a n h cai va

biidc dau den c h u de ve cuoc each m a n g t r o n g giao due d

chac la viec diJa y t i f d n g nay vao cuoc song c u n g k h o n g

the k y X X I , ve moi q u a n he qua l a i giQa giao due d a i hoc

p h a i la qua k h o k h a n va kho co t h e gay soc. N h i i n g s i i

v a moi t r i f d n g cong nghiep t r e n t h e gi6i v.v. B a n t h a n

t h a t l a m o i q u a n he n a y da gay r a n h i e u t r a n h cai, ea

n g i i d i v i e t b a i nay, t r o n g mot so b a n t d n g q u a n t h i i c h i e n

t r e n b i n h d i e n l y t h u y e t l i n t r o n g qua t r i n h h i e n t h i i c

gan day t a i V i e n K h o a hoe xa h o i v u n g N a m bo ve c h u de

hoa no t r o n g cuoc song. M o t t r o n g n h i i n g k h o k h a n n o i

noi t r e n , da l i i u t a m l a m ro t i n h da muc t i e u eua viec gay

bat l a , n g i f d i t a rat kho dan xep va hoa gidi nhitng

d i i n g va cung co m o i q u a n he giQa t r U d n g d a i hoc va doanh

mi/c lam viec khac nhau

nghiep. Do la:

x u a t , k h i cac n h a t r i t h i i c t i e n h a n h l i e n k e t c h u n g v d i

- N a n g cao chat l i i d n g d a i hoe t r e n cd sci mot b a n "khe
\idc

xa h o i " mdi.
- N a n g dong hoa mo'i q u a n he gifla he t h o n g dao tao cap

cao v6i k h u viic san x u a t .
- Tijfng bu:6e dat s i i m e n h dao tao t r e n mot toa do da
chieu hdn.
T r o n g b a i viet nay, tac gia se dao sau t h e m va k i e m
chijfng n h i i n g x u hifdng w\Xa n o i t r e n , m a t khac dac biet d i

cua hai he thong

chudn

dao tao va san

n h a u t r o n g t h i i c te.
1.1. Tw" thap nien 1990 din nay, ngudi ta da chi2ng
SI/ tdng tritdng

nhanh

cua nhi/ng dii dn hap tdc, lien

giUa triXdng dai hoc vd cO sd cong nghiep.

kien
ket

Mo'i l i e n k e t nay,

t i i t i i t i f n g biidc da bat dau de l a i dau dn cua no tren ccf cau
xd hoi - nghe nghiep.

N o i eu the hdn, d phifdng T a y da x u a t

h i e n h i n h h a i dau t i e n eua mot tdng lap cdc nhd khoa
CO tinh thdn kinh doanh

hoc

( e n t r e p r e n e u r i a l scientists). B&ng

h a n h dong t h i i c t i e n t r e n n h i i n g neo difdng d i k h o n g he co